View source for List of historical unrecognized states

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{{More citations needed|date=December 2009}}
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These lists of '''historical unrecognized or partially recognized states''' give an overview of extinct geopolitical entities that wished to be recognized as [[sovereign state]]s, but did not enjoy worldwide [[diplomatic recognition]]. The entries listed here had ''de facto'' control over significant claimed territory and were self-governing with a desire for full independence or, if they lacked such control over their territory, they were recognized by at least one other recognized nation.

== Criteria for inclusion ==
The criteria for inclusion in this list are similar to those of the [[list of states with limited recognition]]. To be included here, a polity must have claimed [[Sovereign state|sovereignty]], have not been recognized by any widely accepted state for a significant portion of its ''de facto'' existence, and either:

* had a population and an organized government with a capacity to enter into relations with other states; or
* had ''de facto'' control over a territory or a significant portion of the territory of an otherwise-recognized sovereign state

== Africa ==
The total number of countries in the [[Africa|African continent]] varies due to the instability throughout the region. See the [[List of sovereign states and dependent territories in Africa]] article for a current list.

Great instability was created by graft under leaders in [[West Africa]].<ref>{{cite web|last=Atuobi|first=Samuel Mondays|url=https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/9BD8A1F729CEB5B8C125746C0049D740-kaiptc-dec2007.pdf|title=Corruption and State Instability in West Africa: An Examination of Policy Options|publisher=[[Kofi Annan International Peacekeeping Training Centre]] (KAIPTC)|access-date=April 12, 2022|page=8|quote=Until independence, the opportunities for self-enrichment were limited; the principal beneficiaries of colonial rule were the European elite, officials and businessmen, enjoying a lifestyle which the Africa elite aspired to emulate but were largely prevented from reaching. Independence unlocked the floodgate [of corruption]. Politicians used their public office to extract 'commissions' at every available opportunity. The common cut on government contracts in West Africa was 10 per cent. In numerous cases, prominent politicians simply looted the state treasury, transferring money to their private accounts.|archive-date=August 22, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210822155953/https://reliefweb.int/sites/reliefweb.int/files/resources/9BD8A1F729CEB5B8C125746C0049D740-kaiptc-dec2007.pdf|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many leaders marginalised ethnic groups and fanned ethnic conflicts (some of which had been exacerbated, or even created, by colonial rule) for political gain. In many countries, the military was perceived as being the only group that could effectively maintain order, and it ruled many nations in Africa during the 1970s and early 1980s. During the period from the early 1960s to the late 1980s, Africa had more than 70 coups and 13 presidential assassinations. Border and territorial disputes were also common, with the European-imposed borders of many nations being widely contested through armed conflicts.

A variety of other causes have been blamed for Africa's political instability, including [[Cold War]] conflicts between the [[United States]] and the [[Soviet Union]], over-reliance on foreign aid,<ref>[[Dambisa Moyo]] (2009). Dead Aid: Why Aid Is Not Working and How There Is a Better Way for Africa. Farrar, Straus and Giroux</ref> as well as the policies of the International Monetary Fund.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://theconversation.com/why-south-africa-shouldnt-turn-to-the-imf-for-help-82027|title=Why South Africa shouldn't turn to the IMF for help|last=Mutize|first=Misheck|website=The Conversation|date=8 August 2017 |language=en|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=2020-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326093957/http://theconversation.com/why-south-africa-shouldnt-turn-to-the-imf-for-help-82027|url-status=live}}</ref> When a country became independent for the first time, it would often align itself with one of the two superpowers in order to get support. Many countries in [[Northern Africa]] received Soviet military aid, while many in [[Central Africa|Central]] and [[Southern Africa]] were supported by the United States, France or both. The 1970s saw an escalation, as newly independent [[Angola]] and [[Mozambique]] aligned themselves with the Soviet Union, and the West and South Africa sought to contain Soviet influence by funding insurgency movements. There was a major famine in [[1983–1985 famine in Ethiopia|Ethiopia]], when hundreds of thousands of people starved. Some claimed that Marxist/Soviet policies made the situation worse. The most devastating military conflict in modern independent Africa has been the [[Second Congo War]]; this conflict and its aftermath have killed an estimated 5.5&nbsp;million people.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/democraticrepublicofcongo/8792068/Is-your-mobile-phone-helping-fund-war-in-Congo.html|title=Is your mobile phone helping fund war in Congo?|date=27 September 2011|work=The Daily Telegraph|location=London|first=Gordon|last=Rayner|access-date=3 April 2018|archive-date=18 October 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171018135029/http://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/worldnews/africaandindianocean/democraticrepublicofcongo/8792068/Is-your-mobile-phone-helping-fund-war-in-Congo.html|url-status=live}}</ref> Since 2003 there has been an ongoing conflict in [[Darfur]] which has become a humanitarian disaster. Another notable tragic event is the 1994 [[Rwandan Genocide]] in which an estimated 800,000 people were murdered. [[AIDS]] in post-colonial Africa has also been a prevalent issue.

In the 21st century, however, the number of armed conflicts in Africa has steadily declined.{{efn|While there is less armed conflict in Africa political violence increases. "''Open-source conflict data is increasingly used to supplement reporting and analysis of trends in instability in Africa. A number of recent global reports, including the OECD States of Fragility 2016: [http://www.oecd.org/dac/states-of-fragility-2016-9789264267213-en.htm Understanding Violence], use conflict data to show changes in conflict type, actors, tactics and intensity across and within countries over time''".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://issafrica.org/iss-today/less-armed-conflict-but-more-political-violence-in-africa|title=Less armed conflict but more political violence in Africa|website=The Institute for Security Studies (ISS)|date=12 April 2017|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=26 March 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326100355/https://issafrica.org/iss-today/less-armed-conflict-but-more-political-violence-in-africa|url-status=live}}</ref>}} For instance, the civil war in Angola came to an end in 2002 after nearly 30 years. The improved stability and economic reforms have led to a great increase in foreign investment into many African nations, mainly from China,<ref>{{Cite news |url=https://qz.com/1550626/chinas-investment-will-allow-africa-to-lead-the-22nd-century/ |title=The 21st century belongs to China—but the 22nd will be Africa's |last=Avi Brooks |first=Lonny |date=February 21, 2019 |work=Quartz |access-date=March 26, 2020 |archive-date=March 26, 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326100351/https://qz.com/1550626/chinas-investment-will-allow-africa-to-lead-the-22nd-century/ |url-status=live }}</ref> which has spurred quick economic growth in many countries, seemingly ending decades of stagnation and decline. Several African economies were among the world's fastest growing as of 2011 and that growth continues through 2019.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.icafrica.org/en/knowledge-hub/article/african-economic-outlook-2019-362/|title=African Economic Outlook 2019|website=The Infrastructure Consortium for Africa|access-date=2020-03-26|archive-date=2020-03-26|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200326103001/https://www.icafrica.org/en/knowledge-hub/article/african-economic-outlook-2019-362/|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== 18th and 19th centuries ===
{| class="sortable wikitable"
! width=190px|Name
! Period
! class="unsortable"|Today
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Shilluk.svg}} [[Shilluk Kingdom]]
| 15th century–1861
| now part of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]
| Located along the left bank of the [[White Nile]] in what is now [[South Sudan]] and southern [[Sudan]], its capital and royal residence were in the town of [[Fashoda]]. According to [[Shilluk people|Shilluk]] folk history and neighboring accounts, the kingdom was founded by [[Nyikang]], who probably lived in the second half of the 15th century. A [[Nilotic people]], the Shilluk managed to establish a centralized kingdom that reached its apogee in the late 18th and early 19th centuries, during the decline of the northern [[Funj Sultanate]]. In the 19th century, the Shilluk were affected by military assaults from the [[Ottoman Empire]], resulting in the destruction of the kingdom in the early 1860s. The Shilluk king is currently not an independent political leader, but a traditional chieftain within the governments of [[South Sudan]] and [[Sudan]]. The current Shilluk king is [[Reth Kwongo Dak Padiet]] who ascended to the throne in 1993.<ref>https://ich.unesco.org/doc/src/00147-EN.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ndwandwe]]
| 1780–1825
| rowspan="4" | Now part of [[South Africa]]
| The Ndwandwe, with the [[Mtetwa Empire|Mthethwa]], were a significant power in present-day [[Zulu Kingdom|Zululand]] at the turn of the nineteenth century. Under the leadership of [[Monarch|King]] [[Zwide kaLanga|Zwide]], the Ndwandwe nation destroyed the Mthethwa under their king [[Dingiswayo]], and the [[power vacuum]] was filled by [[Shaka|Shaka Zulu]] and the [[Zulu people|Zulu]] tribe. In a common front against the Ndwandwe, Shaka collected the remains of the Mthethwa and other regional tribes, and survived the first encounter of the [[Ndwandwe–Zulu War|Zulu Civil War]] with Zwide at the [[Battle of Gqokli Hill]] in 1818. 
In 1819, Zwide made another expedition against the Zulus, but Shaka again changed his tactics, letting the Ndwandwe army penetrate his territory and responding with guerrilla warfare. Shortage of supplies caused the Ndandwe to return home, but when they were crossing the [[Mhlatuze River|river Mhlatuze]] in early 1820, their forces were split and defeated at the [[Battle of Mhlatuze River]].
|-
| [[Mthethwa Paramountcy]]
| 1780–1817
| A Southern African state that arose in the 18th century south of [[Delagoa Bay]] and inland in eastern southern Africa.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[Swellendam|Republic of Swellendam]]
| rowspan="2" | 1795
| A republic declared in revolt against the [[Dutch East India Company]]; it lasted 3 months before being re-incorporated into the [[Cape Colony]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[Graaff-Reinet]]
| Formed in rebellion to Dutch East India Company; it took 2 years to be incorporated into the Cape Colony, though this time under British rule.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Islands of Refreshment.svg}} [[Islands of Refreshment]]<br /><small>(Tristan da Cunha)</small>
|1811–1816
|Now a [[British Overseas Territories|British Overseas Territory]]
|Declared by American whaler Jonathan Lambert and four others, who were the first permanent inhabitants of the modern day [[Tristan da Cunha]] islands in the South Atlantic. Lambert declared himself the [[sovereign]] of the islands. Annexed in 1816 by the [[Cape Colony]] under the United Kingdom to prevent France from obtaining the islands.
|-
| [[Griqualand West]]
| 1813
| rowspan="6" |Now part of [[South Africa]]
| Enjoyed de facto independence since the founding of Griquatown in 1813, Griqualand West eventually proclaimed itself a British colony in 1873. It did not gain recognition by [[United Kingdom|Britain]] nor the neighboring [[Cape Colony]] and was annexed in 1880.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Voortrekker flag.svg}} [[Potchefstroom]] Republic
| 1830
| A republic that existed only for a couple of months before joining with [[Winburg]] Republic. It was effectively a city-state.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Voortrekker flag.svg}} [[Winburg]] Republic
| 1836
| Established on land on the Vet and Vaal Rivers donated to the [[Voortrekkers]] by [[Bataung]] Chief Makwana in 1836 in exchange for protection from neighboring [[Basotho]] tribes. Joined in union with the newly established [[Potchefstroom]] Republic in 1838 to form the [[Potchefstroom|Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Voortrekker flag.svg}} [[Potchefstroom|Republic of Winburg-Potchefstroom]]
| 1838
| Formed from the union of the [[Potchefstroom]] Republic and the [[Winburg]] Republic in 1838; the nation lasted until [[Potchefstroom]] left the union to join with [[Pietermaritzburg]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Natalia Republic.svg}} [[Natalia Republic]]
| 1839
| Established in 1839 by local Afrikaans-speaking [[Voortrekkers]] after the [[Battle of Blood River]]. This Boer Republic lasted for four years before being annexed by British troops under [[George Thomas Napier|George Napier]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Voortrekker flag.svg}} [[Ohrigstad|Andries-Ohringstad Republic]]
| 1845
| A fort was established by a group of Voortrekkers under the leadership of Andries Hendrik Potgieter with the help of a Dutch merchant Gregorius Ohrig. The settlers arrived in 1845 and were decimated by malaria. Forced to abandon the area, the republic was officially abandoned in 1849.
|-
|[[Mississippi-in-Africa]]
|1837–1842
|Now part of [[Liberia]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Liberia.svg}} [[Liberia]]
|1847–1862
|Now recognized
|A collection of [[African Americans|African American]] settlements in [[West Africa]], sponsored by the [[American Colonization Society]]. The purpose of Liberia was to repatriate freed slaves back to Africa from the [[United States]]. The US government refused to recognize Liberia's independence until 1862, during the [[American Civil War]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Maryland.svg}} [[Republic of Maryland]]
|1854–1857
|Now part of [[Liberia]]
|An African American settlement in West Africa, whose independence was unrecognized by the United States. It joined the also unrecognized Liberia in 1857 in reaction to a native insurgency.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[Utrecht Republic]]
| 1854
| rowspan="3" |Now part of [[South Africa]]
| A republic proclaimed by Andreas Theodorus Spies following a land purchase from the King of the Zulu, Mpande. It joined with the [[Lydenburg Republic]] in 1858.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Netherlands.svg}} [[Lydenburg Republic]]
| 1856
| A Boer republic which was created following the dissolution of the [[Ohrigstad|Andries-Ohringstad Republic]]. Eventually this nation expanded with the inclusion of the [[Utrecht Republic]] in 1858. The republic lasted until 1860 when it was incorporated into the [[South African Republic]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Voortrekker flag.svg}} [[Republic of Zoutpansberg]]
| 1857
| A small [[Boer Republic]] that joined with the [[South African Republic]] in 1864. The white settlers in Zoutpansberg had for many years a reputation for lawlessness, and were later regarded as typical "back velt Boers". Zoutpansberg contained a larger native population than any other region of the Transvaal.
|-
|[[Tippu Tip's state|Sultanate of Utetera]]
| 1860–1887
| Now part of [[Democratic Republic of Congo]]
| Founded by infamous slave trader [[Tippu Tip]]
|-
| [[Griqualand West]]
| 1861
| rowspan="3" |Now part of [[South Africa]]
| Founded by [[Adam Kok III]] as a final resting place{{clarify|date=August 2022}} for Griqua people. The State suffered from a secret deal signed between the [[British Empire]] and [[Orange Free State]] causing unceasing instability. Although the reasons for its annexation are still debated, it was eventually integrated with the [[Cape Colony]] in 1880.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Diamond_flag_of_the_Diggers_Republic.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Diggers_Republic.svg}}[[Stafford Parker|Klipdrift Republic]]
| 1870
| A Republic proclaimed during a dispute over diamond mines near what would become [[Griqualand West]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Stellaland.svg}} [[Stellaland|Republic of Stellaland]]
| 1882
| A [[Boer republic]] located in an area of [[British Bechuanaland]] (now in South Africa's [[North West Province]]), west of the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]]. After unification with the neighbouring [[State of Goshen]], it became the '''United States of Stellaland'''
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Rehoboth-Basterland.svg}} [[Free Republic of Rehoboth]]
| 1872–1990
| Now part of [[Namibia]]
|The [[Baster]] are a community of mixed race descent, who left the British-ruled Cape Colony in 1868 and settled in a territory on a high plateau between the [[Namib]] and [[Kalahari Desert|Kalahari]] deserts in what is now central Namibia, where they founded the Free Republic of Rehoboth (Rehoboth Gebiet), in 1872. They adopted a constitution known in Afrikaans as the Vaderlike Wette (Paternal Laws), which still continues to govern the internal affairs of the Baster community into the 21st century. Since the independence of Namibia, in 1990, the new state confiscated all of their territory without compensation.
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Republic of Goshen.svg|24x22px]] [[State of Goshen|Goshen]]
| 1882
| rowspan="3" | Now part of [[South Africa]]
| A short-lived [[Boer republics|Boer republic]] in southern Africa founded by [[Boer]]s expanding west from [[Transvaal (province)|Transvaal]] who opposed [[Cape Colony|British advance]] in the region.
Located in Tswana territory west of the [[South African Republic|Transvaal]], Goshen existed as an independent nation for a short period; from 1882 to 1883 as the State of Goshen and, after unification with neighbouring [[Stellaland]], as the [[United States of Stellaland]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Stellaland (1883-5).svg}} [[United States of Stellaland]]
| 1883
| A Boer republic which created from the union of neighboring [[Stellaland|Republic of Stellaland]] and [[State of Goshen]]. The republic lasted until it became a protectorate of the [[South African Republic]] on 10 September 1884 only to be annexed 6 days later.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Nieuwe Republiek.svg}} [[Nieuwe Republiek]]
| 1884–1888
| Created on 16 August 1884 with land donated by the Zulus through a treaty. The territory was part of the old Boer Republic of [[Natalia Republic|Natalia]]. The republic enjoyed independence until it was annexed by the [[South African Republic]] by its own request.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Reichskolonialflagge.svg}} [[Kapitaï and Koba|Colinsland]]
|1884–1885
|Now part of [[Guinea]]
|Disputed German colony in modern-day Guinea. The colony was initiated by the German merchant [[Frederick Colin]], with limited support from the German government. Conceded to [[France]] (which had already claimed the area) in exchange for minor territories in other parts of Africa, and respect for Colin's commercial rights in the territory.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Germany_(1867–1918).svg}} [[Upingtonia|Republic of Lijdensrust]]
| 1884–1887
| Now part of [[Namibia]]
| It was a short-lived [[Boer Republics|Boer republic]] in the area of present-day [[Namibia]]. Declared on 20 October 1885, it was originally named '''Upingtonia''', but its name was changed soon after, as the reason for its original name proved worthless. In 1887, it was merged into [[German South-West Africa]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Mahdi_movement_in_Sudan.svg}} [[Mahdist Sudan|Mahdist State]]
| 1885–1899
| Now part of [[Sudan]]
| [[Islamic state]] established during the [[Mahdist War]] by rebels. The rebellion failed and the state was dissolved.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Transvaal.svg}} [[Klein Vrystaat]]
| 1886
| Now part of [[South Africa]]
| A Boer republic which declared its independence from lands formerly controlled by the Swazi king [[Mswati II]]. It was eventually incorporated into the [[South African Republic]] in 1891 at its own request.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Dervish flag.svg}} [[Dervish State]]
| 1895–1920
| Now part of [[Somalia]], [[Somaliland]] and [[Ethiopia]]
| A state in [[Ciid-Nugaal]] wherein [[Las Anod#Diiriye Guure|Diiriye Guure]] was king and his emir [[Mohammed Abdullah Hassan]] launched an armed resistance against colonial powers (specifically the [[United Kingdom]], [[Kingdom of Italy|Italy]], and [[Ethiopian Empire|Ethiopia]]) in Somalia. It was eventually defeated in 1920 by the British and Italians.
|}

=== 20th and 21st centuries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! width=190px|Name
! Period
! class="unsortable"|Today
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Empire of the Sahara.svg}} Empire of the Sahara
|1903–1908?
| rowspan="2" |Now part of [[Morocco]]
|A self-proclaimed monarchy declared by wealthy Frenchman [[Jacques Lebaudy]], who wished to establish an imperial territory in [[Cape Juby]]. Lebaudy was backed by as many as 400 mercenaries and sixteen cannons. Lebaudy later relocated his court to the [[Savoy Hotel]] in London. His claim was recognized by no nation.
|-
|[[Zaian confederation]]
|1914–1921
|A confederation of Berber tribesmen in the interior of Morocco, which resisted French conquest in the [[Middle Atlas]] mountains for several years. The confederacy was supported by the [[Central Powers of World War I|Central Powers]] following the outbreak of the [[World War I|First World War]], and was only subdued after the [[Treaty of Versailles]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Transvaal.svg}} [[Maritz Rebellion|South African Republic]]
|1914–1915
|Now part of [[South Africa]]
|A provisional government set up in the [[Maritz rebellion|Maritz Rebellion]] of the [[World War I|First World War]]. It was an attempt by Boer troops to revive the South African Republic, which had been annexed into the British Empire twelve years prior at the conclusion of the [[Second Boer War]]. The mutiny was put down in under six months by the South African government.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Darfur.svg}} [[Sultanate of Darfur]]
|1915–1916
|Now part of [[Sudan]]
|A protectorate of [[Anglo-Egyptian Sudan]]. The Sultan, [[Ali Dinar]], renounced his allegiance to the British Empire in support of the [[Ottoman Empire]], after their entry into the [[First World War]] against Britain. The rebellion was put down in the 1916 [[Anglo-Egyptian Darfur Expedition]].
|-
|  {{flagicon image|Flag of Cyrenaica.svg}} [[Senusiyya|Senussiyya]]
|1915–1917, 1923–1932, 1939–1951
|Now part of [[Libya]] and [[Niger]]
|An [[Arabs|Arab]] religious order that controlled much of Libya and northern Niger throughout the early 20th century. Fought against [[French West Africa|French colonial expansion]] in Niger during the [[Kaocen revolt]]. Fought against [[Italian colonization of Libya|Italian colonization]] in three stages:
* the [[Senussi campaign]] of the [[First World War]], with support from the Central Powers, especially the [[Ottoman Empire]] which previously ruled the area;
* the [[Second Italo-Senussi War]], also known as the Pacification of Libya, in which brutal war crimes took place;
* and the [[North African campaign]] of the [[Second World War]], specifically the [[Western Desert campaign]].
|-
|   [[Tripolitanian Republic]]
| 1918–1923
| Now part of [[Libya]]
| A republic proclaimed following the [[Paris Peace Conference, 1919|Paris Peace Conference]]; it disintegrated sometime in 1923 and was annexed into [[Italian Tripolitania]].
|-
|{{Flag|Republic of the Rif}}
|1921–1926
|Now part of [[Morocco]]
|An independent Berber republic declared following a rebellion against Spanish rule within the [[Rif|Rif region]] of northern Morocco. The republic was made up of a confederation of many Berber tribes. Defeated by Spain, with French military assistance, in the protracted [[Rif War]].
|-
|[[Western Galla Confederation|Macha Oromo Confederation]]
|1936
| rowspan="2" |Now part of [[Ethiopia]]
|Rump [[Oromo people|Oromo]] state in western [[Ethiopia]] that was proclaimed following Italian victory in the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]. Requested to be accepted as a British [[mandate territory]] to avoid annexation into the Italian Empire, but was recognized by no country and was occupied by the Italian army within the year.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Ethiopia (1897–1974).svg}} [[Ethiopian Empire]]
|1937–1941
|Occupied by Italy in the [[Second Italo-Ethiopian War]]. Despite lobbying by Ethiopian emperor [[Haile Selassie]] from exile, only six nations did not recognize Italy's control over Ethiopia by 1937 ([[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]], [[New Zealand]], the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Second Spanish Republic|Republic of Spain]], [[Mexico]], and the [[United States]]). During the [[East African campaign (World War II)|East African campaign]] of the [[Second World War]], the Allies recognized Selassie and restored Ethiopia's full independence.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Sultanate of M'Simbati flag.svg}} [[Sultanate of M'Simbati]]
| 1959
| Now part of [[Tanzania]]
| Latham Leslie-Moore, a retired civil servant, declared the secession of the "Sultanate of M'Simbati" from the then colony of [[Tanganyika (territory)|Tanganyika]]. The "secession" was suppressed in 1962 by Tanzanian government troops.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Kingdom of Sanwi flag.svg}} [[Kingdom of Sanwi]]
|1959–1970
|Now part of [[Ivory Coast]]
|Following self-government in the Ivory Coast, the traditional kingdom of Sanwi attempted secession from the republic several times during the early decades of decolonization. In 1960, the king of Sanwi even formed an unrecognized [[Government in exile|government-in-exile]] in [[Ghana]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=4 January 1970 |title=Ivory Coast Reports an Attempt To Revive Secession Movement |url=https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/04/archives/ivory-coast-reports-an-attempt-to-revive-secession-movement.html |url-status=live |access-date=19 July 2022 |website=[[The New York Times]] |archive-date=20 July 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220720054350/https://www.nytimes.com/1970/01/04/archives/ivory-coast-reports-an-attempt-to-revive-secession-movement.html }}</ref> The movement was combated by President [[Félix Houphouët-Boigny]], partially with the aid of the French Armed Forces.
|-
|  {{flagicon image|Flag of Katanga.svg}} [[State of Katanga]]
| 1960–1963
| Now part of the [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
| Declared secession during the [[Congo Crisis]]. Controlled the state of the same name within the former [[Belgian Congo]] after [[decolonisation]]. Although not recognised by any other country, Katanga received considerable financial, military and political support from [[Belgium]], the [[Central African Federation]], and [[Portugal]]. Lobbyists on behalf of Katanga also unsuccessfully attempted to bribe the government of [[Costa Rica]] in return for diplomatic recognition.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Crellin |first1=Zac |date=4 August 2016 |title=The conspiracy of Katangese nationalism |url=http://www.pambazuka.org/pan-africanism/conspiracy-katangese-nationalism |url-status=live |access-date=18 August 2017 |website=[[Pambazuka]] |archive-date=18 August 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170818134727/http://www.pambazuka.org/pan-africanism/conspiracy-katangese-nationalism }}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Rwenzururu Flag (1962–1982).svg}} [[Rwenzururu movement|Kingdom of Rwenzururu]]
|1962–1982
|Now part of [[Uganda]]
|A secessionist movement that began just before decolonisation in Uganda and continued for twenty years. Within [[colonial Uganda]], several kingdoms were allowed to continue their existence as subnational entities with some autonomy. The people of the [[Rwenzururu region]] demanded separation from the [[Tooro Kingdom]] as their own monarchy, but were denied by the colonial government. The Rwenzururu kingdom declared its independence three months before Uganda's independence. After two decades of conflict, Rwenzururu became an autonomous kingdom within Uganda.
|-
| [[Kel Ahaggar]]
|1962–1977
|Now part of [[Algeria]]
|A [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] confederation inhabiting the [[Hoggar Mountains]] (Ahaggar mountains) in Algeria. The confederation is believed to have been founded by the Tuareg matriarch [[Tin Hinan]], whose monumental tomb is located at [[Abalessa]]. The official establishment is dated to around 1750. It has been largely defunct since 1977, when it was terminated by the Algerian government.
|-
|  {{flagicon image|Flag of Zanzibar (January-April 1964).svg}} [[People's Republic of Zanzibar]]
| 1964
| Now part of [[Tanzania]]
| Following the 17 January 1964 coup which deposed the [[Sultan]] of [[Zanzibar]], the revolutionary group purporting to represent the island's black majority proclaimed a People's Republic of [[Zanzibar]] and [[Pemba Island|Pemba]]. It immediately made an offer of union with the government of [[Tanganyika (1961–1964)|Tanganyika]].
|-
| {{flag|Rhodesia}}
| 1965–1979
|Now [[Zimbabwe]]
| [[Unilateral Declaration of Independence (Rhodesia)|Unilateral Declaration of Independence]] in November 1965. It did not receive official recognition from any state. It had a trading relationship with [[apartheid South Africa]], which did not formally recognise Rhodesia to preserve its fragile position with other nations and did not apply UN sanctions against the republic. [[Estado Novo (Portugal)|Portugal]] also maintained informal relations until the [[Carnation Revolution]] of 1974. State received full international recognition after signing the [[Lancaster House Agreement]] in 1979 and became, on 18 April 1980, the independent [[Republic of Zimbabwe]].
|-
|[[Maquis of Fizi]]
|1967–1986
|Now [[Democratic Republic of the Congo]]
| A Marxist-Leninist-Maoist partisan republic created by future Congolese president and revolutionary [[Laurent-Désiré Kabila]] in the aftermath of the failed [[Simba Rebellion]] 
|-
| {{flag|Zimbabwe Rhodesia}}
| 1979
|Now [[Zimbabwe]]
|See Rhodesia
|-
| [[Kingdom of Karagwe]]
|1450–1963
|Now [[Tanzania]]
|
|-
| {{flag|Biafra}}
| 1967–1970
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Nigeria]]
| Majority [[Igbo people|Igbo]] state which seceded from post-independence [[Nigeria]] due to ethnic divisions, beginning the [[Nigerian Civil War]]. Controlled territory in eastern Nigeria, recognized by five states (Gabon, Haiti, Ivory Coast, Tanzania, Zambia).
|-
|{{flag|Republic of Benin}}
|1967
|Occupied by Biafra in August, later given independence in September as a puppet state. Retaken by the Nigerian army one day after the declaration of independence.
|-
|[[South Sudan Provisional Government]]
|1967–1969
| rowspan="2" |Now part of [[South Sudan]]
|An African insurgency formed mostly from the [[Anyanya|Anyanya movement]] during the [[First Sudanese Civil War]], in rebellion against the predominantly Muslim, Arabic-speaking Sudanese government. The separatist movement was rife with political wrangling and ethnic tensions within its own ranks. The SSPG collapsed in 1969 and was reformed into the Nile Provisional Government.
|-
|[[Nile Provisional Government]] (Nile Republic)
|1969–1970
|Formed out of the SSPG as an attempt to rebrand the nation from South Sudan to the Nile Republic. Collapsed after one year due to a coup. Following this, most of the separatists agreed to the 1972 [[Addis Ababa Agreement (1972)|Addis Ababa Agreement]], in which most of [[Anyanya]] agreed to recognize the Sudanese government in return for autonomy, ending the First Sudanese Civil War.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Martyazo.svg}} [[Martyazo|Republic of Martyazo]]
| 1972
| Now part of [[Burundi]]
| A state declared by Hutu separatists inside the mountainous Vuzigo commune, between the Makamba and Lake Nyanza; lasted for little over a week.
|-
| {{Flagicon|Cabinda}} [[Republic of Cabinda|Cabinda]]
| 1975
| Now part of [[Angola]]
| Cabinda was a Portuguese protectorate known as the [[Portuguese Congo]]. During the [[Portuguese Colonial War]] period, the [[Front for the Liberation of the Enclave of Cabinda]] (FLEC) fought for the independence of [[Republic of Cabinda|Cabinda]] from the Portuguese. The independence was proclaimed on 1 August 1975. After the Angolan independence came in effect in November 1975, Cabinda was invaded by forces of the [[Popular Movement for the Liberation of Angola]] (MPLA) with support of troops from [[Cuba]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Sultanate of Aussa]]
|1975–1991
|Now part of [[Ethiopia]]
|Subnational monarchy in Ethiopia that represented the [[Afar people]]. When the [[Derg]] regime took power over Ethiopia in 1975, Sultan [[Alimirah Hanfare]] was exiled, partially resulting in the creation of the [[Afar Liberation Front]] which fought against the communist junta. The Sultan returned to Ethiopia in 1991 after the fall of the Derg.
|-
| {{flag|Ciskei}}
| 1972–1994
| rowspan="4" |Now part of [[South Africa]]
| rowspan="4" |Former [[apartheid]] [[Bantustan]] homelands, formed and recognized only by each other and South Africa.
|-
| {{flag|Transkei}}
| 1976–1994
|-
| {{flag|Venda}}
| 1979–1994
|-
| {{flag|Bophuthatswana}}
| 1977–1994
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Mohéli.svg}} [[Mohéli]]
|1997–1998
| rowspan="2" |Now part of [[Comoros]]
|Seceded in 1997 but quietly rejoined the next year.
|-
| {{flag|Anjouan|199}}
| 1997, 2008
| Joined with Comoros, then seceded twice to gain independence. Anjouan rejoined Comoros after talks during the first secession. After the second event, the secessionist government was [[2008 invasion of Anjouan|forcefully removed]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jubaland.svg}} [[Jubaland]]
|1998–2001
| rowspan="4" |Now part of [[Somalia]]
|Declared independent during the [[Somali Civil War]]. Led by General [[Mohammed Said Hersi Morgan]], the former Somali minister of defense and son-in-law of [[Siad Barre]], the previous military dictator of Somalia. Morgan was ousted by the [[Allied Somali Forces]] the next year, which allied with the [[Transitional Federal Government of Somalia|Transitional Federal Government]] in 2001.<ref>[http://www.afrol.com/html/Countries/Somalia/documents/un_sg_111001.htm Report of the Secretary-General on the situation in Somalia, 11 Oct 2001, Document S/2001/963] [[United Nations Security Council]]</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Puntland.svg}} [[Puntland]]
|1998–2004
|Declared its own autonomy during the Somali Civil War. It did not seek outright independence, but rather recognition of its status as an autonomous state.<ref name="RRPuntland">{{cite web|title=Range Resources: Speculative Buy at 25.5p – Target price 56p |url=http://www.rangeresources.com.au/fileadmin/user_upload/research_Reports/gecr_29Nov07_RangeResources_mainnote.pdf |publisher=Range Resources |access-date=19 April 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121120100415/http://www.rangeresources.com.au/fileadmin/user_upload/research_Reports/gecr_29Nov07_RangeResources_mainnote.pdf |archive-date=2012-11-20 |url-status=dead |quote=The Puntland State of Somalia has considered itself autonomous since 1998, with its own capital city of Garoowe and has designated regions with recognized regional capitals. The Putland authorities, headed by President Adde Muse Hersi, maintain a low profile and do not seek independence from the Transitional Federal Government (TFG) of Somalia (Mogadishu being the capital). The autonomous State of Puntaland emerged after the fall of President Siyad Barre in 1991. In the south of Somalia, Islamic courts, warlords and regional tribes jostle for power and control whilst the State of Puntland experiences relative political stability with one dominant clan currently and historically controlling the region.The stability of Puntland is largely a product of its clan system that creates an established order based on family loyalty and cultural bonds and creates a more proactive and solution oriented politi-cal system.}}</ref> Reconciled with the government of Somalia with the signing of the [[Transitional Federal Charter of the Somali Republic|Transitional Federal Charter]] in 2004. Puntland temporarily operates as a functionally independent state from Somalia in 2024.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Maakhir 2008.svg}} [[Maakhir]]
|2007–2009
|Short-lived territory on the border between the [[Puntland]] state of Somalia, and Somaliland, and was proclaimed as a state independent of both. Quickly subsumed into Puntland.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Azania.svg}} [[Azania (Somalia)|Republic of Azania]]
|2011–2013
|Republic which claimed sovereignty over the Somali state of Jubaland. Following the capture of most of Jubaland by the Islamic militant group [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|al-Shaabab]], [[Kenya]] launched a [[Operation Linda Nchi|counteroffensive]] and aided in setting up the republic from the former Jubaland administration. The action was condemned by Somalia. Azania reformed back into the Jubaland State of Somalia in 2013.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Democratic Republic of Bakassi.svg}} [[Democratic Republic of Bakassi]]
|2006–2009
|Now part of [[Cameroon]]
|Small secessionist movement led by the [[Bakassi Movement for Self-Determination]] (BAMOSD). The movement began during the transfer of the disputed [[Bakassi]] territory from Nigeria to Cameroon, with local leaders who were against the transfer declaring independence. By 2009, Cameroon had assumed complete control over Bakassi.
|-
|Republic of Toumoujagha
|2007
|Now part of [[Mali]] and [[Niger]]
|In 2007, a group allegedly consisting of [[Tuareg people|Tuareg]] rebels proclaimed the independence of a republic made up of the Tuareg regions of Mali and Niger over the internet.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Keenan |first=Jeremy |date=2008 |title=Uranium Goes Critical in Niger: Tuareg Rebellions threaten Sahelian Conflagration |url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/20406532 |journal=Review of African Political Economy |volume=35 |issue=117 |page=465 |doi=10.1080/03056240802411107 |jstor=20406532 |s2cid=154031995 |issn=0305-6244|hdl=10.1080/03056240802411107 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> Occurred during the [[Tuareg rebellion (2007–2009)|2007–2009 Tuareg rebellion]].
|-
| {{flag|Azawad|name=State of Azawad}}
| 2012–2013
| Now part of [[Mali]]
| Self-declared during the [[2012 Tuareg rebellion]] and controlled most of Northern [[Mali]]. It was unrecognized by any state. Revoked its declaration in return for a peace deal after most of its territory was taken over by jihadist groups.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Khaatumo State of Somalia.svg}} [[Khatumo State]]
|2012–2017
|Now part of [[Somaliland]]
|First incarnation; Declared an autonomous state in 2012. Ceased to function by 2015, and was reincorporated into Somaliland by 2017. Re-established in 2023.
|-
| {{flag|Logone}}
|2015–2021
|Now an insurgency in the [[Central African Republic]]
|Also known as Dar al-Kuti (French: Dar el-Kouti), was a partially-realized, self-declared autonomous region and proto-state internationally recognised as part of the Central African Republic. It was formed by the Muslim rebel movement Popular Front for the Rebirth of Central African Republic (FPRC) with support of other armed groups on 14 December 2015. On 10 April 2021 Kaga-Bandoro was recaptured by government forces.
|}

== Americas ==

=== 17th to 19th centuries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! Name
! Period
! class="unsortable"|Today
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|[[Tsenacommacah]]
|1600-1677
|Now part of [[United States]]
|
|-
|[[:pt:Missões jesuíticas no oeste do Paraná|Theocratic Republic of Guairá]]
|1627–1632
|Now part of [[Brazil]]
|Jesuit missions in western of Paraná
|-
|[[Captain John Scott#Return to Long Island|Republic of Long Island]]
|1664–1665
|Now part of United States
|<ref name="Scott">{{cite book |author=Bailyn, Bernard |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=y-J8CgAAQBAJ&dq=atherton+company+new+england&pg=PT109 |title=The New England Merchants In The Seventeenth Century |publisher=Read Books |year=2013 |isbn=9781447489146}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Flying Gang.svg}} [[Republic of Pirates]]
| 1706–1718
| Now part of the [[Bahamas]] and [[Turks and Caicos Islands]]
|Loose confederacy run by various pirate ship crews according to an informal [[pirate code]]. It was set up following the collapse of English authority in much of the Bahamas. English rule was restored by 1718 with the [[1717–1718 Acts of Grace|Acts of Grace]].
|-
| {{flag|United States|1776}}
| 1776–1783 ([[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Internationally recognized in 1783]])
| Now recognized
| Thirteen British colonies declared themselves independent in 1776 during the [[American Revolution]] and united to form the United States of America, which was recognized following the [[Treaty of Paris (1783)|Treaty of Paris]] of 1783.
|-
| [[Watauga Association]]
| 1772–1778
| rowspan="8" |Now part of the [[United States]]
| Annexed into the State of [[North Carolina]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Vermont Republic.svg}} [[Vermont Republic]]
| 1777–1791
| [[Admission to the Union|Admitted to the Union]] as the State of [[Vermont]], after a compromise ended its jurisdictional disputes with [[New York (state)|New York]].
|-
|[[Wabash Confederacy]]
|1780-1792
|
|-
|[[Northwestern Confederacy]]
| 1783–1795
|Native American confederacy in the [[Great Lakes]] region. It was formed at the end of the American Revolutionary War with the goal of resisting the westward expansion of the United States. The U.S. claimed all the territory of the confederacy with the [[Northwest Ordinance]]. The alliance fell apart after the [[Northwest Indian War]].
|-
| [[State of Franklin]]
| 1784–1788
|Began operating as a de facto independent republic after the failed statehood attempt
|-
| | [[Trans-Oconee Republic]]
| 1794
| A short-lived, independent state west of the Oconee River (in the state of [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]]). Established by General [[Elijah Clarke]] in May 1794, it was an attempt to head off the new Federal government's ceding of lands claimed by Georgia back to the Creek. In September 1794, state and federal troops forced Clarke and his followers to surrender and leave the settlements.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Creek Nation.svg}} [[State of Muskogee]]
| 1799–1802
|A [[Native Americans in the United States|Native American]] state in [[Spanish Florida]]; consisted of several tribes of [[Creek people|Creeks]] and [[Seminoles]]. Disappeared when the Spaniards captured its founder, [[William Augustus Bowles]] and removed him to a prison in Cuba.
|-
|[[Tecumseh's confederacy]]
|1808–1813
|Native American confederacy formed around the leadership of [[Tecumseh]], a [[Shawnee]] chief, who resisted American claims to the Northwest territory of the Great Lakes. The alliance fell apart during the [[War of 1812]], after Tecumseh's death in 1813.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Quito_Revolution_(1809–1812).svg}} [[Quito Revolution (1809–1812)|Quito Republic]]
|1809-1812
|Now [[Ecuador]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Haiti (civil).svg}} [[Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)|Republic of South Haiti]]
| rowspan="2" | 1810
| Now part of [[Haiti]]
| Haiti declared its independence in 1804 under Jean Jacques Dessalines. That same year, Dessalines declared himself Emperor. After his assassination in 1806, Haiti was divided between the [[Republic of Haiti (1806–1820)|Republic of Haiti]] in the south and the [[Kingdom of Haiti]], under Henry Christophe, in the north. The situation was further complicated by the secession of South Haiti in the southwest corner of the country under André Rigaud in 1810. His own republic contained the former Maroon enclave of La Grande Anse under Goman, who was allied with King Henry. A few months after Rigaud seized power, he died, and South Haiti rejoined the Republic. In 1820, Henry Christophe committed suicide. [[Haiti]] was reunited soon afterwards.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Bonnieblue.svg}} [[Republic of West Florida]]
| Now part of the [[United States]]
| Republic formed out of an Anglo-American rebellion in [[Spanish Empire|Spanish]] [[West Florida]]. Consisted of the part of [[Louisiana]] now known as the [[Florida Parishes]]. None of these Florida Parishes were in what today is the state of Florida. Against the wishes of most of its leaders, the republic was forced to acquiesce to American authority, and later annexed.
|-
|[[Government Junta of Chile (1810)|Government Junta of Chile]]
| rowspan="2" |1811–1812
|Now Chile
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_First_Republic_of_Venezuela.svg}} [[First Republic of Venezuela]]
| rowspan="2" | Now [[Venezuela]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Venezuela_(1811).svg}}[[American Confederation of Venezuela]]
|1811–1819
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_New_Granada_(1811-1814).svg}} [[United Provinces of New Granada]]
| rowspan="2" |1811-1816
| rowspan="2" |Now [[Colombia]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Cundinamarca.svg}} [[Free and Independent State of Cundinamarca]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|East Florida Patriot Flag.svg}} [[Republic of East Florida]]
|1812
| Now part of the [[United States]]
|Republic declared by mostly American insurgents against Spanish rule in [[East Florida]], with the goal of annexation into the United States. The republic had the support of [[James Monroe|President James Monroe]]. A day after declaring independence, the insurgents surrendered their territory to the American army. The American government later disavowed their support of the insurgents and returned all captured land.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Bandera_de_la_Guerra_a_Muerte.svg}} [[Second Republic of Venezuela]]
| 1813–1814
| Now part of [[Venezuela]] and [[Guyana]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_New_Granada_(1814-1816).svg}} [[Free State of Mariquita]]
|1814-1816
|Now [[Colombia]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Artigas.svg}}[[Federal League (1815–1820)| League of Free Peoples]]
|1815-1820
|Now Part of [[Uruguay]], [[Argentina]], [[Brazil]] and [[Paraguay]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Green Cross flag of Florida.svg}} [[Republic of the Floridas]]
| rowspan="2" |1817
| Now part of the [[United States]]
|Republic proclaimed by [[Gregor MacGregor]], Scottish soldier and adventurer, after capturing [[Amelia Island]] in East Florida. The republic claimed all of West and East Florida, but in reality Amelia Island was the only territory it held. Following the failure of the Spanish to retake the island, it was occupied by the United States navy. The [[Adams–Onís Treaty]] of 1819, effective 1821, transferred West and East Florida to the United States.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Bandeira_de_Pernambuco.svg}} [[Pernambucan revolt|Pernambuco]]
|Now part of [[Brazil]]
|The Pernambucan revolt of 1817 occurred in the province of [[Pernambuco]] in the [[Northeastern Brazil|Northeastern region of Brazil]], and was sparked mainly by the decline of [[sugar]] production rates and the influence of the [[Freemasonry]] in the region. Other important reasons for the revolt was to establish an independent state.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Bandera_de_la_Tercera_República_de_Venezuela,_1817-1819.svg}} [[Third Republic of Venezuela]]
| 1817–1819
| Now part of [[Venezuela]] and [[Guyana]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Colonel James Long's Flag.svg}} [[Long Expedition|Republic of Texas]]
| 1819
| Now part of [[Mexico]]
|An 1819 attempt to take control of Spanish Texas by filibusters. It was led by James Long and successfully established a small independent government, known as the Republic of Texas (distinct from the later Republic of Texas created by the Texas Revolution). The expedition crumbled later in the year, as Spanish troops drove the invaders out. Long returned to Texas in 1820 and attempted to reestablish his control. In October 1821, Long was defeated by Spanish troops, captured and sent to Mexico City where he was killed by a guard.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Republica de tucuman.png}} [[Republic of Tucumán]]
| 1820
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Argentina]]
| Now part of Argentine provinces of [[Catamarca Province|Catamarca]], [[Santiago del Estero Province|Santiago del Estero]] and [[Tucumán Province|Tucumán]].
|-
| {{Flagicon|Entre Ríos}} [[Republic of Entre Ríos]]
| 1820–1821
| Today the Argentine provinces of [[Entre Ríos Province|Entre Ríos]] and [[Corrientes Province|Corrientes]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Bandera_de_Guayaquil.svg}} [[Free Province of Guayaquil]]
|1820–1822
| Now part of [[Ecuador]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Peru (1821–1822).svg}} [[Protectorate of Peru]]
| rowspan="2" | 1821–1822
| Now part of [[Chile]] and [[Peru]]
| Had claims outside of Chile and Peru
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Spanish_Haiti.svg}} [[Republic of Spanish Haiti]]
|Now [[Dominican Republic]]
|
|-
|[[Independence Act of Panama|Isthmus of Panama]]
|1821
|Now [[Panama]]
|Briefly independent before joining [[Gran Colombia]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Bandeira da Confedereção do Equador.svg}} [[Confederation of the Equator]]
| 1824
|Now part of [[Brazil]]
|Another attempted independence from [[Pernambuco]], in the [[Empire of Brazil]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Madawaska.svg}} [[Republic of Madawaska]]
| 1827–1842
| Now divided between [[Canada]] and the [[United States]]
| Within the provinces of [[New Brunswick]], [[Quebec]] and the state of [[Maine]].
|-
| [[Republic of Indian Stream]]
| 1832–1835
| Now part of the [[United States]]
| Annexed by the United States. Within the state of [[New Hampshire]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Bandeira_Cabanagem.png}} [[Cabanagem|Cabano Government]]
|1835–1840
| rowspan="2" |Now part of [[Brazil]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Piratini Republic.svg}} [[Riograndense Republic]]
| 1836–1845
| The state was proclaimed by the Farroupilha rebels during the [[Ragamuffin War]] in 1836. The rebellion eventually failed and republic was dissolved. It is currently the Brazilian state of Rio Grande do Sul.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Republic_of_Texas_(1836–1839).svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Texas_(1839–1879).svg}} [[Republic of Texas]]
| 1836–1846
| Now part of [[United States]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Peru_(1825–1884).svg}} [[Peruvian Republic (1837)|Peruvian Republic]]
|1837
|Now part of [[Peru]] and [[Chile]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Sabinada.svg}} [[Sabinada|Bahia Republic]]
| rowspan="3" |1837–1838
|Now part of [[Brazil]]
|The Sabinada (1837–1838) was a revolt by military officer [[Francisco Sabino]] that occurred in [[Brazil]]'s [[Bahia]] province between 6 November 1837 and 16 March 1838. Calling for the abolition of slavery and the redistribution of land, the rebel "Bahia Republic" fought against the government for one year until their capital of [[Salvador, Bahia|Salvador]] was conquered.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Canada (variant).svg}} [[Republic of Canada]]
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Canada]]
| The self-proclaimed government was established on [[Navy Island]] in the [[Niagara River]] in the latter days of the [[Upper Canada Rebellion]]
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Patriote movement (Lower Canada).svg}} [[Republic of Lower Canada]]
| A government established on the aftermath of [[Rebellions of 1837]] in [[Lower Canada]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Los Altos.svg}} [[State of Los Altos]]
| 1837–1840
| Now part of [[Guatemala]]
| The [[United Provinces of Central America]] were riven by strife for much of their existence. [[Guatemala]]’s ruling class was appalled by the thought of an illiterate and brutish peasant Governor Rafael Carrera, and led the six western provinces into secession. The new state of Los Altos, under Liberal leadership, appealed for recognition to the UPCA. In January 1840, Carrera reconquered Los Altos, and then defeated the UPCA's army in March, sounding the death knell for the United Provinces. Los Altos rebelled again when Carrera declared [[Guatemala]] an independent republic in 1847, but was again rapidly crushed.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of República Juliana (1839).svg}} [[Juliana Republic]]
| 1839
| Now part of [[Brazil]]
| Today's [[Santa Catarina (state)|Santa Catarina]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of the Rio Grande (historical).svg}} [[Republic of the Rio Grande|Republic of the Río Grande]]
| 1840
| Now part of the [[United States]] and [[Mexico]]
| Consisted of part of southern [[Texas]] and the 3 Mexican states of [[Coahuila]], [[Nuevo León]], and [[Tamaulipas]].
|-
| {{ill|Estado del Istmo|es|Estado del Istmo}}
| 1840–1841
| Now part of [[Panama]]
| A failed attempt to separate Panama from [[Colombia]]. It was recognized by [[Costa Rica]].
|-
| {{flag|Republic of Yucatán}}
| 1841–1843, 1846–1848
| Now part of [[Mexico]]
| A state from 1841 to 1848, it was proclaimed after the Mexican government tried to centralize and tried to join the US during the [[Mexican–American War]]; it was rejected and joined a federal Mexico after the war ended. A revolt in [[Yucatán (state)|Yucatán]] in 1916, led by [[Felipe Cerillo]] but with active Mayan involvement, effectively separated the region from the weak Mexican state. On 3 April 1916 Carillo declared the independence of the [[Socialist Republic of Yucatan]], but the Republic failed to garner much support, and was quickly overrun by Mexican forces.<ref name="auto">{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=u9Lq_8Ozf5cC|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: L-R|first=James|last=Minahan|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313321115|via=Google Books}}</ref><ref name="buckyogi.com">{{cite web|url=http://www.buckyogi.com/footnotes/natuz.htm#y |title=Footnotes to History- U to Z |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120309042828/http://www.buckyogi.com/footnotes/natuz.htm |archive-date=2012-03-09 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Adelsverein]]
| 1842–1853
|Now part of the [[United States]]
| A colonial attempt to establish a new German settlement within the borders of [[Texas]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Chan Santa Cruz.svg}} [[Chan Santa Cruz]] (Noh Cah Santa Cruz Balam Nah)
|1847–1915
|Part of [[Mexico]]
|Chan Santa Cruz was a Mayan territory in the southeast of what is now the Mexican state of [[Quintana Roo]] (within the [[Republic of Yucatán]] at the time). The local Mayan people revolted in 1847 following the Republic of Yucatán's second secession from Mexico, driving nearly all whites from the Yucatán peninsula in what became known as the [[Caste War of Yucatán|Caste War]]. After being defeated, some rebel Maya established a stratified religious community in the jungle known as Chan Santa Cruz, which remained a base of operations for rebel Cruzobs for the next fifty years. After decades of campaigning on both sides, the Cruzobs recognized the Mexican government in 1915, though some settlements continued anti-Mexican resistance until the 1930s and 40s.
|-
| {{flagicon image|1stBearFlag.svg}} [[California Republic]]
| 1846
| rowspan="3" | Now part of the [[United States]]
| Formed during an Anglo-American revolt in Mexican California during the Mexican–American War. This "state" never actually possessed a high level of organization, and was only in existence for a matter of weeks before the rebels deferred to the US government and American troops.
|-
|[[Beaver Island (Lake Michigan)|Beaver Island]]
| 1850–1856
|Mormon theocracy led by [[James Strang]], who was declared king of the [[Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints (Strangite)|Church of Jesus Christ of Latter Day Saints]], and whose branch was in opposition to [[Brigham Young]] and [[the Church of Jesus Christ of Latter-day Saints]] in considering itself to be the sole legitimate successor of the [[Church of Christ (Latter Day Saints)|Church of Christ]] organized by [[Joseph Smith]]. This “Strangite” faction controlled Beaver Island of Michigan until Strang was murdered in 1856, whereupon the Strangites were expelled from the area by neighbouring islanders.
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of The Great Republic of Rough and Ready.svg}} [[Great Republic of Rough and Ready]]
|1850
|A short-lived secessionist state from the United States to avoid mining taxes. It rejoined less than three months later.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Buenos Aires.svg}} [[State of Buenos Aires]]
| 1852–1861
|Now part of [[Argentina]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Sonora.svg}} [[Republic of Baja California]]
| 1853–1854
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Mexico]]
| The filibuster [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]] took control of La Paz, the capital of the sparsely populated Baja California, and 200 more men joined him. Walker declared La Paz the capital of a new Republic of Baja California, with himself as president and a constitution copied from [[Constitution of Louisiana|that of Louisiana]]. Although he never gained control of [[Sonora]], less than three months later, he pronounced Baja California part of the larger [[Republic of Sonora]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Sonora.svg}} [[Republic of Sonora]]
| 1854
| A lesser to [[William Walker (filibuster)|William Walker]]'s [[Republic of Baja California]], it was a merger between that and [[Sonora]].
|-
| [[Cibao|Provisional Revolutionary Government of Cibao]]
| 1857–1861
| Now part of [[Cibao]] within the [[Dominican Republic]]<br />([[Spanish occupation of the Dominican Republic]] 1861–65)
| On July 7, 1857, a popular civic-military movement broke out in Santiago with the purpose of overthrowing the government of the conservative president Buenaventura Báez. Immediately his spokesmen announced the integration of a revolutionary provisional government based in Santiago de los Caballeros. The Cibaenians launched a manifesto and expressed that they did it to "shake off the yoke of Mr. Báez's government that they do not know from now and declare themselves governed (until a congress elected by direct vote, constitute new powers) by a provisional revolutionary government, with its seat in the city of Santiago de los Caballeros."

General José Desiderio Valverde was chosen as president of the anti-Báez and Santana provisional government, and the lawyer Benigno Filomeno Rojas as vice president. Both counted on the support of the tobacco producers and the Cibaenian trade.

Among its first measures was the organization of an armed movement to march to the city of Santo Domingo, in order to overthrow President Buenaventura Báez, who was prepared to resist. The troops of the provisional revolutionary government of the Cibao were commanded by General Juan Luis Franco Bidó. In a few days they surrounded the city of Santo Domingo, thus initiating a civil war. The hostilities lasted almost a year. The groups in conflict fought with all the means at their disposal to emerge victorious, increasing violence and destruction in the country.

The triumph of the revolution was resounding, Báez renounced power and traveled to exile, but the project would be frustrated, since the liberal thinking of the Cibaenians would be overshadowed by the military figure of General Pedro Santana, who returned to the Presidency of the Republic in 1858 and ignored the liberal constitution of Moca.

In this way, the revolution of July 7, 1857, ended and the liberal constitution of Moca was annulled. Santana returned to govern with the Constitution of 1854 that guaranteed an authoritarian government.

The following day, July 8, 1857, the "Dominican Republic" awoke with two government administrations: the provisional revolutionary government of Cibao and the "government" of President Buenaventura Báez.

On September 25, the provisional revolutionary Government of the Cibao summoned the country to elect the deputies as of December 7, 1857. At that time the women and men of greater intellectual capacity in the Cibao wished to produce a constitution that would allow an authentically democratic and representative government by the people.

"The new constitution was drafted in Moca and proclaimed on February 19, 1858." That day, the Constituent Assembly meeting in Moca proclaimed the liberal constitution that repealed the conservative one of December 1854.

Established public freedoms and abolished the death penalty for political reasons and enshrined as rights the freedom of expression, free transit and freedom of peaceful assembly.

He did not re-elect the president in succession and absolute respect for civil liberties without restrictions, including freedom of expression. established that the capital of the so-called republic, outside the city of Santiago de los Caballeros.

The constitution of Moca consecrated free transit and freedom of peaceful assembly. That the government would be civil, republican, popular, representative, elective and responsible, and every citizen with the right to vote could do it directly and secretly, instead of the indirect way as established by the previous constitutions.

In addition, the governors of provinces could not be the commanders of arms as it was available until February 19, 1858.

Under the constitution of Moca, the municipal power was restored and the Armed Forces were declared obedient to the civil power, without powers to deliberate and with the function of defending national sovereignty, public order, as well as observing and complying with the constitution and laws.

It was established on a transitory basis that the next constitutional government was chosen by the members of the constituent assembly, which they did on March 1, 1858.

The constituent assembly of Moca was integrated by the provisional government of Santiago, chaired by General José Desiderio Valverde, who convened on September 25, 1857, to elect deputies from December 7, 1857.

For the assembly, the most enlightened women and men of the country were chosen, whose thought corresponded to the movement proclaimed by the revolution of July 7, 1857, to overthrow the government of Buenaventura Báez, which they described as a dictatorship.
|-
| United States of New Granada
| 1860–1861
| Now part of [[Colombia]]
| [[Cauca State]] seceded from [[Granadine Confederation]], with [[Bolivar State (Colombia)|Bolivar State]] following shortly after. They established the United States of New Granada ([[Magdalena State|Magdalena]], [[Santander State|Santander]] and [[Tolima State|Tolima]] joined later), occupying [[Bogota]] and creating the [[United States of Colombia]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia.svg}} [[Kingdom of Araucanía and Patagonia]]
| 1860–1862
| Now part of [[Argentina]] and [[Chile]]
| Set up by a French adventurer who tried to gain [[legitimacy (political)|legitimacy]] for his state, only to be denied. The self-proclaimed kingdom was mostly a legal fiction and did only loosely control a small portion of the territory it claimed. In fact the [[Mapuche]] warlords that submitted to it were totally autonomous, and used the kingdom only as pretext to obtain foreign support. It was conquered and partitioned by Chile and Argentina.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of South Carolina (January 1861).svg}} [[South Carolina in the American Civil War|Palmetto Republic]]
| 1860–61
| rowspan="10" | Now part of the [[United States]]
| Secessionist state established on December 20, 1860, when South Carolina became the first state to secede from the United States. It lasted a month and a half before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Mississippi (1861-1865).svg}} [[Republic of Mississippi]]
| rowspan="5" | 1861
| Secessionist state established January 9, 1861 when Mississippi seceded from the United States. It only lasted a month before joining the Confederate States of America.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Florida Provisional 1861.svg}} [[Florida in the American Civil War|Republic of Florida]]
| Secessionist state established January 10, 1861, when Florida seceded from the United States. Only lasted a month before being a founding member of the Confederate States of America.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Louisiana Feb 11 1861.svg}} [[Republic of Louisiana]]
| Secessionist state formed on January 11, 1861, when Louisiana seceded from the United States. It only a month before joining the Confederate States of America on February 8, 1861.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Alabama (1861, obverse).svg}} [[Alabama in the American Civil War|Alabama Republic]]
| Secessionist republic declared January 11, 1861 when Alabama seceded from the United States. It only lasted a month before being a founding member of the [[Confederate States of America]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Texas.svg}} [[Texas in the American Civil War|Republic of Texas]]
| Texas seceded from the United States on February 1, 1861, and lasted as an independent state for a month before joining the [[Confederate States of America]].
Not to be confused with the earlier (1836–1845), partially recognized [[Republic of Texas]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Confederate States of America (1861–1863).svg}} [[Confederate States of America]]
| rowspan="4" | 1861–1865
| Originally formed by seven [[Southern United States|southern]] states that seceded from the [[United States]], it consisted of [[South Carolina in the American Civil War|South Carolina]], [[Mississippi in the American Civil War|Mississippi]], [[Florida in the American Civil War|Florida]], [[Alabama in the American Civil War|Alabama]], [[Georgia in the American Civil War|Georgia]], [[Texas in the American Civil War|Texas]], and [[Louisiana in the American Civil War|Louisiana]]. After the [[Battle of Fort Sumter|beginning]] of the [[American Civil War]], the states of [[Virginia in the American Civil War|Virginia]], [[Tennessee in the American Civil War|Tennessee]], [[Arkansas in the American Civil War|Arkansas]], and [[North Carolina in the American Civil War|North Carolina]] seceded from the [[Union (American Civil War)|Union]] and joined the Confederacy. Reintegrated back into the United States throughout the [[Reconstruction Era]].
|-
| [[Confederate government of Kentucky]]
|
|-
| [[Confederate government of Missouri]]
|
|-
| [[Confederate government of West Virginia]]
|
|-
| [[Republic of Manitobah]]
| 1867–1869
| Now part of [[Canada]]
| Within the province of [[Manitoba]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Grito de Lares (current, medium blue).svg}} [[Republic of Puerto Rico]]
|1868, 1898
|Now part of the [[United States]]
|State declared independence on 23 September 1868 during the [[Lares uprising]] against [[Captaincy General of Puerto Rico|Spanish rule]] in [[Puerto Rico]], following the repeated refusal of Spain to give the island autonomy. The uprising began in September in the town of Lares, where the rebels were defeated by November at the latest. The revolt succeeded in garnering limited political reforms.

A group of anti-Spanish rebels also declared independence on 13 August 1898 in the closure of the [[Puerto Rico campaign|Puerto Rican campaign]] during the [[Spanish–American War]] but were unable to secure independence
|-
|{{flagicon image|Provisional Government of Saskatchewan flag.svg}} [[Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia|Provisional Government of Assiniboia]]
|1869–1870
| rowspan="2" |Now part of [[Canada]]
|[[Métis]] provisional government led by politician [[Louis Riel]] in the [[Red River Rebellion]]. Demanded self-government rather than direct rule by the Canadian government, following Canada's purchase of [[Rupert's Land]] from the [[Hudson's Bay Company]]. Negotiated entry into the Confederation of Canada as the province of [[Manitoba]].<ref>{{Cite web |last1=Hall |first1=Norma |last2=Hall, Clifford P |last3=Verrier, Erin |title=A History of the Legislative Assembly of Assiniboia / le Conseil du Gouvernement Provisoire |url=https://www.gov.mb.ca/inr/major-initiatives/pubs/laa%20essay%20eng.pdf |access-date=2024-03-10 |website=Government of Manitoba |quote=Discussions about the propriety of these actions and the need for settlement-wide self-government took place with residents of other parishes through November of 1869, particularly at the Convention of Twenty-four that began 16 November. By 8 December inhabitants of the French Parishes had organized, instituted, and proclaimed a provisional government under President John Bruce. Individuals from English parishes had been involved in supporting this development at various stages and to varying degrees — notably James Ross of St. John’s, Thomas Bunn from St. Clement’s, and Andrew G.B. Bannatyne of the Town of Winnipeg.}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Provisional Government of Saskatchewan flag.svg}} [[Provisional Government of Saskatchewan]]
|1885
|A self-declared [[Métis]] territory formed during the [[North-West Rebellion]]. Led by Métis political leader [[Louis Riel]], who had previously organized the [[Red River Rebellion]] in 1869. Defeated by the Canadian army after just over two months of fighting. [[Trial of Louis Riel|Riel was later found guilty of high treason]] and hanged.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Mulvany |first=Charles Pelham |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_0-Rd0Y1Q8oC |title=The History of the North-west Rebellion of 1885 |publisher=A.H. Hovey & Co. |year=1886 |location=Toronto |quote=Riel's council bore the strange name of Exovedate, but it was understood to be, and often called by all participants, a provisional government. Riel's followers not only formed a government, they took hostages, demanded to negotiate with Canada, and fought pitched battles with the police and militia.}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Independent Guyana (1886-1887).svg}} [[Republic of Independent Guyana]]
| 1886–1891
| rowspan="3" | Now part of [[Brazil]]
| Established by French settlers in defiance of both France and Brazil.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Bandeira Transatlantica.png}} [[:pt:República Transatlântica do Mato Grosso|Transatlantic Republic of Mato Grosso]]
|1892
|Modern day's [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Principality of Trinidad.svg}} [[Principality of Trinidad]]
| 1893–1895
| American James Harden-Hickey divorced his wife in 1893 (1894?) and announced his intention to move to India and take up a life of Hindu asceticism. On the trip there, a storm forced his ship aground on the island of Trinidad (no relation to the Caribbean Trinidad) in the South Atlantic. Seeing that the island was uninhabited, Harden-Hickey declared himself Prince James I of Trinidad and advertised for settlers in the London Times. The following year, the [[United Kingdom]] annexed the island in order to anchor a transatlantic telegraph cable. Prince James was encouraged, hoping that the cable would bring the attention he needed to start his reign. However, the plan was scrapped and [[Brazil]] annexed the island again in 1897.
|-
| [[Federal State of Loreto]]
| rowspan="2" | 1896
| Now part of [[Peru]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Bandeira_de_manhuacu.jpg}} [[:pt:República Manhuassu|Manhuassu Republic]]
|Part of [[Brazil]]
|Manhuassu Republic was a republican state proclaimed on May 15, 1896, in the municipality of Manhuassu, which lasted twenty-two days.
|}

=== 20th and 21st centuries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Name
! Period
! class="unsortable"|Today
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| [[Jungle Nation]]
| 1899–1900
| Now part of [[Peru]]
| Proclaimed on 22 May 1899, by colonel Emilio Vizcarra, who then acquired the title of the Supreme Leader. The state was formed from the territory of Department of Loreto, Peru. It was reincorporated into Peru in 1900, shortly after the death of Vizcarra on 27 February 1900.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Bandeira da Terceira República do Acre.svg}} [[Republic of Acre]]
| 1899–1903
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Brazil]]
| A trio of attempts to free Acre from Bolivia. Each attempt was defeated, but part of Acre was turned over to Brazilian control after the final attempt.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Bandeira_do_Contestado.svg}} [[Contestado War|Celestial Monarchy]]
|1912–1916
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Partido_Liberal_Mexicano.svg}} [[Morelos Commune]]
|1913–1917
|Now part of [[Mexico]]
|During the [[Mexican Revolution]], from roughly around 1913 to 1917, the peasants from the Mexican region of [[Morelos]] established a territory with an alternative political, and economic system. They were heavily influenced by [[Emiliano Zapata]] and his ideology of [[Zapatismo|zapatism]].
|-
| Republic of Arauca
| 1916–1917
| Now part of [[Colombia]]
| Declared during a rebellion near the border with [[Venezuela]]. The republic lasted six weeks, until Colombian authority was restored.<ref>{{cite journal | url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/981163 | jstor=981163 | title=Rebellion in the Colombian Llanos: The Arauca Affair of 1917 | last1=Loy | first1=Jane M. | journal=The Americas | date=1978 | volume=34 | issue=4 | pages=502–531 | doi=10.2307/981163 | url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
|[[Third Federal State of Loreto]]
| 1921–1922
| Now part of [[Peru]] and [[Ecuador]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Kuna Yala.svg}} [[Guna Yala#History|Republic of Tule]]
|1925
|Now part of [[Panama]]
|A short-lived state of the indigenous [[Guna people]], which was declared in reaction to colonial persecution. Developed into the [[Guna Revolution]] against Panamanian authority. After just under two months, the Gunas agreed to revoke their declaration of independence in return for civil rights.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Chile.svg}} [[Socialist Republic of Chile]]
| rowspan="3" | 1932
| Now [[Chile]]
| A political entity in Chile, that was proclaimed by the Government Junta that took over that year.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Bandeira_de_Mato_Grosso_do_Sul.svg}} [[Constitutionalist Revolution|State of Maracaju]]
| rowspan="3" | Now part of [[Brazil]]
|Modern day's [[Mato Grosso do Sul]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Bandeira_do_estado_de_São_Paulo.svg}} [[Constitutionalist Revolution|State of São Paulo]]
|Modern day's [[São Paulo (state)|São Paulo]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Brazilian communist uprising of 1935|Socialist Republic of Brazil]]
| 1935
| Unrecognised government of Brazil lasted 4 days
|-
| {{flagicon image|Single_Color_Flag_-_BF0000.svg}} [[Marquetalia Republic]]
| 1948–1964
| Now part of [[Colombia]]
| Attempted Communist state
|-
|{{flagicon image|Bandeira_Estado_União_de_Jeová.png}} [[:pt:Estado União de Jeová|State Union of Jeová]]
|1952–1953
|Now part of [[Brazil]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Anguilla (1967–1969).svg}} [[Republic of Anguilla]]
| 1967–1969
| Now a [[British overseas territory]]
| Created due to opposition to [[Saint Christopher-Nevis-Anguilla|a union]] with modern [[St. Kitts and Nevis]]. It ceased to exist after being occupied by the [[British Army]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of New Afrika.svg}} [[Republic of New Afrika]]
|1968–1971
|Now part of the [[United States]]
|[[Black separatism|Black separatist]] organization active in the southeastern United States during the [[Civil rights movement]], which sought to annex [[Louisiana]], [[Mississippi]], [[Alabama]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]], and [[South Carolina]] and form a black-majority nation. The movement's leaders drafted a constitution and declaration of independence in 1968, but after being involved in two shootouts and the resulting prosecution of some leading members, the provisional government ceased to function as a serious organized entity.
|-
|[[Provisional Government Committee of Rupununi]]
|1969
|Now part of [[Guyana]]
|Secessionist government formed during the [[Rupununi Uprising]], an insurrection aimed at breaking away from the newly independent state of [[Guyana]], and becoming either an independent territory protected by [[Venezuela]], or being directly incorporated into Venezuela.
|-
| [[Ganienkeh]]
| 1974–1977
| Now part of the [[United States]]
|Attempt at a Native American State
|-
| [[Republic of Airrecú]]
| 1993
| Now part of [[Nicaragua]]
| Relations between [[Costa Rica]] and [[Nicaragua]] have traditionally been strained. This situation was not improved when the Costa Rican government granted land rights to settlers along the San Juan River, which forms part of the border between Costa Rica and Nicaragua. A dispute ended with Costa Rica acknowledging that the territory in fact belonged to Nicaragua, and promised to remove the settlers. The settlers, however, refused to leave. In June 1993, they declared their independence as the [[Republic of Airrecú]], which means "friendship" in a local Indian language. The Nicaraguan Army immediately descended upon the area and escorted the Republic into Costa Rica.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Ejército_Zapatista_de_Liberación_Nacional,_Flag.svg}} [[Rebel Zapatista Autonomous Municipalities]]
| 1994-2023
| [[Zapatista Army of National Liberation|Zapatista Army]] Controlled territory in [[Mexico]]
|
|-
| [[Miskito people#Declaration of independence|Community Nation of Moskitia]]
| 2009
| Now part of [[Nicaragua]]
| In April 2009 a group of Miskito elders declared independence from Nicaragua under the name Community Nation of Moskitia. This declaration has not been met with any formal response from the government of Nicaragua nor has it been recognised by any other state. 
|}

== Asia ==

=== Antiquity to 19th centuries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! width=180px|Name
! Period
! class="unsortable"|Today
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|[[Isa ibn al-Shaykh al-Shaybani|Emirate of Palestine]]
|867–870
|Today part of [[Syria]], [[Palestine]], [[Israel]], [[Lebanon]]
|Taking advantage of the [[Anarchy at Samarra|domestic turmoil]] of the [[Abbasid Caliphate]], he created a semi-independent [[Bedouin]] state in [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and southern [[Syria (region)|Syria]] in ca. 867–870,<ref>[https://thecaliphs.com/episode-78-al-mutadid/#:~:text=The%20Shaybanis%3A%20Isa%20ibn%20il,rogue%20as%20governor%20of%20Palestine. https://thecaliphs.com/episode-78-al-mutadid/#:~:text=The%20Shaybanis%3A%20Isa%20ibn%20il,rogue%20as%20governor%20of%20Palestine.]</ref> before an Abbasid army forced him to exchange his domains with the governorship of [[Arminiya|Armenia]] and [[Diyar Bakr]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|POL_COA_Gryf.svg}} [[Jaxa (state)|Jaxa]]
| 1665–1674
| Now part of [[Russia]]
| Microstate along the border with the [[Qing dynasty]] along the Amur River.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Saffron flag.png|border=}} [[Kingdom of Kashmir (1754–1762)|Kingdom of Kashmir]]
| 1754–1762
| Now part of [[India]] and [[Pakistan]]
| Established by the [[Kashmiris]] in the [[Kashmir Valley]] against the [[Durrani Empire]] but were later annexed by them.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Lanfang Republic Reconstructed Flag.svg}} [[Lanfang Republic]]
| 1777–1884
| Now part of [[Indonesia]]
| Established by [[Chinese in Indonesia]] as the [[Dutch Republic|Dutch]] began to conquer Indonesia to protect the ethnic Chinese; it was a [[tributary state]] of the [[Qing dynasty]] of China. When the Qing dynasty weakened, it was conquered by the Dutch, who integrated it into the [[Dutch East Indies]].
|-
|  [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]]
| 1851–1864
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[China]]
| This heterodox [[Christianity|Christian]] secessionist state was established by the [[God Worshipping Society]] led by [[Hong Xiuquan]] who claimed to be the brother of [[Jesus Christ]]. They incited the [[Taiping Rebellion]] against the [[Qing dynasty]]. After seizing some territories in [[South China|southern China]], they established their capital in [[Nanjing|Nanking]] and proclaimed the founding of the kingdom. However, the [[Tianjing incident]] caused a major setback for the kingdom, after infighting between their leaders the number of their supporters began to dwindle. This allowed the modernized Qing armies with the help of western aid to quash the rebellion. Although the Qing were victorious, the rebellion weakened the Qing empire and some Taiping remnants continued the fight in other rebellions and struggles against western powers.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Yettishar_(1865-1873).svg}} {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Yettishar_(1873-1877).svg}} [[Yettishar]]
| 1865–1877
| Muslim Turkic state that existed in Xinjiang between 1865 and 1877 during the Dungan Revolt against the Qing dynasty.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Seal of Ezo.svg}} [[Republic of Ezo]]
| 1869
| Now part of [[Japan]]
| Set up in [[Hokkaido]] by supporters of the [[Tokugawa clan]] following the fall of the [[Tokugawa Shogunate]] after the [[Boshin War]] and [[Meiji Restoration]]; they received support from [[Second French Empire|France]], but only lasted five months.
|-
|{{flagicon image| Flag of Zheltuga Republic.svg}} [[Zheltuga Republic]]
|1883–1886
|Now part of [[China]]
|A proto-state set up by Russian and Chinese prospectors illegally mining on the Chinese side of the [[Amur River]]. The settlement was known for its lawlessness, housing escaped convicts, deserters from other mines, sex workers on the other side of the river (as women were not allowed in Zheltuga), and some punishments being carried out with spiked whips. Zheltuga was later discovered by the Chinese, resulting in the deportation of all Russians and the settlement being burned to the ground.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Sedang.svg}} [[Kingdom of Sedang]]
|1888–1889
|Now part of [[Vietnam]]
|[[Marie-Charles David de Mayréna]] was born in [[France]] in 1842. He stopped in [[Vietnam]] 1884 and started a plantation. In 1888, the [[King of Siam]] began claiming territory west of French territory. Anxious, the Governor of the Indochinese Union agreed to Mayréna's proposed expedition to the interior. When Mayréna reached the central highlands, he organized the local tribes into the [[Kingdom of Sedang]], and declared himself King Marie I. He offered to cede his kingdom to France in exchange for monopoly rights. When the French government declined, Mayréna approached the English at [[Hong Kong]]. When he was rebuffed there, Mayréna went to Belgium. In 1889, a Belgian financier named Somsy offered arms and money to Mayréna in exchange for mineral rights. The French Navy blockaded Vietnamese ports to prevent his return, and his arms were seized as contraband at [[Singapore]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Formosa 1895.svg}} [[Republic of Formosa]]
|1895
|Now part of the [[Republic of China]]
|Declared independence upon the [[Treaty of Shimonoseki|Japanese annexation of Taiwan]] following [[Qing dynasty|Chinese]] defeat in the [[First Sino-Japanese War]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Biak-na-Bato.svg}} [[Republic of Biak-na-Bato]]
|1897
| rowspan="5" |Now part of the [[Philippines]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1898–1901).svg}} [[Revolutionary Government of the Philippines]]
| 1898
| Succeeded by the [[First Philippine Republic]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Negros_Republic.svg}} [[Republic of Negros]]
|1898–1901
| Existed under a local constitution in cooperation with [[Military Government of the Philippine Islands|US military government]] from October 2, 1899. until the province of [[Occidental Negros]] was established on April 20, 1901,<ref name="Diamonon1920pp22-25">{{cite book|author=Victoriano D. Diamonon|title=The Development of Self-government in The Philippine Islands|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vfY2AAAAYAAJ|year=1920|publisher=University of Iowa|pages=[https://archive.org/details/developmentself00diamgoog/page/n16 22-25]}}</ref> and annexed to the [[Philippines#American rule|Philippine Islands]] by the United States as the "Republic of Negros".<ref name=zaide1970>{{cite book|last=Zaide|first=Gregorio F.|title=Philippine Constitutional History and Constitutions of Modern Nations: With Full Texts of the Constitutions of the Philippines and Other Modern Nations|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AdIjAAAAMAAJ|year=1970|publisher=Modern Book Co.|page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=AdIjAAAAMAAJ&q=%22republic+of+negros%22+april+30+1901 34]}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Philippines (1898–1901).svg}} [[First Philippine Republic]]
| 1899–1901
| Constitutional republic following the [[Philippine Declaration of Independence]] on June 12, 1898 and the ratification of the [[Malolos Constitution]] on January 21, 1899, up to the surrender of General [[Miguel Malvar]] on April 16, 1902<ref name="Wolters 2004">{{cite book |last=Wolters |first=W.G. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC |title=Southeast Asia: A historical encyclopedia from Angkor Wat to East Timor |publisher=ABC-CLIO |year=2004 |isbn=1-57607-770-5 |editor=Ooi |editor-first=Keat Gin |editor-link=Keat Gin Ooi |volume=II |location=Santa Barbara, Calif. |chapter=Philippine War of Independence |access-date=2016-03-12 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC&pg=PA1075 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230116094029/https://books.google.com/books?id=QKgraWbb7yoC |archive-date=2023-01-16 |url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2002/04/09/proclamation-no-173-s-2002/|title=Presidential Proclamation No. 173 S. 2002|date=April 9, 2002|work=Official Gazette|access-date=May 22, 2020|archive-date=March 8, 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210308193140/https://www.officialgazette.gov.ph/2002/04/09/proclamation-no-173-s-2002/|url-status=live}}</ref> It pursued a protracted [[Philippine–American War|war against the United States]] shortly after the [[Treaty of Paris (1898)|1898 cession]] of the Philippines to the U.S. by Spain.
|-
|[[Republic of Zamboanga]]
|1899-1903
|
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Naval_Jack_of_the_Republic_of_China.svg}} {{Flagicon image|Ma_Clique_Flag.png}} [[Ma clique|Xibei San Ma]]
| 1862–1949
| Now part of [[China]]
| Also known as the Ma Clique, it was a collective name for a group of [[Hui people|Hui]] (Muslim Chinese) warlords in [[Northwestern China]] who ruled the [[Chinese provinces]] of [[Qinghai]], [[Gansu]] and [[Ningxia]] for 10 years from 1919 until 1928.
|}

=== 20th and 21st centuries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
!width=190px|Name
! Period
! class="unsortable"|Today
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| [[Tianjin Provisional Government]]
| 1900–1902
| rowspan="3" | Now part of [[China]]
| Formed by the [[Eight-Nation Alliance]] during the [[Boxer Rebellion]] in China, which controlled the major city [[Tianjin]] and its surrounding areas from 1900 to 1902.<ref>[[Hosea Ballou Morse]]. ''The International Relations of the Chinese Empire''. Vol. 3. 1918</ref>
|-
| [[Heavenly Kingdom of the Great Mingshun]]
|1903
|An attempted [[Christianity in China|Chinese Christian]] state that bore reference to the [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]]. Its leaders wished to establish a Westernized constitutional monarchy, but were captured a few days before the main insurrection was set to occur. The kingdom lasted for three days.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Ta_Han_Szechuan_Military_Government.svg}} [[Great Han Sichuan Military Government]]
|1911-1912
|
|-
| [[Uryankhay Republic]]
| 1911–1914
| Now part of [[Russia]] and [[Mongolia]]
| A nominally independent state that broke away from the [[Qing dynasty]] of China during the [[1911 Revolution|Xinhai Revolution]]. It was proclaimed as a republic in 1911 by the [[Tuvans|Tuvan]] separatist movement and was encouraged by the [[Russian Empire]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|十九星旗.svg}} [[Fengtian clique|Fengtian]]
| 1911–1928
| rowspan="3" | Now part of [[China]]
| it was the faction that supported [[warlord]] [[Zhang Zuolin]] during [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]]'s [[Warlord Era]]. It took its name from [[Fengtian Province]], which served as its original base of support. However, the clique quickly came to control all of the [[Viceroy of the Three Northeast Provinces|Three Northeastern Provinces]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|山西省政府印.svg}} [[Shanxi clique|Shanxi]]
| 1911–1937
| One of several military factions that split off from the [[Beiyang Army]] during China's [[warlord era]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the People's Anti-Imperialist Association.svg}} [[Xinjiang clique|Sinkiang]]
| 1911–1944
| A military [[Ruling clique|clique]] that ruled [[Xinjiang]] during China's [[warlord era]]. Unlike other cliques, its leaders were from outside the province.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Uriankhai_(1918-1921).svg}} [[Uryankhay Krai]]
| 1914–1921
| Now part of [[Russia]]
| A short-lived [[protectorate]] of the [[Russian Empire]] that was proclaimed on 17 April 1914, created from the [[Uryankhay Republic]] which had recently proclaimed its independence from the [[Qing dynasty]] of China in the [[Mongolian Revolution of 1911]].<ref name="hubert-herald">{{cite web|url=http://www.hubert-herald.nl/RossTuva.htm|website=hubert-herald.nl|title=RossTuva {{pipe}} ТЫВА Tuva |access-date=2018-08-25}}</ref><ref name="worldstatesmen">{{cite web |url=http://www.worldstatesmen.org/Russia.htm#Tannu|title=Tannu Tuva|last=Cahoon|first=Ben|website=worldstatesmen.org|access-date=8 August 2019}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=|script-title=ru:Урянхайский край // «Историческая энциклопедия Сибири» (2009)|trans-title=Uryankhayskiy Krai // "Historical Encyclopedia of Siberia" 2009|url=http://irkipedia.ru/content/uryanhayskiy_kray_istoricheskaya_enciklopediya_sibiri_2009|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211107214851/http://irkipedia.ru/content/uryanhayskiy_kray_istoricheskaya_enciklopediya_sibiri_2009|archive-date=2021-11-07|access-date=2021-11-07|website=irkipedia.ru|language=ru}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Empire_of_China_(1915–1916).svg}} [[Empire of China (1915-1916)|Empire of China]]
| 1915–1916
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[China]]
| A short-lived attempt by Chinese president [[Yuan Shikai]] from late 1915 to early 1916 to reinstate the [[Monarchy of China|monarchy in China]], with himself as [[Emperor of China|emperor]]
|-
| {{Flagicon image|云南省政府印.svg}} [[Yunnan clique]]
| 1916–1927
| it was one of several mutually hostile [[ruling clique|clique]]s that split from the [[Beiyang Government]] in the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]'s [[warlord era]]. It was named for [[Yunnan]] Province
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Turkestan.svg}} [[Basmachi Movement|Basmachi Kokand]]
| 1916–1922
| Now part of [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Uzbekistan]]
|
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Turkestan.svg}} [[Basmachi Movement|Turkestan]]
| 1916–1934
| Now part of [[Uzbekistan]], [[Kyrgyzstan]], [[Tajikistan]] and [[Turkmenistan]]
|
|-
| [[Sultanate of Tarim]]
| 1916–1945
| Now part of [[Yemen]]
| A state in Yemen created after a division of power within the [[Kathiri]] sultanate in 1916.<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=F7nPMWdid1YC|title=On the Edge of Empire: Hadhramawt, Emigration, and the Indian Ocean, 1880s–1930s|last=Boxberger|first=Linda|date=1 February 2012|publisher=SUNY Press|isbn=9780791489352|pages=232|language=en}}</ref> It was first ruled by Muhsin ibn Ghalib al-Kathiri.<ref name=":0" /> Jam'iyat al-Haqq was responsible for civil affairs of Tarim.<ref name=":1" /> In exchange for maintaining control of Tarim, the al-Kaf family gave the Kathiri sultanate a monthly stipend
|-
| [[Guizhou clique|Guizhou]]
| 1916–1949
| Now part of [[China]]
| A minor warlord faction in the [[Warlord Era]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]], situated in the province of [[Guizhou]]. Due to its weak economic situation, Guizhou warlords were typically dependent on more economically successful warlords such as the [[Yunnan clique]] and the [[Hunan]] warlords.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Green_Ukraine.svg}} [[Green Ukraine]]
| 1917–1922
| rowspan="4" | Now part of [[Russia]]
| After the establishment of the [[Bolshevik]] [[Far Eastern Republic]] on April 6, 1920, Far Eastern areas with an ethnic [[Ukrainians|Ukrainian]] majority attempted to secede and establish an entity called Green Ukraine.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Jonathan D. Smele |title=Historical Dictionary of the Russian Civil Wars, 1916-1926 |date=2015 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9781442252813 |page=476}}</ref> This movement quickly proved abortive.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (1867–1918).svg}} [[Yakut revolt (1918)|Yakutia]]
| rowspan="3" | 1918
| In February 1918 the acting government of Yakutia proclaimed the independence of Yakutia in response to the Bolshevik seizure of power. This independent government was overthrown on July 1
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Provisional_Siberian_Government.svg}} [[Provisional Siberian Government (Omsk)|Provisional Siberian Government]]
| rowspan="2" | A short-lived government in [[Siberia]] created by the [[White movement]] in 1918
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Provisional_Siberian_Government.svg}} [[Provisional Siberian Government (Vladivostok)|Provisional Government of Autonomous Siberia]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Bogd Khaanate Mongolia.svg}} [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia|Great Mongol State]]
| 1911–1919,<br />1921–1924
| Now part of [[Mongolia]] and [[Russia]]
| In 1911, the [[Bogd Khan|8th Bogd Gegeen]] of [[Outer Mongolia]] proclaimed independence from the [[Qing dynasty]] of China. After 1915 it became a ''de facto'' self-governing autonomous region under the suzerainty of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. After rebelling against [[Occupation of Mongolia|Chinese rule]] of 1919–1921, it reaffirmed its independence and became the predecessor of the [[Mongolian People's Republic]]. Internationally, territories held by this state were widely regarded as part of the Republic of China.
|-
| {{flagdeco|Tibet}} [[Tibet (1912–1951)|Tibet]]
| 1912–1951
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[China]]
| In 1913, the [[13th Dalai Lama]] proclaimed independence from the [[Qing dynasty]] of China,<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/tibet/tibet1.html|title=Tibet Justice Center – Legal Materials on Tibet – Tibet – Proclamation Issued by His Holiness the Dalai Lama XIII (1913) [106]|website=www.tibetjustice.org|access-date=2007-09-03|archive-date=2019-02-04|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190204230119/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/tibet/tibet1.html|url-status=live}}</ref> which was only [[Treaty of friendship and alliance between the Government of Mongolia and Tibet|recognized]] by the internationally unrecognized [[Bogd Khanate of Mongolia|Mongolia]].<ref name="Barkmann">Udo B. Barkmann, ''Geschichte der Mongolei'', Bonn 1999, p380ff</ref><ref name="sperling">{{cite web|author=Phurbu Thinley|title=Tibet – Mongolia Treaty of 1913, a proof of Tibet's independence: Interview with Prof. Elliot Sperling|url=http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?article=Tibeto-Mongol+Treaty+of+1913,+a+proof+of+Tibet%E2%80%99s+independence%3A+Interview&id=23205|publisher=Phayul.com|date=2008-11-12|access-date=2008-11-13|archive-date=2011-06-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110609195504/http://www.phayul.com/news/article.aspx?article=Tibeto-Mongol+Treaty+of+1913,+a+proof+of+Tibet%E2%80%99s+independence:+Interview&id=23205|url-status=live}}</ref> However, there have been doubts over the authority of the Tibetan representative to sign the treaty, and thus its validity.<ref>Smith, Warren, "Tibetan Nation", p. 186: "The validity is often questioned, mainly on grounds of the authority of Dorjiev to negotiate on behalf of Tibet...the fact that Dorjiev was a Russian citizen while ethnically Tibetan somewhat compromises his role; the treaty had some advantages to Russia in that it could be interpreted as extending Russia's protectorate over Mongolia to encompass Tibet."</ref> The following year, a treaty accepting Chinese [[suzerainty]] was signed and the border was adjusted in favor of [[British Raj|British India]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html|title=Tibet Justice Center – Legal Materials on Tibet – Treaties and Conventions Relating to Tibet – Convention Between Great Britain, China, and Tibet, Simla (1914) [400]|website=www.tibetjustice.org|access-date=2009-10-20|archive-date=2020-09-09|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200909125110/http://www.tibetjustice.org/materials/treaties/treaties16.html|url-status=live}}</ref> The [[14th Dalai Lama]] acknowledged Chinese [[sovereignty]] in the [[Seventeen Point Agreement]] of 1951,<ref>Goldstein, Melvyn C., ''A History of Modern Tibet, 1913–1951'', University of California Press, 1989, pp812-813, saying: "After a lengthy discussion...the assembly recommended to the Dalai Lama that the agreement be approved. On 24 October, the Dalai Lama sent an official confirmation to Mao Tse-tung."</ref> but China continues to reject the 1914 treaty and claims [[South Tibet]] (now part of India's [[Arunachal Pradesh]]). Internationally, territories held by this state were widely regarded as part of China.
|-
| [[Harbin Soviet|Harbin Soviet of Workers and Soldiers Deputies]]
| 1917
| was a [[soviet]] (council) of [[Harbin Russians|Russian]] workers and soldiers in [[Harbin]] at the time of the 1917 [[Russian Revolution]]. The Harbin Soviet was founded immediately after Czar [[Nicholas II]]'s abdication.<ref name="Lee1983">{{cite book|author=Chong-Sik Lee|title=Revolutionary Struggle in Manchuria: Chinese Communism and Soviet Interest, 1922-1945|url=https://archive.org/details/revolutionarystr00leec|url-access=registration|year=1983|publisher=University of California Press|isbn=978-0-520-04375-6|page=[https://archive.org/details/revolutionarystr00leec/page/27 27]}}</ref> The Harbin Soviet sought to seize control over the [[Chinese Eastern Railway]] and to defend Russian citizens in [[Manchuria]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Alash Autonomy.svg}} [[Alash Autonomy]]
| 1917–1920
| Now part of [[Kazakhstan]] and [[Kyrgyzstan]]
| an unrecognized [[Kazakh people|Kazakh]] [[provisional government]], or [[Quasi-state|proto-state]], located in [[Central Asia]] and was part of the [[Russian Republic]], and then [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]]. The Alash Autonomy was founded in 1917 by Kazakh elites, and disestablished after the [[Bolsheviks]] banned the ruling [[Alash (party)|Alash party]]. The goal of the party was to obtain [[autonomy]] within Russia, and to form a [[Nationalism|national]], [[Democracy|democratic]] state. The political entity bordered Russian territories to the north and west, the [[Turkestan Autonomy]] to the south, and [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] to the east.
|-
| [[State of Buryat-Mongolia]]
| rowspan="2" | 1917–1921
| Now part of [[Russia]]
| A buffer [[Buryats|Buryat-Mongolian]] state during the [[Russian Civil War]].  The main government body was [[Burnatskom]], the Buryat National Committee.<ref name="Babakov">''Бабаков В. В.'', Бурнацком - Бурнардума: первый опыт национально-государственного строительства в Бурятии, Улан-Удэ, 1997 г.</ref>
The state de facto ceased to exist after the formation of the [[Far Eastern Republic]], which divided Buryat-Mongolia in two: 4 ''[[aimag]]s'' became part of the [[Far Eastern Republic]], while the other 4 formed Buryat-Mongol [[autonomy|autonomies]] of RSFSR.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of China (1912-1928).svg}} [[Constitutional Protection Junta]]
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[China]]
| A [[military government]] established by the [[Kuomintang]] in [[Guangzhou]] in opposition to the [[Beiyang government]] on 1 September 1917,<ref>{{Cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d0D6lY54cmEC&dq=1917%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5+%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&pg=PA378 |script-title=zh:中国政治制度史 |title=Zhōngguó zhèngzhì zhìdù shǐ |language=zh |trans-title=History of Chinese Political System |date= 9 December 2023|publisher= 清华大学出版社有限公司|isbn=9787302101468 |via=[[Google Books]] |access-date=2019-01-06 |archive-date=2021-08-15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210815015116/https://books.google.com/books?id=d0D6lY54cmEC&pg=PA378&lpg=PA378&dq=1917%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5+%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&source=bl&ots=MH8sGptjx9&sig=wMcPpbwCa9AGyEknid8UlRUN2XQ&hl=zh-CN&sa=X&ved=2ahUKEwjY9YWQ3tnfAhVbZt4KHexVDx0Q6AEwBHoECAMQAQ#v=onepage&q=1917%E5%B9%B49%E6%9C%881%E6%97%A5%20%E4%B8%AD%E5%8D%8E%E6%B0%91%E5%9B%BD%E5%86%9B%E6%94%BF%E5%BA%9C&f=false |author1=张创新 }}</ref> after the beginning of the [[Constitutional Protection Movement]] on 17 July 1917.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Constitution_Protection_Region_of_Southern_Fujian.png}} [[Constitution Protection Region of Southern Fujian]]
|1918-1920
|Anarchist military government
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Aras.svg}} [[Republic of Aras]]
| 1918–1919
| Now part of [[Azerbaijan]]
| Established during the [[Russian Civil War]], this state only lasted several months.<ref name="Atlas">Dr. Andrew Andersen, Ph.D. [http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Armenia/disp.htm Atlas of Conflicts: Armenia: Nation Building and Territorial Disputes: 1918–1920] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161228162852/http://www.conflicts.rem33.com/images/Armenia/disp.htm |date=2016-12-28 }}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Siberia.svg}} [[Siberian Republic (1918)|Siberian Republic]]
| rowspan="3" | 1918
| rowspan="3" | Now part of [[Russia]]
| An unrecognized short-living state that existed on the territory of Russia during the Civil War.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Provisional_Regional_Government_of_the_Urals.svg}} [[Provisional Regional Government of the Urals]]
| The Provisional Regional Government of the Urals was an anti-Bolshevik provisional government, created in Yekaterinburg on August 13 or 19, 1918, which controlled the Perm Governorate, parts of the Vyatka, Ufa, and Orenburg Governorates. Abolished in October 1918.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly]]
|The '''Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly''' was an [[Anti-communism|anti-Bolshevik]] government that operated in [[Samara, Russia]], during the [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917–1922. It formed on June 8, 1918, after the [[Czechoslovak Legion]] had occupied the city.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Russian State (1918–1920)|Russian State]] 
| rowspan="2" |1918–1920
|Now Part of [[Russia]], [[Kazakhstan]], [[Turkmenistan]], [[Uzbekistan]]
| was a [[White Army]] anti-Bolshevik state proclaimed by the Act of the [[Ufa]] State Conference of September 23, 1918 (the Constitution of the [[Provisional All-Russian Government]]), “On the formation of the all-Russian supreme power” in the name of “restoring state unity and independence of Russia” affected by the [[Russian Revolution|revolutionary events of 1917]], the [[October Revolution]] and the signing of the [[treaty of Brest-Litovsk]] with [[German Empire|Germany]].<ref name="Уфа">{{Cite web|url=http://www.scepsis.ru/library/id_2898.html|title=№104. Акт об образовании всероссийской верховной власти, принятый на государственном совещании, имевшем место в городе Уфе с 8 по 23 сентября 1918 г. // Документы|publisher=www.scepsis.ru|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref><ref name="autogenerated1">{{Cite news|url=http://zaimka.ru/zhuravlev-conference/|title=Государственное совещание: к истории консолидации антибольшевистского движения на востоке России в июле — сентябре 1918 г.|last=Журавлев В. В.|date=2007-02-20|work=Сибирская Заимка|access-date=2018-11-15}}</ref><ref>''Г. К. Гинс'', «Сибирь, союзники и Колчак. Поворотный момент русской истории 1918—1920 гг.», М., изд. Айрис-пресс, 2013, {{ISBN|978-5-8112-4563-5}}, стр. 148. (глава VIII: Уфимское Совещание — Ход работ в Уфе)</ref><ref>''Мати Граф'', «Эстония и Россия 1917—1991: Анатомия расставания», Таллинн, 2007 г., изд. Арго, {{ISBN|9789949415984}}, стр. 182</ref>
|-
|{{ill|Transbaikal Cossack Republic|uk|Забайкальська республіка}}
|Now part of [[Russia]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Mughan Soviet Republic]]
| 1919
| Now part of [[Azerbaijan]]
| The Mughan Soviet Republic was a short-lived pro-Bolshevik state that existed in present-day southeastern Azerbaijan from March to June 1919.
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} [[Anhui clique]]
|1920
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[China]]
| A military and political organization, one of several mutually hostile [[Ruling clique|clique]]s or factions that split from the [[Beiyang clique]] in the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]'s [[Warlord Era]]. It was named after [[Anhui]] province because several of its generals–including its founder, [[Duan Qirui]]–were born in [[Anhui]]
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of China (1912–1928).svg}} [[Zhili clique|Zhili]]
| 1920–1928
| A military faction that split from the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]'s [[Beiyang Army]] of the during the country's [[Warlord Era]]. It was named for [[Zhili Province]] (modern-day [[Hebei]]), which was the clique's base of power.
|-
| [[Zemstvo of Maritime Territory|Provisional Government of the Far East]]
| rowspan="3" |1920
|  Now part of [[Russia]]
| A local government in the eastern part of Russia during the [[Russian Civil War]] between January 31, 1920 and October 28, 1920.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Government of South Russia]]
| Now part of [[Russia]] and [[Ukraine]]
| A [[White movement]] government established in [[Sevastopol]], [[Crimea]] in April 1920.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Eastern Okraina]]
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Russia]]
| A local government in the [[Russian Far East]] region in 1920 during the [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917–1923
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Far Eastern Republic.svg}} [[Far Eastern Republic|Far Eastern Soviet Republic]]
| rowspan="3" | 1920–1922
| A [[Puppet state|nominally independent state]] that existed from April 1920 to November 1922 in the easternmost part of the [[Russian Far East]]. Although nominally independent, it largely came under the control of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] (RSFSR), which envisaged it as a [[buffer state]] between the RSFSR and the territories occupied by [[Empire of Japan|Japan]] during the [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917–1922.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Armenian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1922).svg}}[[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Socialist Soviet Republic of Armenia]]
|Now [[Armenia]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Azerbaijan_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1920).svg}}[[Azerbaijan Soviet Socialist Republic|Azerbaijan Socialist Soviet Republic]]
|Now [[Azerbaijan]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Khiva 1920-1923.svg}} [[Khorezm People's Soviet Republic]]
| rowspan="2" | 1920–1924
| Now part of [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Kazakhstan]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Bukharan People's Soviet Republic.svg}} [[Bukharan People's Soviet Republic]]
| Now part of [[Uzbekistan]], [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Tajikistan]]
|
|-
|[[Independent State of Raqqa]]
|1920-1921
|Now part of [[Syria]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Armenia.svg}} [[Republic of Mountainous Armenia]]
| rowspan="2" | 1921
| Now mostly part of [[Armenia]]
| An anti-Soviet Armenian state which existed from 26 April until 13 July 1921, roughly corresponding with the territory that is now the present-day [[Armenia]]n provinces of [[Vayots Dzor Province|Vayots Dzor]] and [[Syunik Province|Syunik]], and some parts of the present-day [[Azerbaijan]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|State_flag_of_Persia_(1907–1933).svg}}[[Autonomous Government of Khorasan]]
| Now part of [[Iran]]
| A short-lived [[military state]] set up in [[Iran]]. It was formally established on the April 2, 1921, and collapsed a few months later, on October 6, 1921.
|-
|[[Socialist Soviet Republic of Abkhazia]]
|1921–1922
|Now de facto independent but unrecognized [[Abkhazia]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Kingdom of Syria (1920-03-08 to 1920-07-24).svg}} [[Kingdom of Syria]]
| rowspan="2" | 1920
| Now recognized
| Lasted for 4 months at the end of World War I until dissolved by the French, who took control.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Azadistan.svg}} [[Azadistan]]
| Now part of [[Iran]]
| A short-lived state in [[Azerbaijan (Iran)|Iranian Azerbaijan]] that lasted from early 1920 until September of that year. It was established by [[Mohammad Khiabani]], an [[Iran]]ian patriot,<ref name="Cottam1979">{{cite book|first=Richard W. |last=Cottam |title=Nationalism in Iran: Updated Through 1978 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wHFXD9VV9t4C&pg=PA122 |date=15 June 1979 |publisher=[[University of Pittsburgh Press]] |isbn=978-0-8229-7420-8 |pages=122}}</ref> who was a representative to the [[Majlis of Iran|parliament]], and a prominent dissident against [[Soviet Union]] and the [[British colonialism]].<ref name="iranica">[http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/azerbaijan-iv], AZERBAIJAN iv. Islamic History to 1941.</ref> Khiabani and his followers chose the name "Azadistan" as a gesture of protest against the giving of the name "[[Azerbaijan (toponym)|Azerbaijan]]" to the government centered on [[Baku]] in [[Transcaucasia]] which was called [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]],<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |title=ĀZĀDĪSTĀN |last=Parvīn |first=N. |url=https://iranicaonline.org/articles/azadistan |encyclopedia=Encyclopaedia Iranica, Vol. III, Fasc. 2 |page=177 |year=2011 |quote=The first issue of the magazine was brought out on 15 Jawzā 1299/5 June 1920, one month after the historic province had been renamed “Āzādīstān” (Land of freedom) by Ḵīābānī and his followers as a gesture of protest against the giving of the name “Azerbaijan” to the part of Caucasia centered on Bākū.}}</ref> and also to serve as a model of freedom and independence for the rest of Iran.<ref name="Swietochowski">{{cite book |last1=Swietochowski |first1=Tadeusz |last2=Collins |first2=Brian C. |title=Historical Dictionary of Azerbaijan |date=1999 |publisher=[[Scarecrow Press]] |isbn=978-0-8108-3550-4 |pages=22–23 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Persian Socialist Soviet Republic.svg}} [[Persian Socialist Soviet Republic]]
| rowspan="2" | 1920–1921
| Now [[Gilan]] province in [[Iran]]
| Created by local guerilleros (Jangali) when Red Army troops entered Iran, but failed to spread the revolutionary movement over the whole of Iran.
|-
| [[Independent State of Raqqa]]
| Now part of [[Syria]]
| Created by rebels against the French occupation of [[Syria]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Georgian_Soviet_Socialist_Republic_(1921–1922).svg}}[[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Socialist Soviet Republic of Georgia]]
|1921–1922
|Now [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of kurdistan-1922 1924.svg}} [[Kingdom of Kurdistan]]
| 1921–1924
| Now part of [[Iraq]]
| Established by Kurdish nationalists following the [[Dissolution of the Ottoman Empire|collapse of Ottoman Turkey]], but were defeated by Britain and incorporated into the [[British Mandate of Mesopotamia]].
|-
| {{Country|Tuvan People's Republic}}
| 1921–1944
| Now part of [[Russia]]
| Attempt by [[Tuvan people|Tuvans]] to gain independence following centuries of [[Qing dynasty|Chinese rule]] and years of domination by [[Empire of Russia|Imperial Russia]]; it was put under Soviet control and later formally annexed. Internationally, territories controlled by this state were widely recognized as part of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]]. The Soviet Union and the [[Mongolian People's Republic]] were the only countries to recognize its independence.<ref>Dallin, David J. ''Soviet Russia and the Far East,'' Yale University Press, 1948, p. 87</ref><ref>Paine, S.C.M. ''Imperial Rivals: China, Russia, and Their Disputed Frontier,'' M.E. Sharpe, 1996, p. 329.</ref>
|-
|{{flag|Mongolian People's Republic}}
|1921–1945, 1953–1992
|Now recognized
|Was unrecognized by several countries from 1940 to 1960 due to being claimed as an integral part of the [[Republic of China]].<ref>Kotkin, Stephen; Elleman, Bruce A. (ed.), [https://books.google.com/books?id=tPMUm0idWw8C Mongolia in the Twentieth Century: Landlocked Cosmopolitan], p139</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Tungus Republic.svg}} [[Tungus Republic]]
| 1924–1925
| Now part of [[Khabarovsk Krai]]
| The Tungus Republic was a short-lived state started by the Tunguska uprising as part of the Yakut uprisings of the 1920s the state was ceded back to the USSR in 1925.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Kurdish flag (1932).png}} [[Republic of Ararat]]
| 1927–1930
| Now part of [[Turkey]]
| One of the first Kurdish republics in history, founded in [[Ağrı Province]], Turkey.
|-
| [[Sichuan clique|Sichuan]]
| 1927–1938
| rowspan="3" | Now part of [[China]]
| A group of warlords in the [[warlord era]] in [[China]]. During the period from 1927 to 1938, [[Sichuan]] was in the hands of six warlords: [[Liu Xiang (warlord)|Liu Xiang]], [[Yang Sen (1884–1977)|Yang Sen]], [[Liu Wenhui]], [[Deng Xihou]], [[He Zhaode]], and [[Tian Songyao]], with minor forces being [[Xiong Kewu]] and [[Lü Chao]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Hailufeng Soviet.png}} [[Hailufeng Soviet]]
| rowspan="2" | 1927
| it was the first Chinese Soviet territory, established in November 1927, by [[Peng Pai]] with [[Ye Ting]]'s remnant troops from the [[Nanchang Uprising]]. After the [[Little Long March]] and the near-rout at the [[Battle of Shantou (1927)|Battle of Shantou]] these troops were much diminished and were directed by the [[Comintern|ComIntern]] to lie low in the deep countryside and to avoid any further battles.<ref>''avoid any further battles'': Actually, the Directive arrived in the Nanchang Mutineers' camp in late September just prior to the battle, sent (or possibly delivered) from Hong Kong by [[Zhang Tailei]]. The troops available for stationing in the new Soviet were thus much less than the Comintern planned. (Lescot, Patrick, ''Empire Rouge'', Belfond (Paris: 1999), p. 95.)</ref>
|-
| [[Shanghai Commune of 1927|Shanghai Commune]]
| was a [[Provisional government|provisional administration]] that briefly governed the city of [[Shanghai]] during the [[Northern Expedition]]. Established by people's committees with the assistance of [[Chen Duxiu]], [[Zhou Enlai]], and the [[Chinese Communist Party]] (CCP),<ref>{{Cite book |last=Yuqi |first=Chen |url=https://www.marxists.org/chinese/reference-books/chenyuqi2007/09.htm#_ftn3 |title=论陈独秀 |publisher=Association for the Promotion of Marxist Studies |year=2007 |location=China |language=zh |trans-title=On Chen Duxiu |chapter=谁扼杀了上海的巴黎公社 |trans-chapter=Who killed Shanghai's Paris Commune?}}</ref> the commune briefly administered the city of Shanghai before its forceful dissolution by order of [[Chiang Kai-shek]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Afghanistan (1929).svg}} [[Emirate of Afghanistan (1929)|Emirate of Afghanistan]]
|1929
|Now [[Afghanistan]]
|Government set up in Kabul during the [[Afghan Civil War (1928–1929)]]. Was not recognized by any country.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=A4_jAAAAMAAJ|title=Kabul under siege: Fayz Muhammad's account of the 1929 Uprising|last1=Muḥammad|first1=Fayz|last2=McChesney|first2=R. D.|date=1999|publisher=Markus Wiener Publishers|isbn=9781558761544|pages=236|language=en}}</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Provisional_Government_of_the_Republic_of_Korea.svg}} [[Korean People's Association in Manchuria]]
|1929–1931
|Now part of [[China]]
|An [[Autonomous administrative division|autonomous]] [[Anarchism in Korea|anarchist]] zone in [[Manchuria]] near [[Korea]] populated by two million [[Korean people|Korean]] migrants.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Nghe Tinh Soviet Movement.svg}} [[Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviets|Nghệ-Tĩnh Soviet]]
|1930–1931
|Now part of [[Vietnam]]
| it was the series of uprisings, strikes and demonstrations in 1930 and 1931 by [[Vietnam]]ese peasants, workers, and intellectuals against the [[French Indochina|colonial French regime]], the [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarinate]], and landlords. '''Nghệ-Tĩnh''' ({{IPA|vi|ŋêˀ tǐŋˀ|lang}}) is a compound name for the two [[Central Vietnam|central]] provinces,  [[Nghệ An]] and [[Hà Tĩnh]], where the revolt mainly took place. Demonstrations expressed the general anger against French colonial policies such as heavy taxation and state monopolies on certain goods, as well as the corruption and perceived unfairness of local notables and mandarins. 
|-
|{{flagicon image|National Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic.svg}} [[Chinese Soviet Republic]]
|1931–1937
| rowspan="8" |Now part of [[China]]
|Recognised by the [[China|People's Republic of China]] (PRC) as a "rehearsal" of the PRC and a "cradle" in which the [[Chinese Communist Party|Communist Party]] seized power.
|-
| [[Hunan–Jiangxi Soviet]]
| 1931–1935
| Now part of [[China|People's Republic of China]]
|-
| {{flag|Mengjiang}}
| 1932–1945
|Puppet state of the [[Empire of Japan]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the First East Turkestan Republic.svg}} [[First East Turkestan Republic]]
| rowspan="2" | 1933–1934
| Set up as part of [[East Turkestan independence movement|the movement]] for an independent [[East Turkestan|Xinjiang]]. It was defeated by the [[Kuomintang|Nationalists]] of the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Fujian People's Government.svg}} [[Fujian People's Government]]
| Formed following the Fujian Incident, when the former [[19th Route Army]] of the [[National Revolutionary Army]] broke with commander [[Chiang Kai-shek]] and declared a new government. Although originally enjoying popular support, the government lost favour and was crushed by [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] forces in 1934.
|-
| {{flagicon image|National Flag of Chinese Soviet Republic.svg}} [[Northwest Chinese Soviet Federation]]
| 1935–1936
| was a confederation of two ethnic minority governments established on May 30, 1935, including the Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Geledesha and the [[Tibetan People's Republic]]
|-
|[[Tibetan People's Republic]]
|1936
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Great Way Municipal Government of Shanghai.svg}} [[Great Way Government]]
| 1937–1938
| The Great Way or Dadao Government, formally the Great Way Municipal Government of Shanghai, was a short-lived puppet government proclaimed in Pudong on December 5, 1937, to administer Japanese-occupied Shanghai in the early stages of the Second Sino-Japanese War.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Hatay.svg}} [[Hatay State]]
| 1938–1939
| Now part of [[Turkey]]
| A transitional political entity that existed from 7 September 1938 to 29 June 1939, being located in the territory of the [[Sanjak of Alexandretta]] of the [[French Mandate of Syria]]. The state was transformed ''de facto'' into the [[Hatay Province]] of Turkey on 7 July 1939, ''de jure '' joining the country on 23 July 1939
|-
| [[File:Flag of the Republic of China-Nanjing (Peace, Anti-Communism, National Construction).svg|20px]] [[Wang Jingwei regime]]
| 1940–1945
| Now part of [[China]]
| Puppet government of the [[Empire of Japan]] dissolved at the end of World War II. Recognized by the Empire of Japan and its allies.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Philippines Flag Original.svg}} [[Second Philippine Republic]]
| rowspan="3" | 1943–1945
| Now the [[Philippines]]
| The Second Philippine Republic, officially known as the Republic of the Philippines or known in the Philippines as Japanese-sponsored Philippine Republic, was a puppet state established on October 14, 1943, during the Japanese occupation.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Burma_1943.svg}} [[State of Burma]]
| Now [[Myanmar]]
| rowspan="2" | Japanese [[List of World War II puppet states|puppet states]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|1931_Flag_of_India.svg}} [[Azad Hind|Provisional Government of Free India]]
| Now [[India]]
|-
| {{flag|Second East Turkestan Republic}}
| 1944–1949
| Now part of [[China]]
| [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] [[satellite state]] set up in [[East Turkestan|Xinjiang]]. The Soviets later turned against it and approved its [[Incorporation of Xinjiang into the People's Republic of China|incorporation by China]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Luang_Phrabang_(1945).svg}} [[French protectorate of Laos#Japanese puppet state|Kingdom of Luang Prabang]]
| rowspan="4" |1945
| Now [[Laos]]
| rowspan="3" | Japanese [[List of World War II puppet states|puppet states]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Long_tinh_flag.svg}}/{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Empire_of_Vietnam_(1945).svg}} [[Empire of Vietnam]]
|Now [[Vietnam]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Cambodia_(1863–1948).svg}}[[Kingdom of Kampuchea (1945)|Kingdom of Kampuchea]]
| Now [[Cambodia]]
|-
| [[File:Flag of Inner-Mongolian Autonomous Government.svg|20px]] [[Inner Mongolian People's Republic]]
| Now part of [[China]]
| During World War II, the Japanese support in [[Inner Mongolia]] was established, and a new puppet state named [[Mengjiang]] was created. In August 1945, it was destroyed by Soviet and Mongolian troops. On September 9, 1945, the Sunid Yutsi held a Congress of People's Representatives and aimags khoshuns of Inner Mongolia. Held for three days, the Congress proclaimed the establishment of the People's Republic of Inner Mongolia and elected an interim government. In November, the [[Chinese Communist Party]] managed to bring the situation under control, and reorganized the Provisional Government of the People's Republic of Inner Mongolia in the Inner Mongolian Autonomous Government.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Indonesia.svg}} [[Republic of Indonesia]]
| 1945–1949
| Now recognized
| Independence ''de facto'' recognized by the [[Netherlands]], ''de jure'' recognition by [[Kingdom of Egypt|Egypt]], [[First Syrian Republic|Syria]], and [[Lebanon]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Struggle_Group.svg}} [[Trotskyism in Vietnam#The North and the Hòn Gai-Cẩm Phả "Commune"|Hòn Gai-Cẩm Phả Commune]]
| rowspan="2" | 1945
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Vietnam]]
| {{see also|Trotskyism in Vietnam}}<ref>https://libcom.org/article/hundred-year-war-ngo-van-xuyet {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Struggle_Group.svg}} [[Trotskyism in Vietnam#The September 1945 Saigon Uprising|Saigon Commune]]
| {{see also|Trotskyism in Vietnam}}<ref>https://libcom.org/article/1945-saigon-commune {{Bare URL inline|date=August 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.leftvoice.org/the-saigon-commune-against-imperialism-and-stalinism/ | title=The Saigon Commune: Against Imperialism and Stalinism | date=23 September 2020 }}</ref>
|-
|{{Flagicon|Laos}} [[Lao Issara|Kingdom of Laos]]
| rowspan="2" |1945–1946
|Now independent
|Partisan state
|-
| {{flagicon image|Azerbaijan people's government flag.svg}} [[Azerbaijan People's Government]]
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Iran]]
| Soviet puppet state set up in [[Iranian Azerbaijan]] but later reclaimed by Iran.
|-
| {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Republic of Mahabad]]
| 1946–1947
| Declared independence from Iran, but then occupied by Iran after the withdrawal of the Soviet [[Red Army]] from the north of the country.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Kangleipak.svg}} [[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur State]]
|1947–1949
|Now part of [[India]] and [[Myanmar]] including [[Kabaw Valley]]
|[[Manipur (princely state)|Manipur]] was a [[princely state]] of the [[British Indian Empire]] from 1891 to 1947.
It was granted independence at midnight of 14 August 1947. From 14 August 1947 to October 1949, the region was de jure independent, before acceding to India on 15 October 1949. After intense diplomatic pressure, the Manipur King [[Bodhchandra Singh]] relented and acceded Manipur to India in 1949<ref>{{Cite book|last=Not Available|url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.123712|title=Manorama Year Book Seoul Olympics The Gold Rush|date=1918}}<br />P-593" Manipur has a varied and proud history from the earliest times. It came under British rule as a princely state in 1891. The  'Manipur Constitution Act, 1947, established a democratic form of government with the Maharajah as the Executive Head and a legislature constituted by election on adult franchise, The Legislative Assembly so constituted functioned till it was dissolved on die integration of the erstwhile state with die Dominion of India in October, 194 9.</ref> following the Manipur Merger Agreement.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Manipur Merger Agreement, 1949|url=https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/papers/manipur_merger_agreement_1949.htm|access-date=2020-11-24|website=www.satp.org|archive-date=2020-11-12|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201112022821/https://www.satp.org/satporgtp/countries/india/states/manipur/documents/papers/manipur_merger_agreement_1949.htm|url-status=live}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|QalatFlag.svg}} [[Khanate of Kalat]]
| 1947–1948
| Now part of [[Balochistan]] province in [[Pakistan]]
| [[Khanate of Kalat|Kalat]] was a [[princely state]] in [[Baluchistan Agency]], one of the agencies of [[British India]]. The Khan of Kalat declared his nation's independence on August 15, 1947, one day after India and Pakistan declared independence. From 15 August 1947 to 27 March 1948, the region was de facto independent before acceding to Pakistan on 27 March 1948. After intense diplomatic pressure, the Khan relented and acceded Kalat to Pakistan in 1948.
|-
| {{flagicon|South Moluccas}}
[[Republic of South Maluku]]
| 1950–1963
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Indonesia]]
| The Moluccas formed part of the United States of Indonesia (27 December 1949 – 17 August 1950), but declared independence in April 1950 in reaction of centralizing tendencies from Jakarta. It was quickly [[Invasion of Ambon|conquered]] by Indonesian troops, but maintains a government in exile in the Netherlands.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Indonesia.svg}} [[Revolutionary Government of the Republic of Indonesia]]
| 1958–1961
| A revolutionary government set up in [[Sumatra]] to oppose the central government of [[Indonesia]] in 1958.<ref>Audrey R. Kahin and George McT. Kahin, Subversion as Foreign Policy: The secret Eisenhower and Dulles debacle in Indonesia, p. 143</ref>

Although frequently referred to as the PRRI/Permesta rebellion, the [[Permesta]] rebels were a separate movement in [[Sulawesi]], that had pledged allegiance with the PRRI on 17 February 1958.<ref>M.C. Ricklefs, ''A history of modern Indonesia since c.1200,'' p. 299.</ref><ref>Poesponegoro. Marwati Djoened, Notosusanto. Nugroho, (1992), Sejarah nasional Indonesia: Jaman Jepang dan zaman Republik Indonesia, PT Balai Pustaka, {{ISBN|978-979-407-412-1}}.</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon|United Suvadive Republic}} [[United Suvadive Republic|Suvadive Islands]]
| 1959–1963
| Now part of the [[Maldives]]
| Attempted break-away state; it was supported by Britain briefly before being abandoned.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of India.svg}} [[Free Dadra and Nagar Haveli]]
| 1954–1961
| Now part of [[India]]
| Territory made up of two former [[exclave]]s of the [[Daman district, India|Portuguese district of Daman]] ([[Portuguese India]]). In 1954, it was [[Indian annexation of Dadra and Nagar Haveli|invaded and occupied by supporters of their integration in the Indian Union]]. Thereafter and until formal annexation by India in 1961, it enjoyed a ''de facto'' independence. Portugal continued to consider Dadra and Nagar Haveli as Portuguese territory until 1974. The native citizens of the territory continued to be entitled to the grant of Portuguese citizenship until 2006.
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of East Timor.svg}} [[Republic of Timor]]
| 1961
| Now recognized as [[Timor-Leste]]
| In early 1961 the ''Battle Office for the Liberation of Timor'' (Bureau de Luta pela Libertação de Timor) was formed under the leadership of [[Maoclao]] and backed by [[Indonesia]]. A republic was proclaimed in the border town of [[Batugade]] on 9 April 1961. It was quickly put down by Portuguese troops.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ozoutback.com.au/East_Timor/flags/slides/1961RepTimor.html|title='Republic of Timor', 1961 – Flag – Timor-Leste|first=Ludo|last=Kuipers|access-date=2015-04-17|archive-date=2015-04-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150418003323/http://ozoutback.com.au/East_Timor/flags/slides/1961RepTimor.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_FULRO.svg}} {{Flagicon image|Bandera_Front_Alliberament_Cham.svg}} [[FULRO insurgency|Central Highlands Montagnard–Champa]]
| 1964–1992
| Now part of [[Vietnam]]
|
|-
| [[Shanghai People's Commune]]
| 1967
| Now part of [[China]]
| Attempt at recreating a Paris commune-style revolution in China.
|-
| {{flagicon image|FNL_Flag.svg}} [[Provisional Revolutionary Government of the Republic of South Vietnam]]
| 1969–1976
|Now part of [[Vietnam]]
|
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Former Flag of the Lebanese Army.svg}} [[Free Lebanon State]]
| 1979–1984
| Now part of [[Lebanon]]
| In 1976, as a result of the ongoing civil war, the [[Lebanese army]] began to break up. Major [[Saad Haddad]], commanding an army battalion in the south which had been part of the [[Army of Free Lebanon]], broke away and founded a group known as the Free Lebanon Army (FLA). The FLA fought against various groups including the [[Palestine Liberation Organization]] (PLO), the [[Amal Movement]] and (after the [[1982 Israeli invasion of Lebanon]]) the emerging [[Hezbollah]]. The [[1978 Israeli invasion]] allowed the Free Lebanon Army to gain control over a much wider area in southern Lebanon. On April 18, 1979, Haddad proclaimed the area controlled by his force "Independent State of Free Lebanon" (''Dawlet Lebnaan El Horr El Mest’ell'') with the capital [[Beirut]], though his actual headquarters were in Marjayoun. In May 1980, " Free Lebanon Army" was renamed "[[South Lebanon Army]]". The statehood claim was downplayed following the death of Haddad in 1984, though his successor Antouan Lahed continued to exercise some authority in Southern Lebanon until the year 2000. On 24 May 2000, following Israeli withdrawal and final collapse of the SLA, Lebanese forces occupied the small town [[Marjayoun]], which was the "capital" of southern Lebanon.
|-
| [[Islamic Revolutionary State of Afghanistan]]
| 1980
| Now part of [[Afghanistan]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Artsakh.svg}} [[Republic of Artsakh]]
| 1991–2023
| Now part of [[Azerbaijan]]
| Declared independence in 1991 and ''de facto'' acquired it after the [[First Nagorno-Karabakh War]] of 1988–1994, backed by [[Armenia]], but was unrecognized by the international community. Lost part of its territory in 2020 due to the [[Second Nagorno-Karabakh War]] and was ultimately taken over by [[Azerbaijan]] in a [[2023 Azerbaijani offensive in Nagorno-Karabakh|2023 military offensive]], with its government going into [[government in exile|exile]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=22 December 2023 |title=Nagorno-Karabakh dissolution not valid, says Armenian separatist leader |url=https://www.france24.com/en/asia-pacific/20231222-nagorno-karabakh-dissolution-not-valid-says-armenian-separatist-leader |access-date=2023-12-28 |website=France 24 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| Gorno-Badakhshan Republic
| 1992
| Now part of [[Tajikistan]]
| When the civil war broke out in Tajikistan in 1992, the local government in Gorno-Badakhshan declared independence from the Republic of Tajikistan.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Jihad.svg}} [[Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan]]
| 1994–2003
| Now part of [[Iraq]]
| The Islamic Emirate of Kurdistan was a short-lived unrecognized Kurdish Islamic quasi-state from 1994 to 2003.
|-
| {{flagdeco|Cambodia|1975}} [[Provisional Government of National Union and National Salvation of Cambodia]]
| 1994–1998
| Now part of [[Cambodia]]
| Rival government of the restored [[Kingdom of Cambodia]] by the [[Khmer Rouge]]. Dissolved following the death of [[Pol Pot]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of South Yemen.svg}} [[Democratic Republic of Yemen]]
| 1994
| Now part of [[Yemen]]
| Breakaway state formed during the [[1994 civil war in Yemen]]. It only lasted six weeks before being reconquered.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Jihad.svg}} [[Islamic Emirate of Badakhshan]]
| 1996
| Now part of [[Afghanistan]]
| An unrecognized [[Islamic state]] ruled by [[Sharia|Sharia law]] in modern day [[Badakhshan Province]], [[Afghanistan]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Save The Montagnard People created in 1986 - Marko de Haeck.png}} [[Degar State]]
| 1999
| Now part of [[Central Highlands (Vietnam)|Central Highlands]] in [[Vietnam]]
| Founded in 1999, as a form of resistance by the [[Montagnard (Vietnam)|Montagnards]] against [[Persecution of the Montagnard in Vietnam|persecution and mistreatment]] by the [[Vietnamese government]]. It then ran a government in exile in the [[United States]] under the [[Montagnard Foundation, Inc.|Montagnard Foundation]] organization.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Taliban.svg}} [[Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan (1996–2001)|Islamic Emirate of Afghanistan]]
|1996–2001
|Now part of [[Afghanistan]] and [[Khyber Pakhtunkhwa]] in [[Pakistan]]
|In 1996, The Taliban took control over Kabul but lost control of the regions they controlled in 2001. However, after the [[Fall of Kabul (2021)|Fall of Kabul]] in 2021, the Taliban reinstated their rule.
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Tamil Eelam Flag.svg}} [[Tamil Eelam]]
| 2002–2009
| Now part of [[Sri Lanka]]
| For much the [[Sri Lankan civil war|Sri Lankan Civil War]], the northern and eastern parts of Sri Lanka were controlled by the [[Liberation Tigers of Tamil Eelam]] (LTTE), a Tamil militant organization which fought to establish a separate state known as "Tamil Eelam". Tamil Eelam was not recognized by any other state. After a failed 26-year military campaign, the [[Sri Lanka Armed Forces]] began a relentless offensive against the LTTE in 2006, beginning the [[Eelam War IV|final stage of the civil war]]. By 18 May 2009, the Sri Lankan Army had recaptured all land formerly controlled by the LTTE, and the self-declared Tamil Eelam ceased to exist.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Jihad.svg}} [[Islamic Emirate of Rafah]]
| 2009
| Now part of [[Gaza Strip]], Palestine
| A short-lived unrecognized Islamic state located in Rafah. It was founded by Jund Ansar Allah when they declared independence in 2009, two years after the Hamas takeover of Gaza. It collapsed after the 2009 Battle of Rafah.
|-
| {{flagicon|Bangsamoro Republik}} [[Bangsamoro Republik]]
| 2013
| Now part of the [[Philippines]]
| Following their defeat in [[Zamboanga City crisis|Zamboanga City]] by the [[Armed Forces of the Philippines]] on September 28, 2013, the [[Moro National Liberation Front]] self-declared Bangsamoro Republic ceased to exist.
|-
| {{flagicon|Islamic State}} [[Territory of the Islamic State|Islamic State]]
| 2014–2020
| Now part of [[Syria]], [[Iraq]], [[Lebanon]], [[Nigeria]], [[Libya]] and [[Afghanistan]]
| A self-proclaimed worldwide caliphate, ISIL claimed religious, political and military authority over all Muslims in the world.
|-
| {{flagicon|Islamic State}} [[Islamic Emirate of Yemen]]
| 2015–2020
| Now part of [[Yemen]]
|
|}

== Europe ==

=== 10th to 19th centuries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! width=180px|Name
! Period
! class="unsortable"|Today
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Couto Misto.svg}} [[Couto Misto]]
| 10th century–1868
| Now part of [[Spain]] and [[Portugal]]
| ''De facto'' independent microstate on the border between Galicia (Spain) and Northern Portugal. By the [[Treaty of Lisbon (1864)|1864 Treaty of Lisbon]], its territory was partitioned between Spain and Portugal.
|-
| [[Miecław's State]]
| 1037–1047
| Now part of [[Poland]]
| A state located in [[Masovia]] with capital in [[Płock]]. It was formed around 1037 by [[Miecław]] by breaking away from [[Duchy of Poland (1031–1076)|Duchy of Poland]] during the crisis inside the country.<ref>[[Gallus Anonymus]]. ''Kronika polska'', book 1. Wrocław. Biblioteka Źródeł Historii Polski. 1982. {{ISBN|978-3-939991-46-5}}.</ref> It existed until 1047, when [[Casimir I the Restorer]], duke of Poland, reconquered the state into Duchy of Poland.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Papal_States_(pre_1808).svg}} [[Commune of Rome]]
| 1144–1193
| Now part of [[Italy]] and the [[Vatican City]]
| Established in the summer of 1143<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wickham |first=Chris |title=Medieval Rome: Stability and Crisis of a City, 900-1150 (Oxford Studies in Medieval European History) |date=2015 |isbn=978-0199684960 |edition=1st |pages=442|publisher=Oxford University Press }}</ref> after a rebellion led by the people of Rome. A people's revolt was led due to the increasing powers of the [[Pope]] and the entrenched powers of the higher nobility. The goal of the rebellion was to organize the civil government of Rome in a similar fashion to that of the previous [[Roman Republic]], including the reestablishment of the Senate.
|-
| [[Senarica]]
| 1343–1797
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Italy]]
| Had a peak population of 300
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Golden_Ambrosian_Republic.svg}}[[Golden Ambrosian Republic]]
|1447–1450
|
|-
| [[Duchy of Gniewkowo]]
| 1373–1374<br />1375–1377
| Now part of [[Poland]]
| A [[District duchy|district principality]] and a [[fief]]dom within the [[Kingdom of Poland (1025–1385)|Kingdom of Poland]] during the [[Fragmentation of Poland|era of fragmentation]] that was formed in 1314 from part of the [[Duchy of Inowrocław]]. The country was located in the [[Kuyavia]] and consisted of Gniewkowo and Słońsk Lands
|-
| {{flagicon image|Glyndwr's_Banner.svg}} {{flagicon image|Y_Draig_Aur_Owain_Glyndŵr.jpg}} [[Welsh Revolt|Principality of Wales]]
| 1400–1415
| Now part of the [[United Kingdom]]
| Controlled a majority of [[Wales]] between 1403 and 1406
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Cospaia.svg}} [[Republic of Cospaia]]
| 1440–1826
| Now part of [[Italy]]
| Cospaia unexpectedly gained independence in 1440 after Pope Eugene IV, who was embroiled in a struggle with the Council of Basel, made a sale of territory to the Republic of Florence. By error, a small strip of land went unmentioned in the sale treaty, and its inhabitants declared themselves independent. On May 25, 1826, Cospaia was divided between Tuscany and the Papal States.
|-
| [[Desmond Rebellions#First Desmond Rebellion|Earldom of Desmond]]
| 1569–1572
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Ireland]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Duke_of_Cornwall.svg}} [[Second Desmond Rebellion|Earldom of Desmond]]
| 1579–1582
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|O'Neill_Clan.png}} [[Nine Years' War (Ireland)|Irish alliance]]
| 1593–1603
| Now part of [[Ireland]] and the [[United Kingdom]]
|
|-
|[[Catalan Republic (1640–1641)|Catalan Republic]]
|1640-1641
|Now part of [[Spain]] and [[France]]
|
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Naval_Ensign_of_Sweden.svg}} [[Swedish Lithuania|Grand Duchy of Lithuania]]
| 1655–1657
| Now part of [[Lithuania]], [[Belarus]] and [[Poland]]
|A [[Dominium directum et utile|dominium directum]] [[protectorate]] of the [[Swedish Empire]] under the rule of [[Monarchy of Sweden|King]] [[Charles X Gustav of Sweden|Charles X Gustav]] in accordance with the [[Union of Kėdainiai]]. It [[de jure]] existed from 1655 until 1657
|-
| {{flagicon|Corsica}} [[Kingdom of Corsica]]
| 1736
| Now part of [[France]]
| A short-lived kingdom on the island of [[Corsica]]. It was formed after the islanders crowned the [[Germany|German]] adventurer [[Theodore of Corsica|Theodor Stephan Freiherr von Neuhoff]]<ref>{{German title|Freiherr}}</ref> as King of Corsica.
|-
| {{flagicon|Finland}} [[Kingdom of Finland (1742)|Kingdom of Finland]]
| 1742–1743
| Now part of [[Finland]] and [[Russia]]
|Short-lived [[puppet state]] of Russia. Was divided between Sweden and Russia
|-
| {{flagicon|Corsica}} [[Corsican Republic]]
| 1755–1769
| Now part of [[France]]
|Seceded from [[Republic of Genoa]]. Recognized only by [[Bey of Tunis]].<ref>{{cite book |title=Pasquale Paoli: An Enlightened Hero 1725–1807 |last=Thrasher |first=Peter Adam |year=1970 |publisher=Archon Books |location=Hamden, CT |isbn=0-208-01031-9 |page=117}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|LuikVlag.svg}} [[Republic of Liège]]
| 1789–1791
| Now part of [[Belgium]]
| A short-lived state centred on the town of [[Liège]] in modern-day [[Belgium]]. The republic was created in August 1789 after the [[Liège Revolution]] led to the destruction of the earlier ecclesiastical state which controlled the territory, the [[Prince-Bishopric of Liège]]. It coexisted with the even more short-lived revolutionary state, the [[United States of Belgium]], created by the [[Brabant Revolution]] of 1789, to the north. By 1791, the forces of the republic had been defeated by [[Prussia]]n and [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian]] forces and the Prince-Bishopric was restored.
|-
|[[Paris Commune (1789–1795)|Paris Commune]]
|1789-1795
|Now part of [[France]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Brabantine Revolution.svg}} [[United Belgian States]]
| 1790
| Now part of [[Belgium]] and [[Luxemburg]]
| A short-lived [[confederation|confederal]] [[republic]] in the [[Southern Netherlands]] (modern-day [[Belgium]]) established under the [[Brabant Revolution]]. It existed from January to December 1790 as part of the unsuccessful revolt against the [[Habsburg monarchy|Habsburg]] Emperor, [[Joseph II, Holy Roman Emperor|Joseph II]].
|-
| [[Rauracian Republic]]
| 1792
| Now part of [[Switzerland]]
| A short-lived [[France|French]] occupation zone that included parts of modern [[Switzerland]] around the [[Jura mountains]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kubben |first1=Raymond |title=Regeneration and Hegemony Franco-Batavian Relations in the Revolutionary Era, 1795-1803 |date=17 January 2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=9789004189515 |pages=129, 141 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I_N5DwAAQBAJ |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1=Evans |first1=Ellen |title=The Cross and the Ballot Catholic Political Parties in Germany, Switzerland, Austria, Belgium and the Netherlands, 1785-1985 |date=1999 |publisher=Humanities Press |isbn=9780391040953 |page=40 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lsC6pLGXzv8C |access-date=3 December 2021}}</ref> It was created from the northern portion of the [[Prince-Bishopric of Basel]], which was part of the [[Holy Roman Empire]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Repubblica_Transpadana.svg}} [[Transpadane Republic]]
| 1796–1797
| rowspan="5" | Now part of [[Italy]]
| A [[sister republic]] of [[First French republic|France]] established in [[Milan]] from 1796 to 1797.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Repubblica_Cremasca.svg}} [[Republic of Crema]]
| 1797
| A [[French Revolution|revolutionary]] [[municipality]]<ref>{{cite book |url= https://books.google.com/books?id=TBi1firo4q0C&q=crema+1797&pg=PA17 |title= ''Constitutions of the world from the late 18th century to the middle of 19th century''|last= Dippel |first= Horst |date= 2010 |publisher= De Gruyter, Göttingen | access-date= July 25, 2017 |page= 17 |isbn= 9783598357343|language= italian}}</ref> in [[Lombardy]], which was created when the [[French Army]] entered [[Crema, Italy|Crema]] on 28 March 1797
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_England.svg}} [[Ligurian Republic]]
| 1797–1805
| A [[French client republic]] formed by [[Napoleon]] on 14 June 1797. It consisted of the old [[Republic of Genoa]], which covered most of the [[Liguria]]n region of Northwest [[Italy]], and the small [[Holy Roman Empire|Imperial]] [[fiefdom|fief]]s owned by the [[House of Savoy]] inside its territory.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Repubblica_Romana_(1798).svg}} [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]]
| 1798–1799
| Declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of the [[Papal States]] was temporarily replaced by a [[Republicanism|republican]] government due to [[Pope Pius IX]]'s departure to [[Gaeta]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_France.svg}} [[Tiberina Republic]]
| 1798
| A [[revolutionary republic|revolutionary]] [[municipality]] proclaimed on 4 February 1798, when [[republicanism|republicans]] took power in the city of [[Perugia]]. It was an occupation zone that took its name from the river [[Tiber]]. A month later, the government of all the [[Papal States]] was changed into a republic: the [[Roman Republic (18th century)|Roman Republic]], which Perugia belonged to
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Kingdom of the Two Sicilies (1816).svg}} [[Gozo (independent state)|The Gozitan Nation]]
| 1798–1801
| Now part of [[Malta]]
| Independent kingdom under Neapolitan King [[Ferdinand I of the Two Sicilies|Ferdinand III]]; actually ruled by a provisional government set up by [[Saverio Cassar]], after French troops on the island capitulated to rebels. It became part of the [[Malta Protectorate|British protectorate of Malta]] in 1801.
|-
| [[Republic of Connacht]]
| rowspan="2" | 1798
| Now part of [[Republic of Ireland|Ireland]]
| [[French client republic]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Drapeau de la République Lémanique.png}} [[Canton of Léman|Lemanic Republic]]
| Now part of [[Switzerland]]
| Formerly a subject territory of [[Bern]]. The Lemanic Republic declared its independence in January 1798 before being incorporated into the [[Helvetic Republic]] as Canton of Léman (today: [[Vaud]]) in April of the same year.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Revolutionary_Serbia.svg}} [[Revolutionary Serbia]]
| 1804–1813
| Now [[Serbia]] and parts of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| The state established by the [[Serbian Revolution|Serbian revolutionaries]] in Ottoman Serbia ([[Sanjak of Smederevo]]) after the start of the [[First Serbian Uprising]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1804. The [[Sublime Porte]] first officially recognized the state as autonomous in January 1807, however, the Serbian revolutionaries rejected the treaty and continued fighting the Ottomans until 1813
|-
|{{flagicon image|Banner_of_the_Lithuanian_Provisional_Governing_Commission.svg}} [[Lithuanian Provisional Governing Commission]]
| rowspan="2" |1812–1813
|Now part of [[Belarus]], [[Lithuania]] and [[Poland]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Banner_of_the_Duchy_of_Warsaw.svg}}[[General Confederation of the Kingdom of Poland]]
|Now Part of [[Poland]], [[Lithuania]], [[Ukraine]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Norway (1814–1821).svg}} [[Kingdom of Norway (1814)|Kingdom of Norway]]
| 1814
| Now part of [[Norway]]
| Norway declared its independence, as a result of the refusal of the [[Treaty of Kiel]] after the [[Napoleonic Wars]], adopted a [[Constitution of Norway|Constitution]] and elected Danish [[Christian VIII of Denmark|Prince Christian Frederik]] as its own king. Resulting to a short [[Swedish-Norwegian War (1814)|war with Sweden]], leading to Norway accepting entering into a [[Union between Sweden and Norway|personal union with Sweden]] at the [[Convention of Moss]].
|-
|[[Messenian Senate]]
|1821
| rowspan="8" |Now [[Greece]]
| rowspan="7" |Unrecognised Protostates during the Greek war of independence
|-
|{{ill|Achaean Directory|el|Αχαϊκόν_Διευθυντήριον}}
|1821-1822
|-
|[[Senate of Western Continental Greece]]
| rowspan="2" |1821-1823
|-
|[[Peloponnesian Senate]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Areios_Pagos_Anatolikis_Ellados.svg}} [[Areopagus of Eastern Continental Greece]]
|1821-1825
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Administration_of_Samos.svg}} [[Military-Political System of Samos]]
|1821-1834
|-
|{{ill|Provisional Government of the Island of Crete|el|Προσωρινόν_Πολίτευμα_της_Νήσου_Κρήτης}}
|1822
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Greece_(1822-1978).svg}} [[First Hellenic Republic]]
| 1822–1832
| was the provisional [[Greece|Greek]] state during the [[Greek War of Independence|Greek Revolution]] against the [[Ottoman Empire]].<ref>{{Citation |title=Ottoman Rule and the War of Independence |date=2010 |work=Greek |pages=371–378 |publisher=Wiley-Blackwell |doi=10.1002/9781444318913.ch13 |isbn=978-1444318913}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Llc |first=Books |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_d3SbwAACAAJ |title=Greek War of Independence: Morea Expedition, Massacres During the Greek Revolution, Souliotes, Background of the Greek War of Independence, Filiki Eteria, Armatoloi, Spinalonga, Greek Civil Wars of 1824–1825, Gramvousa, Klepht, Aegean Anti-Piracy Operation |date=2010 |publisher=General Books |isbn=978-1156773772 |language=en}}</ref> From 1822 until 1827, it was known as the Provisional Administration of Greece, and between 1827 and 1832, it was known as the Hellenic State
|-
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian United Provinces]]
| rowspan="2" | 1831
| Now part of [[Italy]]
| A short-lived state (a [[Republic]]) that was established in 1831 in some territories of the [[Papal States]] ([[Romagna]], [[Marche]] and [[Umbria]]) and in the [[Duchies]] of [[Duchy of Parma|Parma]] and [[Duchy of Modena|Modena]].
It existed from 5 February (following the [[Revolutions of 1830#In Italy|popular uprising]] in [[Bologna]], when the temporal power of the [[Pope]] and the [[Emilia (region of Italy)|Emilian]] [[Duke]]s were declared to be revoked) until 26 April, the day the [[Ancona|city of Ancona]] was taken by the [[Austrian Empire|Austrian]] troops.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Banner_of_the_Kingdom_of_Poland_from_the_Sejm_Chamber_(November_Uprising).svg}} [[Polish National Government (November Uprising)|Kingdom of Poland]]
|Now [[Poland]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[June Rebellion|First Paris Commune]]
| 1832
| Now part of [[France]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Tavolara.svg}} [[Kingdom of Tavolara]]
| 1836–1962?
| Now part of [[Italy]]<ref>Geremia, Ernesto Carlo, and Gino Ragnetti (2005), ''Tavolara – l'Isola dei Re'', {{ISBN|88-425-3441-2}}</ref>
| The [[Bertoleoni]] family claimed to be monarchs of an island off the northeast coast of [[Sardinia]].
|-
| [[Sonderbund war|Sonderbund]]
| 1845–1847
| Now part of [[Switzerland]]
| A rival Confederation which broke away from Switzerland 1845 to protect their interests against a centralization of power.
|-
| [[Sicilian revolution of 1848|Sicily]]
| 1848–1849
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Italy]]
|
|-
| [[Five Days of Milan|Provisional Government of Milan]]
| rowspan="2" | 1848
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Poland.svg}} [[Republic of Mosina]]
| Now part of [[Poland]]
| A short-lived [[microstate]] centred around the city of [[Mosina]], which existed for five or six days in May 1848. The country was proclaimed on 3 May 1848, during the [[Greater Poland uprising (1848)|Greater Poland uprising]], out of lands of [[1848 Greater Poland forces|insurrect-controlled]] lands of [[Grand Duchy of Posen]], [[Kingdom of Prussia]], with [[Jakub Krotowski-Krauthofer]] as its head of state. The republic ceased to exist five or six days later, on 8 or 9 May 1848 after the defeat of rebel forces.<ref name="region">{{Cite web | url = http://regionwielkopolska.pl/ciekawostki-99/rzeczpospolita-mosinska.html | title = Rzeczpospolita Mosińska - Ciekawostki - Region Wielkopolska • miejsca które warto odwiedzić | website = regionwielkopolska.pl | date = 25 July 2011 | language = pl | access-date = 2019-04-26 | archive-date = 2019-02-25 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20190225161915/https://regionwielkopolska.pl/ciekawostki-99/rzeczpospolita-mosinska.html | url-status = dead }}</ref><ref name=mos>{{cite web|url=https://www.mosina.pl/aktualnosci/rzeczpospolita-mosinska-co-znaczy|website=moscina.pl|title=Rzeczpospolita Mosińska - co znaczy}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Venice 1848%E2%80%9349.svg}} [[Repubblica di San Marco]]
| 1848–1849
| Now part of [[Italy]]
| Following 1848 unrests, the republic was proclaimed in 1848 in the territories of [[Venetia (region)|Venetia]] with the capital [[Venice]]. Allied with the other Italian states against [[Austrian Empire]], it eventually voted to federate under [[Kingdom of Sardinia]], but it went back to independence after piedmontese defeat. Remaining only Venice and [[Venice Lagoon|its lagoon]] under control, the republic surrendered after almost 5 months of siege and after 17 months of existence.
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of Germany.svg}}[[German Empire (1848–1849)|German Empire]]
| rowspan="4" | 1848–1849
| Now part of [[Germany]]
| A short-lived proto-state which existed from 1848 to 1849. In one view, it was a revolutionary new created national state. According to another view, it was the reformed German Confederation.
|-
|[[Free Cities of Menton and Roquebrune]]
|Now part of [[France]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Slovak_Flag_(1848).svg}} [[Slovak National Council (1848–49)|Slovak National Council]]
| Now part of [[Slovakia]]
| An organisation that was formed at various times in the 19th and 20th centuries to act as the highest representative of the Slovak nation. It originated in the mid-19th century as a focus for Slovak nationalist aspirations to break away from the [[Kingdom of Hungary]] but its bid for independence was suppressed. The second SNR was more successful, issuing a celebrated declaration of Slovak independence in 1918, though it too was ultimately dissolved by the state after [[Czechoslovakia]] was formed. The third SNR coordinated Slovak resistance to the [[Nazis]] and their Slovak puppet government, and evolved into a Communist-controlled organ of state power after the [[Second World War]]. Following the 1989 [[Velvet Revolution]] it was transformed into the new democratically elected Slovak parliament A number of mostly short-lived and not particularly influential Slovak National Councils were also proclaimed abroad between the 1920s and 1940s, the last one seeking to mobilise Slovak émigré resistance to Communist rule.
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Serbian_Vojvodina.svg}} [[Serbian Vojvodina]]
| Now part of [[Serbia]] and [[Romania]]
| A short-lived self-proclaimed [[Serbs|Serb]] autonomous province within the [[Austrian Empire]] during the [[Revolutions of 1848]], which existed until 1849 when it was transformed into the new (official) Austrian province named [[Voivodeship of Serbia and Banat of Temeschwar]].
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Hungary_with_great_coat_of_arms_(1849).svg}} [[Hungarian State]]
| 1849
| Now part of [[Hungary]], [[Romania]], [[Serbia]], [[Austria]], [[Slovakia]] and [[Ukraine]]
| A short-lived unrecognised state that existed for 4 months in the last phase of the [[Hungarian Revolution of 1848|Hungarian Revolution of 1848–49]].
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Roman_Republic_(19th_century).svg}} [[Roman Republic (1849)|Roman Republic]]
| 1849–1850
| Now part of [[Italy]] and [[Vatican City]]
| A short-lived state declared on 9 February 1849, when the government of the [[Papal States]] was temporarily replaced by a [[Republicanism|republican]] government due to [[Pope Pius IX]]'s departure to [[Gaeta]]. The republic was led by [[Carlo Armellini]], [[Giuseppe Mazzini]], and [[Aurelio Saffi]]. Together they formed a [[triumvirate]], a reflection of a form of government during the first century BC [[Crisis of the Roman Republic|crisis]] of the [[Roman Republic]].
|-
| {{Flagicon|Kingdom of Italy}} [[United Provinces of Central Italy]]
| 1859–1860
| Now part of [[Italy]]
| A short-lived [[Military occupation|military government]] established in 1859 by the [[Kingdom of Piedmont-Sardinia]]. It was formed by a union of the former [[Grand Duchy of Tuscany]], the [[Duchy of Parma]], the [[Duchy of Modena]], and the [[Papal Legations]], after the [[Second Italian War of Independence]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Polish-Lithuanian-Ruthenian_Commonwealth_(January_Uprising).svg}} [[Polish National Government (January Uprising)|Polish National Government]]
|1863–1864
|Now [[Poland]]
|
|-
|[[Republic of Ploiești]]
|1870
|Now part of [[Romania]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Canton of Cartagena]]
| 1873–1874
| rowspan="4" | Now part of [[Spain]]
| In 1873 [[Cartagena, Spain|Cartagena]] was proclaimed as an independent canton, called the Canton of Cartagena. This proclamation started the [[Cantonal Revolution]] in [[Spain]], during the [[First Spanish Republic]]. It was the beginning of the [[cantonalism]], a movement that sought to establish a [[Federalism|federal]] state composed of autonomous cantons. Some cities and territories joined the cantonal cause and were declared independents too, but they surrendered a few days later. The only canton with an organized government as state, control on its territory and military power was Cartagena, which declared war and faced the Spanish central government during six months, until it was invaded.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Canton of Málaga]]
| rowspan="3" |1873
| A short-lived federal entity that was created during the [[Cantonal rebellion]] of 1873, in the [[First Spanish Republic]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Valencian Canton]]
| One of the first independent cantons proclaimed in the [[Cantonal rebellion]] during the [[First Spanish Republic]] (1873–1874). It was officially proclaimed on July 18, 1873, and 178 municipalities of the [[Valencia province]] adhered to it.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Casals Bergés |first=Quintí |date=2022 |title=El Cantonalismo (1873): Notas para un estudio comparado |url=https://dialnet.unirioja.es/servlet/articulo?codigo=8726311 |journal=Aportes: Revista de historia contemporánea |volume=37 |issue=110 |pages=59–101 |issn=0213-5868}}</ref> It fell on August 8, when the troops of [[Arsenio Martínez Campos|Martínez Campos]], sent by the [[Federal Democratic Republican Party|federal republican]] government of [[Nicolás Salmerón y Alonso|Nicolás Salmerón]], entered the city of Valencia, causing the surrender of the Canton.
|-
|[[Catalan State (1873)|Catalan State]]
|Shortlived state in [[Catalonia]] and the [[Balearic Islands]]
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Tamrash.svg}} [[Republic of Tamrash]]
| 1878–1886
| Now part of [[Bulgaria]]
| The Republic of Tamrash was a self-governing administrative structure of the [[Pomaks]], living in the Tamrash region of the Rhodope Mountains.
|}

=== 20th and 21st centuries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Name
! Period
! class="unsortable"|Today
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| [[Gurian Republic]]
| 1902–1906
| Now part of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
| The Gurian Republic or the Gurian peasant republic was an insurrection that took place in the western [[Georgia (country)|Georgian]] province [[Guria]] (then part of the [[Imperial Russia]]) prior to and during the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]]. Republic existed from the November 1905 to January 10, 1906.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Kruševo Republic.svg}} [[Kruševo Republic]]
| rowspan="2" | 1903
| Now part of [[Republic of North Macedonia|North Macedonia]]
| Republic established in [[Kruševo]], North Macedonia at the start of the Ilinden Uprising. It lasted solely 10 days, from the third to the thirteenth of August. It can be considered as one of the first modern governments with leftist views, as both the president, [[Nikola Karev]] and his co-writer of the Kruševo Manifesto, Nikola Kirov, were socialists and members of the Bulgarian Social Democratic Workers' Party.
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Strandzha Commune.svg}} [[Strandzha Commune]]
| Now part of [[Bulgaria]] and [[Turkey]]
|
|-
| [[Chita Republic]], [[Krasnoyarsk Republic]], [[Novorossiysk Republic]], [[Sochi Republic]], [[Stary Buyan Republic]]
| 1905–1906
| Now part of [[Russia]]
| The Chita Republic was a workers and peasants' dictatory republic in [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]] during the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]], installed by actual seizure of power in Chita RSDLP Committee and the Council of Soldiers 'and Cossacks' Deputies in November 1905 – January 1906. The Krasnoyarsk Republic — government, organized by the Joint Board of Workers' and Soldiers' Deputies in [[Krasnoyarsk]] during the First Russian Revolution. Lasted from 9 to 27 December 1905. The Novorossiysk Republic — the worker-peasant self-government established by the Council of Workers' Deputies in [[Novorossiysk]] on 12 December 1905 and lasted until 26 December of the same year. The Sochi Republic — political education social democratic sense, arising from the modern city of [[Sochi]] as a result of the revolutionary uprisings of 1905, lasted from December 28, 1905, to January 5, 1906 (i.e., about 9 days). The Starobuyanskaya Republic — peasant self-government established during the First Russian Revolution in the village of [[Stary Buyan]], lasted from 12 to 26 November 1905.
|-
| [[Liubotyn]] Republic and [[Shuliavka Republic]]
| 1905
| Now part of [[Ukraine]]
| The Lyubotinskaya Republic — proclaimed in December 1905, independent workers' state in the armed insurrection of the workers and railwaymen in Lyubotin during the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]]. Republic existed from the December 26 to 30, 1905. The Shuliavka Republic was an early 20th-century worker-based quasi-government organization in the city of [[Kiev]], Ukraine, whose main task was self-defence. The uprising lasted a total of four days, from December 12–16 (o.s., in the Gregorian Calendar, 26–29), 1905.
|-
| [[Markovo Republic]]
| rowspan="2" | 1905–1906
| Now part of [[Russia]]
| The Markovo Republic was a self-proclaimed peasant state, located in Russia, in the [[Volokolamsk]] area. It was proclaimed on October 18, 1905, when during the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]] peasants took control of the local government in the village Markovo and 5 other villages. It had existed until July 18, 1906.
|-
| [[Republic of Ostrowiec]]
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Poland]]
| The Republic of Ostrowiec (Republika Ostrowiecka) — government set December 27, 1905 during the First Russian Revolution in cities [[Ostrowiec Świętokrzyski|Ostrowiec]], [[Iłża]], [[Ćmielów]] and locality. Republic fell in the middle of January 1906.
|-
| [[Republic of Zagłębie]] and [[Republic of Sławków]]
| 1905
| The Polish towns [[Zagłębie Dąbrowskie]] and [[Sławków]] were taken over by revolutionaries during the [[Russian Revolution of 1905]]. Both republics existed in November–December 1905, each about 10–12 days.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Eser flag (Въ борьбѣ обрѣтешь ты право свое!).svg}} [[Comrat Republic]]
| 1906
| Now part of [[Moldova]]
|Established in the village of Comrat, in the Bessarabia Governorate, in protest of the tsarist regime of the Russian Empire. It was created after a mutiny by Andrey Galatsan, a socialist revolutionary, with the support of the local Gagauz population. It lasted six days (from 6 January to 12 January) and is today viewed positively in Gagauzia (now in Moldova) as a premonition of the future Gagauz territorial autonomy.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Free_State_of_Ikaria_with_writing_and_date.png}} [[Ikaria#Free State of Ikaria|Free State of Ikaria]]
|1912
|Now part of [[Greece]]
|Small shortlived state on the island of [[Ikaria]] and some Neighbouring islands such as [[Fournoi Korseon]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of TRWT.svg}} [[Provisional Government of Western Thrace]]
| 1913
|Now part of [[Greece]] and [[Bulgaria]]
| A small, short-lived republic from August 31 to October 25, 1913, at the end of the [[Second Balkan War]] when Western Thrace was then occupied by the [[Ottoman Empire]]. It was founded as a state with Ottoman support, in order to avoid Bulgarian rule after the [[Treaty of Bucharest (1913)|Treaty of Bucharest]], in which the Ottomans had not taken part. Under British pressure, the Balkan powers and the Ottomans signed the [[Treaty of Constantinople (1913)|Treaty of Constantinople]], which satisfied the Turkish claims to recognition of [[East Thrace|Eastern Thrace]]. The Ottomans withdrew their forces and by 25 October, the area was annexed by Bulgaria.<ref name="bakalopoulos_meiz_thrakh_p234_235">{{cite book | title=''Ιστορία της Μείζονος Θράκης, από την πρώιμη Οθωμανοκρατία μέχρι τις μέρες μας,'' History of Greater Thrace, from early Ottoman rule until nowadays | author=Constantinos Vacalopoulos | year=2004 | publisher=Publisher Antonios Stamoulis | location=Thessaloniki | pages=282 | isbn=960-8353-45-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|last1=Koçak|first1=Yalçın|last2=Özyiğit|first2=Ertan|title=Batı Trakya Türk Cumhuriyeti – 100. Yıl Anısına (Western Thrace Turkish Republic – In Commemoration of the 100th Anniversary)|date=2014|publisher=WizArt|isbn=9786056466717}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Essad Pasha's flag.svg}} [[Republic of Central Albania]]
| 1913–1914
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Albania]]
| The Republic of Central Albania was a republic declared following the pullout of Ottoman forces from the former [[Albanian Vilayet]]. Declared by [[Essad Pasha Toptani]], the republic's existence came to an end when the troops of [[William of Wied]] took control of the country.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Autonomous_Republic_of_Northern_Epirus.svg}} [[Autonomous Republic of Northern Epirus]]
| 1914
| A short-lived, self-governing entity founded in the aftermath of the [[Balkan Wars]] on 28 February 1914, by the local Greek population in southern [[Albania]] ([[Northern Epirotes]]).<ref>{{cite book |last1=Thomopoulos |first1=Elaine |title=The History of Greece |date=2012 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=978-0-313-37511-8 |page=95 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jlKheq6g3r8C&pg=PA95 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[General Government of Galicia and Bukovina]]
| 1914–1917
| Now part of [[Poland]] and [[Ukraine]]
| A temporary [[Russian Empire|Imperial Russian]] [[military administration]] of eastern parts of the [[Kingdom of Galicia and Lodomeria]] captured from [[Austria-Hungary]] during [[World War I]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Germany_(1867–1918).svg}} [[General Government of Belgium]]
| 1914–1918
| Now part of [[Belgium]]
| A [[German Army (German Empire)|German Army]] [[Military occupation|occupation administration]] which administered one of the three separate occupation zones established in [[German occupation of Belgium during World War I|German-occupied Belgium]] during the [[First World War]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Germany_(1867–1918).svg}} [[Government General of Warsaw]]
| rowspan="2" |1915–1918
| rowspan="2" |Now part of [[Poland]]
| An administrative civil district created by the [[German Empire]] in [[World War I]].<ref name="Vejas">Liulevicius, Vejas G. (2000). ''War Land on the Eastern Front: Culture, Identity, and German Occupation in World War I''. [[Cambridge University Press]], p. 54. [https://books.google.com/books?id=tlrez-ylNUkC&pg=PA54]
</ref> It encompassed the north-western half of the former [[Russian Empire|Russian]]-ruled [[Congress Poland]].<ref name="Vejas" />
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Habsburg Monarchy.svg}} [[Military Government of Lublin]]
| A [[military administration]] of an area of the [[Russian Empire]] under the occupation of [[Austria-Hungary]], during the [[World War I]], that existed from 1915 to 1917. It was administered under the command of [[Governor-general|Governors-General]], with the seat of government originally based in [[Kielce]], and in October 1915, moved to [[Lublin]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Irish Republic]]
| 1916
| Now recognized as the [[Republic of Ireland]] and part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]
| An independent republic covering the entire [[island of Ireland]] declared on 24 April 1916 during the [[Easter Rising]]; sent out a radio broadcast to the nations of Europe: ''"Irish Republic declared in [[Dublin]] today. Irish troops have captured city and are in full possession. Enemy cannot move in city. The whole country rising."'' The rebels surrendered on 29 April.<ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.independent.ie/business/time-to-celebrate-a-centenary-of-irish-broadcast-heroes-34514674.html|title=Time to celebrate a centenary of Irish broadcast heroes|newspaper=[[Irish Independent]]|first=John|last=McGee|date=6 March 2016|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160307104147/https://www.independent.ie/business/time-to-celebrate-a-centenary-of-irish-broadcast-heroes-34514674.html|archive-date=7 March 2016}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Aromanians_in_Paris_Peace_Conference.svg}} [[Samarina Republic]]
| 1917
| Now part of [[Greece]]
| First Attempt at an [[Aromanians|Aromanian]] [[Aromanian nationalism|State]].
|-
| [[Provisional Land Council of Vidzeme]]
| rowspan="2" | 1917
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Latvia]]
| Created in the [[Governorate of Livonia]] on March 13, 1917 following the democratic [[February Revolution]] in [[Russian Empire]]. Initially it supported ideas of [[Latvians|Latvian]] land unity and self-determination, but by the second half of 1917 it came under increasing [[Bolshevik]] influence and on January 2, 1918 it ceased to exist,  relinquishing its authority to the Bolshevik [[Iskolat]].
|-
| [[Provisional Land Council of Courland]]
| Created on 27 April 1917 in [[Tartu]] as the representative organ of [[Courland Governorate]].

Because Courland was under German military occupation since the summer of 1915, the Council was created in Estonian city of [[Tartu]], and following the German offensive, was evacuated to Russian city [[Kazan]] in October 1917.<ref>Stanley Page [https://books.google.com/books?id=OgYSAAAAIAAJ&q=editions:STANFORD36105038201773 The Formation of the Baltic States: A Study of the Effects of Great Power Politics Upon the Emergence of Lithuania, Latvia, and Estonia] Harvard University Press, 1959 - Baltic States - 193 pages Issue 39 of Harvard historical monographs, {{ISSN|0073-0521}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Crimean Tatar people.svg}} [[Crimean People's Republic]]
| rowspan="7" | 1917–1918
| Now part of [[Ukraine]]
| Defeated by the [[Red Army]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Latgale}} [[Provisional Land Council of Latgale]]
| Now part of [[Latvia]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|National flag of the Moldavian Democratic Republic.svg}}{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Sfatul_Tarii_reverse.svg}} [[Moldavian Democratic Republic]]
| Now part of [[Moldova]] and [[Ukraine]]
| Joined [[Kingdom of Romania]]
|-
| {{flag|Ukrainian People's Republic of Soviets}}
| Now part of [[Ukraine]]
| Soviet Russia puppet state created on efforts of the local [[Bolsheviks]] and military support from [[Moscow]] and [[Petrograd]]. It was cleared out of Ukraine by the Ukrainian People's Republic with the help from Germany and Austria.
|-
| [[File:Iskolata karogs.svg|border|22px]] [[Iskolat|Executive Committee of the Soviet of Workers, Soldiers, and the Landless in Latvia]]
| Now part of [[Latvia]]
| The governing body in the territory of [[Latvia]] that was under control of the pro-Communist [[Latvian Riflemen|Red Latvian Riflemen]] in 1917–1918.
|-
|{{ill|The South-Eastern Union of Cossack Troops, Highlanders of the Caucasus, and Free Peoples of the Steppes|ru|Юго-Восточный_союз_казачьих_войск,_горцев_Кавказа_и_вольных_народов_степей}}
|Now part of [[Ukraine]] and [[Russia]]
|Short-lived anti-Bolshevik confederation
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Poland.svg}} [[Kingdom of Poland (1917–1918)]]
| Now Poland
| A short-lived [[polity]] that was proclaimed during [[World War I]] by the [[German Empire]] and [[Austria-Hungary]] on 5 November 1916 on the territories of formerly Russian-ruled [[Congress Poland]] held by the Central Powers as the [[Government General of Warsaw]] and which became active on 14 January 1917. It was subsequently transformed between 7 October 1918 and 22 November 1918 into the independent [[Second Polish Republic]], the customary ceremonial founding date of the latter being later set at 11 November 1918.

In spite of the initial total dependence of this [[client state]] on its sponsors,<ref name="DavLukZaw">The Regency Kingdom has been referred to as a [[puppet state]] by [[Norman Davies]] in ''Europe: A history'' ([https://archive.org/details/europehistory00davi_0/page/910 <!-- quote="Kingdom of Poland" 1916 puppet. --> Internet Archive, p. 910]); by Jerzy Lukowski and Hubert Zawadzki in ''A Concise History of Poland'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=HMylRh-wHWEC&pg=PA218 Google Books, p. 218]); by Piotr J. Wroblel in ''Chronology of Polish History'' and ''Nation and History'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=lzWHDEE6OqkC&pg=PA454 Google Books, p. 454]); and by Raymond Leslie Buell in ''Poland: Key to Europe'' ([https://books.google.com/books?id=-KcfGbrKptoC&q=Poland+Key+to+Europe Google Books, p. 68]: "The Polish Kingdom... was merely a pawn [of Germany]").</ref>
|-
|{{ill|Union of Highlanders|ru|Союз_объединённых_горцев_Северного_Кавказа_и_Дагестана}}
|1917-1919
| rowspan="2" |Now part of [[Russia]]
|
|-
|{{ill|Orenburg Cossack Republic|ru|Оренбургский_край}}
|1917-1920
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Baku_Commune.png}} [[26 Baku Commissars|Baku Soviet Commune]]
| rowspan="7" |1918
| Now part of [[Azerbaijan]]
| The commune was established in the city of [[Baku]], which was then the capital of the briefly independent [[Azerbaijan Democratic Republic]], and is now the capital of the [[Republic of Azerbaijan]]. The commune, led by [[Stepan Shahumyan]], existed until 26 July 1918 when the Bolsheviks were forced out of power by a coalition of [[Dashnaks]], [[Socialist-Revolutionary Party|Right SRs]] and [[Mensheviks]].

After their overthrow, the Baku [[commissar]]s attempted to leave Baku but were captured by the [[Centrocaspian Dictatorship]] and imprisoned. On 14 September 1918, during the [[Battle of Baku|fall of Baku]] to Ottoman forces, [[Red Army]] soldiers broke into their prison and freed the commissars; they then boarded a ship to [[Krasnovodsk]], where they were promptly arrested by local authorities and, on the night of 20 September, executed by a firing squad between the stations of Pereval and Akhcha-Kuyma on the [[Transcaspian Railway]] by soldiers of the [[Ashkhabad Committee]]. They were executed for essentially letting the [[Islamic Army of the Caucasus]] seize Baku.<ref>Авторский коллектив. Гражданская война в России: энциклопедия катастрофы / Составитель и ответственный редактор: Д. М. Володихин, научный редактор С. В. Волков. — 1-е. — М.: Сибирский цирюльник, 2010. — 400 с. — {{ISBN|978-5-903888-14-6}}.</ref>
|-
|{{flagicon image|Baku_Commune.png}} [[Kazan Soviet Workers' and Peasants' Republic]]
| rowspan="2" |Now part of [[Russia]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Committee of Members of the Constituent Assembly]]
| An [[Anti-communism|anti-Bolshevik]] government that operated in [[Samara, Russia]], during the [[Russian Civil War]] of 1917–1922. It formed on June 8, 1918, after the [[Czechoslovak Legion]] had occupied the city.
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Mainz Workers' and Soldiers' Council]]
| Now part of [[Germany]]
| The effective government of [[Mainz]] from 9 November until the arrival of French troops on 9 December 1918 during the [[German Revolution of 1918]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Poland.svg}} [[Republic of Zakopane]]
| Now part of [[Poland]]
| An area in [[Galicia (Central-Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] centered on the city of [[Zakopane]] that created its own parliament ("National Organisation") on October 13, 1918. The parliament's principal goal was to join [[Second Polish Republic|an independent state of Poland]]. On October 30, the Organisation officially declared its independence from [[Austria-Hungary]] and, two days later, made itself a "National Council". This was eventually disestablished on November 16 when the [[Polish Liquidation Committee]] took control of Galicia.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Russia.svg}} [[Supreme Administration of the Northern Region]]
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Russia]]
| An [[Left-wing uprisings against the Bolsheviks|anti-Bolshevik left-wing]] [[Allies of World War I|Allied]] government part of the [[White movement]] during the [[Russian Civil War]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Idel-Ural State.svg}} [[Idel-Ural State]]
| An unsuccessful attempt of the autonomy of [[Tatars|Tatar]] peoples that claimed to unite [[Volga Tatars|Tatars]], [[Bashkirs]], and the [[Chuvash people|Chuvash]] in the turmoil of the [[Russian Civil War]]. The republic was proclaimed on 1 March 1918, by a Congress of [[Muslim]]s from [[Russian Empire|Russia]]'s interior and [[Siberia]], but defeated by [[Bolshevik]]s the same month.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Почему не удалось построить Идель-Уральскую республику|url=https://www.idelreal.org/a/29306275.html|access-date=2020-12-25|website=RFE/RL|date=4 August 2018 |language=ru}}</ref> ''Idel-Ural'' means "[[Volga]]-[[Ural Mountains|Ural]]" in the [[Tatar language]].
|-
| [[Georgian–Ossetian conflict (1918–1920)|Ossetian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
| 1918–1920
| Now ''de facto'' part of [[South Ossetia]], internationally recognised as part of [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]]
|
|-
| {{Flag|Russian SFSR|1918|name=Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic}}
| 1917–1922
| Now part of [[Russia]]
| Revolutionary soviet state led by [[Vladimir Lenin]] during the Russian civil war.
|-
| [[Republic of Heinzenland]]
| rowspan="4" | 1918
| Now part of [[Austria]]
|A short-lived and unrecognized nation in the region now known as the Austrian federal state of Burgenland, aimed at protecting the German-speaking population in Western Hungary
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Slovakia (1939–1945).svg}} [[Slovak People's Republic]]
| Now part of [[Slovakia]]
| A short-lived state that lasted from 11 December to 29 December 1918.

The Eastern Slovak National Council was established as an organisation concurrent to the [[Slovak National Council]] in November 1918.<ref>{{cite book
 | last = Rychlík
 | first = Jan
 | author-link = Jan Rychlík
 | title = Česi a Slováci ve 20. století: Spolupráce a konflikty 1914-1992
 | trans-title = Czechs and Slovaks in the 20th Century: Cooperation and Conflicts 1914-1992
 | location = Praha
 | publisher = Vyšehrad
 | year = 2015
 | isbn = 978-80-7429-631-4
 | language = Czech
 | page = 71}}</ref> The council was led by {{ill|Viktor Dvorcsák|sk|Viktor Dvorčák}}, an advocate and ex-archivist from [[Prešov]] working for the Hungarian revisionist movement.<ref>{{cite book
 | last = Deák
 | first = Ladislav
 | author-link = Ladislav Deák
 | title = Hra o Slovensko
 | trans-title = The Game for Slovakia
 | location = Bratislava
 | publisher = VEDA, Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied
 | year = 1991
 | isbn = 80-224-0370-9
 | language = Slovak
 | page = 18
 }}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs.svg}} [[State of Slovenes, Croats and Serbs]]
| Now part of [[Slovenia]], [[Croatia]], [[Bosnia and Herzegovina|Bosnia-Hercegovina]], [[Serbia]] ([[Vojvodina]]) and [[Montenegro]] ([[Boka Kotorska]])
| Temporary state of the [[Austro-Hungarian]] [[South Slavs]], declared on October 29, 1918, and merged with the [[Kingdom of Serbia]] on December 1, 1918, into the [[Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] ([[Yugoslavia]])
|-
|[[First Republic of Pińczów]]
| Now part of [[Poland]]
| Area of [[Pińczów]] and the surrounding area which was captured at the end of 1918 for a period of six weeks by the city's inhabitants, led by Jan Lisowski, after the disarmament of the [[Austrian Partition|occupation troops]] without a fight.
|-
| [[Republic of Tarnobrzeg]]
| rowspan="4" |1918–1919
| Now part of [[Poland]]
| The Republic of Tarnobrzeg was proclaimed November 6, 1918 in the [[Poland|Polish]] town of [[Tarnobrzeg]]. Disestablished spring 1919.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Crimean_Regional_Government.svg}} [[Crimean Regional Government]]
| Disputed between [[Ukraine]] and [[Russia]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_South_West_Caucasian_Republic.svg}} [[Provisional National Government of the Southwestern Caucasus|Kars Republic]]
|Part of [[Turkey]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine (1917–1921).svg}} [[Provisional Workers' and Peasants' Government of Ukraine]]
| Now [[Ukraine]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Kuban}} [[Kuban People's Republic]]
|1918–1920
| Now part of [[Russia]]
| A territory in Russia, it was declared by [[Kuban Cossacks]] in 1918. It supported the [[White Movement]] and was overrun by the [[Bolsheviks]] in 1920.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine (1917–1921).svg}} [[West Ukrainian People's Republic]]
| rowspan="2" | 1918–1919
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Ukraine]]
| Established in eastern [[Galicia (Eastern Europe)|Galicia]] leading to a [[Polish-Ukrainian War|losing war with Poland]] after which it was overrun by [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] and its government joined the Ukrainian People's Republic.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine (1917–1921).svg}} [[Komancza Republic]]
| An association of 30 pro-Ukrainian villages, it planned to merge with the West Ukrainian People's Republic but was suppressed by [[Second Polish Republic|Poland]] during the [[Polish-Ukrainian War]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Finnish Socialist Workers' Republic]]
| rowspan="4" | 1918
| Now part of [[Finland]] and [[Russia]]
| Lasted only three months during the [[Finnish Civil War]], but was recognized by [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic|Soviet Russia]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Vorarlberg.svg}} [[Republic of Vorarlberg]]
| Now part of [[Austria]]
| Amidst the chaos in collapse of the Austro-Hungarian empire the Vorarlbergers proclaimed themselves a separate non-Austrian, Germanic people and declared on 3 November 1918 the independence as [[Republic of Vorarlberg]]. The secession was blocked by the Allies and the new Austrian republican government. In April 1919, over 80% of the Vorarlbergers voted to secede from [[Austria]] and attach themselves to [[Switzerland]], but they were again blocked.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Zu5GpDby9H0C|title=Encyclopedia of the Stateless Nations: S-Z|first=James|last=Minahan|date=1 January 2002|publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group|isbn=9780313323843|via=Google Books}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Alsace-Lorraine.svg}} [[Alsace Soviet Republic]] ([[Republic of Alsace–Lorraine]])
| Now part of [[France]]
| The Soviet Republic, existed in [[Alsace]] from 10 to 22 November 1918.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Banat Republic]]
| Now part of [[Romania]], [[Serbia]] and [[Hungary]]
| Established in the Banat region of modern Serbia by members of ethnic groups in the region, it was only recognized by [[Hungarian Democratic Republic|Hungary]]. It was invaded by [[Kingdom of Serbia|Serbia]] and in 1919 partitioned between Hungary, [[Kingdom of Romania|Romania]], and [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|the newly created Yugoslavia]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Don Cossacks.svg}} [[Don Republic]]
| 1918–1920
| Now part of [[Russia]]
| Republic was established on the historic territory of the [[Don Cossacks]] and was recognized by the [[Ukrainian State]]. In 1919 it was part of the [[Armed Forces of South Russia]] and eventually overran by [[Bolsheviks]] with its annexation to the [[Soviet Russia]] and [[decossackization]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Belarus|1991}} [[Belarusian People's Republic]]
| rowspan="4" | 1918
| Now recognized as [[Belarus]]
| Attempt by [[Belarusians|Belarusian]] [[nationalists]] but conquered by [[Soviet Union]]. Still exists today as a [[government-in-exile]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Terek Soviet Republic]]
|rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Russia]]
| A short-lived republic on the territory of the former Terek Oblast. Its capital was first Pyatigorsk, and later Vladikavkaz.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Don Soviet Republic]]
| A short-lived [[Soviet republic (system of government)|Soviet republic]] of the [[Russian Soviet Federative Socialist Republic]] that existed from March to May 1918.

Claiming the territory of the [[Don Host Oblast]], the republic was proclaimed in March 1918 after the retreat of the [[White Army]] from the area. In May, after the revolt of the [[Don Cossacks]] and the German advance into the region as a result of the [[Treaty of Brest-Litovsk]], the republic was overthrown and its leaders fled. The Don Cossacks' [[Don Republic]] took over the territory of the Don Soviet Republic.
|-
| [[Duchy of Courland and Semigallia (1918)]]
| Now part of [[Latvia]]
| German [[Client State]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Austria}} [[Republic of German-Austria]]
| 1918–1919
| Now part of [[Austria]] and the [[Czech Republic]]
| Brief state declared following the collapse of [[Austria-Hungary]]. The [[Allies of World War I]] opposed it and it was succeeded by the [[First Austrian Republic]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Lithuania}} [[Kingdom of Lithuania (1918)|Lithuania]]
| 1918
| Now recognized
| An attempt to establish an independent [[Constitutional monarchy|constitutional]] [[List of Lithuanian monarchs|Lithuanian monarchy]] in February 1918. It was created towards the end of [[World War I]] when Lithuanian-speaking lands were under [[Ober Ost|military occupation]] by the [[German Empire]]. The state was officially dissolved in November 1918.
|-
|{{ill|Rudabel Republic|ru|Рудобельская_партизанская_республика}}
| rowspan="2" |1918-1920
|Now part of [[Belarus]]
|
|-
|{{ill|Republic of Batumi|ru|Республика_Батуми}}
|Now Autonomous Region of [[Adjara]],  [[Georgia (country)|Georgia]] 
|British Puppet State during the Russian Civil War lead by [[James Cooke-Collis]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012-09-23 |title=COLLIS, Sir (William) James Norman Cooke- (1876-1941), Major General |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120923094124/http://www.kcl.ac.uk/lhcma/locreg/COLLIS.shtml |access-date=2025-04-04 |website=web.archive.org}}</ref>
|-
| {{hs|Perloja}} {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Perloja.svg}} [[Republic of Perloja]]
| 1918–1923
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Lithuania]]
| In the chaos after World War I, responding to such situation the locals established a self-governing parish committee, often called the Republic of Perloja. The Republic of Perloja had its own court, police, prison, currency (Perloja [[litas]]), and an army of 300 men.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Socialist_red_flag.svg}} [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic (1918–1919)|Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
| 1918–1919
| A short-lived [[Communist state|Soviet]] [[Puppet state#Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|puppet state]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Lietuvos Sovietų Respublika|publisher=[[Universal Lithuanian Encyclopedia]]|language=lt|url=https://www.vle.lt/straipsnis/lietuvos-sovietu-respublika/}}</ref> during the early [[Interwar period]]. It was declared on 16 December 1918 by a provisional revolutionary government led by [[Vincas Mickevičius-Kapsukas]]. It ceased to exist on 27 February 1919, when it was merged with the [[Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia]] to form the [[Lithuanian–Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic]] (''Litbel'').
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Latvian_Socialist_Soviet_Republic_(1918–1920).svg}} [[Latvian Socialist Soviet Republic]]
| 1918–1920
| Now part of [[Latvia]]
| A short-lived [[Socialist state|socialist republic]] formed during the [[Latvian War of Independence]]. It was proclaimed on 17 December 1918 with the political, economic, and military backing of [[Vladimir Lenin]] and his [[Bolshevik]] government in the [[Russian SFSR]]. The head of government was [[Pēteris Stučka]] with [[Jūlijs Daniševskis]] as his deputy.<ref name="P&P">{{cite book |last1=Purs |first1=Aldis |last2=Plakans |first2=Andrejs |title=Historical Dictionary of Latvia |date=2017 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield | location = Lanham, MD | isbn=978-1-5381-0221-3 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YbmnDgAAQBAJ&pg=PA86 |language=en}}</ref>
|-
| [[Latvian Provisional Government]]
| 1918–1920
| Now part of [[Latvia]] and [[Belarus]]
|-
| [[Free State of Schwenten]]
| rowspan="3" | 1919
| Now part of [[Poland]]
| An independent state proclaimed in 1919 with the capital in [[Świętno|Schwenten]]. The declaration of independence had defensive role as local government was aware of the [[Greater Poland uprising (1918–19)|Polish uprising in Greater Poland]]. It existed for 7 months until it joined [[Weimar Republic]].<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://bigthink.com/strange-maps/life-liberty-and-free-beer-the-short-lived-freistaat-schwenten|title=Life, Liberty, and Free Beer: the Short-lived Free State of Schwenten|last=Jacobs|first=Frank|date=June 11, 2015|website=bigthink.com|archive-url=|archive-date=|access-date=Jan 24, 2019}}</ref>
|-
| [[Crimean Socialist Soviet Republic]]
| Disputed (''de facto'' part of [[Russia]], internationally recognised as part of [[Ukraine]])
| A state allied with [[Union of Soviet Socialist Republics|Soviet Russia]] that existed in [[Crimea]] for several months in 1919 during the [[Russian Civil War]].
|-
|{{ill|Kodun State|ru|Кодунское_государство}}
|Now part of [[Russia]]
|Shortlived theocratic state in Buryatia
|-
| {{flagicon image|Labaro_Reggenza_Italiana_del_Carnaro.svg}} [[Italian Regency of Carnaro]]
| rowspan="5" | 1919–1920
| Now part of [[Croatia]]
| A self-proclaimed state in the city of Fiume (now [[Rijeka]], Croatia) led by [[Gabriele d'Annunzio]] between 1919 and 1920.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_North_Caucasian_Emirate.svg}} [[North Caucasian Emirate]]
| rowspan="3" | Now part of [[Russia]]
| A mainly [[Avars (Caucasus)|Avar]] and [[Chechen people|Chechen]] [[Islam]]ic state that existed in the territory of [[Chechnya]] and western [[Dagestan]] during the [[Russian Civil War]] from September 1919 to March 1920.  The [[emirate]]'s temporary capital was established in the village of [[Vedeno]] and its leader, [[Uzun Hajji Saltinsky]]<ref>{{cite book |last1=Coene |first1=Frederik |title=The Caucasus - An Introduction |date=16 October 2009 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-135-20302-3 |page=133 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7XuMAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22North+Caucasian+Emirate%22&pg=PA133 |access-date=9 February 2024 |language=en}}</ref> (Узун-Хаджи), was given the title "His Majesty the [[Imam]] and the [[Emir]] of the North Caucasus Emirate, [[Sheikh]] Uzun Khair [[Hajji|Haji]] Khan (Узун Хаир Хаджи Хан)".
|-
| {{flagicon image|Ingrian people.svg}} [[Republic of North Ingria]]
| The Republic of [[North Ingria]] was a state of [[Ingrian Finns]] in the southern part of the [[Karelian Isthmus]], which seceded from [[Bolshevist Russia]] after the [[October Revolution]]. Its aim was to be incorporated into [[Finland]]. It ruled parts of [[Ingria]] from 1919 until 1920. With the [[Treaty of Tartu (Finland–Russia)|Peace Treaty of Tartu]] it was re-integrated into Russia. Established -January 23, 1919. Disestablished — December 5, 1920.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Karelian National Flag.svg}} [[Republic of Uhtua]]
| The Republic of Uhtua (or the Republic of East Karelia) was an unrecognized state, with the focus of a state led by Finns. It existed from 1919 to 1920, created out of five Volosts in the Kemsky uyezd of the Arkhangelsk Governorate, now in the Republic of Karelia. The capital of the republic was the village of Uhtua (now Kalevala).
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Germany (3-2 aspect ratio).svg}} [[People's State of Reuss]]
| Now part of [[Germany]]
|The People's State of Reuss was a short-lived country in what is now Thuringia. The state was formed on 4 April 1919 after the reigning princes of the two Reuss principalities abdicated and elections were held in both states. It united with six other small states to form Thuringia, a member state of the Weimar Republic, on 1 May 1920.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Ukraine (1917–1921).svg}} [[Hutsul Republic]]
| rowspan="8" | 1919
| Now part of [[Ukraine]]
| A state formed from territory in the former [[Lands of the Crown of Saint Stephen]], it was invaded by the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]] in June 1919 and then became part of the [[First Czechoslovak Republic]]. It originally intended to join the Western Ukrainian National Republic<ref>{{cite book |last1= Magocsi |first1= Paul Robert|author-link1= Paul Magocsi |last2= Pop |first2= Ivan I. |title=Encyclopedia of Rusyn History and Culture |format= book |access-date= 22 July 2019 |date=June 2002 |publisher= University of Toronto Press|location= Toronto|isbn= 978-0-8020-3566-0|pages=[https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0000mago/page/237 237]–238 |url=https://archive.org/details/encyclopediaofru0000mago |url-access= registration |quote= Hutsul Republic. }}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Socialist red flag.svg}} [[Bavarian Soviet Republic]] and [[Bremen Soviet Republic]]
| Now part of [[Germany]]
| The Bavarian Soviet Republic, also known as the Munich Soviet Republic was, as part of the [[German Revolution of 1918–1919]], the attempt to establish a socialist state in the form of a democratic workers' council republic in the [[Free State of Bavaria (Weimar Republic)|Free State of Bavaria]]. It lasted four weeks. Another Republic that also existed for four weeks was the Bremen Soviet Republic.<ref name="Times Atlas">{{cite book|title=The Times Atlas of World History|publisher=Times Books Limited|date=1978|page=258|isbn=0-7230-0161-8}}</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Red flag.svg}} [[Slovak Soviet Republic]]
| Now part of [[Slovakia]]
| A pro-Hungarian puppet state set up by Red Guards from the Hungarian Soviet Republic in [[Upper Hungary]]. It lasted three weeks.<ref name="Times Atlas" /> After a [[Hungarian-Romanian War of 1919|brief war]] it was returned to the authority of Czechoslovakia as promised by early peace agreements.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Slovene Nation.svg}} [[Republic of Prekmurje]]
| Now part of [[Slovenia]]
| Existed for six days.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1927).svg}} [[Socialist Soviet Republic of Byelorussia]]
| Now part of [[Belarus]]
| An early republic in the historical territory of [[Belarus]] for only one month in 1919 after the collapse of the [[Russian Empire]] as a result of the [[October Revolution]].
|-
|[[Chyhyryn Soviet Republic]]
|Now part of [[Ukraine]]
|Unrecognised Soviet state during the [[Ukrainian War of Independence]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=Military Affairs in Russia's Great War and Revolution, 1914-1922, Book 3: The Russian Civil War: Military and Society |url=https://muse.jhu.edu/pub/28/edited_volume/chapter/3171161}}</ref>
|-
|{{ill|Steppe-Badzheyskaya Republic|ru|Степно-Баджейская_республика}}
|Now part of [[Russia]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag Portugal (1830).svg}} [[Monarchy of the North]]
|Now part of [[Portugal]]
|A stated that established by monarchists trying to restore the monarchy. It was crushed by the Portuguese Army.
|-
| [[Kholodny Yar Republic]]
| rowspan="3" |1919–1922
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Ukraine]]
| A [[Proto-state|self-proclaimed state]] formation, partisan movement, which ran on part of the lands of the former [[Ukrainian People's Republic]] (UPR — or Ukrainian National Republic, UNR), in the [[Chyhyryn]] district of the [[Kyiv]] province (modern [[Cherkasy Oblast]]), in the area of the Kholodny Yar forest tract. The village of Melnyky was its capital. It had a 15,000-strong army composed of peasants and soldiers from the UNR army, which was defeated by the White Army in [[Podolia]] earlier.<ref name="kholodnogoyaru15000">{{cite news|language=uk |url=https://espreso.tv/article/2020/02/09/povstannya_u_lukyanivskiy_tyurmi_yak_vidbuvsya_ostanniy_biy_otamaniv_kholodnogo_yaru |title=Uprising in Lukyanovka Prison: How the Last Battle of the Cold Yar Atamans took place |work=[[Espresso TV]] |date=9 February 2020}}</ref>
|-
|{{ill|Mliev Republic|ru|Млиевская_республика}}
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Ireland}} [[Irish Republic]]
| Now recognized as the [[Republic of Ireland]] and part of the [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland]]
| An unrecognized [[Irish nationalism|Irish nationalist]] state during the [[Irish War for Independence]] it ceased to exist following the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] which gave Southern Ireland independence as the [[Irish Free State]] while keeping [[Northern Ireland]] under [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland|British control]]. These terms caused much of the victorious [[Irish Republican Army]] to reject the treaty, leading to the [[Irish Civil War]] (1922–1923) between pro-treaty Free State forces and Anti-Treaty [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|IRA]], who viewed the dissolution of the Republic [[Irish Republic#The Irish Republic in the post-Treaty Republican tradition|as illegal]].
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Ukraine_(1917–1921).svg}} [[Medvyn rebellion|Independent Medvyn Republic]]
|1919–1921
| rowspan="3" |Now part of [[Ukraine]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic (1919–1929).svg}} [[Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
| 1919
| The [[Soviet Republics|Soviet Republic]] Ukrainian SSR existed from 1919 to 1991. It was not until 1945 when it was officially recognized as a founding member of the [[United Nations]]. It was created as another puppet state of the [[Soviet Russia]]. With the [[fall of the Soviet Union]] transitioned to [[Ukraine]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Galician SSR.svg}} [[Galician Soviet Socialist Republic]]
| rowspan="6" | 1920
| The [[Soviet Republics|Soviet Republic]] Galician SSR existed from July 8, 1920, to September 21, 1920, during the [[Polish-Soviet War]] within the area of the south-western front of the Red Army.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Karelian National Flag.svg}} [[Olonets Government of Southern Karelia]]
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Russia]]
|
|-
|[[Eastern Okraina]]
|
|-
| [[Provisional Polish Revolutionary Committee]]
| Now part of [[Poland]] and [[Belarus]]
| A revolutionary committee created under the patronage of Soviet Russia with the goal to establish a Soviet republic within Poland.
|-
|{{ill|Boyko Soviet Republic|ru|Бойковская_советская_республика}}
|Now part of [[Ukraine]]
|
|-
|{{ill|Koidanovskaya Independent Republic|ru|Койдановская_независимая_республика}}
|Now part of [[Belarus]]
|
|-
|{{flagicon|Russia}} {{ill|Republic of the Tambov Partisan Region|ru|Республика Тамбовского партизанского края}}
|1920-1921
|Now Part of [[Russia]]
|Formed during the Civil War on the territory of the former [[Russian Empire]], closer to the end of the [[Tambov Rebellion|Tambov Uprising]] 
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Central Lithuania 1920.svg}} [[Republic of Central Lithuania]]
| 1920–1922
| Now part of [[Lithuania]] and [[Belarus]]
| was a short-lived puppet republic of Poland, that existed from 1920 to 1922, without an international recognition. It was founded on 12 October 1920, after Żeligowski's Mutiny, when soldiers of the Polish Army, mainly the 1st Lithuanian–Belarusian Infantry Division under Lucjan Żeligowski, fully supported by the Polish air force, cavalry and artillery, attacked Lithuania. It was incorporated into Poland on 18 April 1922.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Karelian National Flag.svg}} [[Karelian United Government]]
| rowspan="2" | 1920–1923
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Russia]]
|
|-
|[[Karelian Labor Commune]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Banate of Leitha.svg}} [[Lajtabánság]]
| rowspan="5" | 1921
| Now part of [[Austria]] and [[Hungary]]
| State declared in the [[Burgenland]] state of Austria by [[Hungarians in Austria|ethnic Hungarians]] following the [[Treaty of Trianon]], where Hungary was forced to surrender the territory. It was ceased to exist after a month when Austria annexed it.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Albona Republic.png}} [[Labin Republic]]
| Now part of [[Croatia]]
| Republic established in [[Labin]], Croatia.
|-
| {{flagicon|Serbia|civil}} [[Serbian-Hungarian Baranya-Baja Republic]]
| Now part of [[Hungary]] and [[Croatia]]
| A [[Soviet Union|Soviet]]-minded{{vague|date=April 2015}} state set up by [[Hungarian Communist Party|Hungarian communists]] fleeing the [[White Terror (Hungary)|white terror]] following the collapse of the [[Hungarian Soviet Republic]]. It was supported by the [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Kingdom of Serbs, Croats and Slovenes]] but was quickly re-conquered by [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Mirdita Republic.gif}} [[Republic of Mirdita]]
| Now part of [[Albania]]
| Set up by [[Roman Catholicism in Albania|Albanian Catholics]] trying to break away from Albania which was a [[Islam in Albania|mainly Muslim country]]. It was backed by [[Kingdom of Yugoslavia|Yugoslavia]] but only lasted three months.
|-
| [[Life and Labor Commune]]
| Now part of [[Russia]]
|
|-
| [[Franz Josef Heinz|Autonomous Palatinate]]
| 1924
| Now part of [[Germany]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Catalan Republic (1931)|Catalan Republic]]
| 1931
| Now an autonomous community of Spain.
| Established on April 14 during the events of the proclamation of the [[Second Spanish Republic]]. Three days later, it became an autonomous government of [[Catalonia]] within Spain, the [[Autonomous Region of Catalonia (1931–1939)|Generalitat]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Asturias.svg}} [[Sovereign Council of Asturias and León|Asturias and León]]
| 1936–1937
| Now part of [[Spain]]
| Established during the [[Spanish Civil War]].
|-
|[[Aš#19th–20th centuries|Free City of Asch]]
| 1938
| Now part of the [[Czech Republic]]
| Established during the [[Sudeten German uprising]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Carpatho-Ukraine]]
| 1939
| Now part of [[Ukraine]]
| Carpatho-Ukraine was an autonomous region within [[Czechoslovakia]] from 30 December 1938 to March 15, 1939. It declared itself an independent republic on March 15, 1939, but was occupied and annexed by [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–1946)|Hungary]] between March 15 and March 18, 1939.
|-
| {{flagicon|Slovakia|1939}} [[First Slovak Republic]]
| 1939–1945
| Now part of [[Slovakia]]
| Between 1939 and 1945, First Slovak Republic was a puppet state of [[Nazi Germany]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Estonian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
| rowspan="3" | 1940–1941, 1944–1990/91
| Now part of [[Estonia]]
| rowspan="3" | The three [[puppet state]]s<ref name="Marek">{{cite book|last=Marek|first=Krystyna|title=Identity and Continuity of States in Public International Law|year=1954|publisher=Librairie Droz|isbn=9782600040440|page=475}}</ref> which, following the 1940 Soviet invasion of the three countries, were proclaimed in [[Occupation of the Baltic states|Soviet-occupied Baltic countries]] in July 1940 and annexed into the [[Soviet Union]] in August 1940. The Soviet annexation [[State continuity of the Baltic states|was not recognized]] by the majority of Western countries.
|-
| {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
| Now part of [[Latvia]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Soviet Union}} [[Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
| Now part of [[Lithuania]]
|-
| {{flag|Independent State of Croatia}}
| 1941–1945
| Now part of [[Croatia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| Affiliated with the [[Third Reich]].
|-
| {{flagicon|Ukraine}} [[Ukrainian national government (1941)|Ukrainian State Board]]
| 1941
| Now part of [[Ukraine]]
| Proclaimed restoration of Ukrainian statehood by the [[Organization of Ukrainian Nationalists]] after the occupation of Lviv by Nazi Germany which immediately suppressed it.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Russian_Liberation_People's_Army.svg}} [[Lokot Autonomy]]
| 1941–1942
| Now part of [[Russia]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Ukraine}} {{interlanguage link|Ukrainian Independent United State|uk|Українська Самостійна Соборна Держава}}
| 1941–1949
| Now part of [[Ukraine]] and [[Poland]]
| Territories of Western Ukraine, controlled by [[Ukrainian Insurgent Army]] during the [[World War II]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Yugoslav Partisans flag 1945.svg}} [[Republic of Užice]]
| 1941
| Now part of [[Serbia]]
| Area briefly liberated by [[Yugoslav partisans]] after the [[Invasion of Yugoslavia]]; it was retaken by the German Army during the [[First anti-Partisan offensive]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Aromanians_in_Paris_Peace_Conference.svg}} [[Principality of the Pindus]]
| 1941–1943
| Now part of [[Greece]]
| Second attempt at an [[Aromanians|Aromanian]] [[Aromanian nationalism|State]]
|-
| {{flagicon image|Yugoslav Partisans flag 1945.svg}} [[Bihać Republic]]
| 1942–1943
| Now part of [[Croatia]] and [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| Area liberated by Yugoslav partisans before being recaptured by the German Army.
|-
| {{flagicon|Italy}} [[Italian Social Republic]]
| 1943–1945
| Now part of [[Italy]]
| German-dominated [[puppet state]] under Benito Mussolini, formed in the North of Italy after the Italian King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]] signed an armistice with the Allies.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Belarus_(1918,_1991–1995).svg}} [[Belarusian Central Rada]]
| 1943–1944
| Now part of [[Belarus]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Greece_(1822-1978).svg}} [[Political Committee of National Liberation|Mountain Government]]
| rowspan="6" | 1944
| Now part of [[Greece]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Free Republic of Vercors.svg}} [[Free Republic of Vercors]]
| Now part of [[France]]
| On 3 July 1944, the Free Republic of Vercors was proclaimed, the first democratic territory in France since the beginning of the German occupation in 1940. The republic ceased to exist before the end of the month.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg}} [[Republic of Alto Monferrato]]
| rowspan="2" |Now part of [[Italy]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Italian_Committee_of_National_Liberation.svg}} [[Republic of Bobbio]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_IMRO.svg}} [[Independent Macedonia (1944)|Independent Macedonia]]
|Part of [[North Macedonia]], [[Serbia]] and [[Kosovo]]
|
|-
|[[Second Republic of Pińczów]]
|Now part of [[Poland]]
|Region in [[Świętokrzyskie Voivodeship]] liberated by joint forces of Polish Resistance formations: [[Armia Krajowa|Home Army]], [[Armia Ludowa|People's Army]] and [[Bataliony Chłopskie|Peasants' Battalions]], during a period from July to August 1944.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Ważniewski|first=Władysław|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=UGNKAAAAIAAJ&q=%22Republika+Pi%C5%84czowska%22+1944|title=Bój o Republikę Pińczowską 1944|date=1972|publisher=Wydawn. Ministerstwa Obrony Narodowej|language=pl}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Kozera|first=Andrzej|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=eSg6AAAACAAJ&q=Wspomnienia+partyzant%C3%B3w+Republiki+Pi%C5%84czowskiej|title=Wspomnienia partyzantów Republiki Pińczowskiej 1944|date=2004|publisher=U Poety|isbn=978-83-89027-17-7|language=pl}}</ref>
|-
|[[Red Republic of Caulonia]]
|1945
| rowspan="2" |Now part of Italy
|Shortlived Socialist State
|-
| [[Reggio revolt|Republic of Sbarre Centrali]]
| 1970–1971
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Turkey.svg}} [[Autonomous Turkish Cypriot Administration]]
|1974–1975
| rowspan="2" |Now ''de facto'' part of [[Northern Cyprus]], internationally recognised as part of [[Cyprus]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Turkey.svg}} [[Turkish Federated State of Cyprus]]
| 1975–1983
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Gagauz people.svg|link=Gagauz Republic}}{{flagicon image|Flag of the Gagauz Republic (Variant).svg|link=Gagauz Republic}} [[Gagauz Republic]]
| 1989–1995
| Now part of [[Moldova]]
| The Gagauz people were in general uncomfortable with the potential [[Unification of Moldova and Romania|unification]] between Moldova and [[Romania]]. Thus, the Gagauz Republic declared itself as separate from Moldova. It was later reintegrated into Moldova as an autonomous region in 1995.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic (1952–1990).svg}} [[Pridnestrovian Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic]]
|1990–1992
| Now ''de facto'' independent as [[Transnistria]], internationally recognised as part of [[Moldova]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Tatarstan.svg}} [[Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic]] later [[Republic of Tatarstan]]
| 1990–2002
| Now part of [[Russia]]
| On August 30, 1990, Tatarstan declared its sovereignty with the Declaration on the State Sovereignty of the Tatar Soviet Socialist Republic and in 1992 Tatarstan held a referendum on the new constitution. Some 62% of those who took part voted in favor of the constitution. In the 1992 Tatarstan Constitution, Tatarstan is defined as a Sovereign State. However, the referendum and constitution were declared unconstitutional by the Russian Constitutional Court. Articles 1 and 3 of the Constitution as introduced in 2002 define Tatarstan as a part of the Russian Federation, removing the "sovereignty" term.
|-
| [[Republic of Vevčani]]
| 1991–1993
|Now part of [[North Macedonia]]
|
|-
| {{flag|Chechen Republic of Ichkeria}}
| 1991–2000
|Now part of [[Russia]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Serbian Krajina}} [[Republic of Serbian Krajina]]
| 1991–1995
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Croatia]]
| rowspan="2" | Suppressed by [[Croatia]].
|-
| {{flagicon image|Флаг Дубровницкой республики (1991).png}} [[Dubrovnik Republic (1991)|Dubrovnik Republic]]
| rowspan="2" | 1991–1992
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Republika_Srpska.svg}} [[SAO Romanija]]
| Now part of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Kosova (1991–1999).svg}} [[Republic of Kosova]]
| 1991–1999
| Now [[Kosovo]]
| After [[United Nations Interim Administration Mission in Kosovo]] became the republic of [[Kosovo]]
|-
| {{flagicon|Kurdistan}} [[Kurdish Republic of Lachin|Kurdish Republic of Laçin]]
| 1992
| Now [[Azerbaijan]]
| {{see also|Kurdistan uezd}}<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Kemper|first1=Michael|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QYmsAgAAQBAJ&dq=%22Republic+of+La%C3%A7in%22&pg=PA92|title=The Heritage of Soviet Oriental Studies|last2=Conermann|first2=Stephan|date=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-136-83854-5|pages=92|language=|quote=In 1992 the area of Laçin was occupied by Armeian forces; a "Kurdish Republic of Laçin" was subsequently declared by local Kurds, but this remained a rather short-lived - not to say stillborn - adventure}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flagicon|Tatarstan}} [[Tatarstan|Republic of Tatarstan]]
| 1992–1994
| Now part of [[Russia]]
| Now part of Russia
|-
| {{flagicon|Herzeg-Bosnia}} [[Croatian Republic of Herzeg-Bosnia]]
| 1992–1996
| rowspan="2" | Now part of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| Suppressed by [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]].
|-
| {{flag|Republika Srpska}}
| rowspan="2" | 1992–1995
| Transformed into an entity of Bosnia and Herzegovina, covering 50% of the land with 90%+ ethnic Serbs.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Crimea.svg}} [[Republic of Crimea (1992-1995)|Republic of Crimea]]
| Disputed (''de facto'' part of [[Russia]], internationally recognised as part of [[Ukraine]])
| Rejoined Ukraine to become [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]]
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Republic_Ilirida.png}} [[Ilirida]]
| 1992 and 2014
| Now part of [[North Macedonia]]
| Short-lived attempt at an Albanian state
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Talysh_National_Movement.svg}} [[Talysh-Mughan Autonomous Republic]]
| 1993
| Now part of [[Azerbaijan]]
| Short-lived attempt at autonomy.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of AP Western Bosnia (1993-1995).svg}} [[Republic of Western Bosnia]]
| 1993–1995
| Now part of [[Bosnia and Herzegovina]]
| The Autonomous Province of Western Bosnia, existed during the [[Bosnian War]]. Its leader was later convicted of war crimes.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the Republic of Eastern Slavonia - Baranja - and Western Syrmia.svg}} [[Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia (1995–98)|Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia]]
| 1995–1998
| Now part of [[Croatia]]
| The UN gives Eastern Slavonia, Baranja and Western Syrmia to Croatia.
|-
| {{Flagicon|Tatarstan}} [[Tatarstan]]
| 2008
| Now part of [[Russia]]
| Declared in response to the recognition of Abkhazia and South Ossetia by Russia.<ref>{{cite web | url=http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-183351 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140330111914/http://ireport.cnn.com/docs/DOC-183351 | archive-date=2014-03-30 | title=THE DECLARATION OF INDEPENDENCE OF TATARSTAN – CNN iReport }}</ref>
|-
|[[Odesa People's Republic]]
|2014
| rowspan="3" | Now part of [[Ukraine]]
| This republic was declared by an internet group on 16 April, but local Antimaidan protesters said they had not made such a declaration. Unlike in Kharkiv, Donetsk, and Luhansk, pro-Russian protesters in Odesa said they wanted Odesa to be an autonomous region within Ukraine, rather than to join Russia. On 28 October, the SBU said they had foiled a plot to create a People's Republic in the region. They found a munitions cache, and arrested members of an alleged separatist group. They also said that Russian intelligence and security services were behind the plot.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of the Kharkov People's Republic.svg}} [[2014 pro-Russian unrest in Ukraine|Kharkiv People's Republic]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/20140523/|title=Historical Atlas of Europe (23 May 2014): Donbass Rebellion|first=Rick|last=Westera|website=Omniatlas|access-date=11 February 2022|archive-date=12 February 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220212011525/https://omniatlas.com/maps/europe/20140523/|url-status=live}}</ref>
|2014
| The Kharkiv People's Republic was a short lived republic proclaimed on 7 April by protesters occupying the RSA building. However, later that day, Ukrainian special forces retook the building, thereby ending the control the protesters had over the building.
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Flag of the Cossack Republic of Stakhanov.svg}} [[Republic of Stakhanov]]
|2015
| Anti-[[Minsk agreements]] quasi-state declared within the Luhansk People's Republic.
|-
| {{flagicon|Crimea}} [[Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea|Republic of Crimea]]
| [[Republic of Crimea (2014 Breakaway State)|2014]]
| rowspan="4" |Disputed (''de facto'' part of [[Russia]], internationally recognised as part of [[Ukraine]])
| As part of the [[Annexation of Crimea by the Russian Federation]], on 17 March 2014 following the official announcement of the [[2014 Crimean status referendum|Crimean status referendum]] results, the [[Supreme Council of Crimea]] declared the formal [[Declaration of Independence of the Republic of Crimea|independence of the ''Republic of Crimea'']], comprising the territories of both the [[Autonomous Republic of Crimea]] and the city of [[Sevastopol]].<ref name="res1745">{{cite web|url=http://www.rada.crimea.ua/act/11748 |script-title=ru:Постановление ГС РК № 1745-6/14 – О независимости Крыма |trans-title=Resolution State Council Republic of Crimea № 1745-6/14 – On the independence of Crimea |language=ru |publisher=rada.crimea.ua |date=17 March 2014 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140319060200/http://www.rada.crimea.ua/act/11748 |archive-date=19 March 2014|access-date=31 October 2017}}</ref> Russia officially recognised the Republic of Crimea 'as a sovereign and independent state' by [[Decree of the President of Russia|decree]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20596|agency=Kremlin|title=Executive Order on recognising Republic of Crimea|date=17 March 2014|access-date=31 October 2017|archive-date=8 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150508172248/http://en.kremlin.ru/events/president/news/20596|url-status=live}}</ref> before approving the admission of Crimea and Sevastopol as [[federal subjects of Russia]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?92062 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140318095051/http://pravo.gov.ru:8080/page.aspx?92062 |archive-date=2014-03-18 |title=Распоряжение Президента Российской Федерации от 17 March 2014 № 63-рп "О подписании Договора между Российской Федерацией и Республикой Крым о принятии в Российскую Федерацию Республики Крым и образовании в составе Российской Федерации новых субъектов" |url-status=dead |access-date=31 October 2017}} at [[:ru:Официальный интернет-портал правовой информации|http://www.pravo.gov.ru]] {{in lang|ru}}</ref>
|-
| {{Flag|Novorossiya}} ({{Flaglist|Donetsk People's Republic}}/{{Flaglist|Luhansk People's Republic}})
| 2014–2015
| Due to non-resolution to the [[war in Donbas]], although [[Minsk Protocol]]/[[Minsk II]] are in effect. Both states attempted to form an unrecognised Confederation-like union known as [[Novorossiya (confederation)|Novorossiya]] based on a [[Novorossiya|historical Russian region of the same name]]. This project was suspended however in 2015, and reverted as allied rebellious separatist [[People's republic|People's Republic]]s from Ukraine as since, up until [[Russian invasion of Ukraine]], where later that year, these were (illegally) annexed by Russian Federation.
|-
|{{Flaglist|Donetsk People's Republic|short=Donetsk}}
| rowspan="2" |2014–2022
|The Donetsk People's Republic existed during the Russo-Ukrainian War, proclaimed on 7 April and designated as a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist organisation]] by Ukraine in May 2014. On 30 September 2022, Russia's president [[Vladimir Putin]] announced [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions]].
|-
|{{Flaglist|Luhansk People's Republic|short=Luhansk}}
|The Luhansk People's Republic, existed during the Russo-Ukrainian War, proclaimed on 27 April and designated as a [[List of designated terrorist groups|terrorist organisation]] by Ukraine in May 2014. On 30 September 2022, Russia's president [[Vladimir Putin]] announced [[Russian annexation of Donetsk, Kherson, Luhansk and Zaporizhzhia oblasts|the annexation of Ukraine's Donetsk, Luhansk, Kherson and Zaporizhzhia regions]].
|-
| {{hs|Catalonia}} {{flagicon|Catalonia}} [[Catalan declaration of independence|Catalan Republic]]
| [[2017 Catalan independence referendum|2017]]
| Now part of [[Spain]]
| The Autonomous Community of Catalonia of the [[Kingdom of Spain]], put forth an unrecognized referendum without democratic guarantees that resulted in a majority of "yes",<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.govern.cat/pres_gov/govern/ca/monografics/303541/govern-trasllada-resultats-definitius-referendum-l1-doctubre-parlament-catalunya.html |date=2 October 2017 |title=Government of Catalonia referendum results |work=Govern de la Generalitat |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171006212613/http://www.govern.cat/pres_gov/govern/ca/monografics/303541/govern-trasllada-resultats-definitius-referendum-l1-doctubre-parlament-catalunya.html |language=ca |access-date=October 3, 2017|archive-date=2017-10-06 }}</ref> a declaration of independence was passed in parliament, but it was suspended by parliament itself later to allow negotiations. Some claim eight seconds after it was declared.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/politica/Puigdemont-independencia-Catalunya-mediacion-internacional_0_695730833.html |title=Puigdemont suspende la declaración de independencia para buscar el diálogo |work=El Diario |language=es |date=10 October 2017 |access-date=7 December 2018 |archive-date=9 December 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181209123738/https://www.eldiario.es/catalunya/politica/Puigdemont-independencia-Catalunya-mediacion-internacional_0_695730833.html |url-status=live }}</ref> The Spanish government has effectively since disbanded the self-proclaimed republic, and announced a [[2017 Catalan regional election|new regional election]] instead. Some of the Catalan leadership went to jail according to the [[Spanish Constitution of 1978]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49974289 |date=14 October 2019 |title=Spain court gives Catalan leaders long jail terms |work=BBC |language=en |access-date=14 October 2019 |archive-date=12 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191112224952/https://www.bbc.com/news/world-europe-49974289 |url-status=live }}</ref>
In June 2021, the nine jailed leaders were pardoned. Prime Minister Pedro Sánchez said that he pardoned them because it was the best decision for Spain and Catalonia, but did not overturn their bans from holding public office.<ref>{{Cite news |last=Jones |first=Sam |date=2021-06-22 |title=Spanish government pardons nine jailed Catalan leaders |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2021/jun/22/spanish-government-pardons-nine-jailed-catalan-leaders |access-date=2024-12-18 |work=The Guardian |language=en-GB |issn=0261-3077}}</ref>
|}

== Oceania ==

=== 19th century ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
! width=190px|Name
! Period
! class="unsortable"|Today
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of the United Tribes of New Zealand.svg}} [[United Tribes of New Zealand]]
| 1835–1840
| Now part of [[New Zealand]]
| Independence declared by British [[Resident (title)|Resident]] [[James Busby]] and northern [[Māori people|Māori]] tribal leaders as an attempt to safeguard British claims against French territorial expansion. Led to a formal treaty (the [[Treaty of Waitangi]]) between Māori leaders and the British crown in 1840.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Kingdom_of_Fiji_(1871-1874).svg}} [[Kingdom of Fiji]]
| 1852–1871
|Now recognized
|Created by Fijian chief [[Seru Epenisa Cakobau|Seru Cakobau]], who styled himself the king of Fiji. His claim was not recognized by the other chiefs of Fiji, leading to almost 20 years of warfare until Cakobau finally succeeded in unifying the island.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Dutrou-Bornier Flag.jpg}} [[Kingdom of Easter Island]]
|1868–1876
| rowspan="2" |Now part of [[Chile]]
|Formed by French sailor [[Jean-Baptiste Dutrou-Bornier]], who bought up much of the severely depopulated Easter Island, and declared his indigenous wife to be its Queen. The kingdom ceased to exist after Dutrou-Bornier's death, with a remaining population of only 111 people.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Easter Island flag 1876 to 1888.svg}} [[Kingdom of Rapa Nui]]
|1888–1914
|An independence movement in [[Rapa nui|Rapa Nui]] (Easter Island). Due to a misunderstanding in the Chilean treaty of annexation, the islanders believed they retained their sovereignty. King [[Riro Kāinga]] attempted to negotiate the island's continued sovereignty with Chile, but died under mysterious circumstances. Several other Rapa Nuians declared themselves kings, such as [[Enrique Ika]], [[Moisés Tuʻu Hereveri]], and [[Angata|María Angata]]
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Raiatea.svg}} [[Kingdom of Raiatea|Kingdom of Raiatea–Tahaa]]
|1888–1897
| rowspan="3" |Now part of [[French Polynesia]]
|A [[Polynesians|Polynesian]] kingdom that resisted the [[France|French]] [[annexation of the Leeward Islands]]. The King of Raiatea, [[Tamatoa VI]], requested a French protectorate, but many of the lesser chiefs refused to comply with French authority and deposed Tamatoa. This led to a resistance government being set up with Queen [[Tuarii]] installed on the throne.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Huahine.svg}} [[Kingdom of Huahine]]
|1888–1894
|A Polynesian kingdom that resisted the French annexation of the Leeward Islands. Queen [[Tehaapapa II]] acquiesced to French annexation, and like in Raiatea, an anti-French insurrection rose up to rally around a rebel government with the Queen's daughter, [[Teuhe]], installed on the throne.
|-
|{{flagicon image|Flag of Bora Bora.svg}} [[Kingdom of Bora Bora]]
|1888–1895
|A Polynesian kingdom that resisted the French annexation of the Leeward Islands. Unlike in Raiatea and Huahine, Bora Bora remained officially neutral, but due to the war in the rest of the Leewards Islands, the French weren't able to take control over the kingdom until 1895.
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Franceville.svg}} [[Franceville, New Hebrides|Independent Commune of Franceville]]
| 1889–1890
| Now part of [[Vanuatu]]
| Its independence guaranteed by France, this community of Melanesian natives and European settlers experimented with universal suffrage until France and Britain intervened in the New Hebrides.<ref>"Wee, Small Republics: A Few Examples of Popular Government", ''Hawaiian Gazette'', Nov 1, 1895, p 1</ref>
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Hawaii (1896).svg}} [[Provisional Government of Hawaii]]
| 1893–1894
| rowspan="2" | Now part of the [[United States]]<ref name="ksbe.edu">{{cite web | url=https://www.ksbe.edu/article/the-truth-behind-the-illegal-overthrow-of-the-hawaiian-kingdom/ | title=The truth behind the overthrow of the Hawaiian Kingdom | access-date=2022-08-14 | archive-date=2022-08-14 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220814162852/https://www.ksbe.edu/article/the-truth-behind-the-illegal-overthrow-of-the-hawaiian-kingdom/ | url-status=live }}</ref>
| 
|-
| {{flagicon image|Flag of Hawaii (1896).svg}} [[Republic of Hawaii]]
| 1894–1898
|
|}

=== 20th and 21st centuries ===
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|-
! Name
! Period
! class="unsortable"|Today
! class="unsortable"|Notes
|-
|[[Sokehs rebellion|Sokeh]]
|1910-1911
|Now part of [[Federated States of Micronesia]]
|
|-
| {{Flagicon image|Morning_Star_flag.svg}} [[Republic of West Papua]]
| 1961–1962, 1971, 1988
| Now part of [[Indonesia]]
| Many West Papuans demanded a new referendum on the region's status because only around 1,000 of almost 1 million Papuans were consulted in the [[Act of Free Choice]], when West Papua was absorbed into Indonesia. Both West Papuan insurgents and Indonesian military have committed acts of violence against civilians, including an incident in the late 1960s where Indonesian personnel forced 50 men to dig their own grave before killing them.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.freewestpapua.org/info/history-of-west-papua/ | title=History of West Papua }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.hrw.org/reports/2001/papua/PAPUA0701-03.htm | title=Indonesia: Violence and Political Impasse in Papua - the Context: Emergence of the Independence Movement and the Government's Response }}</ref>
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Vemerana.svg}} [[Coconut War|State of Vemerana]]
|1980
|Now part of [[Vanuatu]]
|Lasted about 12 weeks. The rebels blockaded [[Santo-Pekoa International Airport]], destroyed two bridges, and declared the independence of [[Espiritu Santo]] island as the "[[State of Vemerana]]".
|-
|{{Flagicon image|Flag_of_Rotuma_(1987-1988).svg}} [[Republic of Rotuma]]
|1987-1988
|Now part of [[Fiji]]
|
|-
| {{flagicon|Bougainville}} [[Autonomous Region of Bougainville|Bougainville Interim Government]]
| 1990–1998
| Now part of [[Papua New Guinea]]
| Signed a peace deal with [[Papua New Guinea]] giving the island autonomy pending an independence referendum within a decade.
|}

== See also ==
* [[List of states with limited recognition]]
* [[List of former sovereign states]]
* [[List of historical separatist movements]]
* [[List of micronations]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:historical unrecognized states and dependencies, List of}}
[[Category:Former unrecognized countries|*]]
[[Category:Lists of former countries|Historical unrecognized countries, list of]]
[[Category:Proposed countries|*]]
[[Category:Lists of non-sovereign nations|Historical]]