View source for List of monarchs of Brazil

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
|border            = imperial
|royal_title       = Monarchy
|realm             = Brazil
|coatofarms        = Coat of arms of the Empire of Brazil.svg
|coatofarmssize    = 120px
|coatofarmscaption = '''[[Coat of arms of Brazil|Imperial Coat of arms]]'''
|image             = Pedro II of Brazil - Brady-Handy.jpg
|caption           = '''Last to reign<br>[[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]]'''<br>1831–1889
|first_monarch     = [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]] (as queen)
|last_monarch      = [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]] (as emperor)
|style             = [[Most Faithful Majesty|His/Her Most Faithful Majesty]]<br />[[Imperial Majesty (style)|His/Her Imperial Majesty]]
|began             = 16 December 1815
|ended             = 15 November 1889
|pretender         = '''Disputed:'''<br />[[Bertrand of Orléans-Braganza|Prince Bertrand]]<br />('''Vassouras Branch''')<hr />Pedro Carlos Orléans-Braganza<br />('''Petrópolis Branch''')
}}

The monarchs of Brazil ({{langx|pt|monarcas do Brasil}}) were the imperial [[head of state|heads of state]] and hereditary rulers of Brazil from the [[House of Braganza]] that reigned from the creation of the Brazilian monarchy in 1815 as a [[Kingdom of Brazil|constituent kingdom]] of the [[United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil and the Algarves]] until the [[Proclamation of the Republic (Brazil)|republican coup d'état]] that overthrew the [[Empire of Brazil]] in 1889.<ref name="Bandeira">Bandeira, Moniz. ''Casa da Torre de Garcia d'Avila''. Editora Record, 2000, pp. 423–425</ref>

The coast of the territory which would become known as Brazil was first explored by Portuguese navigators on 22 April 1500. This territory was subsequently colonized by the Portuguese crown. Since the [[transfer of the Portuguese court to Brazil]] in 1808, colonial rule had de facto ended. On 16 December 1815, [[John VI of Portugal|Prince Regent John]], the future king John VI, raised Brazil to the status of a kingdom, thus making his mother, [[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]], the reigning queen, the first monarch of Brazil. The next year, 20 March 1816, John succeeded his mother as king of the united Luso-Brazilian monarchy. Having proclaimed independence of the Kingdom of Brazil from Portugal in 1822, [[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]], son of John VI, was acclaimed the first emperor of Brazil on 12 October 1822. He was later succeeded on 7 April 1831 by his son [[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]], deposed along with the 74-years-old monarchy on 15 November 1889 in a bloodless and unpopular military coup d'état.

==Title==
From 16 December 1815 to 7 September 1822, while the [[Kingdom of Brazil]] was in union with the [[Kingdom of Portugal]], the monarch's full title and styles were, according to tradition and the United Kingdom's 1822 Constitution: ''By the Grace of God, King/Queen of the United Kingdom of Portugal, Brazil, and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc.''<ref name="Dicionário">Amaral, Manuel. [http://www.arqnet.pt/dicionario/joao6.html "João VI"]. In: ''Portugal – Dicionário Histórico, Corográfico, Heráldico, Biográfico, Bibliográfico, Numismático e Artístico'', Volume III, 2000–2010, pp. 1051–1055. In Portuguese.</ref>

From 12 October 1822 to 15 November 1889, as the independent [[Empire of Brazil]], the country's monarch's full title were: ''By Grace of God and Unanimous Acclamation of the People, Constitutional Emperor/Empress and Perpetual Defender of Brazil''.

It's worth noting that from a short period of time, between 15 November 1825 and 10 March 1826, according to the [[Treaty of Rio de Janeiro (1825)|Treaty of Rio de Janeiro]], by which Portugal recognized Brazilian independence, it was granted to King John VI the [[courtesy title]] of Emperor of Brazil, while his son was the actual reigning emperor. From the treaty's date to his death John VI used the title: ''By the Grace of God, John VI, Emperor of Brazil, King of Portugal and the Algarves, of either side of the sea in Africa, Lord of Guinea and of Conquest, Navigation and Commerce of Ethiopia, Arabia, Persia and India, etc.''<ref name="Dicionário"/>

==Kingdom of Brazil (1815–1822)==
{{Main articles|Kingdom of Brazil}}
The house of Braganza continued to rule over Brazil, and on 16 December 1815, the Prince Regent João, the future king John VI raised Brazil to the status of a kingdom, thus making his mother, Maria I, the reigning Queen, the first Monarch of Brazil. The next year, 20 March 1816, John succeeded his mother as King of the united Portuguese-Brazilian monarchy.

{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = '''[[Maria I of Portugal|Maria I]]'''
| nickname1   = The Pious; The Mad
| native1     = 
| life1       = {{birth date|df=yes|1734|12|17}} – {{death date and age|df=yes|1816|3|20|1734|12|17}}
| reignstart1 = 16 December 1815
| reignend1   = 20 March 1816
| notes1      = Daughter of Joseph I of Portugal
| family1     = [[House of Braganza|Braganza]]<br>[[File:Brasao-Brigantina.png|80px]]
| image1      = Retrato da Rainha D. Maria I - J.B. Gerard.png

| name2       = '''[[John VI of Portugal|John VI]]'''
| nickname2   = The Clement
| native2     = {{langx|pt|João VI}}
| life2       = {{birth date|df=yes|1767|5|13}} – {{death date and age|df=yes|1826|3|10|1767|5|13}}
| reignstart2 = 20 March 1816
| reignend2   = 7 September 1822
| notes2      = Son of Maria I of Portugal and Brazil
| family2     = [[House of Braganza|Braganza]]<br>[[File:Brasao-Brigantina.png|80px]]
| image2      = Domingos Sequeira - D. João VI.jpg
}}

==Empire of Brazil (1822–1889)==
{{Main articles|Empire of Brazil}}
The house of Braganza continued to rule over Brazil after Pedro I, son of John VI, was acclaimed the first Emperor of Brazil on 12 October 1822, having proclaimed the independence of the Kingdom of Brazil from Portugal. He was later succeeded on 7 April 1831 by his son Pedro II, the last monarch of Brazil. Pedro II of Brazil, reigned 49 years in fact or 58 years if the regency period is considered.

{{Succession table monarch
| name1       = '''[[Pedro I of Brazil|Pedro I]]'''
| nickname1   = The Liberator; The Soldier King
| native1     = 
| life1       = {{birth date|df=yes|1798|10|12}} – {{death date and age|df=yes|1834|9|24|1798|10|12}}
| reignstart1 = 12 October 1822
| reignend1   = 7 April 1831
| notes1      = Son of John VI of Portugal
| family1     = [[House of Braganza|Braganza]]<br>[[File:Coat of Arms of Pedro I of Brazil (Order of the Golden Fleece Variant).svg|60px]]
| image1      = Portrait of D. Pedro I (by Pedro Américo) – Museu Nacional de Belas Artes, Rio de Janeiro.jpg

| name2       = '''[[Pedro II of Brazil|Pedro II]]'''
| nickname2   = The Magnanimous
| native2     = 
| life2       = {{birth date|df=yes|1825|12|2}} – {{death date and age|df=yes|1891|12|5|1825|12|2}}
| reignstart2 = 7 April 1831
| reignend2   = 15 November 1889
| notes2      = Son of Pedro I of Brazil
| family2     = [[House of Braganza|Braganza]]<br>[[File:Coat of Arms of Pedro II of Brazil (Order of the Golden Fleece Variant).svg|60px]]
| image2      = Antônio de Souza Lobo - Retrato do Imperador D. Pedro II.jpg
}}

==See also==
* [[History of Brazil]]
* [[History of Portugal]]
* [[List of governors-general of Brazil]] (including the viceroys)
* [[List of Brazilian royal consorts]]
* [[List of presidents of Brazil]]
* [[List of Portuguese monarchs]]

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://www.archontology.org/nations/braz/braz_emp/ Monarchs of Brazil (1815–1889)]

{{Empire of Brazil}}
{{BrazImpFam}}
{{House of Braganza}}
{{Pretenders to the Brazilian throne since 1889}}
{{Brazilian royalty}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:List Of Brazilian Monarchs}}
[[Category:Lists of monarchs|Brazil]]
[[Category:Lists of Brazilian people by occupation|Monarchs]]
[[Category:Brazil history-related lists|Monarchs]]
[[Category:Monarchs of Brazil| ]]