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{{hatnote|This article provides an overview of the topic and lists all records up to the year 1900. For later records, see [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)]] and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)]]. For a list of colossal squid encounters, see [[List of colossal squid specimens and sightings]].}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2020}}
[[File:Logy Bay giant squid, 1873.jpg|thumb|upright=1.55|The earliest known photograph of an intact giant squid, showing the arms, tentacles and [[Mouth|buccal]] region of the head (including [[cephalopod beak|beak]]) of a specimen from [[Logy Bay]], [[Newfoundland]] ([[#30]] on this list), draped over Reverend [[Moses Harvey]]'s sponge bath, November or December 1873. Harvey wrote in his journal: "I knew that I had in my possession what all the [[wikt:savant|savants]] in the world did not […] what the museums in the world did not contain […] A photograph could not lie and would silence the [[wikt:gainsayer|gainsayers]]".<ref>[[#Frank2014|Frank, 2014:246]]; [[#Offord2016|Offord, 2016]]</ref> The photograph includes contemporaneous annotations by zoologist [[Addison Emery Verrill]], including a 1-foot scale bar (top left) and detailed [[Marginalia|marginal notes]].{{refn|group=nb|name=marginalia|Verrill's marginal annotations read as follows: "''Architeuthis monachus'' (No. 5) Logie Bay, N. Foundland about {{frac|1|8}} natural size between {{frac|1|8}} and {{frac|1|9}}. The tub is 38 {{frac|1|2}} inches [{{convert|38.5|in|cm|disp=output only}}] in diameter and circular. Harvey (?) letter. Some of the suckers are broken off on the short arms. They alternate in two regular rows. On the club of the long arm there is a marginal row of small suckers on each side alternating with the large ones. One sucker gone on this long arm."<ref>[[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich, 1991:459]]</ref>}}]]
This '''list of giant squid specimens and sightings''' is a comprehensive timeline of recorded human encounters with members of the [[genus]] ''[[Giant squid|Architeuthis]]'', popularly known as [[giant squid]]. It includes animals that were caught by fishermen, found washed ashore, recovered (in whole or in part) from [[sperm whale]]s and other predatory species, as well as those reliably sighted at sea. The list also covers specimens incorrectly assigned to the genus ''Architeuthis'' in original descriptions or later publications.
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== Background ==
[[File:Alecton giant squid 1861.png|thumb|left|[[French corvette Alecton|French corvette ''Alecton'']] attempts to capture a giant squid in 1861 ([[#18]]). This incident almost certainly inspired the depiction of the giant squid in [[Jules Verne]]'s 1870 novel ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]''.<ref name=":3">[[#Aldrich1978|Aldrich, 1978]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:79]], [[#Ellis2005|2005:143–144]]</ref>]]

=== History of discovery ===
Tales of giant squid have been common among mariners since ancient times, but the animals were long considered [[Legendary creature|mythical]] and often associated with the [[kraken]] of [[Nordic legend]].<ref>[[#Rees1949|Rees, 1949]]; [[#SalvadorTomotani2014|Salvador & Tomotani, 2014]]; [[#Hogenboom2014|Hogenboom, 2014]]</ref> The giant squid did not gain widespread scientific acceptance until specimens became available to zoologists in the second half of the 19th century, beginning with the [[species description|formal naming]] of ''Architeuthis dux'' by [[Japetus Steenstrup]] in 1857, from fragmentary [[The Bahamas|Bahamian]] material collected two years earlier ([[#14]] on this list).<ref>[[#Steenstrup1857|Steenstrup, 1857:183]]; [[Valid name (zoology)|validated]] in [[#Harting1860|Harting, 1860:11]]</ref>{{refn|group=nb|name=Smith|A number of naturalists had become convinced of the existence of giant [[cephalopod]]s even prior to Steenstrup's writings.<ref>[[#Kent1874c|Kent, 1874c:116–117]]; [[#Paxton2018|Paxton, 2018:56]]</ref> One example was American naturalist and physician [[Samuel L. Mitchill]], who brought together numerous reports of such animals in letters published in his journal, ''[[The Medical Repository]]'', in the 1810s.<ref>[[#Mitchill1813|Mitchill, 1813]], [[#Mitchill1815|1815]]; see also response from [[#Lee1819|Lee, 1819]]</ref> Another early proponent was Hamilton Smith, [[Fellow of the Royal Society|F.R.S.]], who examined a beak and other parts of an "enormous [[cuttlefish|Sepia]]" preserved at the Museum of Haarlem (now [[Teylers Museum]]) and presented his findings to the [[British Association for the Advancement of Science]] in 1841.<ref>[[#Smith1842a|Smith, 1842a:73]], [[#Smith1842b|b:85]]; [[#Earle1977|Earle, 1977:20]]</ref> Prior to acquiring material evidence in the 1850s, Steenstrup himself came to accept the existence of giant ten-limbed cephalopods based solely on textual sources (see [[#2]] and [[#7|7]]), writing in 1849: "Whether we could get further than to realize that it is one of the [[Decapodiformes|Decapod]] forms of the [[Linnaean taxonomy|Linnean]] genus [[Sepia (genus)|Sepia]] will depend on whether such a form will later be washed ashore" (translated from the original Danish).<ref>[[#Steenstrup1849|Steenstrup, 1849:952/[10]]]</ref> The existence of giant squid was also known to [[sperm whaler]]s, who would occasionally witness their quarry regurgitating large fragments of these animals.<ref>[[#Schwediawer1783|Schwediawer, 1783:236]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:5]], [[#Ellis2005|2005:148]]</ref> [[Herman Melville]] devoted a short chapter to the giant squid in his 1851 novel ''[[Moby-Dick]]'', several years before its formal scientific recognition by Steenstrup.<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:5, 133–134]]; [[#King2019|King, 2019:142]]</ref> Though a work of fiction, the novel has been described as including "the best description ever written of nineteenth-century [[Yankee whaling]]", with natural history accounts "as accurate as any nineteenth-century biologist's", and was partly informed by Melville's own experience on the whaling ship ''Acushnet''.<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:133]]</ref> Charles Paxton has argued that the idea that naturalists prior to Steenstrup generally rejected the existence of giant cephalopods<ref>see e.g. [[#Earle1977|Earle, 1977:20–21]]</ref> is erroneous and originates in part from [[Bernard Heuvelmans]]'s "rather odd" telling of the giant squid's history in his ''In the Wake of the Sea-Serpents''<ref>[[#Heuvelmans1968|Heuvelmans, 1968]]</ref> and that, on the contrary, their reality was widely accepted, at least among the British zoological community, though the danger posed to ships (as claimed by authors such as [[Pierre Denys de Montfort]]<ref>[[#deMontfort1801|de Montfort, 1801]]; see [[#Freeman2017|Freeman, 2017:55]]</ref>) was doubted.<ref name=Paxton2018>[[#Paxton2018|Paxton, 2018:56–57]]</ref> [[Joseph Banks]], president of the [[Royal Society]] for more than 41 years and described by Paxton as "surely the personification of the scientific establishment in early 19th century Britain", was himself well acquainted with large squid, having eaten one (likely ''[[Taningia danae]]'') in [[squid soup|soup form]] on 3 March 1769, during [[James Cook]]'s [[First voyage of James Cook|first voyage to the Pacific]].<ref name=Paxton2018_56>[[#Paxton2018|Paxton, 2018:56]]</ref> In 1783, Banks presented at the Royal Society an important early paper on [[ambergris]] by the London-based German physician Franz Xavier Schwediawer, in which was recounted an observation made by fishermen some ten years earlier of a sperm whale that had in its mouth an incomplete cephalopod tentacle nearly {{convert|27|ft|m|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=Schwediawercomment>[[#Schwediawer1783|Schwediawer, 1783:236–237]]; [[#Paxton2018|Paxton, 2018:56]]</ref> To Schwediawer, this corroborated "the common saying of the fishermen, that the cuttle-fish is the largest fish of the ocean".<ref name=Schwediawercomment /> Schwediawer's footnote would be cited "uncritically" in subsequent works, such as Thomas Beale's influential ''The Natural History of the Sperm Whale'' of 1839.<ref name=Paxton2018_56 />}} In the same work, Steenstrup also named a second species, ''Architeuthis monachus'', based on a preserved [[cephalopod beak|beak]], the only part saved from a carcass that washed ashore in [[Denmark]] in 1853  ([[#13]]).<ref>[[#Steenstrup1857|Steenstrup, 1857:184]]; [[Valid name (zoology)|validated]] in [[#Harting1860|Harting, 1860:11]]</ref> The giant squid came to public prominence in 1861 when the [[French corvette Alecton|French corvette ''Alecton'']] encountered a live animal ([[#18]]) at the surface while navigating near [[Tenerife]]. A report of the incident filed by the ship's captain<ref>[[#Bouyer1861|Bouyer, 1861]]</ref> was almost certainly seen by [[Jules Verne]] and adapted by him for the description of the monstrous squid in his 1870 novel, ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]''.<ref name=":3"/>

[[File:Giant squid tentacle saved by Moses Harvey.jpg|thumb|upright=1.8|The {{convert|19|ft|m|adj=on}} tentacle that Newfoundland fisherman Theophilus Picot hacked off a live animal ([[#29]]) on 26 October 1873<ref>[[#Harvey1874a|Harvey, 1874a]]</ref>]]
The giant squid's existence was established beyond doubt only in the 1870s, with the appearance of an extraordinary number of complete specimens—both dead and alive—in [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]] waters (beginning with [[#21]]).<ref>[[#Lee1875|Lee, 1875:111]]; [[#Earle1977|Earle, 1977]]; [[#Muntz1995|Muntz, 1995]]; [[#McConvey2015b|McConvey, 2015b]]</ref> These were meticulously documented in a series of papers by [[Yale University|Yale]] zoologist [[Addison Emery Verrill]].<ref>[[#Coe1929|Coe, 1929:36]]; [[#GEVerrill1958|G.E. Verrill, 1958:69]]</ref>{{refn|group=nb|name=Verrill|[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:86)]] described Verrill as someone with "an almost limitless capacity for work", who "began publishing papers on these specimens almost as fast as they came in". The full list of Verrill's publications on the Newfoundland strandings of 1870–1881 is as follows: [[#Verrill1874a|Verrill 1874a]], [[#Verrill1874b|b]], [[#Verrill1875a|1875a]], [[#Verrill1875b|b]], [[#Verrill1875c|c]], [[#Verrill1876|1876]], [[#Verrill1877|1877]], [[#Verrill1878|1878]], [[#Verrill1880a|1880a]], [[#Verrill1880b|b]], [[#Verrill1881a|1881a]], [[#Verrill1881b|b]], [[#Verrill1882a|1882a]], [[#Verrill1882c|c]].}} Two of these Newfoundland specimens, both from 1873, were particularly significant as they were among the earliest to be photographed: first a single severed tentacle—hacked off a live animal as it "[[cephalopod attack|attacked]]" a fishing boat ([[#29]])<ref>[[#Murray1874b|Murray, 1874b:121]]</ref>—and weeks later an intact animal in two parts ([[#30]]).{{refn|group=nb|name=photos|The Logy Bay specimen of 25 ?November 1873 ([[#30]]) was the first ''complete'' giant squid to be photographed,<ref name=first>[[#Offord2016|Offord, 2016]]; [[#Keartes2016|Keartes, 2016]]</ref> albeit in two parts and across two frames.<ref>[[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich, 1991:458]]</ref> Although cited by [[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich (1991:459)]] as "the first photographs of an architeuthid in North America", the specimen directly preceding it chronologically (by almost exactly a month; [[#29]] from Portugal Cove) was also photographed, though here only a severed tentacle—the only part saved—was imaged. [[Woodcut]]s prepared from this latter photograph appeared in a number of periodicals of the time, including ''The Field'' and ''[[The Annals and Magazine of Natural History]]''.<ref>[[#Harvey1874a|Harvey, 1874a:68]]; [[#Verrill1875a|Verrill, 1875a:34]]</ref> The giant squid found beached on [[Île Saint-Paul]] on 2 November 1874 ([[#33]]) was another early specimen to be photographed.<ref name=":4">[[#Wright1878|Wright, 1878:329]]</ref> Perhaps the earliest of all was the beak of the October 1871 specimen ([[#22]]) from the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]], whose photograph was taken some time after its discovery but already mentioned in February 1873 by [[#Packard1873|Packard (1873:92)]].}} The head and limbs of this latter specimen were famously shown draped over the sponge bath of [[Moses Harvey]], a local clergyman, essayist, and amateur naturalist.<ref>[[#Aldrich1987|Aldrich, 1987:109]]; [[#Frank2014|Frank, 2014]]</ref> Harvey secured and reported widely on both of these important specimens—as well as numerous others (most notably the [[Catalina, Newfoundland and Labrador|Catalina]] specimen of 1877; [[#42]])—and it was largely through his efforts that giant squid became known to [[North America]]n and [[United Kingdom|British]] zoologists.<ref>[[#HattonHarvey1883|Hatton & Harvey, 1883:238–243]]; [[#Aldrich1987|Aldrich, 1987:115]], [[#Aldrich1994|1994]]</ref>{{refn|group=nb|name=Harveyessays|According to Harvey's entry in the ''[[Dictionary of Canadian Biography]]'', written by giant squid expert [[Frederick Aldrich]], "[a]t least ten per cent of his essays deal with [the giant] squid".<ref>[[#Aldrich1994|Aldrich, 1994]]</ref>}} Recognition of ''Architeuthis'' as a real animal led to the reappraisal of earlier reports of gigantic tentacled sea creatures, with some of these subsequently being accepted as records of giant squid, the earliest stretching back to at least the 17th century.<ref>[[#Ellis1994a|Ellis, 1994a:379]], [[#Ellis1998a|1998a:257]]; [[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper, 2001:[27]]]</ref>

{{quote box|width=33%|align=right|quote=I confess that until I saw and measured this enormous limb, I doubted the accuracy of some early observations which this specimen alone would suffice to prove worthy of confidence. The existence of gigantic cephalopods is no longer an open question. I, now, more than ever, appreciate the value of the adage: "Truth is stranger than fiction."|source=—[[Henry Lee (naturalist)|Henry Lee]], referring to an arm of uncertain provenance ([[#27]]) at the [[British Museum (Natural History)]] that was examined by him in May 1873, from the concluding lines of his 1875 book ''The Octopus; or, the "devil-fish" of fiction and of fact''.<ref name=":5">[[#Lee1875|Lee, 1875:114]]</ref>}}

For a time in the late 19th century, almost every major specimen of which material was saved was described as a new species.<ref>[[#Nesis2001|Nesis, 2001]]</ref> In all, [[#Type specimens|some twenty species names]] were coined.<ref name=":6">[[#SweeneyYoung2003|Sweeney & Young, 2003]]</ref> However, there is no widely agreed basis for distinguishing between the named species, and both morphological and genetic data point to the existence of a single, globally distributed species, which according to the [[principle of priority]] must be known by the earliest [[available name]]: ''Architeuthis dux''.<ref>[[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich, 1991:474]]; [[#Forch1998|Förch, 1998:93]]; [[#Winkelmannetal2013|Winkelmann ''et al.'', 2013]]; [[#Guerraetal2013|Guerra ''et al.'', 2013]]</ref>

It is not known why giant squid become stranded on shore, but it may be because the distribution of deep, cold water where they live is temporarily altered. Marine biologist and ''Architeuthis'' specialist [[Frederick Aldrich]] proposed that there may be a periodicity to the strandings around Newfoundland, and based on historical data suggested an average interval between mass strandings of some 30 years. Aldrich used this value to correctly predict a relatively small stranding event between 1964 and 1966 (beginning with [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#169|#169]]).<ref>[[#Downer1965|Downer, 1965:8]]; [[#Aldrich1967a|Aldrich, 1967a]], [[#Aldrich1968a|1968a]]</ref> The appearance of specimens around [[New Zealand]] has been linked to the [[El Niño–Southern Oscillation]], with multiple strandings in the [[Cook Strait]] in 1879–1880 (beginning with [[#47]]) and 1982–1984 coinciding with or immediately following extreme negative peaks of the [[Southern Oscillation Index]].<ref>[[#Stevens1988|Stevens, 1988:158–160]]</ref> Although strandings continue to occur sporadically throughout the world, few have been as frequent as those in Newfoundland in the late 19th century.{{refn|group=nb|name=appearance|Unconfirmed mass appearances of giant squid include the claim by [[Frederick Aldrich]] that a "school of 60 has been sighted off the coast of Newfoundland"<ref>[[#Aldrich1967b|Aldrich, 1967b]]</ref> (cf. [[#38]]). [[Richard Ellis (biologist)|Richard Ellis]] noted that Aldrich never repeated this claim in print, "so it is likely that he learned it was not accurately reported".<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:241]]</ref> However, Aldrich had earlier given more details in an interview with ''[[The Muse (student paper)|The Muse]]'', where he stated that in autumn 1964 a Japanese trawler operating around {{convert|100|mi|km}} off [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] "went through a school of sixty or seventy of these animals frolicking on the surface of the water".<ref>[[#Downer1965|Downer, 1965:8]]</ref> Aldrich also told [[Clyde Roper]] that "[[Grand Banks of Newfoundland|Grand Banks]] fishermen have reported seeing hundreds of giant squid bodies floating on the surface".<ref name=":7">[[#RoperShea2013|Roper & Shea, 2013:111]]</ref>}} A notable exception was a 15-month period between 2014 and 2015, during which an unprecedented 57 specimens were recorded from Japanese coastal waters of the [[Sea of Japan]] (beginning with [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#563|#563]]).<ref>[[#Kuboderaetal2016|Kubodera ''et al.'', 2016]]; see also [[#Sakamoto2014|Sakamoto, 2014]]</ref>

Though the total number of recorded giant squid specimens now runs [[#Total number of specimens|into the hundreds]], the species remains notoriously elusive and little known. [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#Quest for a live animal|Attempts to capture a glimpse of a ''live'' giant squid]]—described as "the most elusive image in natural history"<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:211]]</ref>—were mooted since at least the 1960s.<ref>[[#Oreskes2003|Oreskes, 2003:716]], [[#Oreskes2014|2014:29]]</ref> Efforts intensified significantly towards the end of the century, with the launch of [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#Early expeditions|several multi-million-dollar expeditions]] in the late 1990s, though these were all unsuccessful. The first years of the 21st century saw a number of [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#21st century breakthroughs|breakthroughs in live giant squid imaging]]<ref>[[#Baird2002|Baird, 2002]]; [[#Kubodera2010|Kubodera, 2010]]</ref> that ultimately culminated in the first recordings of live animals ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#548|#548]] and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#549|549]]) in their natural deep-water habitat—from both a remote camera system and a crewed [[submersible]]—in July 2012.<ref>[[#NHK2013a|[NHK], 2013a]], [[#NHK2013b|b]]; [[#Dery2013|Dery, 2013]]</ref> Despite these recent advances and the growing number of both specimens and recordings of live animals, the species continues to occupy a unique place [[Giant squid in popular culture|in the public imagination]].<ref>[[#Hann2006|Hann, 2006]]; [[#Guerraetal2011|Guerra ''et al.'', 2011:1990]]; [[#Walker2011|Walker, 2011]]</ref> As [[#Roperetal2015|Roper ''et al.'' (2015:83)]] wrote: "Few events in the natural world stimulate more excitement and curiosity among scientists and laymen alike than the discovery of a specimen of ''Architeuthis''."

=== Distribution patterns ===
[[File:Sea of Japan giant squid specimens January 2014 to March 2015.jpg|thumb|upright=2.73|Locations of the 57 giant squid specimens encountered in the [[Sea of Japan]] between January 2014 and March 2015, in what remains the largest mass appearance of this species ever recorded, from [[#Kuboderaetal2016|Kubodera ''et al.'' (2016)]]. The two maps show specimens (numbered chronologically) from the two main stranding events in January–May 2014 ('''A'''; spanning [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#563|#563]] to [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#589|589]]) and September 2014–March 2015 ('''B'''; spanning [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#590|#590]] to [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#631|631]]).]]
{{GeoGroup}}
The genus ''Architeuthis'' has a [[cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan]]<ref>[[#Okutani2015|Okutani, 2015]]</ref> or [[Subtropics|bi-subtropical]] distribution,<ref>[[#Nesis2003|Nesis, 2003]]; [[#Coroetal2015|Coro ''et al.'', 2015]]</ref> and carcasses are known to wash ashore on every continent except [[Antarctica]].<ref>[[#NMNH2004|[NMNH], 2004]]</ref> The greatest numbers of specimens have been recorded in: the [[North Atlantic]] around [[Newfoundland]] (historically), northern [[Spain]] (more recently<ref>[[#Guerraetal2006|Guerra ''et al.'', 2006]]; [[#FernandezPelloGarciaNd|Fernández-Pello García, {{abbr|N.d.|No date}}]]</ref>), [[Norway]], the northern [[British Isles]], and the archipelagos of the [[Azores]] and [[Madeira]]; the [[South Atlantic]] off [[South Africa]] and [[Namibia]]; the northwestern [[Pacific Ocean|Pacific]] off [[Japan]] (especially more recently<ref name=":8">[[#Kuboderaetal2016|Kubodera ''et al.'', 2016]]</ref>); and the southwestern Pacific around [[New Zealand]]<ref>[[#OShea1997|O'Shea, 1997]], [[#OShea1999|1999]]</ref> and [[Australia]].<ref>[[#RoperShea2013|Roper & Shea, 2013:111]]; [[#Roper2016|Roper, 2016]]</ref>

The vast majority of specimens are of oceanic origin, including [[marginal sea]]s broadly open to adjacent ocean, especially the [[Tasman Sea]] and [[Sea of Japan]], but also the [[Gulf of Mexico]] and [[Caribbean Sea]],<ref>[[#Roperetal2015|Roper ''et al.'', 2015]]</ref> among others. A handful are known from the far western [[Mediterranean Sea]] ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#383|#383]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#447|447]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#498|498]], and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#550|550]]), but these records do not necessarily indicate that the Mediterranean falls within the natural range of the giant squid, as the specimens may have been transported there by inflowing Atlantic water.<ref name=":7"/> Similarly, giant squid are unlikely to naturally occur in the [[North Sea]] owing to its shallow depth<ref name=":7"/> (but see [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#107|#107]] and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#113|113]], the only known English strandings). They are generally absent from [[equator]]ial and [[Polar circle|high polar latitudes]]<ref>[[#RoperJereb2010|Roper & Jereb, 2010:121]]; [[#Roper2016|Roper, 2016]]</ref> (but see [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#215|#215]] and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#249|249]] from equatorial Atlantic waters, and specimens from northern [[Norway]]<ref>see map in [[#Sivertsen1955|Sivertsen, 1955:11]]</ref> or [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#102|#102]] from the edge of the [[Arctic Circle]] off western [[Greenland]]).

=== Total number of specimens ===
According to [[#Guerraetal2006|Guerra ''et al.'' (2006)]], 592 confirmed giant squid specimens were known as of the end of 2004. Of these, 306 came from the [[Atlantic Ocean]], 264 from the [[Pacific Ocean]], 20 from the [[Indian Ocean]], and 2 from the [[Mediterranean Sea]]. The figures for specimens collected in the Atlantic and Pacific Oceans further broke down as follows: 148 in the northeastern Atlantic, 126 in the northwestern Atlantic, 26 in the southeastern Atlantic, 6 in the southwestern Atlantic, 43 in the northeastern Pacific, 28 in the northwestern Pacific, 10 in the southeastern Pacific, and 183 in the southwestern Pacific.<ref>[[#Guerraetal2006|Guerra ''et al.'', 2006]]</ref>

[[#GuerraGonzalez2009|Guerra & González (2009)]] reported that the total number of recorded giant squid specimens stood at 624. [[#Guerraetal2011|Guerra ''et al.'' (2011)]] gave an updated figure of 677 specimens (see table below). [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a)]] put the total at around 700 as of 2015, of which {{circa}} 460 had been measured in some way. This number has increased substantially in recent years, with 57 specimens recorded from the [[Sea of Japan]] over an extraordinary 15-month period in 2014–2015 (beginning with [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#563|#563]]).<ref name=":8"/> The giant squid nevertheless remains a rarely encountered animal, especially considering its wide distribution and large size,<ref>[[#Turner1963|Turner, 1963:23]]</ref> with [[Richard Ellis (biologist)|Richard Ellis]] writing that "each giant squid that washes up or is taken from the stomach of a sperm whale is still an occasion for a [[teuthology|teuthological]] celebration".<ref>[[#Ellis1994a|Ellis, 1994a:133]]</ref>

[[File:FMIB 38570 Giant Squid of the Newfoundland Banks From a painting by Herbert B Judy.jpeg|thumb|Giant squid at the surface with an approaching ship in the background, from a painting by Herbert B. Judy, 1905. Specimens found stranded or floating at the surface constitute almost 50% of all records from the [[Atlantic Ocean]] (see table).<ref>[[#Guerraetal2011|Guerra ''et al.'', 2011:1991]]</ref>]]

{{mw-datatable}}
{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable" style="font-size: smaller; width: 75%; text-align: left;"
|+Records of giant squid specimens sorted by region and method of capture (from [[#Guerraetal2011|Guerra ''et al.'', 2011]])
! Region !! Number of specimens !! % of total !! Found stranded or floating (%) !! From fishing (%) !! From predators (%) !! Method of capture unknown (%)
|-
| NE Atlantic || 152 || 22.5 || <u>49</u> || 31 || 15 || 5 
|-
| NW Atlantic || 148 || 21.9 || <u>61</u> || 30 || 1 || 8 
|-
| SE Atlantic || 60* || 8.9 || 10 || <u>60</u> || 17 || 13
|-
| SW Atlantic || 6 || 0.9 || <u>50</u> || 16 || 1 || 33 
|-
| NE Pacific || 43 || 6.4 || 7 || <u>56</u> || 30 || 7
|-
| NW Pacific || 30* || 4.4 || 30 || <u>35</u> || 30 || 5
|-
| SE Pacific || 10 || 1.5 || <u>90</u> || 10 || 0 || 0
|-
| SW Pacific || <u>183</u> || <u>27.0</u> || 12 || 41 || <u>42</u> || 5
|-
| Indian Ocean || 33** || 4.8 || 6 || <u>94</u> || 0 || 0
|-
| W Mediterranean || 3 || 0.4 || <u>100</u> || 0 || 0 || 0
|-
| Equatorial/tropical || 9 || 1.3 || 11 || 44 || <u>45</u> || 0
|-
| style="background: Gainsboro" | '''All regions''' || style="background: Gainsboro" | '''677''' || style="background: Gainsboro" | '''100.0''' || style="background: Gainsboro" | || style="background: Gainsboro" | || style="background: Gainsboro" | || style="background: Gainsboro" | 
|}
:<small>* Underestimates according to [[#Guerraetal2011|Guerra ''et al.'' (2011)]]</small>
:<small>** Includes records from [[Durban]], [[South Africa]]</small>

[[File:Giant squid wanted poster.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.13|[["Wanted" poster]] issued by [[Frederick Aldrich]] on 24 August 1988. The flailing giant squid is from an illustration by Canadian wildlife artist [[Glen Loates]], known for his naturalistic depictions of "''Architeuthis'' in action",<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:242]]; see [[#Loates1989|Loates, 1989]]</ref> which were based on collaborations with Aldrich and which [[Richard Ellis (biologist)|Richard Ellis]] described as "certainly the most accurate and exciting depictions of the monster ever drawn".<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:242–243]]</ref><!--but see https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/mun_gazette/MUNGaz_V11N18.pdf p. 2-->]]

=== Procurement, preservation, and display ===
Preserved giant squid specimens are much sought after for both study and display.<ref>[[#Miller1983|Miller, 1983]]; [[#LandmanEllis1998|Landman & Ellis, 1998]]; [[#Landmanetal1999|Landman ''et al.'', 1999]]; [[#RoperJereb2010|Roper & Jereb, 2010:123]]; [[#Ablett2012|Ablett, 2012]]</ref> In the mid-1960s, marine biologist and giant squid expert [[Frederick Aldrich]] of the [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]] organised a "squid squad" with the intent of securing specimens for study. In the 1980s, Aldrich resorted to distributing eye-catching [["Wanted" poster]]s offering rewards for "finding and holding" specimens stranded on the [[Newfoundland]] coast, "the value being dependent on their condition".<ref>[[#Anon1988|[Anon.], 1988:4]], [[#Anon1989|1989:7]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:46]]; [[#Lien2000|Lien, 2000:278]]; [[#Grann2004|Grann, 2004]]; see also [[#NTA1966|[NTA], 1966]] and identically worded magazine appeal in [[#Aldrich1968b|Aldrich, 1968b]]</ref> [[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich (1991:459)]] wrote that "[s]uch efforts were not futile, for in the intervening years I have secured either the specimens or information on 15 animals", though according to [[#Hoff2003|Hoff (2003:85)]] the rewards went unclaimed. Largely through Aldrich's efforts, the [[Marine Sciences Research Laboratory]] at [[Logy Bay]], Newfoundland, assembled a substantial early collection of giant squid; as of 1971, it held 8 specimens, with the remains of 3 displayed together in a tank by the main entrance.<ref>[[#Anon1971|[Anon.], 1971]]</ref>

[[#Guerraetal2011|Guerra ''et al.'' (2011:1990)]] estimated that around 30 giant squid were exhibited at museums and aquaria worldwide, while [[#GuerraSegonzac2014|Guerra & Segonzac (2014:118–119)]] provided an updated list of 35 (21 in [[national museum]]s and 14 in private institutions; see table below). The purpose-built [[Museo del Calamar Gigante]] in [[Luarca]], Spain, had by far the largest collection on public display (4 females and 1 male<ref>[[#GuerraSegonzac2014|Guerra & Segonzac, 2014:118]]</ref>), but many of the museum's 14 or so total specimens were destroyed during a storm on 2 February 2014.<ref>[[#Anon2014a|[Anon.], 2014a]], [[#Anon2014b|b]]</ref> At least 13<!--would be 14 but specimen from 19/4/13 only exhibited until 31/1/16; includes 29 cm DML specimen which is only mentioned in last column of table--> specimens were exhibited in Japan as of February 2017, of which 10<!--see previous note--> had been acquired since 2013.<ref>[[#Shimadaetal2017|Shimada ''et al.'', 2017:9]]</ref>

A number of fragmentary giant squid remains were displayed as part of "In Search of Giant Squid", a [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] travelling exhibition curated by [[Clyde Roper]] that visited a dozen US museums and other educational institutions between September 2004 and August 2009.<ref>[[#NMNH2004|[NMNH], 2004]]; [[#SITES2004|[SITES], 2004]]</ref> The exhibition opened its national tour at [[Yale University]]'s [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]], which has maintained a strong association with the giant squid from the time of the Newfoundland strandings in the 1870s. Preparations for the Peabody exhibition, overseen by site curator Eric Lazo-Wasem, uncovered giant squid material in the museum's collections that was not previously known to be extant, including original specimens from [[Addison Emery Verrill]]'s time.<ref>[[#Anon2004b|[Anon.], 2004b]]; [[#Miller2004|Miller, 2004]]</ref><!--see also: https://www.sites.si.edu/s/archived-exhibit?topicId=0TO36000000Tzn4GAC ; https://www.floridamuseum.ufl.edu/pressroom/2005/07/18/fla-museum-to-host-in-search-of-giant-squid-temporary-exhibit/ ; https://www.beachconnection.net/news/squid042407_834.htm ; https://www.burkemuseum.org/static/squid/index-2.html ; https://nha.org/whats-on/exhibitions/exhibitions-archive/in-search-of-giant-squid/-->

{{quote box|width=33%|align=right|quote=''Architeuthis'' is an elusive creature. Its occasional appearance on various beaches around the world has provided hardly more than a glimpse of its majestic and intimidating appearance, and hauling it out of the water in a trawl does it no justice either. Papier-mâché or fiberglass models have given us a sense of its size and shape, but they have not captured its mystery and vitality. The spirit of ''Architeuthis'' may well be uncapturable; at least no museum has even come close to this fabulous creature—the only living animal for which the term ''sea monster'' is truly applicable.|source=—[[Richard Ellis (biologist)|Richard Ellis]], from the closing remarks of his 1997 article "The models of ''Architeuthis''"<ref>[[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:52]]</ref>}}
{{Commons category|Architeuthis models}}
In the late 19th century, the giant squid's popular appeal and desirability to museums—but scarcity of preserved specimens—spawned a long tradition of "life-sized" models that continues to the present day.<ref>[[#Emerton1883|Emerton, 1883]]; [[#Tratz1973|Tratz, 1973]]; [[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a]], [[#Ellis1997b|b]], [[#Ellis1998a|1998a:214]]; [[#Wechsler1999|Wechsler, 1999]]</ref> Verrill's description of the famous [[Catalina, Newfoundland and Labrador|Catalina]] specimen of 1877 ([[#42]]), which he personally examined in New York City the same year, served as the basis for the earliest models.<ref name=":10">[[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:31, 48]]</ref>{{refn|group=nb|name=cutout|These three-dimensional models were preceded by a full-scale painted wooden cutout, with arms {{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on}} long, that was prepared by [[Francis Trevelyan Buckland]] in the 1870s for his [[Museum of Economic Fish Culture]] in [[South Kensington]], London.<ref name=cutout>[[#Buckland1875|Buckland, 1875:211–216]], [[#Buckland1886|1886:400]]; [[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:31]]</ref> Its appearance was based on official papers and photographs Buckland received through the [[Colonial Office]] in December 1873 relating to both the first Portugal Cove specimen ([[#29]]) and the Logy Bay specimen ([[#30]]).<ref name=cutout /> Buckland's cutout has been described as the "first attempt to show the public what a giant squid really looked like".<ref>[[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:31]]</ref>}} The second [[Portugal Cove – St. Philip's|Portugal Cove]] specimen, from 1881 ([[#60]]), was probably also used as a reference, as it was seen by Verrill shortly before he began modelling.<ref name=":11">[[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:34, 46]]</ref> Following Verrill's design, his draughtsman [[James Henry Emerton]] built the very first giant squid model for the [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]] in 1883.<ref name=":12">[[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:35]]</ref> A second, near-identical model was soon delivered to the [[Museum of Comparative Zoology]] at [[Harvard University]], and a third was made for the [[International Fisheries Exhibition]], held in London in 1883.<ref>[[#Emerton1883|Emerton, 1883]]; [[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:35–36]]</ref> The Verrill and Emerton models were followed by six similar examples, again based on the Catalina specimen, produced by [[Ward's Natural Science Establishment]] of [[Rochester, New York]], of which two were sold internationally: to London's [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] and the [[Oceanographic Museum of Monaco]].<ref>[[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:44–46]]</ref> The original Peabody Museum model was discarded around 1964 and replaced two years later by one based on both the [[Logy Bay]] specimen of 1873 ([[#30]]) and on several Newfoundland specimens from the 1960s,<ref>[[#Anon1966|[Anon.], 1966]]; [[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:34–35]]; [[#Anon2004a|[Anon.], 2004a]]</ref> particularly the one found off [[Conche, Newfoundland and Labrador|Conche]] in October 1964 ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#169|#169]]).<ref>[[#Anon1969|[Anon.], 1969]]</ref>

Real giant squid specimens have traditionally been preserved in either solutions of [[Alcohol (chemistry)|alcohols]] (particularly [[ethanol]] and [[isopropyl alcohol]]) or in [[formalin]]. More recently, concerns about the fire and health risks posed by these substances{{refn|group=nb|name=leak|See giant squid specimen [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#661|#661]], whose tank leaked around 1 tonne of formalin in February 2022, resulting in the month-long closure of the [[Ibaraki Nature Museum]] near Tokyo, Japan.}} have led to alternative preservative fluids being explored, such as [[propylene glycol]] ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#254|#254]]), [[glycerol]] ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2001–2014)#495|#495]]), and the [[hydrofluoroether]] [[Novec 7100]].<ref>[[#Drahl2008|Drahl, 2008]]</ref> Additionally, methods such as [[plastination]] have made it possible to display authentic giant squid specimens in a dry state. A giant squid was first plastinated in 2000 and this specimen, nicknamed "Wheke" ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#429|#429]]), has been on display at the [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]] in Paris since 2008; two further specimens were plastinated in 2004,<ref>[[#Anon2010|[Anon.], 2010]]</ref> as were various parts of a 2015 specimen from Japan ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#609|#609]]). Several other individuals have been prepared for display by more conventional drying methods, such as [[Curing (food preservation)|hard curing]] (e.g. [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#598|#598]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#603|603]], and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#617|617]]), though this necessarily results in greatly shrunken specimens. At least one giant squid has been entirely embedded in [[Poly(methyl methacrylate)|acrylic]], a process that rendered its flesh translucent ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#632|#632]]). Beginning in 2005, a specimen nicknamed "Cal" ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2001–2014)#495|#495]]) was uniquely displayed at [[Melbourne Aquarium]] encased in a 3.5-tonne block of ice (reportedly the largest man-made ice block in the world); it was turned into a conventional [[wet specimen]] several years later. Additionally, a number of other specimens have been ''temporarily'' placed on public display in a frozen or chilled state (e.g. <!--late 1978 & March 1994 specimens?-->[[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2001–2014)#564|#564]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2001–2014)#585|585]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2001–2014)#592|592]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2001–2014)#603|603]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#662|662]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#669|669]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#675|675]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#677|677]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#679|679]], and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#680|680]]).

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-datatable collapsible collapsed" style="font-size: smaller; width: 100%; text-align: left;"
|+Partial list of giant squid specimens on public display as of 2014 (from [[#GuerraSegonzac2014|Guerra & Segonzac, 2014:118–119]])
! Institution !! Location !! Country !! Type !! Specimen(s)
|-
| [[American Museum of Natural History]] || [[New York City]], [[New York (state)|New York]] || [[United States]] || national museum || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#385|#385]])
|-
| [[Auckland University of Technology]] || [[Auckland]], [[North Island]] || [[New Zealand]] || private || 1 female (200&nbsp;kg)<!--465/488?-->
|-
| [[Aula del Mar Málaga]] / [[Museo Alborania]] || [[Málaga]], [[Andalusia]] || [[Spain]] || private || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#383|#383]])
|-
| [[Centro de Gestión del Medio Marino del Estrecho]] ([[Regional Government of Andalusia]]) || [[Algeciras]], [[Andalusia]] || [[Spain]] || private || 1 female (90&nbsp;kg)
|-
| [[Deep Sea World]]<!--?--> || [[North Queensferry]], [[Scotland]] || [[United Kingdom]] || private || 1 female
|-
| [[Florida Museum of Natural History]] || [[Gainesville, Florida|Gainesville]], [[Florida]] || [[United States]] || national museum || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#542|#542]])
|-
| [[Georgia Aquarium]] || [[Atlanta]], [[Georgia (U.S. state)|Georgia]] || [[United States]] || private || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#240|#240]])
|-
| [[Iziko South African Museum]] || [[Cape Town]], [[Western Cape]] || [[South Africa]] || national museum || 1 female (1.8&nbsp;m ML)
|-
| [[Kaikoura Marine Centre and Aquarium]] || [[Kaikōura]], [[South Island]] || [[New Zealand]] || private || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#551|#551]])
|-
| [[Kelly Tarlton's Sea Life Aquarium]] || [[Auckland]], [[North Island]] || [[New Zealand]] || private || 1 female
|-
| [[Melbourne Museum]] || [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] || [[Australia]] || national museum || 1 female (12&nbsp;m TL; 170&nbsp;kg)
|-
| [[Mote Aquarium]] || [[Sarasota, Florida|Sarasota]], [[Florida]] || [[United States]] || private || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#407|#407]])
|-
| [[Museo de Historia Natural]] ([[Sociedade Galega de Historia Natural]]) || [[Ferrol, Spain|Ferrol]], [[Galicia (Spain)|Galicia]] || [[Spain]] || national museum || 1 female (90&nbsp;kg)
|-
| [[Museo del Calamar Gigante]] || [[Luarca]], [[Asturias]] || [[Spain]] || national museum || 4 females; 1 male
|-
| [[Museo Nacional de Ciencias Naturales]] || [[Madrid]], [[Community of Madrid]] || [[Spain]] || national museum || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#447|#447]])
|-
| [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]] || [[Paris]], [[Île-de-France]] || [[France]] || national museum || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#429|#429]])
|-
| [[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]] || [[Wellington]], [[North Island]] || [[New Zealand]] || national museum || 1 female
|-
| [[Museu Oceanográfico do Portinho da Arrábida]] || [[Setúbal]], [[Lisboa Region]] || [[Portugal]] || national museum || 1 male (mature; 2&nbsp;m TL; 60&nbsp;kg)
|-
| [[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research]] || [[Auckland]], [[North Island]] || [[New Zealand]] || private || 1 female
|-
| [[National Marine Aquarium, Plymouth|National Marine Aquarium]] || [[Plymouth]], [[England]] || [[United Kingdom]] || private || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#463|#463]])
|-
| [[National Museum of Natural History]] || [[Washington, D.C.]] || [[United States]] || national museum || 1 female (13&nbsp;m TL); 1 male (6&nbsp;m TL)
|-
| [[National Museum of Nature and Science]] || [[Taitō|Taito City]], [[Tokyo]] || [[Japan]] || national museum || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#379|#379]]<!--442?-->)
|-
| [[National Museum of Scotland]] || [[Edinburgh]], [[Scotland]] || [[United Kingdom]] || national museum || 1 female
|-
| [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] || [[London]], [[England]] || [[United Kingdom]] || national museum || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#487|#487]])
|-
| [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]] || [[Leiden]], [[South Holland]] || [[Netherlands]] || private || 1 male ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#260|#260]])
|-
| [[Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium]] || [[Motobu, Okinawa|Motobu]], [[Okinawa Prefecture]] || [[Japan]] || private || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#349|#349]])
|-
| [[Queensland Museum]] (ex [[Melbourne Aquarium]]) || [[Melbourne]], [[Victoria (Australia)|Victoria]] || [[Australia]] || private || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#495|#495]])
|-
| [[Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery]] || [[Hobart]], [[Tasmania]] || [[Australia]] || national museum || 2 females ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#466|#466]] and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#514|514]])
|-
| [[The Rooms]] (ex [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]]) || [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], [[Newfoundland and Labrador]] || [[Canada]] || private || 1 female ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#254|#254]])
|}

=== Reported sizes ===
{{further|Cephalopod size}}
[[File:Giant squid Ranheim.jpg|thumb|upright=1.18|Giant squid found at [[Ranheim]] in [[Trondheimsfjord]], [[Norway]], on 2 October 1954 ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#136|#136]]), being examined by Professors Erling Sivertsen and Svein Haftorn. This specimen measured 9.24&nbsp;m in total length and had a [[Mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] length of 1.79&nbsp;m.]]

Giant squid size—long a subject of both popular debate and academic inquiry<ref>[[#Wood1982|Wood, 1982:188–193]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:6–7]], [[#Ellis1998b|b]]; [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton, 2016a]], [[#Paxton2016b|b]]; [[#Bittel2016|Bittel, 2016]]; [[#Romanovetal2017|Romanov ''et al.'', 2017]]</ref>—has often been misreported and exaggerated. Reports of specimens reaching or even exceeding {{convert|18|m|ft|abbr=on}} in total length are widespread,{{refn|group=nb|name=60ft|[[#Dery2013|Dery (2013)]] wrote that "virtually every general-interest article dutifully repeats the magic number of ''60'' feet [{{convert|60|ft|m|sigfig=3|disp=output only}}]". This figure matches that estimated for the total length of the [[Portugal Cove – St. Philip's|Portugal Cove]] specimen of 1873 ([[#29]])<ref>[[#Murray1874a|Murray, 1874a:161]], [[#Murray1874b|1874b:121]]</ref> and is close to that given for the total length of the ''Architeuthis longimanus'' [[holotype]], which describer [[Thomas William Kirk]] variously cited as {{convert|55|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}} or {{convert|57|ft|m|sigfig=3|abbr=on}} and which the fisherman who found the specimen gave as {{convert|62|ft|m|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}.<ref>[[#Kirk1888|Kirk, 1888:35, 38]]</ref>}} but no animals approaching this size have been scientifically documented in recent times, despite the hundreds of specimens available for study. The {{convert|55|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} "[[Thimble Tickle specimen]]" ([[#45]]) reported by [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:191)]] is often cited as the largest giant squid ever recorded,{{refn|group=nb|name=largest|Other specimens claimed at various times to be the largest giant squid on record include [[#47]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#121|121]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#371|371]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#480|480]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#491|491]], and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#647|647]] (see also [[#29]], [[#42|42]], [[#46|46]], [[#62|62]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#104|104]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#114|114]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#137|137]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#151|151]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#171|171]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#209|209]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#342|342]], and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#524|524]]).}} and the {{convert|55|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} (or {{convert|57|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=sqbr}}) specimen described by [[#Kirk1888|Kirk (1888)]] as ''Architeuthis longimanus'' ([[#62]])—a strangely proportioned animal that has been much commented on—is sometimes cited as the ''longest''.<ref>[[#Wood1982|Wood, 1982:189, 191]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:6–7]]; [[#OSheaBolstad2008|O'Shea & Bolstad, 2008]]; [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton, 2016a]]</ref> It is now thought likely that such lengths were achieved by great lengthening of the two long [[cephalopod limb|feeding tentacles]], analogous to stretching elastic bands, or resulted from inadequate measurement methods such as pacing.<ref>[[#OSheaBolstad2008|O'Shea & Bolstad, 2008]]; [[#Dery2013|Dery, 2013]]; [[#RoperShea2013|Roper & Shea, 2013:113]]; [[#HanlonMessenger2018|Hanlon & Messenger, 2018:267]]; see also [[#Nesis2001|Nesis, 2001]]</ref>

Based on a 40-year data set of more than 50 [[giant squid]] (''Architeuthis dux'') specimens, [[#RoperShea2013|Roper & Shea (2013:114)]] suggest an average total length (TL) at maturity of {{convert|11|m|ft|abbr=on}} and a "rarely encountered maximum length" of {{convert|14|–|15|m|ft|abbr=on}}. Of the nearly 100 specimens examined by [[Clyde Roper]], the largest was "46 feet (14&nbsp;m) long".<ref>[[#CerulloRoper2012|Cerullo & Roper, 2012:22]]</ref> [[#OSheaBolstad2008|O'Shea & Bolstad (2008)]] give a maximum total length of {{convert|13|m|ft|abbr=on}} for females based on the examination of more than 130 specimens, measured [[post mortem]] and relaxed, as well as beaks recovered from [[sperm whale]]s (which do not exceed the size of those found in the largest complete specimens). [[Steve O'Shea]] estimated the maximum total length for males at {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref name=":13">[[#OShea2003b|O'Shea, 2003b]]</ref> [[#Yukhov2014|Yukhov (2014:242)]] gives a maximum total length of {{convert|11.8|m|ft|abbr=on}} for the species, based on records from the [[southern hemisphere]]; [[#Remeslo2011|Remeslo (2011)]] gives {{convert|13.1|m|ft|abbr=on}}. [[#McClainetal2015|McClain ''et al.'' (2015)]] regard a {{convert|12|m|ft|adj=on}} specimen from [[Asturias]], [[Spain]] ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#480|#480]]), as the "longest scientifically verified" and "largest recorded and well-preserved specimen in the contemporary, peer-reviewed literature". Charles G. M. Paxton performed a statistical analysis using literature records of giant squid specimens and concluded that "squid with a conservative TL of {{convert|20|m|ft|abbr=on|disp=sqbr}} would seem likely based on current data",<ref>[[#Paxton2016a|Paxton, 2016a]], [[#Paxton2016b|b]]; [[#Anon2016|[Anon.], 2016]]</ref> but the study has been heavily criticised by experts in the field.<ref name=":14">[[#Greshko2016|Greshko, 2016]]</ref>

[[File:Distribution of total length, mantle length and mass in Architeuthis dux.png|thumb|left|upright=1.8|[[Frequency distribution]] of total length, mantle length, and mass in ''[[Architeuthis dux]]'', from [[#McClainetal2015|McClain ''et al.'' (2015)]] (see also [[:File:Linear regressions for Architeuthis dux.png|linear regressions]]). The {{convert|2000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} extreme [[outlier]] ([[#22]]) is from an estimate mentioned in [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:181)]] and is unlikely to be accurate; the next most massive individual in the data set was only {{convert|700|lb|kg|abbr=on}} and 95% of specimens were below {{convert|250|kg|lb|abbr=on}}. Similarly, 95% of individuals had recorded mantle lengths below {{convert|3.26|m|ft|abbr=on}} and total lengths below {{convert|15.26|m|ft|abbr=on}}.<ref>[[#McClainetal2015|McClain ''et al.'', 2015:Table 3]]</ref>]]

[[#OSheaBolstad2008|O'Shea & Bolstad (2008)]] give a maximum [[Mantle (mollusc)|mantle]] length (ML) of {{convert|225|cm|ft|abbr=on}} based on the examination of more than 130 specimens, as well as beaks recovered from [[sperm whale]]s (which do not exceed the size of those found in the largest complete specimens), though there are recent scientific records of specimens that slightly exceed this size (such as [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#371|#371]], a {{convert|240|cm|ft|abbr=on}} ML female captured off [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]; see also [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)#647|#647]], with an estimated 2.15–3.06&nbsp;m ML). [[#Remeslo2011|Remeslo (2011)]] and [[#Yukhov2014|Yukhov (2014:248)]] give a maximum mantle length of {{convert|260|cm|ft|abbr=on}}<!--250 cm in abstract--> for females from southern waters. Questionable records of up to {{convert|500|cm|ft|abbr=on}} ML can be found in older literature.<ref>[[#RoperJereb2010|Roper & Jereb, 2010:121]]</ref> [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a)]] accepts a maximum recorded ML of {{convert|279|cm|ft|abbr=on}}, based on the [[Lyall Bay]] specimen ([[#47]]) reported by [[#Kirk1880|Kirk (1880:312)]], but this record has been called into question as the [[Gladius (cephalopod)|gladius]] of this specimen (which should approximate the mantle length) was said to be only {{convert|190|cm|ft|abbr=on}} long.<ref name=":14"/>

Including the head and [[cephalopod limb|arms]] but excluding the [[cephalopod limb|tentacles]] (standard length), the species very rarely exceeds {{convert|5|m|ft|abbr=on}} according to [[#OSheaBolstad2008|O'Shea & Bolstad (2008)]]. [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a)]] considers {{convert|9.45|m|ft|abbr=on}} to be the greatest reliably measured SL, based on a specimen ([[#46]]) reported by [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:192)]], and considers specimens of {{convert|10|m|ft|abbr=on}} SL or more to be "very probable", but these conclusions have been criticised by giant squid experts.<ref name=":14"/>

[[#OShea2003b|O'Shea (2003b)]] put the maximum weight of female giant squid at {{convert|275|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, based on the examination of some 105 specimens as well as beaks recovered from [[sperm whale]]s (which do not exceed the size of those found in the largest complete specimens; some of the heaviest recent specimens include [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#491|#491]] and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#524|524]]). Giant squid are [[sexual dimorphism|sexually size dimorphic]], with the maximum weight for males estimated at {{convert|150|kg|lb|abbr=on}},<ref name=":13"/> though heavier specimens have occasionally been reported (see [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#412|#412]] for a {{convert|190|kg|lb|abbr=on}} specimen<!--and [[#519]] for {{convert|163|kg|lb|abbr=on}} specimen = probably female!-->). Similarly, [[#Remeslo2011|Remeslo (2011)]] and [[#Yukhov2014|Yukhov (2014:248)]] give maximum masses of {{convert|250|–|260|kg|lb|abbr=on}}<!--250 kg on p. 251--> and {{convert|150|kg|lb|abbr=on}} for females and males, respectively, based on records from southern latitudes. [[#RoperJereb2010|Roper & Jereb (2010:121)]] give a maximum weight of up to {{convert|500|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, and "possibly greater". Discredited weights of as much as a [[tonne]] ({{convert|1|tonne|lb|disp=output only}}) or more [[Cephalopod size#Mass estimates|are not uncommon in older literature]] (see e.g. [[#22]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#114|114]], and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#117|117]]).<ref name=":15">[[#OSheaBolstad2008|O'Shea & Bolstad, 2008]]</ref>

The giant squid and the distantly related [[colossal squid]] (''Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni'') are recognised as having by far the largest [[cephalopod eye|eyes]] of any living animal, and [[Cephalopod size#Eyes|comparable to the largest eyes known from the fossil record]].<ref name=eyes /> Historical reports of "[[dinner plate]]–sized" eyes (e.g. [[#37]]) are largely corroborated by modern measurements, with an accepted maximum diameter of at least {{convert|27|cm|in|abbr=on}} and a {{convert|9|cm|in|abbr=on}} [[pupil]] (based on [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#248|#248]]).<ref name=eyes>[[#Nilssonetal2012|Nilsson ''et al.'', 2012:683]]; [[#LandNilsson2012|Land & Nilsson, 2012:86]]</ref>

=== Species identifications ===
{{quote box|width=33%|align=right|quote=Undoubtedly several imperfectly distinguished forms have been included in the earlier anecdotal records of ''Architeuthis''. Moreover, specimens of ''Architeuthis'' (the Giant Squid ''par excellence''), the smaller ''[[Sthenoteuthis]]'', and possibly ''[[Ommatostrephes]]'' have been indiscriminately described as "Giant Squids."|source=—[[Guy Coburn Robson]], from his description of ''Architeuthis clarkei'', a species he erected in 1933 based on a carcass ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#107|#107]]) that washed ashore in [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough]], England, earlier that year<ref>[[#Robson1933|Robson, 1933:681]]</ref>}}
The taxonomy of the giant squid genus ''[[Architeuthis]]'' has not been entirely resolved. [[Lumpers and splitters]] may propose as many as eight species or as few as one, with most authors recognising either one [[Cosmopolitan distribution|cosmopolitan]] species (''A.&nbsp;dux'') or three geographically disparate species: ''A.&nbsp;dux'' from the [[Atlantic]], ''A.&nbsp;martensi'' from the [[North Pacific]], and ''A.&nbsp;sanctipauli'' from the [[Southern Ocean]].<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:73]]; [[#Norman2000|Norman, 2000:150]]; [[#RoperJereb2010|Roper & Jereb, 2010:121]]</ref> Historically, some twenty [[species name]]s (not counting [[Combinatio nova|new combinations]]) and eight [[genus name]]s have been applied to architeuthids (see [[#Type specimens|Type specimens]]).<ref name=":6"/> No genetic or physical basis for distinguishing between the named species has been proposed,<ref>[[#GlaubrechtSalcedoVargas2004|Glaubrecht & Salcedo-Vargas, 2004:62]]</ref> though specimens from the North Pacific do not appear to reach the maximum dimensions seen in giant squid from other areas.<ref>[[#RoperJereb2010|Roper & Jereb, 2010:123]]</ref> There may also be regional differences in the relative proportions of the tentacles and their sucker counts.<ref>see [[#Roeleveld2002|Roeleveld, 2002]]</ref> The [[mitogenomic]] analysis of [[#Winkelmannetal2013|Winkelmann ''et al.'' (2013)]] supports the existence of a single, globally distributed species (''A.&nbsp;dux'').<ref>[[#UCPH2013|[UCPH], 2013]]</ref> The same conclusion was reached by [[#Forch1998|Förch (1998)]] on the basis of morphological data.

The literature on giant squid has been further muddied by the frequent misattribution of various squid specimens to the genus ''Architeuthis'', often based solely on their large size. In the academic literature alone, such misidentifications encompass at least the [[Oegopsina|oegopsid]] families [[Chiroteuthidae]] (misidentification [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#Alui|#[8]]]—''[[Asperoteuthis lui]]''), [[Cranchiidae]] ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#Mhamiltoni1|#[5]]] and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#Mhamiltoni2|[6]]]—''[[Mesonychoteuthis hamiltoni]]''), [[Ommastrephidae]] ([[#Spteropus|#[1]]]—''[[Sthenoteuthis pteropus]]'' and [[#Dgigas|#[2]]]—''[[Dosidicus gigas]]''), [[Onychoteuthidae]] ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#Orobusta1|#[7]]], [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#Orobusta2|[11]]], and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#Orobusta3|[13]]]—''[[Onykia robusta]]''), and [[Psychroteuthidae]] ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#Psychroteuthidae|#[4]]]—indeterminate species), with the familial identity of one record remaining unresolved ([[#Undetermined|#[3]]]).<ref>see [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a]]; [[#SalcedoVargas1999|Salcedo-Vargas, 1999]]; [[#GlaubrechtSalcedoVargas2004|Glaubrecht & Salcedo-Vargas, 2004]]</ref> Many more misidentifications have been propagated in the popular press, involving—among others—[[Megalocranchia fisheri|''Megalocranchia'' cf. ''fisheri'']] ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#Mfisheri|#[12]]]; Cranchiidae), ''[[Thysanoteuthis rhombus]]'' ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#Trhombus|#[10]]]; [[Thysanoteuthidae]]), and an egg mass of ''[[Nototodarus gouldi]]'' ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#Ngouldi|#[9]]]; Ommastrephidae). This situation is further confused by the occasional usage of the [[common name]] 'giant squid' in reference to large squids of other genera.<ref>[[#Robson1933|Robson, 1933:681]]; see e.g. [[#Robson1929|Robson, 1929]] by the same author</ref>{{refn|group=nb|name=gigas|In particular, the commercially important [[Humboldt squid]] (''Dosidicus gigas'') is sometimes called 'giant squid' (or its Spanish equivalent ''[[wikt:calamar gigante|calamar gigante]]'') and this, together with its large size, has led to confusion with ''Architeuthis'' (e.g. misidentification [[#Dgigas|#[2]]]). In February 2002, the [[Manhattan]]-based [[seafood restaurant]] Esca offered what was claimed to be ''Architeuthis'', but the [[ammonia]]-free flesh turned out to be that of the Humboldt squid.<ref>[[#Ellis2005|Ellis, 2005:198]]</ref>}}

== List of giant squid ==
=== Sourcing and progenitors ===
[[File:Mike Sweeney and Clyde F. E. Roper Examining Giant Squid Specimen.jpg|thumb|Michael J. Sweeney (left) and [[Clyde F. E. Roper]] (center) with a giant squid ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#240|#240]]) being prepared for display at the [[National Museum of Natural History]] in 1983. Sweeney compiled the list on which the present one is based; Roper, one of the foremost experts on ''[[Architeuthis]]'', wrote its introduction.<ref name=":16">[[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper, 2001]]</ref>]]

The present list generally follows "[[#SweeneyRoper2001|Records of ''Architeuthis'' Specimens from Published Reports]]", compiled by zoologist Michael J. Sweeney of the [[Smithsonian Institution]] and including records through 1999,<ref name=":16"/> with additional information taken from other sources (see [[#Full citations|Full citations]]). While Sweeney's list is sourced almost entirely from the [[scientific literature]], many of [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)|the more recent specimens]] are supported by reports from the [[news media]], including newspapers and magazines, radio and television broadcasts, and online sources.

Earlier efforts to compile a list of all known giant squid encounters throughout history include those of marine writer and artist [[Richard Ellis (biologist)|Richard Ellis]].<ref>[[#Ellis1994a|Ellis, 1994a:379–384]], [[#Ellis1998a|1998a:257–265]]</ref> Ellis's first list, published as an appendix to his 1994 work ''Monsters of the Sea'', was probably the first such compilation to appear in print and was described in the book's [[table of contents]] as "the most complete and accurate list of the historical sightings and strandings of ''Architeuthis'' ever attempted".<ref>[[#Ellis1994a|Ellis, 1994a:ix]]</ref> Ellis's much-expanded second list, an appendix to his 1998 book ''[[The Search for the Giant Squid]]'', comprised 166 entries spanning four and a half centuries, from 1545 to 1996.<ref>[[#Anon1999|[Anon.], 1999:109]]; [[#Roperetal2015|Roper ''et al.'', 2015:78]]</ref> Records which appear in Ellis's 1998 list but are not found in Sweeney & Roper's 2001 list have a citation to [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a)]]—in the page range 257–265—in the '[[#Additional references|Additional references]]' column of the main table.{{refn|group=nb|name=Bahamas|One record given by Ellis is omitted from the present list: [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:259)]] lists a specimen supposedly collected "[n]orth of [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]]" in 1898, citing [[#Steenstrup1898|Steenstrup (1898)]], but this appears to stem from confusion with the type specimen of ''Architeuthis dux'' ([[#14]]), collected off the Bahamas in 1855.}}

In addition to these global specimen lists, a number of regional compilations have been published, including [[#ClarkeRobson1929|Clarke & Robson (1929:156)]], [[#Rees1950|Rees (1950:39–40)]] and [[#Collins1998|Collins (1998)]] for the [[British Isles]]; [[#Sivertsen1955|Sivertsen (1955)]] for [[Norway]]; [[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich (1991)]] for [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]]; [[#Okiyama1993|Okiyama (1993)]] for the [[Sea of Japan]]; [[#Forch1998|Förch (1998:105–110)]] for [[New Zealand]]; [[#Guerraetal2006|Guerra ''et al.'' (2006:258–259)]] for [[Asturias]], [[Spain]]; [[#TMAG2007|[TMAG] (2007:18–21)]] for [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]; and [[#Roperetal2015|Roper ''et al.'' (2015)]] for the western [[North Atlantic]]. Works exhaustively enumerating all recorded specimens from a particular mass appearance event include those of [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c)]] for Newfoundland in 1870–1881 and [[#Kuboderaetal2016|Kubodera ''et al.'' (2016)]] for the Sea of Japan in 2014–2015. Though the number of authenticated giant squid records now runs into the hundreds, individual specimens still generate considerable scientific interest and continue to have [[scholarly paper]]s unto themselves.<ref>e.g. [[#Leiteetal2016|Leite ''et al.'', 2016]]; [[#Funaki2017|Funaki, 2017]]; [[#Romanovetal2017|Romanov ''et al.'', 2017]]; [[#Shimadaetal2017|Shimada ''et al.'', 2017]]; [[#Guerraetal2018|Guerra ''et al.'', 2018]]</ref>

=== Scope and inclusion criteria ===
The list includes records of giant squid (genus ''[[Architeuthis]]'') either supported by a [[Zoological specimen|physical specimen]] (or parts thereof) or—in the absence of any saved material—where at least one of the following conditions is satisfied: the specimen was examined by an expert prior to disposal and thereby positively identified as a giant squid; a photograph or video recording of the specimen was taken, on the basis of which it was assigned to the genus ''Architeuthis'' by a recognised authority; or the record was accepted as being that of a giant squid by a contemporary expert or later authority for any other reason, such as the perceived credibility of the source or the verisimilitude of the account.

[[File:Giant squid attacking boat.jpg|thumb|left|upright=1.14|Nineteenth century [[engraving]] by W. A. Cranston of a giant squid [[cephalopod attack|attacking a boat]] (see [[#29]]). Only sightings deemed authentic by published experts are included in the list.]]

Purported sightings of giant squid lacking both [[physical evidence|physical]] and [[documentary evidence]] and expert appraisal <!--(the most dubious tending towards "[[wikt:fish story|big fish stories]]")-->are generally excluded, with the exception of those appearing in the lists of [[#Ellis1994a|Ellis (1994a:379–384)]], [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:257–265)]], or [[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper (2001)]] (see e.g. "attacks" of [[#32]] and [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#106|106]]).{{refn|group=nb|name=excluded|Published purported giant squid sightings thus excluded include those of J. D. Starkey from [[World War II]];<ref>[[#Starkey1963|Starkey, 1963]]; [[#WelfareFairley1980|Welfare & Fairley, 1980:74]]; [[#Bright1989|Bright, 1989:148]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:204]]; [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton, 2016a:83]]; dramatised in [[#Packham1998|Packham, 1998]]</ref> Dennis Braun from 1969;<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:245]]; [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton, 2016a:83]]</ref> [[Jacques Cousteau]] (reported in 1973);<ref>[[#CousteauDiole1973|Cousteau & Diolé, 1973:205]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:208]], [[#Ellis2005|2005:145]]</ref> Tim Lipington from 1994;<ref name="Paxton2016a:83">[[#Paxton2016a|Paxton, 2016a:83]]</ref> C. A. McDowall (reported in 1998);<ref>[[#McDowall1998|McDowall, 1998]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:248]]</ref> Gordon Robertson (reported in 2013);<ref>[[#Revkin2013|Revkin, 2013]]</ref> and the "[[MonsterQuest#Season one (2007–2008)|Giant Squid Found]]" ''[[MonsterQuest]]'' episode of 2007.<ref>[[#Hajicek2007|Hajicek, 2007]], [[#Hajicek2008|2008]]; [[#Cassell2007|Cassell, 2007]]</ref> Likewise excluded are two sightings off [[Suffolk]], England, both tentatively attributed to ''Architeuthis'': the first a group sighting off [[Pakefield Gat]] on 29 October 1896<ref>[[#Taylor1932|Taylor, 1932:1]]; [[#Anon1938a|[Anon.], 1938a:21]]; originally reported in ''[[East Anglian Daily Times]]'', 31 October 1896; see also [[#Herrington1932|Herrington, 1932:60]]</ref> and the other an individual off [[Southwold]] on 20 October 1938.<ref>[[#Anon1938a|[Anon.], 1938a:21]]; [[#Anon1938b|[Anon.], 1938b:83]]; originally reported in ''[[East Anglian Daily Times]]'', 22–25 October 1938</ref> Also excluded are reported sightings of giant squid engaged in surface "battles" with whales,<ref>see [[#Ellis1999|Ellis, 1999]]</ref> such as that supposedly witnessed by a whaler {{circa}} 1875;<ref>[[#Heuvelmans1968|Heuvelmans, 1968:68]]; [[#Berger2009|Berger, 2009:275]]</ref> from a [[Soviet]] whaling ship in 1965; from [[Danger Point Lighthouse]], [[South Africa]], in 1966;<ref>[[#Hoff2003|Hoff, 2003:84, 96]]</ref> and that supposedly seen and photographed from [[USS San Pablo (AVP-30)|USS ''San Pablo'']] around {{convert|120|–|140|mi|km}} off [[Cape Bonavista]], Newfoundland, also in 1966<ref>[[#Aldrich1979|Aldrich, 1979:67]]; [[#WelfareFairley1980|Welfare & Fairley, 1980:72, 74]]; [[#Fitzgerald2018|Fitzgerald, 2018]]</ref> (the resulting photos were reportedly "quite unsatisfactory"<ref name=Aldrich1979 />). The squid–whale battles described in [[Frank Thomas Bullen]]'s ''[[The Cruise of the Cachalot]]'' (1898)<ref>[[#Bullen1898|Bullen, 1898:139]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:136–137, 180–181]]</ref> and [[E. J. Pratt]]'s ''The Cachalot'' (1926) have at times also been claimed to be based on true events.<ref>[[#Aldrich1977|Aldrich, 1977]]</ref> Also excluded are supposed wartime encounters with giant squid, including off [[The Narrows, St. John's|The Narrows]], [[Newfoundland]], and [[Dieppe]], [[France]],<ref>[[#Anon1988|[Anon.], 1988:4]]; [[#Aldrich1990c|Aldrich, 1990c]]</ref> and the giant squid that reportedly attacked survivors of {{ship|SS|Britannia|1925|6}} after it was sunk by a German [[merchant raider]] in 1941.<ref>[[#Lane1957|Lane, 1957:196]]; [[#Gantes1979|Gantès, 1979:38]]; [[#FlynnWeigall1980|Flynn & Weigall, 1980]]; [[#WelfareFairley1980|Welfare & Fairley, 1980:71]]; [[#Goss1985|Goss, 1985:39]]; [[#Heuvelmans2003|Heuvelmans, 2003:252]]; [[#Berger2009|Berger, 2009:261, 276]]; [[#Dyer2021|Dyer, 2021]]</ref> Supposed ''specimens'' thus excluded include Charles H. Dudoward's 1892 and 1922 carcasses (variously described as octopuses or squid<ref>[[#LeBlondSibert1973|LeBlond & Sibert, 1973:11, 32]]; [[#Bright1989|Bright, 1989:140]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:202]]</ref>); the so-called [[St. Augustine Monster]] of 1896 (initially postulated by [[Addison Emery Verrill|A. E. Verrill]] to be a giant squid,<ref name=Verrill1897>[[#Verrill1897|Verrill, 1897:79]]; repeated by [[#Bartsch1937|Bartsch, 1937:403]]</ref> later a [[gigantic octopus]], and eventually shown to be the remains of a whale<ref>[[#Pierceetal1995|Pierce ''et al.'', 1995]]</ref>); other [[globster|"blobs" and "globsters"]] variously speculated to be giant squid;<ref>e.g. [[#Radford2003|Radford, 2003]] (see [[Chilean Blob]]); [[#Evon2017|Evon, 2017]]</ref> the whale-vomited giant limb fragment mentioned in [[Willy Ley]]'s 1959 book ''[[Exotic Zoology]]'';<ref>[[#Ley1959|Ley, 1959:210]]</ref> two {{convert|42|ft|m|adj=on}} long tentacles said to have been vomited by an aquarium-bound whale;<ref>[[#Dozier1976|Dozier, 1976:72]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:7]]</ref> and the giant suckers supposedly recovered from sperm whale stomachs mentioned by [[Frederick Aldrich]].<ref name=":17">[[#Aldrich1980|Aldrich, 1980:59]]</ref> Also excluded are a number of enormous tentacles mentioned by [[Pierre Denys de Montfort]],<ref>[[#deMontfort1801|de Montfort, 1801]]</ref> based on interviews with whalers and sea captains, including one {{convert|35|ft|m}} long recovered from the mouth of a sperm whale as told by American whaler Ben Johnson; another {{convert|45|ft|m}} long found alongside a slaughtered whale as recalled by another American whaler by the name of Reynolds; a {{convert|25|ft|m|adj=on}} portion (the whole tentacle was said to be around {{convert|35|–|40|ft|m|disp=sqbr}} long) hacked off during an attack off the [[West Africa]]n coast according to Danish captain Jean-Magnus Dens; and captain Anderson's recollection of finding a pair of {{convert|25|ft|m|adj=on}} tentacles "still connected by part of the mantle" on rocks near [[Bergen]], [[Norway]].<ref>[[#Freeman2017|Freeman, 2017:55]]</ref> [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:103)]], citing the 21 December 1933 issue of ''[[The Telegram|The Evening Telegram]]'' of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]],<ref name=Anon1933>[[#Anon1933|[Anon.], 1933]]</ref> mentioned that Hon. Capt. A. Kean claimed he had found a giant squid at [[Flowers Cove]] "measuring {{convert|72|ft|m|disp=sqbr}} from tip to tip, and almost dead", more than 50 years earlier. Similarly, [[#Bright1989|Bright (1989:149)]] mentioned that a "specimen found at Flower's Cove on the Newfoundland coast in 1934 {{sic}} was positively identified and measured" at 22&nbsp;m, and [[#Kilias1993|Kilias (1993:610)]] wrote of a specimen from Flowers Cove supposedly measuring 21.95&nbsp;m.<ref>[[#GlaubrechtSalcedoVargas2004|Glaubrecht & Salcedo-Vargas, 2004:64]]</ref> A similar length of 23&nbsp;m is sometimes attributed to a purported 1933 stranding from Australia.<ref>e.g. [[#Labails2009|Labails, 2009:24]]</ref> There also exists a report of a specimen from [[Portugal Cove – St. Philip's|Portugal Cove]], Newfoundland, said to have been spotted in 1817 by a local minister named Larveige and named after him.<ref>[[#Bonnell1963|Bonnell, 1963:6]]</ref> These records are likewise excluded due to a lack of substantiating evidence.}} <!--Excluded but nonetheless noteworthy supposed sightings of gigantic squids (''Architeuthis'' or otherwise) are covered in [[Cephalopod size#Gigantic squids|a separate article]], together with [[Cephalopod size##Purported specimens|purported specimens]] for which there is scant evidence or which are otherwise doubtful (on account, for example, of their reported extreme size or implausible anatomy).--> In particular, "[[sea monster]]" sightings—many of which have been attributed to giant squid by various authors—fall short of this standard.{{refn|group=nb|name=monster|The giant squid has long been mooted as a possible explanation for "[[sea monster]]" sightings,<ref>[[#Gould1886|Gould, 1886]]; [[#Gibson1887|Gibson, 1887]]; [[#Aldrich1983|Aldrich, 1983]]; [[#Ellis1994a|Ellis, 1994a]], [[#Ellis1998a|1998a:10–30]]</ref> including most famously the [[kraken]],<ref>[[#Lee1875|Lee, 1875]], [[#Lee1883|1883]]; [[#Buel1887|Buel, 1887:81]]; [[#Bullen1898|Bullen, 1898:139]]; [[#Allan1955a|Allan, 1955a]], [[#Allan1955b|b]]; [[#Heuvelmans1958|Heuvelmans, 1958]]; [[#AldrichSullivan1978|Aldrich & Sullivan, 1978]]; [[#GarcinRaynal2011|Garcin & Raynal, 2011]]; [[#SalvadorTomotani2014|Salvador & Tomotani, 2014]]; [[#Walker2016|Walker, 2016]]; [[#Naish2017|Naish, 2017]]</ref> but also various "[[sea serpent]]s",<ref>[[#Buckland1886|Buckland, 1886:399]]; [[#Oudemans1892|Oudemans, 1892]]; [[#Bartsch1917|Bartsch, 1917:364]], [[#Bartsch1931|1931:347]], [[#Bartsch1937|1937:403]]; [[#AldrichSullivan1978|Aldrich & Sullivan, 1978]]; [[#Aldrich1979|Aldrich, 1979:67]]; [[#Ellis1994b|Ellis, 1994b]]</ref> such as the one purportedly seen off [[Greenland]] in 1734 and later reported by [[Hans Egede]];<ref>[[#Lee1883|Lee, 1883:64]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:15]]; but see [[#Paxtonetal2005|Paxton ''et al.'', 2005]]</ref> that sighted in [[Romsdalsfjord]], [[Norway]], in 1845;<ref>[[#Anon1849|[Anon.], 1849:264]]; [[#Myklebust1946|Myklebust, 1946]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:20]]</ref> that spotted by the crew of {{ship|HMS|Daedalus|1826|6}} in 1848;<ref>[[#Lee1883|Lee, 1883:79]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:20]]; [[#Switek2011|Switek, 2011]]; but see [[#Galbreath2015|Galbreath, 2015:42]]</ref> that encountered by {{ship|HMS|Plumper|1848|6}} later the same year;<ref>[[#Carrington1957|Carrington, 1957:35]]</ref> that allegedly observed battling a whale from the [[barque]] ''Pauline'' in 1875;<ref>[[#Carrington1957|Carrington, 1957:36]]; [[#Paxton2021|Paxton, 2021:314–315]]</ref> and two reported near [[Wollongong]], [[New South Wales]], Australia, in 1930: off [[Bellambi]] and two weeks later off [[Scarborough, New South Wales|Scarborough]].<ref>[[#Stead1933|Stead, 1933]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:28]]; [[#Dalton2021|Dalton, 2021]]</ref> Older examples occasionally attributed to the giant squid include the [[Lernaean Hydra|hydra]] from [[Conrad Gessner]]'s ''[[Historia animalium (Gessner book)|Historia Animalium]]'' of 1555;<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:13–14]]</ref> the "monstrous fish" from [[Olaus Magnus]]'s ''[[Historia de Gentibus Septentrionalibus]]'' of the same year (later reprinted by authors such as Gessner, [[Edward Topsell]], [[Ulisse Aldrovandi]], and [[John Jonston]]);<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:12, 14–15]]</ref> and various mythological and folkloric creatures such as the [[Greek mythology|Greek]] [[Scylla]],<ref>[[#Ley1941|Ley, 1941]]; [[#AldrichSullivan1978|Aldrich & Sullivan, 1978]]; [[#Aldrich1990b|Aldrich, 1990b]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:10–11]]; [[#Lotzof2021|Lotzof, 2021]]; [[#Guerra2022|Guerra, 2022]]</ref> the [[Japanese folklore|Japanese]] [[Akkorokamui]]<ref name=Lotzof2021>[[#Lotzof2021|Lotzof, 2021]]</ref> and ''[[umibōzu]]'',<ref>[[#Greener2010|Greener, 2010]]</ref> the [[Māori mythology|Māori]] [[Te Wheke-a-Muturangi]],<ref>[[#Kirk1880|Kirk, 1880:310]]; [[#Lotzof2021|Lotzof, 2021]]</ref> and the [[Caribbean folklore|Caribbean]] [[Lusca]].<ref name=Lotzof2021 /> Giant squid have even, on occasion, been proposed as an explanation for the [[Loch Ness Monster]],<ref>e.g. [[#Anon1934|[Anon.], 1934]]</ref> with the obvious problem that all living [[cephalopod]]s are [[Marine life|exclusively marine]].<ref>[[#PaxtonShine2016|Paxton & Shine, 2016:27, 32]]</ref> Some authors have cautioned against attributing "sea monster" sightings to giant squid and offered alternative explanations.<ref>[[#Paxton2003|Paxton, 2003]]; [[#France2016a|France, 2016a]], [[#France2016b|b]], [[#France2017|2017]]</ref>}} [[Compositing]] and other forms of [[photo manipulation]] have been used to perpetrate [[hoax]]es involving giant squid and these are occasionally circulated as records of actual news events, often accompanied by fictional background stories.<ref>[[#Lee2014|Lee, 2014]]; [[#Mikkelson2014|Mikkelson, 2014]]; [[#Evon2016b|Evon, 2016b]]; see also [[#Ellis1994a|Ellis, 1994a:163]], and [[April Fools' Day]] joke of [[#Carstens2016|Carstens, 2016]], taken seriously by [[#Anon2020|[Anon.], 2020]]</ref> Such records are likewise excluded, as are speculative misidentifications with no scientific basis.<ref>e.g. [[#Evon2016a|Evon, 2016a]], [[#Evon2017|2017]]; [[#Howard2017|Howard, 2017]]</ref>

The earliest surviving records of very large squid date to [[classical antiquity]] and the writings of [[Aristotle]], [[Pliny the Elder]],<ref>[[#Gerhardt1966|Gerhardt, 1966:171]]; [[#Muntz1995|Muntz, 1995]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:11–12]]; [[#Guerra2022|Guerra, 2022]]; see [[#Aristotle|Aristotle, ''c.'' 350&nbsp;BC]]; [[#Pliny|Pliny, AD&nbsp;77–79]]</ref> and possibly [[Antipater of Sidon]].<ref>[[#Anon2000|[Anon.], 2000]]<!--http://www.attalus.org/poetry/antipater1.html#GP50--></ref> But in the absence of detailed descriptions or surviving remains, it is not possible to assign these to the giant squid genus ''Architeuthis'' with any confidence, and they are therefore not included in this list (in any case, giant squid records from the [[Mediterranean]] are [[#Distribution patterns|exceedingly rare]]). [[Basques|Basque]] and [[Portugal|Portuguese]] [[Cod fisheries|cod fishermen]] observed what were likely giant squid carcasses in the waters of the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland]] as early as the 16th century,<ref>[[#Roperetal2015|Roper ''et al.'', 2015:78]]</ref> but conclusive evidence is similarly lacking. The earliest specimens identifiable as true giant squid are generally accepted to be ones from the [[early modern period]] in the 17th and 18th centuries,<ref>[[#Ellis1994a|Ellis, 1994a:379]]</ref> and possibly as far back as the 16th century ([[#1]]).<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:5, 257]]; [[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper, 2001:[27]]]; [[#Guerraetal2004a|Guerra ''et al.'', 2004a:428]]; but see [[#PaxtonHolland2005|Paxton & Holland, 2005]]</ref>

All developmental stages from hatchling to mature adult are included. In the literature there is a single anecdotal account of a giant squid "egg case",<ref>[[#Gudger1953|Gudger, 1953:199]]; [[#Lane1957|Lane, 1957:129]]; [[#Ellis1994a|Ellis, 1994a:144]]</ref> but this is excluded due to a lack of substantiating evidence (see misidentification [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#Ngouldi|#[9]]] for possible egg mass later determined to be that of the arrow squid, ''[[Nototodarus gouldi]]''). Indirect evidence of giant squid—such as [[Cephalopod sucker|sucker]] scars found on [[sperm whale]]s—falls outside the scope of this list.

Specimens misassigned to the genus ''Architeuthis'' in print publications or news reports are included, but are [[#List of specimens|clearly highlighted as misidentifications]].

=== List of specimens ===
Records are listed chronologically in ascending order and numbered accordingly. This numbering is not meant to be definitive but rather to provide a convenient means of referring to individual records. Specimens incorrectly assigned to the genus ''Architeuthis'' are counted separately, their numbers enclosed in square brackets, and are highlighted in pink ({{color box|MistyRose}}). Records that cover multiple whole specimens, or remains necessarily originating from multiple individuals (e.g. two lower beaks), have the '[[#Material cited|Material cited]]' cell highlighted in grey ({{color box|Gainsboro}}). Animals that were photographed or filmed while alive (all [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)|from the 21st century]]) have the '[[#Nature of encounter|Nature of encounter]]' cell highlighted in yellow ({{color box|LemonChiffon}}).<!--uncertain records indicated by "LemonChiffon?"--> Where a record falls into more than one of these categories, a combination of shadings is used. Where an image of a specimen is available, this is indicated by a camera symbol (📷) that links to the image.

[[File:Architeuthis princeps image modified.PNG|thumb|upright=1.85|Giant squid (''Architeuthis dux''), modified from an illustration by [[Addison Emery Verrill]] ([[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a: pl. 20]]; based on [[#42]]), showing the exceptionally long feeding tentacles, which are often missing or damaged in recovered specimens. Some of the more extreme published giant squid measurements have been attributed to artificial lengthening of these tentacles.<ref name=":15"/> Almost the entire bulk of the animal—that is, the mantle, head, and arms—takes up less than half of its total length; the absence of the tentacles, therefore, has a great effect on the animal's total length but very little on its mass.]]

* '''Date''' – Date on which the specimen was first captured, found, or observed. Where this is unknown, the date on which the specimen was first reported is listed instead and noted as such. All times are [[Time zone|local]].
* '''Location''' – Area where the specimen was encountered, including coordinates and depth information where available. Given as it appears in the cited reference(s), except where additional information is provided in square brackets. The quadrant of a major ocean in which the specimen was found is given in curly brackets (e.g. {NEA}; see [[#Oceanic sectors|Oceanic sectors]]).
* '''{{vanchor|Nature of encounter}}''' – Circumstances in which the specimen was recovered or observed. Given as they appear in the cited reference(s), although "washed ashore" encompasses all stranded animals.
* '''Identification''' – Species- or [[genus]]-level taxon to which the specimen was assigned. Given as it appears in the cited reference(s). Listed chronologically if specimen was re-identified. These designations are primarily of historical interest as most authorities now recognise [[#Species identifications|a single species of giant squid]]: ''Architeuthis dux''. Where only a [[vernacular name]] has been applied to the specimen (e.g. "giant squid" or a non-English equivalent), this is given instead.
* '''{{vanchor|Material cited}}''' – Original specimen material that was recovered or observed. "Entire" encompasses all more-or-less complete specimens. Names of anatomical features are retained from original sources (e.g. "jaws" may be given instead of the preferred "[[cephalopod beak|beak]]", or "body" instead of "[[Mantle (mollusc)|mantle]]"). The specimen's state of preservation is also given, where known, and any missing parts enumerated (the tentacles, arm tips, reddish skin and eyes are the parts most often missing in stranded specimens, owing to their delicate nature and/or preferential targeting by scavengers).
* '''Material saved''' – Material that was kept after examination and not discarded (if any). Information may be derived from outdated sources; material may no longer be extant even if stated as such.
* '''Sex''' – Sex and sexual maturity of the specimen.
* '''Size and measurements''' – Data relating to measurements and counts. Abbreviations used are based on standardised acronyms in [[teuthology]] (see [[#Measurements|Measurements]]), with the exception of several found in older references. Measurements are given as they appear in the cited reference(s), with both [[arithmetic precision]] and original units preserved ([[metric system|metric]] [[Conversion of units|conversions]] are shown alongside [[Imperial units|imperial measurements]]), though some of the more extreme lengths and weights found in older literature [[#Reported sizes|have since been discredited]].
* '''Repository''' – Institution in which the specimen material is deposited (based on cited sources; may not be current), including [[Accession number (library science)|accession numbers]] where available. Institutional acronyms are those defined by [[#Levitonetal1985|Leviton ''et al.'' (1985)]] and [[#LevitonGibbs1988|Leviton & Gibbs (1988)]] (see [[#Repositories|Repositories]]). Where the acronym is unknown, the full repository name is listed. [[Type specimen]]s, such as [[holotype]]s or [[syntype]]s, are identified as such in [[boldface]]. If an author has given a specimen a unique identifying number (e.g. Verrill specimen No. 28), this is included as well, whether or not the specimen is extant.
* '''Main references''' – The most important sources, typically ones that provide extensive data and/or analysis on a particular specimen (often [[primary source]]s). Presented in [[Parenthetical referencing|author–date parenthetical referencing]] style, with page numbers included where applicable (those in square brackets refer either to unpaginated works or English translations of originally non-English works; see [[#Full citations|Full citations]]). Only the first page of relevant coverage is given, except where this is discontinuous. Any relevant figures ("figs.") and plates ("pls.") are enumerated.
* '''{{vanchor|Additional references}}''' – References of lesser importance or primacy, either because they provide less substantive information on a given record (often [[secondary source]]s), or else because they are not easily obtainable or possibly even extant (e.g. old newspaper articles, personal correspondence, and television broadcasts) but nonetheless mentioned in more readily accessible published works (see [[#Full citations|Full citations]]).
* '''Notes''' – Miscellaneous information, often including persons and [[watercraft|vessels]] involved in the specimen's recovery and subsequent handling, and any dissections, preservation work or scientific analyses carried out on the specimen. Where animals have been recorded while alive this is also noted. Material not referable to the genus ''Architeuthis'', as well as specimens on public display, are both highlighted in bold (as "Non-architeuthid" and "On public display", respectively), though the latter information may no longer be current.

The total number of giant squid records listed across this page and successive lists is '''{{#expr:{{table row counter|id=giantsquidlist|ignore=4}}+{{table row counter|id=giantsquidlist|page=List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)|ignore=7<!--includes one asterisked record-->}}+{{table row counter|id=giantsquidlist|page=List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2001–2014)|ignore=4}}+{{table row counter|id=giantsquidlist|page=List of giant squid specimens and sightings (2015–present)|ignore=3}}}}'''<!--excluded are header rows, misidentifications (red rows), and asterisked records (part of larger record that is already counted)-->, though the number of individual animals covered is greater (the additional number exceeding 250) as some records encompass multiple specimens (indicated in grey). Additionally, '''13''' records relate to specimens misidentified as giant squid (indicated in pink).

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="font-size: smaller; width: 100%; text-align: left;" id="giantsquidlist"
|-
! # !! Date !! Location !! Nature of encounter !! Identification !! Material cited !! Material saved !! Sex !! Size and measurements !! Repository !! Main references !! Additional references !! {{spaces|5|em}}Notes{{spaces|5|em}}
|- id="1"
| 1<br />([[#img1|📷]]) || {{circa}} 1546{{refn|group=nb|name=date|Early sources variously give the date as 1545,<ref>[[#Vedel1575|Vedel, 1575]]</ref> 1546,<ref>[[#Hamer1546|Hamer, 1546]]; [[#Rondelet1554|Rondelet, 1554]]; [[#Gessner1558|Gessner, 1558]]</ref> December 1549,<ref>[[#Holberg1733|Holberg, 1733]]</ref> or 1550.<ref>[[#Huitfeldt1595|Huitfeldt, [1595]]]; [[#Stephaniusc1650|Stephanius, [{{circa}} 1650]]]</ref> [[#Lycosthenes1557|Lycosthenes (1557)]] mentions three "[[sea monk]]s" supposedly found in 1530, 1546, and 1549, the first in the [[Rhine]] and the latter two near [[Copenhagen]] (possibly referring to the same specimen). The earliest known source, a German woodcut of the creature dating from 1546<ref>[[#Hamer1546|Hamer, 1546]]</ref>—according to which the event happened the same year—places an upper bound on the date, and [[#PaxtonHolland2005|Paxton & Holland (2005)]] consider 1546 to be the most likely year.}} || [[Øresund]], near [[Malmö]], [[Denmark–Norway]] &#91;[[Treaty of Roskilde|since 1658]] Malmö has been part of [[Sweden]]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore; "caught live"<ref>[[#Muus1959|Muus, 1959:170]]</ref> || "[[sea monk]]"; ''Architeuthis monachus'' Steenstrup ''in'' Harting, 1860; [[Jenny Haniver]] made from a [[Skate (fish)|skate]];<ref>[[#Carrington1957|Carrington, 1957:63]]</ref> ''[[Squatina squatina]]'' (angelshark)<ref>[[#PaxtonHolland2005|Paxton & Holland, 2005:39]]</ref> || Entire? || Undetermined || || ?WL: ≈3&nbsp;m || || [[#Hamer1546|Hamer (1546:[1], fig.)]]; [[#Belon1553|Belon (1553:38, fig.)]]; [[#Rondelet1554|Rondelet (1554:492, fig.)]]; [[#Belon1555|Belon (1555:32, fig.)]]; [[#Lycosthenes1557|Lycosthenes (1557:609, fig.)]]; [[#Gessner1558|Gessner (1558:519, fig.)]]; [[#Rondelet1558|Rondelet (1558:361, fig.)]]; [[#Sluperius1572|Sluperius (1572:"89", 105, fig.)]]; [[#Vedel1575|Vedel (1575)]]; [[#Huitfeldt1595|Huitfeldt ([1595]:1545)]]; [[#Gessner1604|Gessner (1604:438, fig.)]]; [[#Stephaniusc1650|Stephanius ([{{circa}} 1650]:344)]]; [[#Steenstrup1855a|Steenstrup (1855a:63, 3 figs.)]]; [[#RoeleveldKnudsen1980|Roeleveld & Knudsen (1980:293, 3 figs.)]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:60, fig.)]]; [[#PaxtonHolland2005|Paxton & Holland (2005:39, fig. 1)]] || records of [[Björn Jónsson á Skarðsá]];{{refn|group=nb|name=Bjorn|Mentioned by [[#Steenstrup1855a|Steenstrup (1855a:78)]], presumably referring to Jónsson's encyclopedic ''Annálar Björns á Skarðsá'', covering the [[history of Iceland]] from 1400 to 1645, which was eventually published as a dual Icelandic–Latin work in 1774–1775.<ref>[[#Jonssonc1645|Jónsson, [{{circa}} 1645]]]; see [[#PaxtonHolland2005|Paxton & Holland, 2005:40]]</ref>}} [[#Scheuchzer1716|Scheuchzer (1716:153)]]; [[#Holberg1733|Holberg (1733:379)]]; [[#Lonnberg1891|Lönnberg (1891:36)]]; [[#Nordgard1928|Nordgård (1928:71)]]; [[#TambsLyche1946|Tambs-Lyche (1946:288)]]; [[#Carrington1957|Carrington (1957:58, fig.)]]; [[#Muus1959|Muus (1959:170)]]; [[#RussellRussell1975|Russell & Russell (1975:94)]]; [[#Strauss1975|Strauss (1975:393, fig.)]]; [[#Aldrich1980|Aldrich (1980:55)]]; [[#RoeleveldNd|Roeleveld ({{abbr|N.d.|No date}})]] || Contemporaneously regarded as a "[[sea monk]]". Drawings of animal sent by [[Christian III of Denmark]] to [[Holy Roman Emperor]] [[Charles V, Holy Roman Emperor|Charles V]] (then in Spain) sometime between 1545 and 1550; specimen well known across Europe.<ref>[[#RoeleveldNd|Roeleveld, {{abbr|N.d.|No date}}]]</ref> Mentioned in the writings of 16th century naturalists [[Pierre Belon]], [[Guillaume Rondelet]], and [[Conrad Gesner]] (in his encyclopedic ''[[Historia animalium (Gessner book)|Historia Animalium]]''), though giant squid identity first proposed by [[Japetus Steenstrup]] in lecture on 26 November 1854<!--https://books.google.co.uk/books/about/Om_den_i_Kong_Christian_IIIs_Tid_i_%C3%98res.html?id=OpAVPAAACAAJ-->. [[#PaxtonHolland2005|Paxton & Holland (2005:39)]] concluded that the specimen "was unlikely to have been a giant squid [...] The most likely alternative suspect would be the angelshark ''[[Squatina squatina]]''". The similar [[sea bishop]] has also been interpreted as a giant squid carcass<ref>[[#BarberRiches1971|Barber & Riches, 1971:26]]; [[#Aldrich1980|Aldrich, 1980:57]]</ref> or else a [[Jenny Haniver]] made from a [[Skate (fish)|skate]].<ref>[[#Carrington1957|Carrington, 1957:63]]; [[#RussellRussell1975|Russell & Russell, 1975:97]]</ref>
|- id="2"
| 2 || autumn 1639 || [[Þingeyrasandur|Thingøre Sand]], [[Nordresyssel]] (or [[Þingeyrasandur|Thingøresand]], [[Vestur-Húnavatnssýsla|Hunevandsyssel]]), [[Iceland]]<ref>[[#Steenstrup1849|Steenstrup, 1849:950–951/[9]]]</ref><br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis'' sp. || Entire || One arm || || BL+HL: ≈{{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AL: ≈{{convert|3|ft|m|abbr=on}}; TL: ≈{{convert|16|–|18|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BC: ≈{{convert|3|–|4|ft|m|abbr=on}} || [[Þingeyraklaustur|Thingøre monastery]]; "museum at [[Copenhagen]]" (ZMUC?)<ref>[[#Packard1873|Packard, 1873:87]]</ref> || [[#Jonssonc1645|Jónsson ([{{circa}} 1645]:238<!--Latin translation on 239-->)]]; [[#Olafsson1772|Ólafsson (1772:716)]]; [[#Steenstrup1849|Steenstrup (1849:950/[9])]]; [[#Steenstrup1898|Steenstrup (1898:425/[272])]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:65)]] || [[#Packard1873|Packard (1873:87)]]; [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill (1875b:84)]]; [[#Robson1933|Robson (1933:691)]]; [[#Muus1959|Muus (1959:170)]]; [[#Berger2009|Berger (2009:260)]] || Original Icelandic account is from the contemporaneous ''Annálar Björns á Skarðsá'' and has been translated into English.{{refn|group=nb|name=translation|It reads: "In the autumn [of 1639] on [[Thingøresand]] in [[Hunevandsyssel]] a peculiar creature or sea monster was stranded with length and thickness like those of a man; it had 7 tails, and each of these measured approximately two [[ell]]s. These tails were densely covered with a kind of button, and the buttons looked as if there was an eye ball in each button, and round the eye ball an eyelid; these eyelids looked as if they were [[gilded]]. On this sea monster there was in addition a single tail which had grown out above those 7 tails; it was extremely long, 4–5 [[fathom|fms]] [7.5–9.4&nbsp;m]; no bone or cartilage were found in its body but the whole to the sight and to the touch was like the soft belly of the female lumpfish [''[[Cyclopterus lumpus]]'']. No trace was seen of the head, except the one aperture, or two, which were found behind the tails or at a short distance from them. This very creature was observed by many trustworthy men, and one of the tails of the sea monster was brought home to [[Þingeyraklaustur|Thingørekloster]] for examination."<ref>[[#Steenstrup1849|Steenstrup, 1849:950–952/[9–10]]]; for the original Icelandic text, see there and [[#Jonssonc1645|Jónsson, [{{circa}} 1645]:238]]</ref>}} Crude drawing of animal mentioned by [[Eggert Ólafsson]] was lost with most of his books when his boat capsized off Iceland in 1768, leading to his death.<ref>[[#Steenstrup1849|Steenstrup, 1849:952/[10–11]]]</ref> Identified by [[Japetus Steenstrup]] as [[Decapodiformes|decapod]] [[cephalopod]] in 1849.
|- id="3"
| 3<br />([[#img3|📷]]) || {{circa}} 15 October 1673 || [[Dingle Bay|Dingle-I-cosh]], [[County Kerry|Kerry]], [[Ireland]]<br />{NEA} || Found floating at surface, in process of washing ashore, alive || ''Dinoteuthis proboscideus'' More, 1875; ''Architeuthis monachus'';<ref>[[#Verrill1875c|Verrill, 1875c:214]]</ref> ''Ommastrephes'' (''Architeuthis'') ''monachus''<ref name=":18">[[#Tryon1879b|Tryon, 1879b:185]]</ref> || Entire || Two arms, buccal mass, and suckers taken to [[Dublin]] || || TL: ≈{{convert|11|ft|m|abbr=on}} + {{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AL: ≈{{convert|6|–|8|ft|m|abbr=on}}; "liver": {{convert|30|lb|abbr=on}} || Undetermined [NMI?<!--not in museum database-->]; '''holotype''' of ''Dinoteuthis proboscideus'' More, 1875 || [[#Anonc1673|[Anon.] ({{circa}} 1673)]]; [[#Hookeetalc1674|Hooke ''et al.'' ({{circa}} 1674:[1], fig.)]]; [[#More1875a|More (1875a:4526)]]; [[#Verrill1875c|Verrill (1875c:214)]]; [[#Tryon1879b|Tryon (1879b:185)]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:66)]]; [[#SueurHermel2017|Sueur-Hermel (2017:64)]] || [[#More1875b|More (1875b:4571)]]; [[#Massy1909|Massy (1909:30)]]; [[#Ritchie1918|Ritchie (1918:137)]]; [[#Robson1933|Robson (1933:692)]]; [[#Rees1950|Rees (1950:40)]]; [[#Hardy1956|Hardy (1956:285)]]; [[#Collins1998|Collins (1998:489)]] || Found by James Steward. Original material relating to this specimen consists of: a broadsheet printed in [[London]] with three letters (two from Thomas Hooke and one from Thomas Clear) together with a description and illustration;<ref>[[#Hookeetalc1674|Hooke ''et al.'', {{circa}} 1674]]</ref> a fourth letter in manuscript;<ref>see [[#More1875a|More, 1875a]]</ref> a broadsheet printed in [[Dublin]] to be distributed as a [[handbill]];<ref>[[#Anonc1673|[Anon.], {{circa}} 1673]]</ref> and an eight-page booklet printed in London with a [[woodcut]] reproduction of the illustration in the broadsheet (both originating from a painting on canvas brought to London, as it was impossible to preserve the carcass).<ref>see [[#SueurHermel2017|Sueur-Hermel, 2017]]</ref>
|-
| 4 || 1680 || [[Ulvangen Fjord]], [[Alstahaug Municipality|Alstadhoug]] parish, [[Norway]]<br />{NEA} || Not stated || || Entire? || || || || || [[#Pontoppidan1753|Pontoppidan (1753:344)]] || [[#Steenstrup1857|Steenstrup (1857:184/[18])]]; [[#Grieg1933|Grieg (1933:19)]] ||
|-
| 5 || 1770 || [[Jutland]], [[Denmark]]<br />{NEA} || || || || || || Unknown || || [[#Muus1959|Muss (1959)]] || [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:257)]] ||
|-
| 6 || 27 May 1785 || [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland|Grand Banks]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found floating at surface, dead || ''Architeuthis'' sp. || || || || BL: {{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}} || || [[#Cartwright1792|Cartwright (1792:44)]]; [[#Thomas1795|Thomas ([1795]:183)]]; [[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich (1991:457)]] || || Found during [[George Cartwright (trader)|George Cartwright]]'s sixth and final voyage to [[Newfoundland and Labrador]]. Spotted at 10&nbsp;am surrounded by birds. Head broke off during retrieval. Described as "a large squid [...] when gutted, the body filled a pork barrel, and the whole of it would have filled a [[Tierce (unit)|tierce]]".
|- id="7"
| 7 || November or December 1790 || [[Arnarnaesvik]], [[Modruvalle]], [[Iceland]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || || Entire || None; used for cod bait || || "longest tentacula": >{{convert|3|fathom|m}}; "body right from the head": {{convert|3.5|fathom|m}}; "so thick that a fullgrown man could hardly embrace it with his arms" || || [[#Steenstrup1849|Steenstrup (1849:952/[11])]]; [[#Steenstrup1898|Steenstrup (1898:429/[276])]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:68)]] || February 1792 diary of [[Sveinn Pálsson]] (in library of [[Icelandic Literary Society]], in [[Copenhagen]]); [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill (1875b:84)]]; [[#Robson1933|Robson (1933:691)]] || Called ''Kolkrabbe'' ('coal-crab') by local people. Identified by [[Japetus Steenstrup]] as [[Decapodiformes|decapod]] [[cephalopod]] in 1849.
|-
| 8 || 1700s (reported 1795) || [[Freshwater Bay, Newfoundland|Freshwater Bay]], near mouth of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] harbour, [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Unknown || ''Architeuthis'' sp. || || || || || || [[#Thomas1795|Thomas ([1795]:183)]]; [[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich (1991:457)]] || ||
|-
| 9 || 1700s || [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland|Grand Banks]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Unknown || ''Architeuthis'' sp. || || || || || || [[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich (1991:457)]] || ||
|-
| 10 || 1798 || north coast of [[Denmark]]<br />{NEA} || Not stated || "gigantic squid" || || || || Unknown || "museum at [[Copenhagen]]" (ZMUC?) || [[#Packard1873|Packard (1873:87)]] || [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:257)]] ||
|-
| 11 || 9 January 1802 || off [[Tasmania]], [[Australia]]<br />{SWP} || Found at surface, alive || ?''[[Loligo]]'' ["''vraisemblablement du genre Calmar [Loligo, Lamarck]''"] || || || || "size of a [[barrel]]" ["''grosseur d'un tonneau''"]; AL: 1.9–2.2&nbsp;m; AD: 18–21&nbsp;cm || || [[#Peron1807|Péron (1807:216)]] || [[#QuoyGaimard1824|Quoy & Gaimard (1824:411)]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:257)]] || [[#Peron1807|Péron (1807:216)]] wrote: "it rolled with noise in the midst of the waves, and its long arms, stretched out on their surface, stirred like so many enormous reptiles" (translated from the French).
|-
| 12 || between 1817 and 1820 || [[Atlantic Ocean]], near [[equator]]<br />{?} || Found floating at surface || "''énorme calmar''" || Partial remains; "tentacles" ("''tentacules''") missing || || || WT: 100 "[[Units of measurement in France|livres]]" [estimate]; WT: 200 "livres" [estimate; if complete] || || [[#QuoyGaimard1824|Quoy & Gaimard (1824:411)]] ||  [[#Packard1873|Packard (1873:88)]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:257)]] || Found at surface in calm weather. [[#QuoyGaimard1824|Quoy & Gaimard (1824:411)]] opined: "it is easy to imagine that one of these terrible molluscs could readily remove a man from a fairly large boat, but not a medium-tonnage vessel, still less tilting this vessel and endangering it, as some would like to believe" (translated from the French).
|- id="13"
| 13<br />([[#img13|📷]]) || December 1853 || [[Raabjerg]] beach, [[North Denmark Region|North Jutland]], coast of [[Skagerrak|Skagerack]], [[Denmark]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis monachus'' || Entire || [[cephalopod beak|Jaws]] only; [[radula]] discarded after poor preservation; jaws cut out; portion used for bait; remainder buried after 2 days || || WT: 80–85&nbsp;kg; jaw measurements [[#Steenstrup1898|Steenstrup (1898:423/[270])]] || ZMUC catalog no. CEP-133; '''holotype''' of ''Architeuthis monachus'' Steenstrup, 1857<ref name=":0">[[#KristensenKnudsen1983|Kristensen & Knudsen, 1983:222]]</ref> || [[#Steenstrup1855b|Steenstrup (1855b:[14])]]; [[#Harting1860|Harting (1860:11)]]; [[#Steenstrup1898|Steenstrup (1898:415/[258], pl. 1 figs. 1–2)]]; [[#KristensenKnudsen1983|Kristensen & Knudsen (1983:222)]] || [[#Steenstrup1857|Steenstrup (1857:[18])]]; [[#Packard1873|Packard (1873:87)]]; [[#Gervais1875|Gervais (1875:91)]]; [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill (1875b:84)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:238, pl. 25 fig. 3)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:51, pl. 12 fig. 3)]]; [[#Posselt1890|Posselt (1890:144)]]; [[#Nordgard1928|Nordgård (1928:71)]] || "''Architeuthis monachus''" Steenstrup = ''nomen nudum''<ref>[[#Robson1933|Robson, 1933:690]]</ref>
|- id="14"
| 14<br />([[#img14|📷]]) || 5 November 1855 || western [[Atlantic Ocean]], near [[The Bahamas|Bahamas]] ({{coord|31|N|76|W|dim:10000km|name=Giant squid specimen, 5 November 1855}})<br />{NWA} || Not stated; presumably found floating at surface || ''Architeuthis dux'' Steenstrup, 1857; ''Architeuthis titan''<ref>from unpublished manuscript by Steenstrup cited in [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill, 1875b:84]]</ref><!--see also Packard (1873:88) and Tryon (1879b:186)--> || Various parts || [[Gladius (cephalopod)|Gladius]], mouthparts, part of arm, several suckers, and what may be [[hectocotylus]]<ref name=NHMD2019>[[#NHMD2019|[NHMD], 2019]]</ref> || Male || WL: 377&nbsp;cm; AL: 1/2 whole length;<ref>Steenstrup</ref> beak measurements; GL: {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}}<ref>[[#Verrill1875b|Verrill, 1875b:84]] citing [[#Harting1860|Harting, 1860]]</ref> || ZMUC catalog no. CEP-97 (or CEP-000097) and NHMD-77320 (multiple parts, each in its own glass vessel: gladius, mouthparts, part of arm, several suckers, and what may be hectocotylus);<ref name=NHMD2019 /> '''holotype''' of ''[[Giant squid|Architeuthis dux]]'' Steenstrup, 1857;<ref name=":0"/> ZMB Moll. 34798 (single sucker); piece of limb in [[Bergen Museum]]<ref>[[#TambsLyche1946|Tambs-Lyche, 1946:288]]</ref> || [[#Steenstrup1857|Steenstrup (1857:[18])]]; [[#Steenstrup1882|Steenstrup (1882:[160])]]; [[#Steenstrup1898|Steenstrup (1898:413, 450/[260, 298], pls. 3–4)]]; [[#Tryon1879b|Tryon (1879b:186, pl. 86 fig. 388)]]; [[#KristensenKnudsen1983|Kristensen & Knudsen (1983:222)]]; [[#GlaubrechtSalcedoVargas2000|Glaubrecht & Salcedo-Vargas (2000:273)]]; [[#NHMD2019|[NHMD] (2019)]] || [[#Packard1873|Packard (1873:87)]]; [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill (1875b:84)]]; [[#Posselt1890|Posselt (1890:144)]]; [[#TollHess1981|Toll & Hess (1981:753)]] || Obtained by Capt. Vilhelm Hygom. [[Japetus Steenstrup]] donated single sucker to [[Museum für Naturkunde]] in Berlin, which was incorporated into collection in 1883 according to catalogue entry. Preserved in 70% ethanol.<ref name=NHMD2019 />
|-
| 15 || December 1855 || [[Ålbæk Bugt|Aalbaekbugten]], [[Denmark]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis'' sp. || Entire? || Undetermined || || None || || [[#Muus1959|Muus (1959:170)]] || [[#Posselt1890|Posselt (1890:144)]] ||
|- id="16"
| 16<br />([[#img16|📷]]) || Unknown (reported 1860) || Unknown<br />{?} || Not stated || ''Architeuthis dux'';?<ref>[[#Harting1860|Harting, 1860]]</ref>''Ommastrephes hartingii'';<ref name=":19">[[#Tryon1879b|Tryon, 1879b:184]]</ref> ''Architeuthis hartingii'' (Verrill, 1875);<ref name=":20">[[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a]]</ref> ''nomen nudum''<ref name=":21">[[#Dell1970|Dell, 1970:27]]</ref> || [[cephalopod beak|Jaws]], buccal mass, detached arm suckers || Jaws, buccal mass, detached arm suckers || || ASD: {{convert|1.05|in|cm|abbr=on}} || [[Utrecht University]] Natural History Museum; '''holotype''' of ''Loligo hartingii'' Verrill, 1875. Harting specimen No. 1 || [[#Harting1860|Harting (1860:2, pl. 1<!--incl. fig. 1A?-->)]]; [[#Kent1874d|Kent (1874d:491)]]; [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill (1875b:85, fig. 28)]]; [[#Tryon1879b|Tryon (1879b:149, 184, pl. 60 figs. 194–195)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:240, pl. 16 fig. 8, pl. 25 fig. 1<!--incl. fig. 2?-->)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:52, pl. 12 figs. 1–1c<!--incl. fig. 2?-->)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:37)]] || [[#Dell1970|Dell (1970:27)]] ||
|-
| 17 || 1860 or 1861 || between [[Hillswick]] and [[Scalloway]], [[Shetland]], [[Scotland]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis monachus'' Steenstrup, 1857; ''Architeuthis dux'' Steenstrup, 1857<ref name=":22">[[#Stephen1962|Stephen, 1962:154]]</ref> || || Undetermined || || TL: {{convert|16|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AL: ≈{{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BL: ≈{{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}} || || [[#Jeffreys1869|Jeffreys (1869:124)]]; [[#Stephen1944|Stephen (1944:263)]] || [[#More1875b|More (1875b:4571)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:26)]]; [[#Rees1950|Rees (1950:40)]]; [[#Collins1998|Collins (1998:489)]] ||
|- id="18"
| 18<br />([[#img18|📷]]) || 30 November ?1861 [=1860 Rees & Maul] || about {{convert|20|mi|km}} northeast of [[Tenerife|Teneriffe]], [[Canary Islands]]<br />{NEA} || Found floating at surface || ''Loligo bouyeri'';?<ref>[[#CrosseFischer1862|Crosse & Fischer, 1862:138]]</ref>''Ommastrephes bouyeri''<ref name=":19"/> || Entire, decomposed || None || || BL: {{convert|15|–|18|ft|m|abbr=on}} || None || [[#Bouyer1861|Bouyer (1861:1263)]]; [[#CrosseFischer1862|Crosse & Fischer (1862:135)]]; [[#Bouyer1866|Bouyer (1866:275, fig.)]]; [[#Kent1874a|Kent (1874a:180)]]; [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill (1875b:86)]]; [[#Tryon1879b|Tryon (1879b:149, 184, pl. 59)]]; [[#Bouree1912|Bourée (1912:113, fig. 108)]]; [[#Aldrich1978|Aldrich (1978:2)]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:5, 78)]]; [[#Heuvelmans2003|Heuvelmans (2003:185, figs. 95–96, 100)]] || [[#Fredol1865|Frédol (1865:314, pl. 13)]]; [[#Figuier1866|Figuier (1866:464, fig. 362)]]; [[#Fredol1866|Frédol (1866:362)]]; [[#Mangin1868|Mangin (1868:321)]]; [[#Meunier1871|Meunier (1871:245)]]; [[#Kent1874d|Kent (1874d:491)]]; [[#Gervais1875|Gervais (1875:93)]]; [[#Lee1883|Lee (1883:38, fig. 8)]]; [[#ReesMaul1956|Rees & Maul (1956:266)]]; [[#Carrington1957|Carrington (1957:53, pl. 3b)]]; [[#Muntz1995|Muntz (1995:19, fig. 11)]]; [[#Lagrange2009|Lagrange (2009:19)]] || Observed only by officers of the French gunboat [[French corvette Alecton|''Alecton'']]; sketch made. A report of the incident filed by the ship's lieutenant was almost certainly seen by [[Jules Verne]] and adapted by him for the description of the monstrous squid in ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]''.<ref name=":3"/> [[Iconography]] discussed by [[#Lagrange2009|Lagrange (2009)]].
|-
| 19 || 1862 || [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]]<br />{NEA/NWA} || || || || || || Unknown || || [[#CrosseFischer1862|Crosse & Fischer (1862)]] || [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:258)]] ||
|- style="background:MistyRose;" id="Spteropus"
| [1]<br />([[#imgSpteropus|📷]]) || Unknown; 1870?<!--"around 1878" according to YPM records--> || [[Cape Sable (Nova Scotia)|Cape Sable]], [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis megaptera'' Verrill, 1878 [=''[[Sthenoteuthis pteropus]]'' (Steenstrup, 1855)]<ref>[[#Dunning1998|Dunning, 1998:428]]</ref> || Entire || Entire || || BL: {{convert|14|in|cm|abbr=on}}; BL+HL: {{convert|19|in|cm|abbr=on}}; EL<!--not WL-->: {{convert|43|in|cm|abbr=on}}; TL: {{convert|22|–|24|in|cm|abbr=on}}; AL: {{convert|6.5|–|8.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}; FW: {{convert|13.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}; FL: {{convert|6|in|cm|abbr=on}}; extensive additional measurements || NSMC catalog no. 1870-Z-2; YPM catalog nos. [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-017932.GP IZ 017932] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190803112340/https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-017932.GP |date=3 August 2019 }} (sucker) & [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-017713.GP IZ 017713]; '''holotype''' of ''Architeuthis megaptera'' Verrill, 1878;<ref>[[#MacAlaster1977|MacAlaster, 1977:14]]</ref> Verrill specimen No. 21 ("Cape Sable specimen") || [[#Verrill1878|Verrill (1878:207)]]; [[#Tryon1879b|Tryon (1879b:187)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:193, pl. 21)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:17, pl. 16 figs. 1–9)]] || || '''Non-architeuthid.''' Collected by J.M. Jones.
|-
| 20 || September 1870 || [[Waimārama|Waimarama]], east coast of [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]]<br />{SWP} || Found washed ashore || || Entire || Beak || || BL+HL: {{convert|10|ft|5|in|m|abbr=on}}; BC: {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AL: {{convert|5|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}} || In Kirk's possession; Kirk specimen No. 1 || [[#Kirk1880|Kirk (1880:310)]]; [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:398)]] || Meinertzhagen letter 27 June 1879 to Kirk; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:32)]]; [[#Dell1952|Dell (1952:98)]] || Mr. Meinertzhagen sent beak, saved by third party (unidentified), to Kirk. Natives called specimen a "[[taniwha]]".
|- id="21"
| 21 || 1870 (winter) || [[Lamaline]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis monachus'' of Steenstrup || style="background: Gainsboro" | Two specimens; entire? || None?; used as fish bait<ref name=Earle1977_53>[[#Earle1977|Earle, 1977:53]]</ref> || || Two; EL<!--not WL-->: {{convert|40|ft|m|abbr=on}} and EL<!--not WL-->: {{convert|47|ft|m|abbr=on}} || None?; Verrill specimen Nos. 8 & 9 ("Lamaline specimens") || [[#Murray1874a|Murray (1874a:162)]]; [[#Verrill1875a|Verrill (1875a:36)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:187)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:11)]] || ''[[Boston Traveller]]'', November 1873; [[#Harvey1874a|Harvey (1874a:69)]]; [[#Kent1874a|Kent (1874a:182)]]; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:101)]]; [[#Earle1977|Earle (1977:52)]] || Data from Mr. Harvey letter citing Rev. M. Gabriel's statement to Harvey.
|- id="22"
| 22<br />([[#img22|📷]]) || October 1871 || [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland|Grand Banks]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found floating at surface || ''Architeuthis princeps'' Verrill, 1875 || Entire; part used as bait || [[cephalopod beak|Jaws]] obtained from Baird for examination by Verrill || || BL: ≈{{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BD: {{convert|19|in|cm|abbr=on}}; AL: ≈{{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} [mutilated]; AD: {{convert|7|in|cm|abbr=on}}; AC: {{convert|22|in|cm|abbr=on}}; beak; BC: {{convert|4|ft|8|in|m|abbr=on}}; WT: {{convert|2000|lb|abbr=on}} || Jaws at NMNH<ref>[[#Verrill1874a|Verrill, 1874a:158]]</ref> (no longer extant?<ref name=SweeneyRoper2001_9>[[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper, 2001:[9]]]</ref>); lower jaw is '''syntype''' of ''Architeuthis princeps'' Verrill, 1875b; Verrill specimen No. 1 ("Grand Banks specimen" [1st]) || [[#Packard1873|Packard (1873:91)]]; [[#Verrill1874a|Verrill (1874a:158)]]; [[#Verrill1874b|Verrill (1874b:167)]]; [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill (1875b:79, fig. 27)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:181, 210, pl. 18 fig. 3)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:5, pl. 11 figs. 3–3a)]] || [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:20)]]; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:100)]] || Taken by Capt. Campbell, Schooner ''B.D. Haskins''.
|-
| 23 || 1871 || [[Wellington]], [[New Zealand]]<br />{SWP} || || || || || || ?EL: {{convert|16|ft|m|abbr=on}} || || [[#Dell1952|Dell (1952)]] || [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:258)]] ||
|-
| 24 || 1872 (autumn or winter) || [[St. Jacques – Coomb's Cove|Coomb's Cove]], [[Fortune Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found alive in shallow water, having been driven ashore in heavy sea || || Entire; "one long arm missing" (later changed to both present) || || || BL: {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BD: {{convert|3|–|4|ft|m|abbr=on}}; TL: {{convert|42|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AL: ≈{{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AD: {{convert|9|in|cm|abbr=on}}; skin + flesh: {{convert|2.25|in|cm|abbr=on}} thick; EL: {{convert|52|ft|m|abbr=on}} || Unknown; Verrill specimen No. 3 ("Coombs' Cove specimen") || [[#Verrill1874a|Verrill (1874a:159)]]; [[#Verrill1874b|Verrill (1874b:167)]]; [[#Verrill1875a|Verrill (1875a:35)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:183)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:7)]] || [[#Owen1881|Owen (1881:163)]]; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:101)]] || Specimen had a reddish colour. Verrill's data taken from newspaper accounts and 15/VI/1873 T.R. Bennett letter to Prof. Baird. [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:186)]] states his No. 6 is same specimen as No. 3; this cannot be correct, since capture date for No. 6 is clearly stated as December 1874 by [[#Verrill1875c|Verrill (1875c:213)]].<ref name=SweeneyRoper2001_9 />
|- id="25"
| 25<br />([[#img25|📷]]) || December 1872 || [[Bonavista Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore || ?''Architeuthis dux'';?<ref name=":23">[[#Verrill1874a|Verrill, 1874a]]</ref>''Architeuthis harveyi''<ref name=":20"/> || Entire (damaged arms) || Pair of [[cephalopod beak|jaws]] and two suckers || || TL: {{convert|32|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AL: ≈{{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BL: ≈{{convert|14|ft|m|abbr=on}} [estimate]; BC: {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} || NMNH; YPM catalog no. [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-034835 IZ 034835]. Verrill specimen No. 4 ("Bonavista Bay specimen") [[#Verrill1875a|(1875a:33)]]; and possibly also Verrill specimen No. 11<!--separate?--> ("Second Bonavista Bay specimen") [[#Verrill1875b|(1875b:79)]] || [[#Verrill1874a|Verrill (1874a:160)]]; [[#Verrill1874b|Verrill (1874b:167)]]; [[#Verrill1875a|Verrill (1875a:33, fig. 11)]]; [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill (1875b:79)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:184, 187, pl. 16 figs. 5–6, pl. 25 fig. 5)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:8, 11, pl. 3 figs. 4–4a, pl. 4 figs. 1–1a)]] || [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:19)]]; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:101)]] || Material from Rev. A. Munn, through Prof. Baird to Verrill.
|- id="26"
| 26<br />([[#img26|📷]]) || Unknown (reported 1873) || [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic Ocean]]<br />{NWA} || From [[sperm whale]] stomach || ''Architeuthis princeps'' Verrill, 1875; ''Ommastrephes'' (''Architeuthis'') ''princeps''<ref name=":18"/> || Upper and lower [[cephalopod beak|jaws]] || Upper and lower jaws || || Beak measurements || Presented by Capt. N.E. Atwood of [[Provincetown, Massachusetts|Provincetown]], [[Massachusetts]] to EI;<ref>[[#Verrill1875b|Verrill, 1875b]]</ref> PASS;<ref name=":20"/> '''syntype''' of ''Architeuthis princeps'' Verrill, 1875b; Verrill specimen No. 10 ("Sperm-whale specimen") || [[#Packard1873|Packard (1873:91, fig. 10)]]; [[#Verrill1875a|Verrill (1875a:22)]]; [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill (1875b:79, figs. 25–26)]]; [[#Tryon1879b|Tryon (1879b:185, pl. 85)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:187, 210, pl. 18 figs. 1–2)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:11, pl. 11 figs. 1–2)]] || [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:101)]] || First reported by [[Alpheus Spring Packard]] in February 1873. Verrill states Packard's illustration is inaccurate.
|- id="27"
| 27<br />([[#img27|📷]]) || Unknown (reported 1873) || Unknown; possibly east coast of [[South America]]<ref>[[John Edward Gray|J.E. Gray]] cited in [[#Lee1875|Lee, 1875:114]]; see also [[#Kent1874a|Kent, 1874a:179]]</ref><br />{SWA}? || Not stated || ''Architeuthis monachus'';<ref>[[#Kent1874a|Kent, 1874a:178]]</ref> ''Plectoteuthis grandis'' Owen, 1881; ''Architeuthis'' sp.? (''grandis'');<ref>[[#Verrill1881b|Verrill, 1881b:401]]</ref> ''nomen nudum''<ref name=":21"/> || Sessile arm || Arm || || AL: {{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AC: {{convert|11|in|cm|abbr=on}}; ASD: ≤{{convert|0.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}; total size and size of various missing parts estimated by [[#Lee1875|Lee (1875:114)]] || BMNH; '''holotype''' of ''Plectoteuthis grandis'' Owen, 1881 || [[#Kent1874a|Kent (1874a:179)]]; [[#Kent1874d|Kent (1874d:493)]]; [[#Lee1875|Lee (1875:113)]]; [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill (1875b:86)]]; [[#Owen1881|Owen (1881:156, pls. 34–35)]]; [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:400)]]; [[#Verrill1882b|Verrill (1882b:72)]]; [[#Steenstrup1882|Steenstrup (1882:[160])]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:37)]] || [[#Dell1970|Dell (1970:27)]] || "No history relating to it has been preserved", but first examined by [[Henry Lee (naturalist)|Henry Lee]] in May 1873, having been in BMNH collections for "long" time.<ref name=":5"/> Bore {{circa}} 300 suckers.
|- id="28"
| 28 || 1873 || [[Edo|Yedo]] &#91;[[Tokyo]]&#93; fishmarket, [[Japan]]<br />{NWP} || Purchased || ''Megateuthis martensii'' Hilgendorf, 1880; ''Nomen spurium''<ref>[[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer, 1912:31]]</ref> || 'Entire', missing head, "abdominal sac", ends of tentacles and arms<ref>[[#Owen1881|Owen, 1881:163]]</ref> || Not specified || || ML: 186&nbsp;cm; WL: 414&nbsp;cm; HL: 41&nbsp;cm; AL: 197&nbsp;cm [longest]; ASD: 1.5&nbsp;cm (with 37 cusps); EyD: 200&nbsp;mm || ZMB Moll. 34716 + 38980; '''holotype''' of ''Megateuthis martensii'' Hilgendorf, 1880 [34716a: eyeball, 200&nbsp;mm diameter, dry; 34716b: pieces of arm and [[Gladius (cephalopod)|gladius]], suckers; 34716c: larger piece of arm with suckers; 38980: four suckers from holotype arm piece] || [[#Hilgendorf1880|Hilgendorf (1880:67)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:31)]]; [[#Sasaki1929|Sasaki (1929:227)]]; [[#GlaubrechtSalcedoVargas2000|Glaubrecht & Salcedo-Vargas (2000:276)]] || [[#Owen1881|Owen (1881:163)]]; [[#Sasaki1916|Sasaki (1916:90)]] || Second specimen from [[Tokyo]] fishmarket seen by [[Franz Martin Hilgendorf]] and used for description of [[Gladius (cephalopod)|gladius]]. Of other specimen, Hilgendorf saved "parts of an arm, the covering of the eye, and a fragment of the gladius" ("''Theile eines Armes, die Hüllen des Auges, und ein Bruchstück des Schulpes''").<ref>[[#GlaubrechtSalcedoVargas2000|Glaubrecht & Salcedo-Vargas, 2000:276]]</ref> Model of specimen placed in [[Exhibition of Fishery]] in [[Berlin]].
|- id="29"
| 29<br />([[#img29|📷]]) || 26 October 1873 || off [[Portugal Cove – St. Philip's|Portugal Cove]], [[Conception Bay (Canada)|Conception Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found floating at surface, alive || ''Megaloteuthis harveyi'' Kent, 1874; ''Architeuthis monachus'' of Steenstrup;?<ref name=":24">[[#Verrill1875a|Verrill, 1875a:34]]</ref>''Architeuthis harveyi''<ref>[[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:181]]</ref> || Entire || One tentacle; one arm discarded || || (see [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:220]]) TL: {{convert|19|ft|m|abbr=on}} [incomplete; total estimated at {{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on}} with ≈{{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} left attached to body and {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} subsequently destroyed]; TC: {{convert|3.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} [stalk; club {{convert|6|in|cm|abbr=on}}]; TSD: {{convert|1.25|in|cm|abbr=on}}; additional measurements based on photograph;<ref name=":24"/> additional [[tentacular club|club]] measurement from Harvey letter;<ref>[[#Verrill1875b|Verrill, 1875b:79]]</ref> BL: ≈{{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}};<!--BW 5 ft?--> EL: ≈{{convert|60|ft|m|abbr=on}} [estimate]; AL: {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AD: {{convert|10|in|cm|abbr=on}}; TSC: ≈180; beak as large "as a six-gallon [[keg]]"; "tail" {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}} across<ref>[[#Buckland1875|Buckland, 1875:212–214]]</ref> || YPM?<!--Newfoundland Museum for a time?; see https://www.therooms.ca/the-newfoundland-museum-origin-and-development ; Aldrich mentions arm at BMNH (https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/mun_gazette/MUNGaz_V13N13.pdf p. 2) - possibly confusion with Plectoteuthis grandis specimen-->; '''holotype''' of ''Megaloteuthis harveyi'' Kent, 1874; Verrill specimen No. 2 ("Conception Bay specimen") || [[#Harvey1873a|Harvey (1873a)]]; [[#Harvey1873b|Harvey (1873b)]]; [[#Harvey1873c|Harvey (1873c)]]; [[#Harvey1874a|Harvey (1874a:67, fig.)]]; [[#Murray1874a|Murray (1874a:161)]]; [[#Murray1874b|Murray (1874b:120)]]; [[#Verrill1874a|Verrill (1874a:159)]]; [[#Verrill1874b|Verrill (1874b:167)]]; [[#Kent1874a|Kent (1874a:178, 182)]]; [[#Agassiz1874|Agassiz (1874:226)]]; [[#Kent1874d|Kent (1874d:32<!--?-->)]]; [[#Buckland1875|Buckland (1875:211)]]; [[#Verrill1875a|Verrill (1875a:34)]]; [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill (1875b:78)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:181)]]; [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:<!--page number?-->pl. 26 fig. 5)]]; [[#Verrill1882b|Verrill (1882b:74)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:5, pl. 4 figs. 3–3a)]]; [[#HattonHarvey1883|Hatton & Harvey (1883:238)]]; [[#Harvey1899|Harvey (1899:732, fig.)]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:81)]]; [[#Haslam2017|Haslam (2017)]] || "13 December ''Field''"; [[#Anon1873|[Anon.] (1873:2)]]; [[#Harvey1873d|Harvey (1873d:2)]]; [[#Anon1874|[Anon.] (1874:333)]]; [[#deLaBlanchere1874|de La Blanchère (1874:197, fig.)]]; [[#Rathbun1881|Rathbun (1881:266, fig.)]]; [[#Owen1881|Owen (1881:161, pl. 33 fig. 2)]]; [[#Lee1883|Lee (1883:42, fig. 9)]]; [[#Anon1902b|[Anon.] (1902b:6, fig.)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:19)]]; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:100)]]; [[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich (1991:457)]]; [[#Packham1998|Packham (1998)]]; [[#Dery2013|Dery (2013)]] || Struck by Theophilus Picot from boat whereupon it "attacked" the boat; veracity of account has been questioned.{{refn|group=nb|name=attack|In a 2013 article about the giant squid, [[Mark Dery]] wrote: "contemporary teuthologists dismiss the "attack" as the death throes of a moribund animal, pointing out that virtually all giant squid encountered on the ocean's surface are dead or dying. "There is not a single corroborated story of a [giant] squid attacking a man, a boat, or a submersible", asserts [[Richard Ellis (biologist)|Ellis]]."<ref name=Dery2013>[[#Dery2013|Dery, 2013]]</ref>}} Severed tentacle purchased by [[Moses Harvey]] for [[Newfoundland dollar|NF$]]10 (equivalent to [[United States dollar|US$]]{{To USD|186<!--NF$10 = £2.08 in 1873, which = £186 in 2019 (per {{inflation}})-->|GBR|year=2019|round=yes}} in {{Inflation/year|US}})<ref name=first /> and preserved in alcohol;<ref>[[#Buckland1875|Buckland, 1875:213]]</ref> exhibited at [[Alexander Murray (geologist)|Alexander Murray]]'s geological museum in [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] (a forerunner of the [[Newfoundland Museum]], itself now part of [[The Rooms]]),<ref>[[#Maunder1991|Maunder, 1991]]</ref> where it remained as of 1883.<ref>[[#HattonHarvey1883|Hatton & Harvey, 1883:239]]</ref> Famed naturalist [[Louis Agassiz]] showed great interest in the specimen, writing: "It is truly important for the history of [[cephalopod]]s"; his final scientific letters (he died on 14 December 1873) concerned the possibility of examining its remains.<ref>[[#Agassiz1874|Agassiz, 1874]]</ref> Served as a reference for the earliest known "life-sized" giant squid cutout, from the 1870s.{{refn|group=nb|name=cutout}} Considered by [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a:83)]] as the "longest visually estimated" total length of any giant squid specimen. Encounter dramatised in episode of 1998 documentary series ''[[The X Creatures]]'';<ref>[[#Packham1998|Packham, 1998]]</ref> fictionalised  in ''The Adventures of Billy Topsail'' (1906) by [[Norman Duncan]]<ref name=Duncan1906>[[#Duncan1906|Duncan, 1906:34]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:82]]</ref> and ''The Kraken'' (1995) by Don C. Reed.<ref>[[#Reed1995|Reed, 1995]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:82, 187]]</ref>{{refn|group=nb|name=TheKraken|As part of his research for ''The Kraken'', Reed travelled to Newfoundland and spoke to Picot's descendants and to Margueritte Aldrich, widow of giant squid expert [[Frederick Aldrich]].<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:187]]</ref>}} A similar event is portrayed in ''[[The Shipping News]]'' (1993) by [[E. Annie Proulx]].<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:186]]</ref>
|- id="30"
| 30<br />([[#img30|📷]]) || 25 November? 1873 || [[Logy Bay – Middle Cove – Outer Cove|Logy Bay]] (≈3&nbsp;miles from [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]]), [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || In herring net || ?''Architeuthis monachus'' of Steenstrup;<ref name=":23"/> ''Ommastrephes'' (''Architeuthis'') ''monachus'';<ref name=":19"/> ''Architeuthis harveyi'' (Kent, 1874)<ref name=":20"/> || Entire (badly mutilated, head severed, eyes missing, etc.) || Miscellaneous parts obtained from Rev. M. Harvey ([[Gladius (cephalopod)|gladius]] and ?) || || (see [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:220]]; [[#Buckland1875|Buckland, 1875:214]]) BL: ≈{{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BC: {{convert|5|–|6|ft|m|abbr=on}}; HC: {{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=on}} [at junction with arms]; caudal fin: {{convert|22|in|cm|abbr=on}} broad; TL: {{convert|24|ft|m|abbr=on}}; TC: {{convert|2.5|in|cm|abbr=on}}; TSD: {{convert|1.25|in|cm|abbr=on}}; AL: {{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}} [all 8]; AC: {{convert|10|in|cm|abbr=on}}, {{convert|9|in|cm|abbr=on}}, {{convert|8|in|cm|abbr=on}}, {{convert|7|in|cm|abbr=on}} [all basal measurements]; ASC: ≈100; CSC: ≈160; EyD: {{convert|4|in|cm|abbr=on}} [estimate based on remains of "eyelid"]; [[tentacular club|club]] description; extensive description of reconstructed parts || YPM catalog nos. [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-009634.GP IZ 009634] (beak and limbs), [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-017924.GP IZ 017924] (radula), [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-017925.GP IZ 017925], [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-017926.GP IZ 017926] & [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-034968 IZ 034968]{{Dead link|date=February 2024 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Verrill specimen No. 5 ("Logie Bay specimen") || [[#Harvey1873d|Harvey (1873d:2)]]; [[#Verrill1874a|Verrill (1874a:160)]]; [[#Verrill1874b|Verrill (1874b:167)]]; [[#Kent1874a|Kent (1874a:181)]]; [[#Kent1874d|Kent (1874d:32<!--?-->)]]; [[#Buckland1875|Buckland (1875:212, 214)]]; [[#Verrill1875a|Verrill (1875a:22, figs. 1–6, 10)]]; [[#Verrill1876|Verrill (1876:236)]]; [[#Tryon1879b|Tryon (1879b:184, pls. 83–84)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:184, 197, pls. 13–15, pl. 16 figs. 1–4, pl. 16a)]]; [[#Verrill1880b|Verrill (1880b:295, pl. 13)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:8, pls. 1–2, pl. 3 figs. 1–3, pl. 4 figs. 4–11, pl. 5 figs. 1–5)]]; [[#HattonHarvey1883|Hatton & Harvey (1883:240)]]; [[#Harvey1899|Harvey (1899:735, fig.)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:18)]]; [[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich (1991:457, fig. 1A, B)]]; [[#Haslam2017|Haslam (2017)]] || Harvey in ''Morning Chronicle'' (newspaper) of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]]; ''Maritime Monthly Magazine'' of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], March 1874; several other newspapers; [[#Anon1874|[Anon.] (1874:332)]]; [[#Lee1883|Lee (1883:43, fig. 10)]]; [[#Anon1902b|[Anon.] (1902b:6, fig.)]]; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:101)]] || Verrill's data from letter to Dr. Dawson from [[Moses Harvey]]. Harvey purchased specimen for [[Newfoundland dollar|NF$]]10 (equivalent to [[United States dollar|US$]]{{To USD|186<!--NF$10 = £2.08 in 1873, which = £186 in 2019 (per {{inflation}})-->|GBR|year=2019|round=yes}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}).<ref name=first /> Photographs made of a) entire body, somewhat mutilated anteriorly; b) head and 10 limbs. Poorly preserved; first in brine, then in alcohol. Capture date given as December several times, then as November several times, and as 25 November by [[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich (1991:457)]]. Served as a reference for the earliest known "life-sized" giant squid cutout, from the 1870s.{{refn|group=nb|name=cutout}} Verrill's description served as the basis for the "life-sized" model that now hangs at the [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]] ([https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-104471 YPM IZ 104471]), built in 1966,<ref>[[#Anon1966|[Anon.], 1966]]; [[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:35]]</ref> though it was also based on several Newfoundland specimens from the 1960s.<ref>[[#Anon2004a|[Anon.], 2004a]]</ref> Specimen and famous photograph of it draped over Harvey's [[shower curtain rod]] were subject of ''Preparing the Ghost'' (2014), a work of [[creative nonfiction]] by [[Matthew Gavin Frank]].<ref>[[#Frank2014|Frank, 2014]]</ref>
|-
| 31 || 1874 || [[Buøy]], [[Folda, Trøndelag|Foldenfjord]], [[Norway]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis dux'' || Entire || None || || WL: ≈4&nbsp;m || || [[#Grieg1933|Grieg (1933:19)]] || [[#Nordgard1928|Nordgård (1928:71)]] ||
|- id="32"
| 32 || 10 May 1874 || off [[Trincomalee]], [[Sri Lanka]] ({{coord|8|50|N|84|05|E|dim:10000km|name=Supposed sinking of ship by giant squid, 10 May 1874}})<br />{NIO} || Reportedly seen sinking ship || || || || || Unknown || || ''The Times'', 4 July 1874; ''Mystic Press'', 31 July 1874; [[#Lane1957|Lane (1957:205)]]; [[#FlynnWeigall1980|Flynn & Weigall (1980)]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:198)]]; [[#Boyle1999|Boyle (1999)]]; [[#Uragoda2005|Uragoda (2005:97)]] || [[#WelfareFairley1980|Welfare & Fairley (1980:74)]]; [[#Aldrich1990a|Aldrich (1990a:5)]]; [[#Clarke1992|Clarke (1992:72)]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:258)]] || [[Schooner]] ''Pearl'' (150 tons) with crew of six, including captain James Floyd, supposedly sunk by giant squid. Incident reportedly seen from passenger steamer ''Strathowen'', bound from [[Colombo]] to [[Madras]], which rescued five of the crew. Veracity of account has been questioned,<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:201]]</ref> though taken seriously by [[Frederick Aldrich]].<ref>[[#Aldrich1978|Aldrich, 1978]]; [[#Aldrich1990a|Aldrich, 1990a:5]]</ref> Fictionalised in Don C. Reed's 1995 novel ''The Kraken''.<ref>[[#Reed1995|Reed, 1995]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:187]]</ref>
|- id="33"
| 33<br />([[#img33|📷]]) || 2 November 1874 || on beach, [[Île Saint-Paul|St. Paul Island]], [[Indian Ocean]] ({{coord|38|43|S|77|32|E|dim:10000km|name=Giant squid specimen, 2 November 1874}})<br />{SIO} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis mouchezi'' [[#Velain1875|Vélain (1875:1002)]] [''nomen nudum'']; ''Mouchezis sancti-pauli'' [[#Velain1877|Vélain (1877:81)]]; ''Ommastrephes mouchezi''<ref name=":19"/> || Entire; found in advanced state of decay || Tentacle(s?) and buccal mass || || EL: 7.15&nbsp;m || MNHN catalog nos. 3-2-658 & 3-2-659 ([[tentacular club]]s);<ref>[[#Luetal1995|Lu ''et al.'', 1995]]</ref> '''holotype''' of ''Mouchezis sancti-pauli'' Vélain, 1877 || [[#Velain1875|Vélain (1875:1002)]]; [[#Velain1877|Vélain (1877:81 & 83, fig. 8)]]; [[#Velain1878|Vélain (1878:81 & 83, fig. 8)]]; [[#Tryon1879b|Tryon (1879b:184, pl. 82 fig. 378)]]; [[#Owen1881|Owen (1881:159)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:32)]] || [[#Gervais1875|Gervais (1875:88)]]; [[#Verrill1875c|Verrill (1875c:213)]]; [[#Wright1878|Wright (1878:329)]] || Recorded by geologist [[Charles Vélain]] during French astronomical mission to [[Île Saint-Paul]] to observe the [[transit of Venus]]. Specimen was photographed.<ref name=":4"/>
|- id="34"
| 34<br />([[#img34|📷]]) || December 1874 || [[Grand Bank]], [[Fortune Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis princeps'' || Entire, except for tail (cut up for dog food) || [[cephalopod beak|Jaws]], one tentacular sucker || || EL: {{convert|42|–|43|ft|m|sigfig=3|abbr=on}}; HL+BL: {{convert|12|–|13|ft|m|abbr=on}}; ?TL: {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on}}; TL: {{convert|26|ft|m|abbr=on}}; TC: {{convert|16|in|cm|abbr=on}}; BL: {{convert|10|ft|m|abbr=on}}; jaws || YPM catalog nos. [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-010272.GP IZ 010272] (beak) & [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-034836 IZ 034836]{{Dead link|date=October 2023 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}. Verrill specimen No. 6 and Verrill specimen No. 13 ("Fortune Bay specimen") || [[#Verrill1875a|Verrill (1875a:35)]]; [[#Verrill1875c|Verrill (1875c:213)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:186, 188, 217, pl. 17 fig. 11)]]; [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:445, pl. 54 fig. 1)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:10, 12, pl. 7 fig. 1, pl. 9 fig. 11)]] || Simms letter 27/X/1875 to Verrill; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:102)]] || Data from 10/XII/1873 letter from Mr. Harvey to unknown individual citing measurements taken by G. Simms; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:21)]]. Measurements are given differently in different papers. [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:186)]] and [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:10)]] states his No. 6 is same specimen as No. 3; this cannot be correct, as capture date for No. 6 is clearly stated as December 1874 by [[#Verrill1875c|Verrill (1875c:213)]].<ref>[[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper, 2001:[12]]]</ref> [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:188, pl. 17)]] repeats record as his No. 13.
|-
| 35 || winter of 1874–1875 || near [[Harbour Grace, Newfoundland and Labrador|Harbor Grace]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore || || || Destroyed || || None taken || None; Verrill specimen No. 12 ("Harbor Grace specimen") || [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill (1875b:79)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:188)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:12)]] || [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:102)]] || "destroyed before its value became known, and no measurements are given"
|-
| 36 || Unknown (reported 1875) || west [[St. Modent]] (on Labrador side), [[Strait of Belle Isle]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found alive || ''Architeuthis princeps'' or ''Architeuthis monachus'' of Steenstrup || Entire || None; cut up, salted, and barrelled for dog meat || || ?TL: {{convert|37|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BL+HL: {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}}; EL<!--not WL-->: {{convert|52|ft|m|abbr=on}}; SD: ≈{{convert|2|in|cm|abbr=on}} || None; Verrill specimen No. 7 ("Labrador specimen") || [[#Verrill1875a|Verrill (1875a:36)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:186)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:10)]] || Dr. Honeyman article in ''Halifax'' newspaper; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:101)]] || Data from unidentified third party cited in ''Halifax'' newspaper article.
|- id="37"
| 37<br />([[#img37|📷]]) || 25 April 1875 (or 26 April<ref>[[#OConnor1875|O'Connor, 1875]]</ref>) || north-west of [[Inishbofin, County Galway|Boffin Island]], [[Connemara]], [[Ireland]]<br />{NEA} || Found immobile at surface; attacked and chased by fishermen; arms successively hacked off and eventually killed || ''Architeuthis monachus''; ''Architeuthis dux'' Steenstrup, 1857<ref name=NunnHolmes2008>[[#NunnHolmes2008|Nunn & Holmes, 2008]]</ref><!--monachus according to Verrill?--> || Entire || Beak and buccal mass, one arm ("much mutilated and decayed", missing horny rings), portions of both tentacles ("shrunk and distorted", missing horny rings on large central club suckers); head, eyes and second arm initially saved, but soon lost/destroyed || || TL: {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on}} [fresh]; TL: 14/17&nbsp;ft ({{convert|14|ft|m|disp=number}}/{{convert|17|ft|m|disp=number}}&nbsp;m) [pickled]; CL: {{convert|2|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}} [shrunken]; CSD: nearly {{convert|1|in|cm|abbr=on}}; SSD: {{convert|3/20|in|cm|abbr=on}}; AL: {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} [fresh]; AC: {{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}} [fresh]; beak: ≈{{convert|5+1/4|in|cm|abbr=on}} × {{convert|3+1/2|in|cm|abbr=on}}; "trunk": "fully as long as the [[currach|canoe]]"; EyD: ≈{{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}}; WT: ≈{{convert|6|st|kg|abbr=on}} [head only]; additional sucker measurements || NMI catalog no. 1995.16 (beak in spirit)<ref name=NunnHolmes2008 /> || [[#OConnor1875|O'Connor (1875:4502)]]; [[#More1875b|More (1875b:4569)]]; [[#More1875c|More (1875c:123)]]; [[#Verrill1875c|Verrill (1875c:214)]]; [[#Massy1909|Massy (1909:30)]]; [[#NunnHolmes2008|Nunn & Holmes (2008)]] || ''Galway Express'' 1875; [[#Ritchie1918|Ritchie (1918:137)]]; [[#Massy1928|Massy (1928:32)]]; [[#Taylor1932|Taylor (1932:3)]]; [[#Robson1933|Robson (1933:692)]]; [[#Rees1950|Rees (1950:40)]]; [[#Hardy1956|Hardy (1956:285)]]; [[#Collins1998|Collins (1998:489)]] || '''On public display.''' Caught by three-man [[longline fishing]] crew of [[currach]] ("curragh") for use as bait for [[coarse fish]]. Found motionless at surface surrounded by gulls, becoming active upon being attacked by fishermen, swimming away "at a tremendous rate" and [[cephalopod ink|releasing ink]]. Progressively disabled with a knife (fishermen having no [[wikt:gaff|gaff]] or spare rope) as chased for 2 hours over {{convert|5|mi|km}}, before head eventually severed; heavy mantle allowed to sink. Specimen secured and preserved by Sergeant Thomas O'Connor of the [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] and forwarded by him to the museum of the [[Royal Dublin Society]], [[Dublin]] (now the [[National Museum of Ireland – Natural History]]).
|- id="38"
| 38 || October 1875 || [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland|Grand Banks]] [of [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]], [[Atlantic Ocean]] (chiefly 44°–44°30'N 49°30'–49°50'W)<br />{NWA} || Found floating at surface; "mostly entirely dead" but small minority "not quite dead, but entirely disabled" || ''Architeuthis'' || style="background: Gainsboro" | Multiple; mutilated by birds and fishes to varying degrees, especially limbs; No. 25 missing parts of arms; No. 26 with intact arms and tentacles || None; cut up for cod bait || || <u>No. 25:</u> Filled ≈{{convert|75|USgal|L|abbr=on}} tub; WT: nearly {{convert|1000|lb|kg|abbr=on}} [estimate, complete]; <u>No. 26:</u> TL: {{convert|36|ft|m|abbr=on}}; <u>''Howard'' specimens:</u> BL+HL?: mostly {{convert|10|–|15|ft|m|abbr=on}} [excluding "arms"]; BD: ≈{{convert|18|in|cm|abbr=on}} [average]; AL: usually {{convert|3|–|4|ft|m|abbr=on}} [incomplete]; AD: "about as large as a man's thigh" [at base]; <u>''Tragabigzanda'' specimens:</u> BL+HL?: {{convert|8|–|12|ft|m|abbr=on}} [excluding "arms"] || None; included Verrill specimen No. 25 and Verrill specimen No. 26 || [[#Verrill1881a|Verrill (1881a:251)]]; [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:396)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:19)]] || [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:103)]] || An unusual number (≈25–30) of mostly dead giant squid found by [[Gloucester, Massachusetts|Gloucester]], [[Massachusetts]] fishermen, with similar number estimated to have been obtained by vessels from other areas. Data from Capt. J.W. Collins of the [[United States Fish Commission]], who at the time of the incident commanded schooner ''Howard'', which collected five specimens. Other involved vessels included schooner ''Sarah P. Ayer'' (Capt. Oakley), which took 1–2 specimens; ''E. R. Nickerson'' (Capt. McDonald), which harpooned one (No. 26) with intact arms that was "not entirely dead"; and schooner ''Tragabigzanda'' (Capt. Mallory), which took three in one afternoon. Some fishermen stated that such "big squids" were also common at the [[Flemish Cap]] during the same [[fishing season|season]]. Verrill conjectured that this mass mortality might have been due to an outbreak of disease or parasites, and/or related to their reproductive cycle.
|-
| 39 || {{circa}} 1876 || [[Clifford Bay]], [[Cape Campbell]], [[New Zealand]]<br />{SWP} || Found washed ashore || || Entire || [[cephalopod beak|Jaws]]<ref name=":25">[[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer, 1912:32]]</ref> || || BL: {{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}} [estimate]; EL: ≈{{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}} [estimate] || [[Australian Museum|Colonial Museum]] [NMNZ]<ref name=":25"/> || [[#Robson1887|Robson (1887:156)]]; [[#Kirk1880|Kirk (1880)]] || [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:32)]]; [[#Dell1952|Dell (1952:98)]] ||
|-
| 40 || 20 November 1876 || [[Hammer Cove]], southwest arm of [[Green Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador|Green Bay]], [[Notre Dame Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore || || Partial specimen; devoured by foxes and seabirds || Piece of [[Gladius (cephalopod)|pen]] {{convert|16|in|cm|abbr=on}} long || || WH: {{convert|18|in|cm|abbr=on}}; FW: {{convert|18|in|cm|abbr=on}} || In Harvey's possession; Verrill specimen No. 15 ("Hammer Cove specimen") || [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:190)]]; [[#Verrill1880b|Verrill (1880b:284)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:14)]] || M. Harvey letter 25 August 1877 to Verrill; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:102)]] ||
|-
| 41 || 1877? || [[Norway]]<br />{NEA} || Not stated || || Map location only || || || || || [[#Sivertsen1955|Sivertsen (1955:11, fig. 4)]] || ||
|- id="42"
| 42<br />([[#img42|📷]]) || 24 September 1877 || [[Catalina, Newfoundland and Labrador|Catalina]], [[Trinity Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador|Trinity Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore, alive || ''Architeuthis princeps''; ''Ommastrephes'' (''Architeuthis'') ''princeps''<ref name=":18"/> || Entire; "nearly perfect specimen" || Loose suckers || || (see [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:220]]) HL+BL: {{convert|9.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BC: {{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}}; TL: {{convert|30|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AL: {{convert|11|ft|m|abbr=on}} [longest, ventral]; AC: {{convert|17|in|cm|abbr=on}} [ventral]; beak; FW: {{convert|2|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}} || YPM catalog nos. [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-017927.GP IZ 017927], [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-017928.GP IZ 017928], [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-017929.GP IZ 017929] & [https://collections.peabody.yale.edu/search/Record/YPM-IZ-017930.GP IZ 017930]. Verrill specimen No. 14 ("Catalina specimen") || [[#Harvey1877|Harvey (1877)]]; [[#Anon1877a|[Anon.] (1877a:266, 269, fig.)]]; [[#Anon1877b|[Anon.] (1877b:867, fig.)]]; [[#Anon1877c|[Anon.] (1877c:305, fig.)]]; [[#Verrill1877|Verrill (1877:425)]]; [[#Tryon1879b|Tryon (1879b:185)]]; [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:189, pl. 17 figs. 1–10, pls. 19–20)]]; [[#Verrill1880b|Verrill (1880b:295, pl. 12)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:13, pl. 8, pl. 9 figs. 1–10, pl. 10)]] || [[#Owen1881|Owen (1881:163)]]; [[#HattonHarvey1883|Hatton & Harvey (1883:242)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:21)]]; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:102)]]; [[#Miner1935|Miner (1935:187, fig., 201)]]; [[#Ellis1997a|Ellis (1997a:31)]] || Measured fresh by M. Harvey; examined preserved (poorly) by Verrill at [[New York Aquarium]]. Later "prepared" for exhibition by taxidermist. <!--Cast made for the [[American Museum of Natural History|AMNH]].-->Served as the basis for the earliest "life-sized" giant squid models, including the original three made by Verrill and [[James Henry Emerton|J. H. Emerton]] and six subsequent ones by [[Ward's Natural Science Establishment|Ward's]].<ref name=":10"/> Described by [[Frederick Aldrich]] as "largest giant squid to be encountered in Newfoundland".<ref name=Aldrich1979>[[#Aldrich1979|Aldrich, 1979:67]]</ref>
|-
| 43 || October 1877 || [[Trinity Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador|Trinity Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Not stated || || "big squid" || None || || None taken || None; Verrill specimen No. 17 ("Trinity Bay specimen") || [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:191)]]; [[#Verrill1880b|Verrill (1880b:285)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:15)]] || M. Harvey letter 17 November 1877 to Verrill citing reference to specimen by John Duffet; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:102)]] || Specimen cut up and used for manure.
|- id="44"
| 44<br />([[#img44|📷]]) || 21 November 1877 || [[Smith Sound, Newfoundland and Labrador|Smith's Sound]], [[Lance Cove]], [[Trinity Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador|Trinity Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore, alive || ?''Architeuthis princeps'' || Entire || None; carried off by tide || || BL(+HL?): {{convert|11|ft|m|abbr=on}}; TL: {{convert|33|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AL: {{convert|13|ft|m|abbr=on}} [estimate] || None; Verrill specimen No. 16 ("Lance Cove specimen") || [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:190)]]; [[#Verrill1880b|Verrill (1880b:285)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:14)]] || M. Harvey letter 27 November 1877 to Verrill citing measurements taken by John Duffet; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:102)]] || Found still alive, having "ploughed up a trench or furrow about {{convert|30|ft|m|disp=sqbr}} long and of considerable depth by the stream of water that it ejected with great force from its siphon. When the tide receded it died."
|-
| <br />([https://web.archive.org/web/20211216015926/https://pbs.twimg.com/media/E0vKXlQXIAAwLi2?format=jpg 📷]) || 1878 (accessioned) || [[Catlins]], [[New Zealand]]<br />{SWP} || Not stated || ''Architeuthis'' sp. || Entire? || Beak || || BL: {{convert|7|ft|m|abbr=on}};<ref name=Lau2021 /> ML: 1.6&nbsp;m [estimate]; EL: ≈10&nbsp;m [estimate]<ref name=OM2021 /> || [[Otago Museum]] catalog no. IV119151 || [[#Lau2021|Lau (2021)]]; [[#OM2021|[OM] (2021)]] || [[#Copedo2022|Copedo (2022)]] || '''On public display.'''  Collected by Capt. Charles Hayward ([[Catlins River]] [[harbourmaster]], 1872–1887). Acquired in 1878 by Capt. [[Frederick Wollaston Hutton]], first curator of [[Otago Museum]], according to museum records; rediscovered and publicised in 2021.<ref name=Lau2021>[[#Lau2021|Lau, 2021]]</ref> Placed on display in Animal Attic gallery.<ref>[[#Copedo2022|Copedo, 2022]]</ref> Mantle and total length estimated by teuthologist Kat Bolstad based on beak measurements.<ref name=OM2021>[[#OM2021|[OM], 2021]]</ref>
|- id="45"
| 45<br />([[#img45|📷]]) || 2 November 1878 || [[Thimble Tickle]], near [[Little Bay Copper Mine]], [[Notre Dame Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found aground offshore, alive; secured to tree with [[grapnel]] and rope; died as tide receded || ?''Architeuthis princeps'' || Entire || None; cut up for dog food || || BL+HL: {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on}}; TL: {{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on}}{{refn|group=nb|name=ThimbleTicklesize|The length of the "body [..] from the beak to the extremity of the tail" (i.e. mantle plus head) was said to be {{convert|20|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}}, with "one of the arms" (presumably a tentacle) measuring {{convert|35|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}, for a total length of {{convert|55|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}.<ref name=":26">[[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:191]], [[#Verrill1880b|b:285]]</ref> The total length of the "[[Thimble Tickle specimen]]" is sometimes mistakenly cited as {{convert|57|ft|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}}.<ref name="Paxton2016a:83"/> Over time, various other superlative measurements have been attributed to the specimen, including a [[Cephalopod size#Mass estimates|mass of 2 tonnes]]<ref name=":27">[[#Ganeri1990|Ganeri, 1990:24]]; [[#Anonc2001|[Anon.], {{circa}} 2001]]</ref> or exactly {{convert|4480|lb|kg|abbr=on}};<ref name=":28">[[#McWhirterMcWhirter1971|McWhirter & McWhirter, 1971:88]]</ref> an [[Cephalopod size#Eyes|eye diameter of 40&nbsp;cm]],<ref name=":27"/> {{convert|18|in|cm|abbr=on}},<ref name=":29">[[#Anon1968|[Anon.], 1968]]</ref> or {{convert|9|in|cm|abbr=on}};<ref>[[#McWhirterMcWhirter1968|McWhirter & McWhirter, 1968:59]], [[#McWhirterMcWhirter1971|1971:88]]</ref> and [[Cephalopod size#Supposed sucker scars|suckers {{convert|4|in|cm|abbr=on}} across]].<ref name=":29"/> Wildly excessive mass estimates for the specimen have included:<ref>see [[#Wood1982|Wood, 1982:190]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:107]]</ref> {{convert|29.25|or|30|short ton|tonne|sigfig=3|abbr=off}};<ref>[[#MacGinitieMacGinitie1949|MacGinitie & MacGinitie, 1949]]</ref> near 24 tonnes;<ref>[[#Heuvelmans1958|Heuvelmans, 1958]]</ref> less than 8 tonnes;<ref>[[#MacGinitieMacGinitie1968|MacGinitie & MacGinitie, 1968]]</ref> and 2.8 or "more realistic[ally]" 2 tonnes.<ref>[[#Akimushkin1963|Akimushkin, 1963]]; [[#Wood1982|Wood, 1982:190]]</ref>}} || None; Verrill specimen No. 18 ("[[Thimble Tickle specimen]]") || [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:191)]]; [[#Verrill1880b|Verrill (1880b:285)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:15)]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:6, 89, 107)]] || M. Harvey letter 30 January 1879 to ''[[Boston Traveller]]''; [[#HattonHarvey1883|Hatton & Harvey (1883:242)]]; [[#Holder1885|Holder (1885:165, pl. 25)]]; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:102)]]; [[#Carberry2001|Carberry (2001)]]; [[#Harvey2004|Harvey (2004)]]; [[#Hickey2009|Hickey (2009)]]; [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a:83)]] || Discovered by fisherman Stephen Sherring and two others.{{refn|group=nb|The identity of the two other fishermen in the boat is not given in [[Moses Harvey]]'s original account,<ref name=":26"/> but later sources identify Joseph Martin, the founder of Thimble Tickle (now known as [[Glovers Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador|Glovers Harbour]]), as one of the fishermen involved in the squid's capture.<ref>[[#Anonc2001|[Anon.], {{circa}} 2001]]; [[#Harvey2004|Harvey, 2004]]; [[#MartinBenoit2013|Martin & Benoit, 2013]]; [[#Marsh2016|Marsh, 2016]]</ref> George Marsh and Henry Rowsell—the founders of the nearby settlements of [[Winter House Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador|Winter House Cove]] and [[Lockesporte, Newfoundland and Labrador|Lock's Harbour]] (Lockesporte), respectively—have also been suggested as participants.<ref>[[#Marsh2016|Marsh, 2016]]</ref> The fishermen may have learned of Moses Harvey's interest in the giant squid when the latter visited [[Notre Dame Bay]] only a couple of months earlier, in August 1878, as part of a [[geological survey]].<ref>[[#Anonc2001|[Anon.], {{circa}} 2001]]</ref> A [[CBC News]] report broadcast in 2004 features Maurice Martin, great-great-grandson of Joseph Martin, recounting the story of the squid's capture as told to him by his grandfather.<ref>[[#Harvey2004|Harvey, 2004]]</ref>}} Often cited as the largest recorded giant squid specimen, and long treated as such by [[Guinness World Records|Guinness]].{{refn|group=nb|An early example comes from the 1968 edition of the ''[[Guinness Book of World Records]]'', which gives an erroneous provenance of "Thimble Tickle, one of the [[Thimble Islands]] off the coast of [[Connecticut]] {{sic}}";<ref>[[#McWhirterMcWhirter1968|McWhirter & McWhirter, 1968:59]]</ref> this was corrected by the 1971 edition.<ref name=":28"/> The "[[Thimble Tickle specimen]]" is also cited as the largest recorded giant squid in many subsequent [[Guinness World Records|Guinness]] publications.<ref>e.g. [[#Wood1982|Wood, 1982:189]]; [[#Carwardine1995|Carwardine, 1995:240]]; [[#Glenday2014|Glenday, 2014:62]]; but see [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#121|#121]] for an exception</ref> The specimen is not mentioned in the first US edition (titled ''The Guinness Book of Superlatives''), published in 1956, which gives more modest maximum dimensions for the species: "The giant squid (''Architeuthis'') found on the [[Newfoundland Banks]] may have a body length of 8 feet [{{convert|8|ft|m|disp=output only}}] and measure up to 40 feet [{{convert|40|ft|m|disp=output only}}] overall."<ref>[[#McWhirterPage1956|McWhirter & Page, 1956:101]]</ref>}} Considered by [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a:83)]] as candidate for "longest measured" total length of any giant squid specimen (together with [[#62]], and less reliably [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#209|#209]]). [[Giant Squid Interpretation Centre]] and "life-sized", 55-foot sculpture built near site of capture;<ref>[[#Hickey2009|Hickey, 2009]]</ref> sculpture appeared on [[Canada|Canadian]] postage stamp issued in 2011<ref>[[#Hickey2010|Hickey, 2010]]; [[#stamp|[Anon.], {{abbr|N.d.|No date}}]]</ref> and has associated annual festival.<ref>[[#McConvey2015a|McConvey, 2015a]]</ref>
|- id="46"
| 46 || 2 December 1878 || [[Three Arms, Newfoundland and Labrador|Three Arms]], South Arm of [[Notre Dame Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore || ?''Architeuthis princeps'' || Entire, mutilated and with arms missing (only one arm "perfect") || None; cut up for dog food || || BL+HL: {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BC: {{convert|12|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AL: {{convert|16|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AD: "thicker than a man's thigh" || None; Verrill specimen No. 19 ("Three Arms specimen") || [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:192)]]; [[#Verrill1880b|Verrill (1880b:286)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:16)]] || M. Harvey letter 30 January 1879 to ''[[Boston Traveller]]''; [[#HattonHarvey1883|Hatton & Harvey (1883:242)]]; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:102)]]; [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a:83)]] || Found dead by fisherman William Budgell after heavy gale. Considered by [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a:83)]] as the "longest measured" standard length of any giant squid specimen.
|- id="47"
| 47<br />([[#img47|📷]]) || 23 May 1879 || [[Lyall Bay]], [[Cook Strait]], [[New Zealand]]<br />{SWP} || Found washed ashore || ''Steenstrupia stockii'' Kirk, 1882 [=''Architeuthis'' sp.?<ref>[[#Verrill1882d|Verrill, 1882d:477]]</ref>] || Entire, but somewhat mutilated; missing ends of tentacles || [[Gladius (cephalopod)|Pen]], [[cephalopod beak|beak]], [[radula|tongue]], some suckers || || ML: {{convert|9|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}; BC: {{convert|7|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}; HL: {{convert|1|ft|11|in|m|abbr=on}}; BL+HL: {{convert|11|ft|1|in|m|abbr=on}}; HC: {{convert|4|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AL: {{convert|4|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}; AC: {{convert|11|in|cm|abbr=on}}; ASC: 36; TL: {{convert|6|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}} [incomplete]; FL: {{convert|24|in|cm|abbr=on}}; FW: {{convert|13|in|cm|abbr=on}} (single); GL: {{convert|6|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}; GW: {{convert|11|in|cm|abbr=on}}; other measurements || NMNZ catalog nos. M.125403 & M.125405;<ref name=":30">[[#Marshall1996|Marshall, 1996:45]]</ref> '''holotype''' of ''Steenstrupia stockii'' Kirk, 1882. Kirk specimen No. 3 || [[#Kirk1880|Kirk (1880:310)]]; [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:398)]]; [[#Kirk1882|Kirk (1882:286, pl. 36 figs. 2–4)]] || [[#Verrill1882d|Verrill (1882d:477)]]; [[#Kirk1888|Kirk (1888:34)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:34)]]; [[#Suter1913|Suter (1913:1051)]]; [[#Dell1952|Dell (1952:98)]]; [[#Dell1970|Dell (1970:27)]]; [[#Stevens1980|Stevens (1980:213, fig. 12.24)]]; [[#Stevens1988|Stevens (1988:149, fig. 2)]]; [[#Judd1996|Judd (1996)]]; [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a:83)]]; [[#Greshko2016|Greshko (2016)]] || Measurements taken by [[Thomas William Kirk|T.W. Kirk]]. Has been called the "largest specimen recorded in the scientific literature" based on erroneous total length of "approximately 20&nbsp;m",<ref>[[#Stevens1980|Stevens, 1980:213]], [[#Stevens1988|1988:149–150]]</ref> itself based on claim by [[#RoperBoss1982|Roper & Boss (1982:104)]] relating to unspecified specimen "stranded on a beach in New Zealand in 1880 {{sic}}". Considered by [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a:83)]] as the longest reliably measured mantle length of any giant squid specimen (less reliably that of [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#104|#104]]), but measurement considered dubious by experts due to wide discrepancy with reported [[Gladius (cephalopod)|gladius]] length.<ref name=":14"/>{{refn|group=nb|name=gladius|Paxton countered that this was possibly attributable to shrinkage of the gladius prior to measurement, or to it having been severed in several places beforehand,<ref name=":14"/> but Kirk wrote that it was measured "when first extracted" and only later "shr[a]nk considerably".<ref>[[#Kirk1880|Kirk, 1880:312]]</ref>}}
|- id="48"
| 48 || 1879 || off [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] ({{coord|42|49|N|62|57|W|dim:10000km|name=Giant squid specimen from lancetfish stomach, 1879}})<br />{NWA} || From fish stomach, [[Alepisaurus ferox|''Alepidosaurus'' [''sic''] ''ferox'']] || ?''Architeuthis megaptera'' Verrill, 1878; ?''Architeuthis harveyi'' (Kent, 1874) || Terminal part of tentacular arm || Portion of arm || || {{convert|18|in|cm|abbr=on}} long || NMNH catalog no. 576962. Verrill specimen No. 20 ("Banquereau specimen" [after Banquereau Bank, a [[Ocean bank|bank]] off [[Nova Scotia]]]) || [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:193)]]; [[#Verrill1880b|Verrill (1880b:287)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:16)]] || [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:103)]] || [[Lancetfish]] taken by Capt. J.W. Collins of schooner ''Marion'' on [[halibut]] trawl-line.
|- id="49"
| 49<br />([[#img49|📷]]) || September 1879 || [[Olafsfjord]], [[Iceland]]<br />{NEA} || || ''Architeuthis'' || || Left tentacle || || TL: 7680+&nbsp;mm; CL: 1010&nbsp;mm; CSC: 268; TSC: 290; additional indices and counts || ZMUC [specimen NA-7 of [[#Roeleveld2002|Roeleveld (2002)]]] || [[#Roeleveld2002|Roeleveld (2002:727)]] || || Tentacle morphology examined by [[#Roeleveld2002|Roeleveld (2002)]].
|-
| 50 || October 1879 || near [[Brigus]], [[Conception Bay (Canada)|Conception Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore || || Two arms with other mutilated parts || Undetermined || || AL: {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} || None?; Verrill specimen No. 22 ("Brigus specimen") || [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:194)]]; [[#Verrill1880b|Verrill (1880b:287)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:17)]] || [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:103)]] || Found after storm. Information provided by [[Moses Harvey]].
|-
| 51 || 1 November 1879 || [[James's Cove]], [[Bonavista Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found at surface, alive || || Entire || None; cut up by fishermen || || EL<!--not WL-->: {{convert|38|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BL: {{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BC: ≈{{convert|6|ft|m|abbr=on}}; TL: {{convert|29|ft|m|abbr=on}} || None; Verrill specimen No. 23 ("James's Cove specimen") || [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a:194)]]; [[#Verrill1880b|Verrill (1880b:287)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:17)]] || ''Morning Chronicle'' of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] 9 December 1879; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:103)]] || Found alive and driven ashore.
|-
| 52 || Unknown (reported 1880) || near [[Boulder Bank]], [[Nelson, New Zealand|Nelson]], [[New Zealand]]<br />{SWP} || Not stated; hook and line? || || Not indicated || Undetermined || || {{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} long || None?; Kirk specimen No. 4 || [[#Kirk1880|Kirk (1880:310)]]; [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:398)]] || Newspaper article || Caught by fishing party. No other data.
|-
| 53 || Unknown (reported 1880) || near [[Flat Point]], east coast, [[New Zealand]]<br />{SWP} || Not stated || || Not indicated || Undetermined || || None || None?; Kirk specimen No. 5 || [[#Kirk1880|Kirk (1880:310)]]; [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:398)]] || Description sent to Mr. Beetham, M.H.R., by Mr. Moore || Found by Mr. Moore. No other data.
|- id="54"
| 54<br />([[#img54|📷]]) || April 1880 || [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland|Grand Banks]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found dead at surface || ''Architeuthis harveyi'' (Kent, 1874) || Head, tentacles, and arms only || Head, tentacles, and arms || || TL: {{convert|66|in|cm|abbr=on}}; ASC: 330; extensive measurements and counts || YPM catalog no. 12600y. Verrill specimen No. 24 ("Grand Banks specimen" [2nd]) || [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:259, pl. 26 figs. 1–4, pl. 38 figs. 3–7)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:18, pl. 4 figs. 2–2a, pl. 5 figs. 6–8, pl. 6)]] || [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:19)]]; [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:103)]] || Found dead by Capt. O.A. Whitten of schooner ''Wm.H. Oakes''. Arm and sucker regeneration documented by [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:260)]]; one of two published records of limb regeneration in architeuthids (as identified by [[#ImperadoreFiorito2018|Imperadore & Fiorito, 2018]]), the other being a case of tentacle regeneration in [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#169|#169]] (see also [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#549|#549]]).
|- id="55"
| 55<br />([[#img55|📷]]) || 6 June 1880 || [[Island Bay, Wellington|Island Bay]], [[Cook Strait]], [[New Zealand]]<br />{SWP} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis verrilli'' Kirk, 1882 || Entire || Not specified || || ML: {{convert|7|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}; BC: {{convert|9|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}; TL: {{convert|25|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AL(I, II, IV): {{convert|9|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AC(I, II, IV): {{convert|15|in|cm|abbr=on}}; AL(III): {{convert|10|ft|5|in|m|abbr=on}}; AC(III): {{convert|21|in|cm|abbr=on}}; ASC(III): 71; HC: {{convert|4|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}; HL: {{convert|19|in|cm|abbr=on}}; FL: {{convert|30|in|cm|abbr=on}}; FW: {{convert|28|in|cm|abbr=on}}; EyD: {{convert|5|in|cm|abbr=on}} by {{convert|4|in|cm|abbr=on}} || NMNZ; '''holotype''' of ''Architeuthis verrilli'' Kirk, 1882; specimen no longer extant<ref name=":31">[[#Marshall1996|Marshall, 1996:46]]</ref> || [[#Kirk1882|Kirk (1882:284, pl. 36 fig. 1)]] || [[#Verrill1882d|Verrill (1882d:477)]]; [[#Kirk1888|Kirk (1888:35)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:33)]]; [[#Suter1913|Suter (1913:1052)]]; [[#Dell1952|Dell (1952:98)]]; [[#Dell1970|Dell (1970:27)]] || Measurements taken by Kirk, except TL by James McColl. [[cephalopod beak|Beak]] and portions of [[Gladius (cephalopod)|gladius]] ("skeleton") taken by Italian fishermen and not recovered.
|-
| 56 || {{circa}} 1880 || [[Kvænangen (fjord)|Kvænangen fjord]], [[Norway]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis dux'' Steenstrup, 1857 || Entire || None || || None || || [[#Grieg1933|Grieg (1933:19)]] || [[#Sivertsen1955|Sivertsen (1955:11)]] ||
|-
| 57 || {{circa}} 1880 || [[Tønsvik]], [[Tromsøysundet]], [[Norway]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis dux'' Steenstrup, 1857 || Entire || None || || None || || [[#Grieg1933|Grieg (1933:19)]] || ||
|-
| 58 || October 1880 || [[Kilkee]], [[County Clare]], [[Ireland]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || "[[octopus]]"; ''Architeuthis'' sp. || || || || || || [[#OBrien1880|O'Brien (1880:585)]]; [[#Ritchie1918|Ritchie (1918:137)]] || [[#Rees1950|Rees (1950:40)]]; [[#Collins1998|Collins (1998:489)]] || Originally cited as an [[octopus]].
|-
| 59 || first week of November 1881 || on beach, [[Hennesey's Cove]], [[Long Island (Placentia Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador)|Long Island]], [[Placentia Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis princeps''? || Entire; "much mutilated by crows and other birds" || Not stated || || "very large"; BL+HL: {{convert|26|ft|m|abbr=on}} [estimate] || Verrill specimen No. 28 || [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:221)]] || M. Harvey letter 19 December 1881 to Verrill || Found by Albert Butcher and George Wareham, "who cut a portion from the head", at uninhabited locality; Verrill considered their estimate of the specimen's length "probably too large". [[Moses Harvey]] learned of the specimen from C. D. Chambers, [[magistrate]] of [[Harbour Buffet]], [[Placentia Bay]]. Only mentioned in [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:221)]]; overlooked by [[#Ellis1994a|Ellis (1994a:379–384)]], [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:257–265)]], and [[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper (2001)]].
|- id="60"
| 60<br />([[#img60|📷]]) || 10 November 1881 || [[Portugal Cove – St. Philip's|Portugal Cove]], near [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found floating dead near shore || ''Architeuthis harveyi'' (Kent, 1874) || Entire || Entire (somewhat mutilated and poorly preserved) || || a) BL: {{convert|5.5|ft|m|abbr=on}}; HL: {{convert|1.25|ft|m|abbr=on}}; EL: {{convert|28|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BC: {{convert|4.5|ft|m|abbr=on}} b) ML: {{convert|4.16|ft|m|abbr=on}}; BC: {{convert|4|ft|m|abbr=on}}; FL: {{convert|1.75|ft|m|abbr=on}}; FW: {{convert|8|in|cm|abbr=on}} [single]; TL: {{convert|15|ft|m|abbr=on}}; CL: {{convert|2|ft|m|abbr=on}}; AL: {{convert|4.66|ft|m|abbr=on}} [ventral, minus tip]; TC: {{convert|8.5|in|cm|abbr=on}} [at base]; additional measurements || [[E.M. Worth Museum]] (101 Bowery, NY, NY). Verrill specimen No. 27 || [[#Anon1881|[Anon.] (1881:821, fig.)]]<!--Morris?-->; [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:422)]]; [[#Verrill1882a|Verrill (1882a:71)]]; [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:201, 219)]] || Morris article in 25 November 1881 ''[[New York Herald]]''; [[#HattonHarvey1883|Hatton & Harvey (1883:242)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:19)]]; [[#Ellis1997a|Ellis (1997a:34)]] || Obtained by Mr. Morris, photographed by E. Lyons (St. John's), shipped on ice by steamer ''Catima'' to New York, purchased and preserved by E.M. Worth. Measurements by a) Inspector Murphy (chief Board of Public Works) when iced; b) Verrill of fixed specimen. An 1881 specimen from Portugal Cove with a "body" reportedly {{convert|11|ft|m|abbr=on}} long, mentioned in ''[[The Telegram|The Evening Telegram]]'' of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]] (21 December 1933)<ref name=Anon1933 /> and cited by [[#Frost1934|Frost (1934:103)]], presumably refers to the same animal.<!--Frost (1934) only mentions Verrill specimen Nos. 1–26--> May have served as a reference for Verrill and [[James Henry Emerton|J. H. Emerton]]'s original three "life-sized" giant squid models (and six subsequent ones by [[Ward's Natural Science Establishment|Ward's]]), as Verrill saw the specimen shortly before he began modelling.<ref name=":11"/>
|- id="61"
| 61 || 30 June 1886 || [[Cape Campbell]], [[New Zealand]]<br />{SWP} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis kirkii'' Robson, 1887 || Entire || Beak and [[tentacular club|club]] || || ML: {{convert|8|ft|3|in|m|abbr=on}}; HL: {{convert|1|ft|9|in|m|abbr=on}}; AL: {{convert|6|ft|6|in|m|abbr=on}}; TL: {{convert|18|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}}; EL: {{convert|28|ft|10|in|m|abbr=on}}; BC: ≈{{convert|8|ft|m|abbr=on}} [estimate] || NMNZ catalog nos. M.125404 & ?M.125406;<ref name=":30"/> '''holotype''' of ''Architeuthis kirkii'' Robson, 1887. Kirk specimen No. 2 || [[#Kirk1879|Kirk (1879:310)]]<!--?-->; [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:398)]]<!--?-->; [[#Robson1887|Robson (1887:156)]] || C.H.[W.] Robson letter 19 June 1879 to [[Thomas William Kirk|T.W. Kirk]]<!--?-->; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:35)]]; [[#Suter1913|Suter (1913:1048)]]; [[#Dell1952|Dell (1952:98)]]; [[#Dell1970|Dell (1970:27)]] || Found by Mr. C.H.[W.] Robson; beak given to Mr. A. Hamilton.
|-
| || 1886 || [[Cupids]] and [[Heart's Content, Newfoundland and Labrador|Hearts Content]] (one specimen from each), [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore || "giant squid" || style="background: Gainsboro" | Two specimens; entire? || None?; cut up for bait || || None given || || [[#Earle1977|Earle (1977:53)]] || || [[Moses Harvey]] only learned of specimens after their destruction. Information sourced from [[Clipping (publications)|clippings]] found in one of Harvey's [[Scrapbooking|scrapbooks]] preserved at Newfoundland Public Archives (PG/A/17).<ref name=Earle1977_53 />
|- id="62"
| 62<br />([[#img62|📷]]) || "early" October 1887 || [[Lyall Bay]], [[New Zealand]]<br />{SWP} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis longimanus'' Kirk, 1888 || Entire || Beak and buccal-mass || Female || EL: {{convert|55|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}}; ML: {{convert|71|in|cm|abbr=on}}; BC: {{convert|63|in|cm|abbr=on}}; extensive additional measurements and description{{refn|group=nb|name=longimanus}} || [[New Zealand Dominion Museum building|Dominion Museum]] [NMNZ];<ref>see [[#Dell1970|Dell, 1970:28]]</ref> '''holotype''' of ''Architeuthis longimanus'' Kirk, 1888. Specimen not found<ref name=":31"/> || [[#Kirk1888|Kirk (1888:35, pls. 7–9)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:36)]] || [[#Suter1913|Suter (1913:1049)]]; [[#Dell1952|Dell (1952:98)]]; [[#Dell1970|Dell (1970:27)]]; [[#Wood1982|Wood (1982:191)]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis (1998a:7, 92)]]; [[#OSheaBolstad2008|O'Shea & Bolstad (2008)]]; [[#Dery2013|Dery (2013)]]; [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a:83)]] || Strangely proportioned animal that has been much commented on; sometimes cited as the longest giant squid specimen ever recorded.<ref name=":32">[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:7]]</ref>{{refn|group=nb|name=longimanus|[[#Kirk1888|Kirk (1888:38)]] provides a table with a detailed breakdown of the specimen's various measurements. There is, however, a discrepancy between the total length of 684&nbsp;in ({{convert|684|in|m|abbr=on|sigfig=4|disp=output only}}, or exactly 57&nbsp;ft) given in the table—which agrees with the individual values of {{convert|71|in|m|abbr=on|sigfig=3}} for the mantle, {{convert|22|in|m|abbr=on|sigfig=2}} for the head, and {{convert|591|in|m|abbr=on|sigfig=4}} for the tentacles—and the total length of {{convert|55|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}} given by Kirk in the body of the article.

[[#Wood1982|Wood (1982:191)]] suggested that, due to the tentacles' highly retractile nature, the total length of {{convert|62|ft|m|sigfig=3}} originally reported by the fisherman "may have been correct at the time he found the squid", and that "[t]his probably also explains the discrepancy in Kirk's figures". Owing to its small mantle size, [[#Wood1982|Wood (1982:191)]] estimated that "this specimen probably weighed less than 300&nbsp;lb [{{convert|300|lb|kg|disp=output only}}]".

[[#OSheaBolstad2008|O'Shea & Bolstad (2008)]] opined that the reported total length of {{convert|55|ft|2|in|m|abbr=on}} "simply cannot be correct" and attributed it to either "imagination" or artificial lengthening of the tentacles. They added that a female giant squid with a mantle length of {{convert|71|in|cm|abbr=on}} "measured post mortem and relaxed (by modern standards) today would have a total length of ≈32 feet [{{convert|32|ft|m|disp=output only}}]".

[[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a:86)]] wrote that this specimen "clearly has the largest ratio of TL to ML [total length to mantle length] ever known in ''Architeuthis'' [...] which led &#91;[[#OSheaBolstad2008|O'Shea & Bolstad, 2008]]] to suggest that the length was paced out and/or there was extensive post-mortem stretching. However, a re-reading of the original paper suggests that the specimen, although initially paced out, was actually measured, nevertheless the TL is at the edge of the 99.9% [[prediction interval]] range [...] and so it was certainly an unusual specimen."}} Considered by [[#Paxton2016a|Paxton (2016a:83)]] as candidate for "longest measured" total length of any giant squid specimen (together with [[#45]], and less reliably [[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#209|#209]]). Found by Mr. Smith, local fisherman. Measurements taken by [[Thomas William Kirk|T.W. Kirk]]. Date found listed incorrectly in [[#Dell1952|Dell (1952:98)]].<ref>[[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper, 2001:[87]]]</ref>
|-
| 63 || 27 August 1888 || between [[Pico Island|Pico]] and [[São Jorge Island|St. George]], [[Azores|Azores Islands]] ({{coord|38|33|57|N|30|39|30|W|dim:10000km|name=Giant squid specimen, 27 August 1888}}) at 1266&nbsp;m depth<br />{NEA} || By benthic trawl || ''Architeuthis''? sp.?<ref>[[#Joubin1895|Joubin, 1895:34]]</ref> || Large beak || Undetermined || || None || || [[#Joubin1895|Joubin (1895:34)]] || ||
|-
| 64 || September 1889 || [[Løkberg]] farm, [[Mo i Rana]], [[Norway]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || || Entire || None || || BL: ≈5&nbsp;[[ell]]s (3.1&nbsp;m); TL: 10–12&nbsp;ells (6.3–7.5&nbsp;m)<!--Norwegian ell = 62.75 cm--> || || [[#Anon1890|[Anon.] (1890:190)]] || [[#Sivertsen1955|Sivertsen (1955:11, fig. 4)]] || [[Bergen Museum]] notified of find by Lorentz Pettersen of [[Sjona]], [[Helgeland]]. Failure to secure remains prompted museum to issue notice in June 1890 issue of ''[[Naturen]]'' seeking specimens in future (which would be first for a Norwegian museum) and offering to cover all associated transportation and packing costs in addition to regular compensation.<ref>[[#Anon1890|[Anon.], 1890:190]]</ref>
|-
| || 1890 || [[Island Cove, Newfoundland and Labrador|Island Cove]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]<br />{NWA} || Found washed ashore || "giant squid" || Entire? || None?; cut up for bait? || || None given || || [[#Earle1977|Earle (1977:53)]] || || [[Moses Harvey]] only learned of specimen after its destruction. Information sourced from [[Clipping (publications)|clippings]] found in one of Harvey's [[Scrapbooking|scrapbooks]] preserved at Newfoundland Public Archives (PG/A/17).<ref name=Earle1977_53 />
|-
| 65 || Unknown (reported 1892) || [[São Miguel Island|Sao Miguel Island]], [[Azores|Azores Islands]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis princeps'' || Entire? || [[cephalopod beak|Jaws]] and [[tentacle club]] || || Beak measurements || Museum in Lisbon<ref name=":33">[[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer, 1912:27]]</ref> || [[#Girard1892|Girard (1892:214, pls. 1–2<!--?-->)]] || [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:27)]]; [[#Robson1933|Robson (1933:692)]] ||
|-
| 66 || 1892 || [[Greenland]]<br />{NWA} || Not stated || ''Architeuthis monachus'' || <!--Undetermined; translation of paper needed--> || || || || || [[#Posselt1898|Posselt (1898:279)]] || ||
|- style="background:MistyRose;" id="Dgigas"
| [2] || Unknown (reported November 1894) || [[Talcahuano]], [[Chile]]<br />{SEP} || Unknown; collected and donated to ZMB by [[Ludwig Plate]] || ''Ommastrephes gigas'';<ref>[[#Martens1894|Martens, 1894]]</ref> ''Architeuthis'';<ref>[[#Kilias1967|Kilias, 1967:491]]</ref> ''[[Dosidicus gigas]]''<ref>[[#GlaubrechtSalcedoVargas2004|Glaubrecht & Salcedo-Vargas, 2004]]</ref> || Entire || Entire, internal parts missing, preserved in alcohol; "exceptionally good condition" ([[#GlaubrechtSalcedoVargas2004|Glaubrecht & Salcedo-Vargas, 2004:55]]) || Female (adult)|| ML: 865&nbsp;mm; MW: 230&nbsp;mm; EL: 1740&nbsp;mm; HL: 160&nbsp;mm; HW: 190&nbsp;mm; FL: 440&nbsp;mm; FW: 600&nbsp;mm; TL: 720&nbsp;mm; CL: 225&nbsp;mm; AL(I): 460&nbsp;mm; AL(II): 450&nbsp;mm; AL(III): 500&nbsp;mm; AL(IV): 440&nbsp;mm; LSD: 20&nbsp;mm [tentacle]; LSD: 15&nbsp;mm [arm II]; LSD: 14&nbsp;mm [arm II<!--arm III??-->]; EyD: 80&nbsp;mm; Lens: 35&nbsp;mm || ZMB Moll. 49.804 || [[#Martens1894|Martens (1894)]]; [[#GlaubrechtSalcedoVargas2004|Glaubrecht & Salcedo-Vargas (2004:53, figs. 1a–f, 2a–g)]] || [[#Mobius1898a|Möbius (1898a:373)]]; [[#Mobius1898b|Möbius (1898b:135)]]; [[#Anon1899|[Anon.] (1899:38)]]; [[#Anon1902a|[Anon.] (1902a:41)]]; [[#Kilias1967|Kilias (1967:491, fig.)]]; [[#Wechsler1999|Wechsler (1999)]] || '''Non-architeuthid.''' '''On public display.''' First noted by [[Carl Eduard von Martens]] in November 1894. Exhibited at [[Museum für Naturkunde]] in Berlin from 1897 to [[World War II]], and again from {{circa}} 1945–50, when it was housed in main entrance hall in large glass cylinder on marble pedestal. {{hidden begin|title = more|toggle = left}}From December 1975, displayed as part of "Meeresungeheuer" exhibit at [[German Maritime Museum]] in [[Stralsund]], on loan from ZMB. Return to museum noted in February 1992, when it was placed in new purpose-built container and displayed in Malacological Collection. Incorrectly identified by [[#Kilias1967|Kilias (1967:491)]] as ''Architeuthis'' in figure legend, with total length given as ≈2&nbsp;m (illustration removed in later edition<ref>[[#Kilias1993|Kilias, 1993]]</ref>). Specimen cast in 1997–98 for creation of 8.5-m-long plastic "giant squid" model, exhibited since 1998 at [[Übersee-Museum Bremen]] with [[sperm whale]] skull. Re-identified as ''Dosidicus gigas'' in June 1998 by Mario Alejandro Salcedo-Vargas. Internal parts apparently removed when specimen originally dissected by Martens or prepared for exhibition (1894–97).{{hiddenend}}
|- id="67"
| 67<br />([[#img67|📷]]) || 4 February 1895 || [[Bay of Tateyama]] &#91;[[Tokyo Bay]]], [[Awa Province (Chiba)|Province of Awa]], [[Japan]]<br />{NWP} || In net || ''Architeuthis japonica'' Pfeffer, 1912 || Entire || Undetermined || Female || ML: 720&nbsp;mm; MW: 235&nbsp;mm; GL: 640&nbsp;mm; FL: 280&nbsp;mm; FW: 200&nbsp;mm; TL: 2910&nbsp;mm; extensive additional measurements and description || Undetermined; ?Zoological Institute, [[Science College]], [[Tokyo]]; '''holotype''' of ''Architeuthis japonica'' Pfeffer, 1912 || [[#MitsukuriIkeda1895|Mitsukuri & Ikeda (1895:39, pl. 10)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:27)]] || [[#Sasaki1916|Sasaki (1916:89)]] || Caught in net after 2–3-day storm.
|- id="68"
| 68<br />([[#img68|📷]]) || 18 July 1895 || near [[Angra do Heroísmo|Angra]], [[Azores|Azores Islands]] (38°34'45"N, 29°37'W)<br />{NEA} || Caught at surface (from [[sperm whale]] vomit) using shrimp net || ''Dubioteuthis physeteris'' Joubin, 1900 [=''Architeuthis physeteris'' (Joubin, 1900)<ref name=":34">[[#Voss1956|Voss, 1956:136]]</ref>] || [[Mantle (mollusc)|Mantle]] only || [[Mantle (mollusc)|Mantle]] || Male || ML: 460&nbsp;mm; BD: 115&nbsp;mm; FL: 220&nbsp;mm; FW: 110&nbsp;mm; GL: 390&nbsp;mm || MOM [station 588]; '''holotype''' of ''Dubioteuthis physeteris'' Joubin, 1900<ref name=":35">[[#Belloc1950|Belloc, 1950:6]]; listed incorrectly therein as station 558, per [[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper, 2001:[33]]]; [[#Sweeney2017|Sweeney, 2017:[105]]]</ref> || [[#Joubin1900|Joubin (1900:102, pl. 15 figs. 8–10)]]; [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:24)]] || [[#Hardy1956|Hardy (1956:288)]]; [[#RoperYoung1972|Roper & Young (1972:220)]]; [[#TollHess1981|Toll & Hess (1981:753)]] ||
|- style="background:MistyRose;" id="Undetermined"
| [3]<br />([[#imgUndetermined|📷]]) || 18 July 1895 || near [[Angra do Heroísmo|Angra]], [[Azores|Azores Islands]] (38°34'45"N, 29°37'W)<br />{NEA} || Caught at surface (from [[sperm whale]] vomit) with shrimp net || ''Architeuthis'' sp.?; non-architeuthid<ref name=":33"/> || style="background: Gainsboro" | Several [[cephalopod beak|jaws]] || Undetermined || || None || || [[#Joubin1900|Joubin (1900:46, pl. 14 figs. 1–2)]] || [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:27)]]; [[#Clarke1956|Clarke (1956:257)]] || '''Non-architeuthid.'''
|- id="69"
| 69<br />([[#img69|📷]]) || 10 April 1896 || [[Kyrksæterøra|Kirkseteroren]], [[Hemnefjorden|Hevnefjorden]], [[Norway]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis dux'' Steenstrup, 1857 || Entire || Entire || Female || BL: 2.5&nbsp;m; AL: 2.5&nbsp;m; TL: 7.25&nbsp;m || VSM || [[#Storm1897|Storm (1897:99)]]; [[#Grieg1933|Grieg (1933:19)]] || [[#Brinkmann1916|Brinkmann (1916:178)]]; [[#Nordgard1923|Nordgård (1923:11)]]; [[#Nordgard1928|Nordgård (1928:71)]]; [[#Sivertsen1955|Sivertsen (1955:11)]] || Model completed in 1954 based on this specimen and [[#70]]; restored in 2010.<ref name=Eivindsen2011>[[#Eivindsen2011|Eivindsen, 2011]]</ref>
|- id="70"
| 70<br />([[#img70|📷]]) || 27 September 1896 [or 28 September<ref>[[#Roeleveld2002|Roeleveld, 2002:727]]</ref>] || [[Kyrksæterøra|Kirkseteroren]], [[Hemnefjorden|Hevnefjorden]], [[Norway]]<br />{NEA} || Found washed ashore || ''Architeuthis dux'' Steenstrup, 1857 || Entire || Entire, posterior part missing || Male || TL: 1030+&nbsp;mm; CL: 900&nbsp;mm; CSC: 294; TSC: >298; LRL: 17.9&nbsp;mm; URL: 16.2&nbsp;mm; additional beak measurements, indices, and counts || VSM; VSM 110a [specimen NA-18 of [[#Roeleveld2000|Roeleveld (2000)]] and [[#Roeleveld2002|Roeleveld (2002)]]] || [[#Storm1897|Storm (1897:99, fig. 20)]]; [[#Grieg1933|Grieg (1933:19)]]; [[#Roeleveld2000|Roeleveld (2000:185)]]; [[#Roeleveld2002|Roeleveld (2002:727)]] || [[#Brinkmann1916|Brinkmann (1916:178, fig. 2)]]; [[#Nordgard1923|Nordgård (1923:11)]]; [[#Nordgard1928|Nordgård (1928:71)]]; [[#Sivertsen1955|Sivertsen (1955:11)]]; [[#TollHess1981|Toll & Hess (1981:753)]] || Beak [[morphometrics]] studied by [[#Roeleveld2000|Roeleveld (2000)]]. Tentacle morphology examined by [[#Roeleveld2002|Roeleveld (2002)]]. Model completed in 1954 based on this specimen and [[#69]]; restored in 2010.<ref name=Eivindsen2011 />
|-
| 71 || Unknown (reported 1898) || [[Iceland]]<br />{NEA} || Not stated || ''Architeuthis monachus'' || Not specified || Undetermined || || None || || [[#Posselt1898|Posselt (1898:279)]] || [[#Bardarson1920|Bardarson (1920:134)]] ||
|}

{{for|later records|List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)|List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)}}

=== Type specimens ===
The following table lists the nominal species-level [[taxon|taxa]] associated with the genus ''Architeuthis'', together with their corresponding [[type specimen]]s, [[Type locality (biology)|type localities]], and type repositories.<ref>after [[#Voss1998|Voss, 1998:104]]; [[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper, 2001:[5]]]; [[#SweeneyYoung2003|Sweeney & Young, 2003]]; [[#Roperetal2015|Roper ''et al.'', 2015:82]]; [[#Sweeney2017|Sweeney, 2017]]</ref> [[Binomial name]]s are listed alphabetically by [[Specific name (zoology)|specific epithet]] and presented in their [[original combination]]s.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size: smaller; width: 100%; text-align: left;"
|-
! Binomial name and author citation !! Systematic status !! Type locality !! Type specimen and type repository
|-
| '''''Loligo bouyeri''''' [[#CrosseFischer1862|Crosse & Fischer, 1862:138]] || Architeuthid?<ref>[[#Gervais1875|Gervais, 1875:93]]</ref> || [[Canary Islands]]? || ([[#18]]) Unresolved
|-
| '''''Architeuthis clarkei''''' [[#Robson1933|Robson, 1933:682, text-figs. 1–7, pl. 1]] || Undetermined || [[Scarborough, North Yorkshire|Scarborough Beach]], [[Yorkshire]], [[England]] || ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#107|#107]]) BMNH Holotype 1933.1.30.5 + 1926.3.31.24 (radula and beak)<ref>[[#Lipinskietal2000|Lipiński ''et al.'', 2000:106]]</ref>
|-
| '''''Architeuthis dux''''' [[#Steenstrup1857|Steenstrup, 1857:183]] || ''[[Nomen tantum]]'' || ||
|-
| '''''Architeuthis dux''''' [[#Harting1860|Steenstrup ''in'' Harting, 1860:11, pl. 1 fig. 1A]] || Valid species<ref>[[#Nesis1987|Nesis, 1987:218]]</ref> || {{coord|31|N|76|W|dim:10000km|name=Giant squid specimen, 5 November 1855}} ([[Atlantic Ocean]]) || ([[#14]]) ZMUC Holotype<ref name=":0"/>
|-
| '''''Plectoteuthis grandis''''' [[#Owen1881|Owen, 1881:156, pls. 34–35]] || ''Architeuthis'' sp.<ref name=":36">[[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer, 1912:2]]</ref> || Not indicated || ([[#27]]) BMNH Holotype<ref>[[#Owen1881|Owen, 1881:156]]</ref> [not traced by [[#Lipinskietal2000|Lipiński ''et al.'' (2000)]]]
|-
| '''''Architeuthis halpertius''''' [[#Aldrich1980|Aldrich, 1980:59]] || ''[[Nomen nudum]]''{{refn|group=nb|name=halpertius|[[Frederick Aldrich]], who personally examined more than a dozen giant squid specimens, wrote that his largest specimen from [[Newfoundland]] bore tentacular suckers "approximately two inches [{{convert|2|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=output only}}] in diameter" but that "[s]uckers and their toothed armament of over twelve inches [{{convert|12|in|cm|abbr=on|disp=output only}}] in diameter have been found in the stomachs of sperm whale {{sic}} as indigestible wastes".<ref name=":17"/> This led him to entertain the idea of giant squid over {{convert|150|ft|m|abbr=on}} long and even to suggest a [[binomial name]] for this super-sized species, were it ever to be discovered: ''Architeuthis halpertius'' (after [[folklorist]] [[Herbert Halpert]]).<ref name=":17"/> Aldrich restated this belief in "Monsters of the Deep", the second episode of the 1980 television series ''[[Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World]]'': "I believe that the giant squid reach an approximate maximum size of something like a hundred and fifty feet<!--transcribed from video--> [{{convert|150|ft|m|disp=output only}}]".<ref>[[#FlynnWeigall1980|Flynn & Weigall, 1980]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:6–7]]</ref> [[Richard Ellis (biologist)|Richard Ellis]], apparently unaware of Aldrich's similar statements in print, commented: "It is difficult to imagine why Aldrich would have made such an irresponsible statement, unless it had to do with being on camera".<ref name=":32"/> [[Arthur C. Clarke]] himself wrote in 1992 that "the evidence suggests, they [giant squid] grow up to 150 feet in length".<ref>[[#Clarke1992|Clarke, 1992:72]]</ref> The published literature includes many other such extreme size estimates [[Cephalopod size#Supposed sucker scars|based only on supposed giant squid suckers or scars thereof]].}} || ||
|-
| '''''Loligo hartingii''''' [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill, 1875b:86, fig. 28]] || Valid species; ''Architeuthis hartingii''<ref>[[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:240]]</ref> || Not indicated || ([[#16]]) University of Utrecht as ''Architeuthis dux'', identification by [[Pieter Harting|Harting]]
|-
| '''''Megaloteuthis harveyi''''' [[#Kent1874a|Kent, 1874a:181]] || ''Architeuthis'' sp. || [[Conception Bay (Canada)|Conception Bay]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]] || ([[#29]]) YPM Type 12600y<ref>per unpublished notes by [[S. Stillman Berry|S.S. Berry]] at NMNH, cited by [[#Sweeney2017|Sweeney, 2017:[194]]]</ref>
|-
| '''''Architeuthis japonica''''' [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer, 1912:27]] || Undetermined || [[Tokyo Bay]], [[Japan]] || ([[#67]]) Undetermined; Holotype [=[[#MitsukuriIkeda1895|Mitsukuri & Ikeda (1895:39–50, pl. 10)]]]
|-
| '''''Architeuthis kirkii''''' [[#Robson1887|Robson, 1887:155]] || ''Architeuthis stockii'' (Kirk, 1882)<ref name=":37">[[#Forch1998|Förch, 1998:89]]</ref> || [[Cape Campbell]], [[New Zealand]] || ([[#61]]) NMNZ Holotype M.125404 + ?M.125406<ref name=":30"/>
|-
| '''''Architeuthis longimanus''''' [[#Kirk1888|Kirk, 1888:34, pls. 7–9]] || ''Architeuthis stockii'' (Kirk, 1882)<ref name=":37"/> || [[Lyall Bay]], [[New Zealand]] || ([[#62]]) NMNZ Holotype; specimen not located<ref name=":31"/>
|-
| '''''Megateuthis martensii''''' [[#Hilgendorf1880|Hilgendorf, 1880:67]] || Valid species; ''Architeuthis martensii''<!--''fide'' Undetermined--> || [[Yedo Japan]] fish market, [[Japan]] || ([[#28]]) ZMB Moll. 34716 + 38980
|- style="background:MistyRose;"
| '''''Architeuthis megaptera''''' [[#Verrill1878|Verrill, 1878:207]] || '''Non-architeuthid'''; ''[[Sthenoteuthis pteropus]]'' (Steenstrup, 1855) || [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]] || ([[#Spteropus|#[1]]]) NSMC 1870–Z-2
|-
| '''''Architeuthis? monachus''''' [[#Steenstrup1857|Steenstrup, 1857:184]] || ''[[Nomen tantum]]'' || ||
|-
| '''''Architeuthis monachus''''' [[#Harting1860|Steenstrup ''in'' Harting, 1860:11]] || ''Architeuthis dux'' Steenstrup, 1857<ref name=":22"/> || [[Raabjerg Strand]]; Northwest coast of [[Jutland]], [[Denmark]]<ref name=":1">[[#KristensenKnudsen1983|Kristensen & Knudsen, 1983:223]]</ref> || ([[#13]]) ZMUC Holotype<ref name=":1"/>
|-
| '''''Architeuthis mouchezi''''' [[#Velain1875|Vélain, 1875:1002]] || ''[[Nomen nudum]]''; see ''Mouchezis sancti-pauli'' || ||
|-
| '''''Architeuthis nawaji''''' [[#Cadenat1935|Cadenat, 1935:513]] || Undetermined || [[Île d'Yeu]], [[Bay of Biscay]], [[France]] || ([[List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#110|#110]]) Unresolved
|-
| '''''Dubioteuthis physeteris''''' [[#Joubin1900|Joubin, 1900:102, pl. 15]] || Valid species; ''Architeuthis physeteris''<ref name=":34"/> || [[Azores]] (38°34'45"N 29°37'W); from [[sperm whale]] stomach || ([[#68]]) MOM Holotype [station 588]<ref name=":35"/>
|-
| '''''Architeuthis princeps''''' [[#Verrill1875a|Verrill, 1875a:22]] || ''[[Nomen nudum]]'' || ||
|-
| '''''Architeuthis princeps''''' [[#Verrill1875b|Verrill, 1875b:79, figs. 25–27]] || Undetermined || style="background: Gainsboro" | a) [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland|Grand Banks]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]]; b) [[Atlantic Ocean|North Atlantic]] ([[sperm whale]] stomach) || style="background: Gainsboro" | ([[#22]] and [[#26|26]]) NMNH? [not found in collections to date]; Syntypes (a) Verrill specimen No. 1, lower beak; b) Verrill specimen No. 10, upper and lower beak)
|-
| '''''Dinoteuthis proboscideus''''' [[#More1875a|More, 1875a:4527]] || ''Architeuthis'' sp.<ref name=":36"/> || [[Dingle]], [[County Kerry]], [[Ireland]] || ([[#3]]) Unresolved
|-
| '''''Mouchezis sancti-pauli''''' [[#Velain1877|Vélain, 1877:81, text-fig. 8]] || Valid species; ''Architeuthis sanctipauli''<!--''fide'' Undetermined--> || on beach, [[Île Saint-Paul|St. Paul Island]] ({{coord|38|43|S|77|32|E|dim:10000km|name=Giant squid specimen, 2 November 1874}}), [[Indian Ocean|South Indian Ocean]] || ([[#33]]) MNHN Holotype 3-2-658 and 3-2-659 (tentacular clubs only)<ref>[[#Luetal1995|Lu ''et al.'', 1995:324]]</ref>
|-
| '''''Steenstrupia stockii''''' [[#Kirk1882|Kirk, 1882:286, pl. 36 figs. 2–4]] || Valid species; ''Architeuthis stockii''<ref name=":37"/> [Architeuthid per [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912:2)]]] || [[Cook Strait]], [[New Zealand]] || ([[#47]]) NMNZ Holotype M.125405 + M.125403<ref name=":30"/>
|-
| '''''Architeuthis titan''''' [[#Verrill1875b|Steenstrup ''in'' Verrill, 1875b:84]] [''in'' [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b:238, footnote)]]]<!--see also Packard (1873:88)--> || ''[[Nomen nudum]]'' || ||
|-
| '''''Architeuthis verrilli''''' [[#Kirk1882|Kirk, 1882:284, pl. 36 fig. 1]] || [[Nomen dubium|Species ''dubium'']]<ref name=":37"/> || [[Island Bay, Wellington|Island Bay]], [[Cook Strait]], [[New Zealand]] || ([[#55]]) NMNZ Holotype; [see [[#Forch1998|Förch (1998:89)]]]
|}

== Abbreviations ==
The following abbreviations are used in the [[#List of giant squid|List of giant squid]] table.

=== Oceanic sectors ===
[[File:Architeuthis distribution.png|thumb|upright=1.8|Worldwide giant squid distribution based on recovered specimens]]

Oceanic sectors used in the main table follow [[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper (2001)]]: the [[Atlantic Ocean]] is divided into sectors at the [[equator]] and 30°W, the [[Pacific Ocean]] is divided at the equator and 180°, and the [[Indian Ocean]] is defined as the range 20°E to 115°E (the [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] and [[Southern Ocean]]s are not distinguished). An additional category has been created to accommodate the handful of specimens recorded from the [[Mediterranean Sea]].

{{div col|colwidth=25em}}
* '''NEA''', Northeast Atlantic Ocean
* '''NWA''', Northwest Atlantic Ocean
* '''SEA''', Southeast Atlantic Ocean
* '''SWA''', Southwest Atlantic Ocean
* '''NEP''', Northeast Pacific Ocean
* '''NWP''', Northwest Pacific Ocean
* '''SEP''', Southeast Pacific Ocean
* '''SWP''', Southwest Pacific Ocean
* '''NIO''', Northern Indian Ocean
* '''SIO''', Southern Indian Ocean
* '''MED''', Mediterranean Sea
{{div col end}}

=== Measurements ===
[[File:Squid mantle width.jpg|thumb|Measuring mantle width]]
[[File:Squid beak measuring.jpg|thumb|Measuring beak dimensions]]
[[File:Squid sucker count.jpg|thumb|Taking sucker counts]]

Abbreviations used for measurements and counts follow [[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper (2001)]] and are based on standardised acronyms in [[teuthology]], primarily those defined by [[#RoperVoss1983|Roper & Voss (1983)]], with the exception of several found in older references. Following [[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper (2001)]], the somewhat non-standard EL ("entire" length) and WL ("whole" length) are used in place of the more common TL (usually [[Cephalopod size#Total length|total length]]; here tentacle length) and SL (usually [[Cephalopod size#Total length|standard length]]; here [[spermatophore]] length), respectively.

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '''AC''', arm circumference (AC(I), AC(II), AC(III) and AC(IV) refer to measurements of specific arm pairs)
* '''AD''', arm diameter (AD(I), AD(II), AD(III) and AD(IV) refer to measurements of specific arm pairs)
* '''AF''', arm formula
* '''AL''', arm length (AL(I), AL(II), AL(III) and AL(IV) refer to measurements of specific arm pairs)
* '''ASC''', arm sucker count
* '''ASD''', arm sucker diameter
* '''BAC''', buccal apparatus circumference
* '''BAL''', buccal apparatus length
* '''BC''', body circumference (assumed to mean greatest circumference of mantle unless otherwise specified)
* '''BD''', body diameter (assumed to mean greatest diameter of mantle)
* '''BL''', body length (usually equivalent to mantle length, as head length is often given separately)
* '''CaL''', carpus length
* '''CL''', club length (usually refers to expanded portion at the apex of tentacle)
* '''CSC''', club sucker count
* '''CSD''', club sucker diameter (usually largest) [usually equivalent to LSD]
* '''CW''', club width
* '''DC''', [[dactylus]] club length
* '''EC''', egg count
* '''ED''', egg diameter
* '''EL''', "entire" length (end of tentacle(s), often stretched, to posterior tip of tail; in contrast to WL, measured from end of ''arms'' to posterior tip of tail)
* '''EyD''', eye diameter
* '''EyOD''', eye orbit diameter
* '''FL''', fin length
* '''FuCL''', [[Funnel–mantle locking apparatus|funnel cartilage]] length
* '''FuCW''', funnel cartilage width
* '''FuD''', [[hyponome|funnel]] opening diameter
* '''FuL''', funnel length
* '''FW''', fin width
* '''GiL''', [[Ctenidium (mollusc)|gill]] length
* '''GL''', [[Gladius (cephalopod)|gladius]] (pen) length
* '''GW''', gladius (pen) width
* '''G(W)''', daily growth rate (%)
* '''HC''', head circumference
* '''HeL''', [[hectocotylus]] length
* '''HL''', head length (most often base of arms to edge of mantle)
* '''HW''', head width
* '''LAL''', longest arm length
* '''LRL''', lower rostral length of [[cephalopod beak|beak]]
* '''LSD''', largest sucker diameter (on tentacle club) [usually equivalent to CSD]
* '''MaL''', [[Manus (anatomy)|manus]] length
* '''ML''', dorsal mantle length (used only where stated as such)
* '''MT''', mantle thickness
* '''MW''', maximum mantle width (used only where stated as such)
* '''NGL''', [[nidamental gland]] length
* '''PL''', penis length
* '''RaL''', [[radula]] length
* '''RaW''', radula width
* '''RL''', [[Gladius (cephalopod)|rachis]] length
* '''RW''', rachis width
* '''SInc''', number of [[statocyst|statolith]] increments
* '''SL''', [[spermatophore]] length
* '''SoA''', spermatophores on arms
* '''SSD''', stalk sucker diameter
* '''SSL''', spermatophore sac length
* '''TaL''', tail length
* '''TC''', tentacle circumference (most often of tentacle stalk)
* '''TCL''', tentacle club length
* '''TD''', tentacle diameter (most often of tentacle stalk)
* '''TL''', tentacle length
* '''TSC''', tentacle sucker count (club and stalk combined)
* '''TSD''', tentacle sucker diameter (usually largest)
* '''URL''', upper rostral length of [[cephalopod beak|beak]]
* '''VML''', ventral mantle length
* '''WL''', "whole" length (end of arms, often damaged, to posterior tip of tail; in contrast to EL, measured from end of ''tentacles'' to posterior tip of tail)
* '''WT''', weight
{{div col end}}

=== Repositories ===
<!--[[File:Installation of the Giant Squid (male), Architeuthis dux, Phylum Mollusca, into the “Oceans Hall” exhibit (4561135702).jpg|thumb|Giant squid at the [[National Museum of Natural History|NMNH]] in [[Washington, D.C.]], one of the few publicly exhibited male specimens]]-->
[[File:Giant squid NTNU 1.jpg|thumb|Giant squid head being removed from storage at the [[NTNU Museum of Natural History and Archaeology|VSM]] in [[Trondheim]], [[Norway]]]]
Institutional acronyms follow [[#SweeneyRoper2001|Sweeney & Roper (2001)]] and are primarily those defined by [[#Levitonetal1985|Leviton ''et al.'' (1985)]], [[#LevitonGibbs1988|Leviton & Gibbs (1988)]], and [[#Sabaj2016|Sabaj (2016)]]. Where the acronym is unknown, the full repository name is listed.

{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '''AMNH''', [[American Museum of Natural History]], New York City, New York, United States
* '''AMS''', [[Australian Museum]], Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
* '''BAMZ''', [[Bermuda Aquarium, Museum and Zoo]], Flatts Village, Bermuda
* '''BMNH''', [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], Cromwell Road, London, England (formerly British Museum (Natural History))
* '''CEPESMA''', [[Museo-Aula del Mar]], [[Coordinadora para el Estudio y la Protección de las Especies Marinas]], [[Luarca]], [[Spain]]
* '''EI''', [[Peabody Essex Museum|Essex Institute]], Salem, Massachusetts, United States
* '''FOSJ''', [[Fisheries and Oceans Canada|Department of Fisheries and Oceans]], St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
* '''ICM''', [[Instituto de Ciencias del Mar]], Barcelona, Spain
* '''MCNOPM''', [[Museo de Ciencias Naturales de Puerto Madryn]] (Museum of Natural Sciences and Oceanography), Puerto Madryn, Argentina
* '''MHNLR''', [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]], La Rochelle, France
* '''MHNN''', [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]] (Musee Barla), Nice, France
* '''MMF''', [[Museu Municipal do Funchal]], Funchal, Madeira
* '''MNHN''', [[Muséum national d'histoire naturelle]], Paris, France
* '''MOM''', [[Musée Océanographique]], Monaco
* '''MUDB''', Department of Biology, [[Memorial University of Newfoundland|Memorial University]], Newfoundland, Canada
* '''NIWA''', [[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research]], Wellington, New Zealand
* '''NMI''', [[National Museum of Ireland – Natural History]], Dublin, Ireland
* '''NMML''', [[National Marine Mammal Laboratory]], Alaska Fisheries Science Center, Seattle, Washington, United States
* '''NMNH''', [[National Museum of Natural History]], Smithsonian Institution, Washington, District of Columbia, United States
* '''NMNZ''', [[Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]], Wellington, New Zealand (formerly Colonial Museum; Dominion Museum)
* '''NMSJ''', [[The Rooms|Newfoundland Museum]], St. John's, Newfoundland, Canada
* '''NMSZ''', [[National Museums of Scotland|National Museum of Scotland]], Zoology Department, Edinburgh, Scotland (formerly Royal Museum of Scotland; formerly Royal Scottish Museum, Edinburgh)
* '''NMV''', [[Museum Victoria]], Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (formerly National Museum of Victoria)
* '''NSMC''', [[Nova Scotia Museum]], Halifax, Canada
* '''PASS''', [[Peabody Academy of Science]], Salem, Massachusetts, United States (now in Peabody Museum of Salem?)
* '''RMNH''', [[Naturalis Biodiversity Center]], Leiden, Netherlands
* '''RSMAS''', [[Rosenstiel School of Marine, Atmospheric, and Earth Science]], Miami, Florida, United States (= '''UMML''', University of Miami Marine Lab)
* '''SAM''', [[Iziko South African Museum]], Cape Town, South Africa
* '''SAMA''', [[South Australian Museum]], North Terrace, Adelaide, Australia
* '''SBMNH''', [[Santa Barbara Museum of Natural History]], Santa Barbara, California, United States
* '''SMNH''', [[Swedish Museum of Natural History]], Stockholm, Sweden
* '''TMAG''', [[Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery]], Hobart, Tasmania, Australia
* '''VSM''', [[NTNU Museum of Natural History and Archaeology]], Trondheim, Norway (formerly Det Kgl. Norske Videnskabers Selskab Museet)
* '''YPM''', [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]], Yale University, New Haven, Connecticut, United States
* '''ZMB''', [[Museum für Naturkunde|Zoologisches Museum, Museum für Naturkunde der Humboldt University of Berlin]], Berlin, Germany
* '''ZMMGU''', Zoological Museum, [[Lomonosov Moscow State University]], Moscow, Russia
* '''ZMUB''', [[University of Bergen|Universitetet i Bergen]], Bergen, Norway
* '''ZMUC''', [[University of Copenhagen|Kobenhavns Universitet]], Zoologisk Museum, Copenhagen, Denmark
{{div col end}}
{{Clear}}

== Specimen images ==
The following images relate to pre–20th century giant squid specimens and sightings. The number below each image corresponds to that given in the [[#List of giant squid|List of giant squid]] table and is linked to the relevant record therein. The date on which the specimen was first documented is also given (the [[little-endian]] day/month/year [[date format]] is used throughout).

{{Gallery
| title=
| width=320 | height=250
| align=left
| File:Japetus Steenstrup sea monks-1-.png |{{wikicite|ref=img1|reference='''[[#1|#1 ({{circa}} 1546)]]'''<br />[[Japetus Steenstrup]]'s comparison of a [[Loligo|common squid]] (centre; its tentacles in an anatomically implausible position) with two 16th century drawings of the "[[sea monk]] of the [[Øresund]]"—[[Guillaume Rondelet]]'s ([[#Rondelet1554|1554:492, fig.]]) on the left and [[Pierre Belon]]'s ([[#Belon1553|1553:39, fig.]]) on the right ([[#Steenstrup1855a|Steenstrup, 1855a:83, fig.]]). It has been noted that Steenstrup's reproductions differ somewhat from the 16th century originals.<ref>[[#PaxtonHolland2005|Paxton & Holland, 2005:41]]</ref>}}
| File:Sea monk of the Øresund.jpg |'''[[#1|#1 ({{circa}} 1546)]]'''<br />Three further 16th century depictions of the "sea monk of the Øresund", possibly a giant squid or an [[angelshark]] (''Squatina squatina''), from the works of (left to right): Stefan Hamer ([[#Hamer1546|1546:[1], fig.]]), [[Conrad Lycosthenes]] ([[#Lycosthenes1557|1557:609, fig.]]), and Johannes Sluperius ([[#Sluperius1572|1572:105, fig.]]), as collected in [[#PaxtonHolland2005|Paxton & Holland (2005:41, fig. 1)]].
| File:Animal drawings collected by Felix Platter, p1 - (28).jpg |'''[[#1|#1 ({{circa}} 1546)]]'''<br />[[Watercolour]] of the sea monk by an anonymous artist, from the so-called Gessner Albums kept at the [[University of Amsterdam]]. These illustrations were collected by [[Felix Platter]] to serve as the basis for the [[woodcut]]s in [[Conrad Gessner]]'s encyclopedic ''[[Historia animalium (Gessner book)|Historia animalium]]'', the first modern zoological work to attempt to describe all known animal species (see [[#Gessner1558|Gessner, 1558:519, fig.]] for sea monk depiction published therein). 
| File:Sea monk and sea bishop (1669).jpg |'''[[#1|#1 ({{circa}} 1546)]]'''<br />Painted woodcuts of the sea monk ([[#1]]; left) and [[sea bishop]] (the latter also thought by some to be based on a giant squid<ref>see [[#BarberRiches1971|Barber & Riches, 1971:26]]; [[#Aldrich1980|Aldrich, 1980:57]]</ref>), issued in 1669 and based on [[Conrad Gessner]]'s originals from 1558 (themselves based on [[Guillaume Rondelet|Rondelet]]'s).
| File:Giant squid stranded at Dingle, Ireland, in 1673.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img3|reference='''[[#3|#3 ({{circa}} 15/10/1673)]]'''<br />Broadsheet covering the giant squid stranded at [[Dingle]], [[Ireland]], around 15 October 1673 ([[#Hookeetalc1674|Hooke ''et al.'', {{circa}} 1674]]). [[Steve O'Shea]] commented that though the animal depicted "doesn't look true to any squid, it is probably more similar to a [[cranchiid]] than it is to an architeuthid".<ref>[[#OShea2003d|O'Shea, 2003d]]</ref>}}
| File:Kolossale Blaeksprutter fra det nordlige Atlanterhav, plate 1.jpg|{{wikicite|ref=img13|reference='''[[#13|#13 (?/12/1853)]]'''<br />Upper and lower beaks of the type specimen of ''Architeuthis monachus'' (centre) and assorted smaller squid species: ''[[Gonatus fabricii]]'' (top), ''[[Sthenoteuthis pteropus]]'' (middle), and ''[[Loligo forbesii]]'' (bottom) ([[#Steenstrup1898|Steenstrup, 1898:pl. 1]])}}
| File:Preserved giant squid beak Architeuthis monachus 1850s by Japetus Steenstrup 1.jpg|'''[[#13|#13 (?/12/1853)]]'''<br />[[Holotype]] of ''Architeuthis monachus'' at the [[University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum|Zoological Museum]] in [[Copenhagen]], as it appeared in 2015. It consists of a dried beak, the sole part of the animal that was preserved.
| File:Preserved giant squid beak Architeuthis monachus 1850s by Japetus Steenstrup 2.jpg|'''[[#13|#13 (?/12/1853)]]'''<br />Another view of the same specimen, showing areas where damage has been patched up with tape and repaired with sutures (see also [[:File:Specimen box and label of preserved giant squid beak Architeuthis monachus 1850s by Japetus Steenstrup.jpg|original label and assorted beak fragments]])
| File:Kolossale Blaeksprutter fra det nordlige Atlanterhav, plate 3.jpg|{{wikicite|ref=img14|reference='''[[#14|#14 (5/11/1855)]]'''<br />Arm fragment and associated suckers of the type specimen of ''Architeuthis dux'', collected off [[the Bahamas]] on 5 November 1855 ([[#Steenstrup1898|Steenstrup, 1898:pl. 3]])}}
| File:Kolossale Blaeksprutter fra det nordlige Atlanterhav, plate 4.jpg|'''[[#14|#14 (5/11/1855)]]'''<br />[[Gladius (cephalopod)|Gladius]] (internal shell remnant) of the same specimen ([[#Steenstrup1898|Steenstrup, 1898:pl. 4]])
| File:Architeuthis dux holotype specimen from the collections of the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen.jpg|'''[[#14|#14 (5/11/1855)]]'''<br />Four jars containing soft tissue remains of the ''Architeuthis dux'' [[holotype]], from the collections of the [[University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum|Zoological Museum]] in [[Copenhagen]] (as they appeared in 2013)
| File:Giant squid, Architeuthis dux Steenstrup 1857, holotype specimen.jpg|'''[[#14|#14 (5/11/1855)]]'''<br />Closeup of one of the jars containing the ''Architeuthis dux'' type material (see [[:File:Giant squid Architeuthis dux Steenstrup 1857 holotype specimen.jpg|alternative view]])
| File:Architeuthis dux holotype (arm fragment).png|'''[[#14|#14 (5/11/1855)]]'''<br />Arm fragment of the ''Architeuthis dux'' holotype (see also [[:File:Architeuthis dux holotype (sucker).png|detail of one of the suckers]])
| File:Giant squid parts - Harting (1860).jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img16|reference='''[[#16|#16 (≤1860)]]'''<br />Beak with associated buccal musculature, [[radula]], and loose suckers of the type specimen of ''Loligo'' (later ''Architeuthis'') ''hartingii'', the provenance of which is unknown ([[#Harting1860|Harting, 1860:pl. 1]])}}
| File:Encounter with giant squid - watercolour by officers of the Alecton.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img18|reference='''[[#18|#18 (30/11/1861)]]'''<br />The [[French corvette Alecton|French corvette ''Alecton'']] attempts to capture a giant squid off [[Tenerife]] on 30 November 1861. Reproduction of the original watercolour by officers of the ''Alecton'', from [[#Bouree1912|Bourée (1912:115, fig. 108)]].}}
| File:Calmar de Bouyer.jpg |'''[[#18|#18 (30/11/1861)]]'''<br />An 1865 illustration of the [[French corvette Alecton|''Alecton'']] incident by P. Lackerbauer, clearly based on the officers' watercolour. It appeared in the first edition of [[Alfred Moquin-Tandon]]'s ''Le Monde de la Mer'', which he published under the [[pseudonym]] "Alfred Frédol" ([[#Fredol1865|Frédol, 1865:314, pl. 13]]).
| File:Alecto.png |'''[[#18|#18 (30/11/1861)]]'''<br />Another depiction of the encounter, by [[Édouard Riou]] (credited in caption) and A.<!--Alfred?--> Etherington (signed), based on a sketch by [[Ensign (rank)|ensign]] E. Rodolphe, an officer on the [[French corvette Alecton|''Alecton'']]. This engraving appeared in [[#Bouyer1866|Bouyer (1866:276, fig.)]] and subsequently featured in other publications, including an 1867 issue of the Dutch travel magazine ''De Aarde en haar Volken'' (from which the present image was extracted).
| File:Alecton giant squid, 1866.jpg |'''[[#18|#18 (30/11/1861)]]'''<br />This much-reproduced image appeared in [[Louis Figuier]]'s ''La vie et les mœurs des animaux'' ([[#Figuier1866|Figuier, 1866:467, fig. 362]]; shown here) and [[Henry Lee (naturalist)|Henry Lee]]'s ''Sea Monsters Unmasked'' ([[#Lee1883|Lee, 1883:39, fig. 8]]), among others, but [[#Muntz1995|Muntz (1995:21)]] wrote that its original source was uncertain.
| File:Alecton encounters giant squid, 1868 engraving.jpg |'''[[#18|#18 (30/11/1861)]]'''<br />A wood engraving of the [[French corvette Alecton|''Alecton'']] encounter published in 1868, the squid clearly based on the one from [[:File:Alecton giant squid 1861.png|the more famous image]] that had earlier appeared in [[#Figuier1866|Figuier (1866)]]
| File:Vingtmillelieue00vern orig 0397 1.jpg |'''[[#18|#18 (30/11/1861)]]'''<br />Engraving by [[Henri Théophile Hildibrand]] from ''[[Twenty Thousand Leagues Under the Seas]]'' (1871), whose depiction of the giant squid was undoubtedly inspired by the ''Alecton'' encounter.<ref name=":3"/> [[Bernard Heuvelmans]]'s ''The Kraken and the Colossal Octopus'' incorrectly described this illustration as "[t]he ''Alecton'' squid after Arthur Mangin, 1864".<ref>[[#Heuvelmans2003|Heuvelmans, 2003:fig. 100]]</ref>
| File:Coupin(1912)animaux excentriques(4ed)-p243-pieuvre.jpg |'''[[#18|#18 (30/11/1861)]]'''<br />An illustration of the ''Alecton'' encounter from ''Les Animaux Excentriques'' by {{ill|Henri Coupin|fr|}}, first published in 1903, based on the original from Bouyer (here given as "Rouyer").
| File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America BHL11826563.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=imgSpteropus|reference='''{{ font color | text = #[1] (1870?) | link = #Spteropus | bg = MistyRose | fg = black }}'''<br />Anatomical details of the squid that washed ashore in [[Nova Scotia]], [[Canada]], around 1870. It was originally described as ''Architeuthis megaptera'' and later identified as ''[[Sthenoteuthis pteropus]]''. Shown are the mantle (fig. 1), teeth of the [[radula]] and palate (figs. 2–7), and arm and tentacle suckers (figs. 8–9) ([[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:pl. 21]]).}}
| File:Architeuthis megaptera (YPM IZ 017932.GP) 001.jpeg |'''{{ font color | text = #[1] (1870?) | link = #Spteropus | bg = MistyRose | fg = black }}'''<br />Preserved sucker (oral view) of the ''Architeuthis megaptera'' type specimen from Nova Scotia. Deposited at [[Yale University|Yale's]] [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]].
| File:Architeuthis megaptera (YPM IZ 017932.GP) 002.jpeg |'''{{ font color | text = #[1] (1870?) | link = #Spteropus | bg = MistyRose | fg = black }}'''<br />Sucker of the same specimen in lateral view. Photographed in 2006 at the Peabody Museum of Natural History.
| File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America BHL11826557.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img22|reference='''[[#22|#22 (?/10/1871)]]''' and '''[[#26|#26 (≤1873)]]'''<br />The two [[syntype]]s of ''Architeuthis princeps'': lower beak of Verrill specimen No. 1 from 1871 ([[#22]]; left—drawn by [[J. H. Emerton]]) and upper and lower beaks of Verrill specimen No. 10 from 1873 or earlier ([[#26]]; top and bottom—drawn by [[Addison Emery Verrill|A. E. Verrill]]) ([[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:pl. 18]]). A [[:File:The cephalopods of the northeastern coast of America (1882) (20401874389).jpg|front view of the former]] is additionally shown in [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c:pl. 11 fig. 3a)]].}}
| File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America BHL11826551.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img25|reference='''[[#25|#25 (?/12/1872)]]''', '''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]''', and one other<br />Anatomical details of Verrill specimen No. 4 from 1872 ([[#25]]; tentacular sucker and closeup of same: figs. 5–6) and Verrill specimen No. 5 from 1873 ([[#30]]; lining membrane of palate: fig. 1; caudal fins: fig. 2; tentacular suckers: fig. 3; arm sucker: fig. 4) ([[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:pl. 16]]). Also shown are [[radula]]r teeth of ''Loligo pallida'' (synonym of ''[[Doryteuthis pealeii]]''; fig. 7) and giant squid specimen [[#16]], redrawn from [[#Harting1860|Harting (1860:pl. 1 fig. 4)]] (fig. 8).}}
| File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America BHL11826569.jpg |'''[[#25|#25 (?/12/1872)]]''' and others<br />Verrill's sketches of the two halves of the lower mandible of specimen No. 4 from 1872 ([[#25]]), drawn from photographs (figs. 5–5a), as well as beaks and other remains redrawn from earlier sources: [[#16]] from [[#Harting1860|Harting (1860:pl. 1 figs. 1, 8, 8')]] (figs. 1–1b); Steenstrup's ''A.&nbsp;dux''<!--specimen #?--> from [[#Harting1860|Harting (1860:pl. 1 fig. 1A)]] (fig. 2); [[#13]] after what was eventually published as [[#Steenstrup1898|Steenstrup (1898:pl. 1 fig. 2)]] (fig. 3); and "''[[Enoploteuthis|Enoploteuthis hartingii]]''" from [[#Harting1860|Harting (1860:pl. 2 fig. 15, pl. 3 figs. 23–24)]] (figs. 4–4b) ([[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:pl. 25]])
| File:Beak of giant squid (1873).jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img26|reference='''[[#26|#26 (≤1873)]]'''<br />Upper beak extracted from a sperm whale stomach, from [[#Packard1873|Packard (1873:93, fig. 10)]]. [[Addison Emery Verrill|A. E. Verrill]] considered the illustration inaccurate and published [[:File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America BHL11826557.jpg|his own version]]. The much smaller beak (drawn to scale), possibly from the same whale, may belong to ''[[Gonatus fabricii]]'', as suggested by [[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup]].<ref>[[#Packard1873|Packard, 1873:94]]</ref>}}
| File:Plectoteuthis grandis, plate 34.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img27|reference='''[[#27|#27 (≤1873)]]'''<br />The type specimen of ''Plectoteuthis grandis'', consisting of a single arm ([[#Owen1881|Owen, 1881:pl. 34]]). The provenance of this material is uncertain, but it may originate from the east coast of [[South America]].<ref name=":5"/>}}
| File:Plectoteuthis grandis, plate 35.jpg |'''[[#27|#27 (≤1873)]]'''<br />Closeups and cross-sectional view of the same ([[#Owen1881|Owen, 1881:pl. 35]])
| File:Giant squid attacking a boat by Victor Nehlig.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img29|reference='''[[#29|#29 (26/10/1873)]]'''<br />[[Victor Nehlig]]'s 1881 impression of fisherman Theophilus Picot's encounter with a giant squid off [[Portugal Cove–St. Philip's|Portugal Cove]], [[Newfoundland Colony|Newfoundland]], on 26 October 1873 ([[#Rathbun1881|Rathbun, 1881:267, fig.]]; compare [[:File:Giant squid attacking boat.jpg|similar illustration by W. A. Cranston]], [[:File:Giant squid seizing boat.jpg|another]] by [[Charles Livingston Bull]], and [[:File:Salgari - Duemila leghe sotto l'America - Vol. II.djvu|this cover]] by [[Quinto Cenni]])}}
| File:Portugal Cove giant squid from The Anniston Hot Blast, 12 February 1902.jpg |'''[[#29|#29 (26/10/1873)]]'''<br />An illustration of the same encounter from the 12 February 1902 issue of ''[[The Anniston Hot Blast]]'' ([[#Anon1902b|[Anon.], 1902b:6, fig.]]).
| File:Giant squid tentacle from from Owen, 1881.jpg |'''[[#29|#29 (26/10/1873)]]'''<br />The {{convert|19|ft|m|adj=on}} tentacle of the first [[Portugal Cove–St. Philip's|Portugal Cove]] specimen, hacked off a live animal on 26 October 1873 ([[#Owen1881|Owen, 1881:pl. 33 fig. 2]]; see [[:File:Giant squid tentacle saved by Moses Harvey.jpg|very similar but horizontally flipped woodcut]] from [[#Harvey1874a|Harvey, 1874a:68, fig.]])
| File:The Adventure of the Giant Squid by N. C. Wyeth.jpg |'''[[#29|#29 (26/10/1873)]]'''<br />''The Adventure of the Giant Squid'', painted by [[N.&nbsp;C. Wyeth]] {{circa}} 1939 to illustrate [[Norman Duncan]]'s ''The Adventures of Billy Topsail'' (1906)<ref name=Duncan1906 /> as republished in ''Anthology of Children's Literature'' (1940).<ref>[[#JohnsonScott1940|Johnson & Scott, 1940]]; [[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:82]]</ref> The story includes a fictionalised encounter with a giant squid based on the widely reported first Portugal Cove specimen.
| File:Logy Bay giant squid from The Anniston Hot Blast, 12 February 1902.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img30|reference='''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]'''<br />Artist's depiction of the fishermen's encounter with a giant squid off [[Logy Bay]], [[Newfoundland (island)|Newfoundland]], on 25 ?November 1873. Published in ''[[The Anniston Hot Blast]]'' on 12 February 1902 ([[#Anon1902b|[Anon.], 1902b:6, fig.]]).}}
| File:Logy Bay giant squid mantle, 1873.jpg |'''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]'''<br />The mutilated mantle of the specimen from [[Logy Bay]], photographed in Moses Harvey's home (the caudal fin is visible on the right). This original photograph appears not to have been published prior to [[#Aldrich1991|Aldrich (1991:458, fig. 1B)]].
| File:Logy Bay giant squid from The Wide World Magazine, 1899.jpg |'''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]'''<br />The Logy Bay giant squid draped over Reverend [[Moses Harvey]]'s sponge bath, November or December 1873. The original photographs (as opposed to line drawings thereof) were apparently not published until much later; the present one is taken from the April 1899 issue of ''[[The Wide World Magazine]]'' ([[#Harvey1899|Harvey, 1899:737, fig.]]), where it was captioned "Dr. Harvey's immense octopus {{sic}}".
| File:Logy bay giant squid 1873.png |'''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]'''<br />Another very similar (though non-identical) photograph of the head and arms of the Logy Bay giant squid. This one appeared in Frank Walter Lane's ''Kingdom of the Octopus'' ([[#Lane1957|Lane, 1957:pl. 44]]), where it was described as "the best-known photograph of a giant squid".
| File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America BHL11826545.jpg |'''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]'''<br />Line drawings taken from two photographs of the Logy Bay specimen ([[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:pl. 13]]). Note that the upper illustration is based on a slightly different frame to the [[:File:Logy bay giant squid 1873.png|preceding photo]] (as evidenced by the contrasting arrangement of arm tips on the lower left, which are closer to those seen in [[:File:Logy Bay giant squid from The Wide World Magazine, 1899.jpg|this version]]).
| File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America BHL11826547.jpg |'''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]'''<br />[[A. E. Verrill]]'s reconstruction of "''Architeuthis Harveyi''", the Logy Bay giant squid ([[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:pl. 14]])
| File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America BHL11826549.jpg |'''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]'''<br />Two-part beak and [[gladius (cephalopod)|gladius]] fragments of the Logy Bay specimen ([[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:pl. 15]])
| File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America BHL11826553.jpg |'''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]'''<br />Suckers of the arms and tentacles and closeups of the [[radula]] and its associated teeth ([[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:pl. 16a]])
| File:Architeuthis dux (YPM IZ 009634.GP) 002.jpeg |'''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]'''<br />Extant remains of the Logy Bay specimen (preserved in 70% alcohol) as they appeared in 2015, at [[Yale University|Yale's]] [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]].
| File:Architeuthis dux (YPM IZ 009634.GP) 001.jpeg |'''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]'''<br />Limbs of the Logy Bay specimen in 2015, at the Peabody Museum of Natural History.
| File:Architeuthis harveyi (YPM IZ 017924.GP) 002.jpeg |'''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]'''<br />[[Radula]] as it appeared in 2006, at the Peabody Museum of Natural History (see also [[:File:Architeuthis harveyi (YPM IZ 017924.GP) 001.jpeg|reverse side]]).
| File:Architeuthis dux (YPM IZ 104471).jpeg |'''[[#30|#30 (25/11?/1873)]]'''<br />Model at the [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]], partly based on the Logy Bay specimen. It was built in 1966 to replace the museum's original giant squid model, which was made by [[J. H. Emerton]] under the direction of [[A. E. Verrill]] in 1883 and was the world's first.<ref name=":12"/>
| File:Giant squid from Saint Paul Island.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img33|reference='''[[#33|#33 (2/11/1874)]]'''<br />The "calmar gigantesque" that washed ashore on [[Île Saint-Paul]] on 2 November 1874, as documented by geologist [[Charles Vélain]] during a French astronomical mission to [[Île Saint-Paul]] to observe the [[transit of Venus]] ([[#Velain1877|Vélain, 1877:81, fig. 8]]). The illustration is based on a photograph,<ref name=":4"/> one of the first ever taken of a giant squid.}}
| File:Ommastrephes mouchezi.jpg |'''[[#33|#33 (2/11/1874)]]'''<br />Simplified illustration from [[George Washington Tryon|George Tryon]]'s ''Manual of Conchology'' ([[#Tryon1879b|Tryon, 1879b:pl. 82 fig. 378]]), highlighting the strange morphology, on which Tryon opined: "The truncated arms and the gradually attenuating body, with very narrow fins extending along each side for half its length, are noticeable peculiarities, as is also the web connecting the arms; it is questionable, however, how much the engraving may be relied upon".<ref name=":19"/>
| File:Architeuthis dux Verrill.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img34|reference='''[[#34|#34 (?/12/1874)]]'''<br />[[J. H. Emerton]]'s reconstruction of ''Architeuthis princeps'', based chiefly on the [[Fortune Bay]] specimen, also known as Verrill specimen No. 13 ([[#Verrill1881b|Verrill, 1881b:pl. 54 fig. 1]]). Identified as a drawing of the Catalina specimen ([[#42]]) in [[Richard Ellis (biologist)|Richard Ellis's]] ''[[The Search for the Giant Squid]]''.<ref>[[#Ellis1998a|Ellis, 1998a:89, fig.]]</ref>}}
| File:Architeuthis dux (YPM IZ 010272.GP).jpeg |'''[[#34|#34 (?/12/1874)]]'''<br />Beak of the Fortune Bay specimen (preserved in 70% alcohol) as it appeared in 2007. Deposited at the [[Peabody Museum of Natural History]].
| File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America BHL11826555.jpg |'''[[#34|#34 (?/12/1874)]]''' and '''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />Details of the horny ring of a large tentacular sucker of Verrill specimen No. 13 from 1874 ([[#34]]; fig. 11) and assorted arm and tentacular suckers of Verrill specimen No. 14 from 1877 ([[#42]]; remaining figures) ([[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:pl. 17]])
| File:Giant squid beak 1875.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img37|reference='''[[#37|#37 (25/4/1875)]]'''<br />Beak and buccal mass of giant squid caught on 25 April 1875, off [[Inishbofin, County Galway|Inishbofin]], [[Connemara]], Ireland, as it appeared at the [[National Museum of Ireland – Natural History]] in 2019.}}
| File:Giant squid catalina.png |{{wikicite|ref=img42|reference='''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />The "nearly perfect specimen" that was beached alive in [[Catalina, Newfoundland and Labrador|Catalina]], [[Trinity Bay, Newfoundland and Labrador|Trinity Bay]], Newfoundland, on 24 September 1877, from the 27 October 1877 issue of ''[[Canadian Illustrated News]]'' ([[#Anon1877a|[Anon.], 1877a:269, fig.]])}}
| File:Giant squid from Harper's Weekly, 3 November 1877.jpg|'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />Illustration of the "devil-fish" from Catalina, from the 3 November 1877 issue of ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'' ([[#Anon1877b|[Anon.], 1877b:868, fig.]])
| File:The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times no. 849 - front cover.jpg|'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />Another depiction of the Catalina specimen, from the cover of the 17 November 1877 issue of ''[[The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times]]'' ([[#Anon1877c|[Anon.], 1877c:305, fig.]])
| File:Giant squid - La Nature, 9 June 1883.jpg |'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />A further illustration of the Catalina specimen, showing the animal after it had died (see [[:File:Ommatostrepo. (8383564158).jpg|related figure]]), from the 9 June 1883 issue of the French popular science magazine ''[[La Nature]]'' ([[#Oustalet1883|Oustalet, 1883:17, fig. 1]]; also reproduced in [[#Heuvelmans2003|Heuvelmans, 2003:fig. 103]]).
| File:Giant squid first illustration.PNG |'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />Drawing by [[Addison Emery Verrill|A. E. Verrill]] of the Catalina specimen, here incorrectly identified as the [[Fortune Bay]] specimen ([[#34]]); see [[:File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America BHL11826561.jpg|original illustration]] ([[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:pl. 20]])
| File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America BHL11826559.jpg |'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />Ventral views of the supposedly anteriorly-free [[cephalopod fin|caudal fins]] of the Catalina specimen (top: after several days in alcohol; bottom: after several months in same), now known to be a preservation artefact<ref>[[#Forch1998|Förch, 1998:22–23]]</ref> ([[#Verrill1880a|Verrill, 1880a:pl. 19]])
| File:International Fisheries Exhibition, 1883.jpg |'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />The US display at the [[International Fisheries Exhibition]] of 1883, held in London, UK (illustration by [[William Hatherell]], from [[#Cassell1903|Cassell, 1903:600, fig.]]). An ''Architeuthis princeps'' model, made by [[J. H. Emerton]] and [[A. E. Verrill]] for the [[Smithsonian Institution|Smithsonian]] and based on the Catalina specimen, is seen hanging in the background.<ref name=":38">[[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:36]]</ref>
| File:US display at International Fisheries Exhibition, 1883.jpg |'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />Another illustration of the American court at the [[International Fisheries Exhibition]] of 1883, with a giant squid model based on the Catalina specimen hanging overhead, from the fourth of a series of papers about the exhibition published in ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' by American ichthyologist [[George Brown Goode]] ([[#Goode1883|Goode, 1883:614, fig.]]).
| File:Fisheries Exhibit in Arts & Industries Building.jpg |'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />Fisheries Court exhibit at the [[United States National Museum]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] (in what is now the [[Arts and Industries Building]]), as it appeared in 1886. [[J. H. Emerton]]'s giant squid and giant octopus models are suspended from the ceiling surrounded by fishing nets (see also [[:File:Engraving of the Fisheries Court, U.S. National Museum.jpg|engraving of same]]).
| File:Lower Invertebrates Exhibit in West Wing, Smithsonian Institution Building (2551484374).jpg |'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />Hanging models of a giant squid (based on the Catalina specimen<ref name=":38"/>) and a [[giant Pacific octopus]], designed for the [[Tennessee Centennial and International Exposition]] of 1897<!--made by [[Ward's Natural Science|Ward's]]?-->, as they appeared in the Lower Invertebrates exhibit in the West Wing of the [[Smithsonian Institution Building]] {{circa}} 1901<!--https://siarchives.si.edu/collections/siris_sic_9715--> (see also [[:File:Smithsonian Institution Building, West Wing, c 1903 (2575659146).jpg|image from {{circa}} 1903]]).
| File:Star-Spangled Banner in West Wing of Smithsonian Institution Building.jpg |'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />The original [[Star-Spangled Banner (flag)|Star-Spangled Banner flag]] undergoing restoration work in 1914 in the West Wing of the [[Smithsonian Institution Building]], under the hanging giant squid model, one of the few exhibits not removed for the occasion (see also [[:File:Repair Work on Star-Spangled Banner.jpg|photograph showing seamstresses at work]] under the guidance of [[Amelia Fowler]])
| File:Giant squid model at the Natural History Museum, London.jpg |'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />Catalina-inspired model on display in the Shell Gallery (now Jerwood Gallery)<ref name=SnellTucker2003>[[#SnellTucker2003|Snell & Tucker, 2003:43]]</ref> of London's [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]] in 1907. Bought in 1906 for [[United States dollar|US$]]450 ({{Inflation|US|450|1906|fmt=eq}}) from [[Ward's Natural Science Establishment]] of [[Rochester, New York]], it was installed a year later.<ref name=":2">[[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:44]]</ref> <!--An early observer likened the two cephalopod models to a "grotesque chandelier and a torpedo".<ref name=SnellTucker2003 />-->It was destroyed during [[the Blitz]] in 1940;<ref>[[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:44]]; see also [[#SnellTucker2003|Snell & Tucker, 2003:97]]</ref> the [[:File:Giant squid model at London Natural History Museum.jpg|second and current model]] dates from 1974.<ref name=":2"/>
| File:AMNH Shell and Coral Hall, looking west.jpg |'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />[[Ward's Natural Science|Ward's]] models of the Catalina giant squid and a giant Pacific octopus, suspended from the ceiling of the [[American Museum of Natural History]]'s Shell and Coral Hall, early 20th century. The squid was later moved to the Hall of Ocean Life, the Invertebrate Hall, and, following refurbishment, the "Wall of Life" in the Hall of Biodiversity (see [[:File:Squid and octopus (23957484161).jpg|2015 image]]).<ref>[[#Ellis1998c|Ellis, 1998c]]</ref> Both models were acquired in 1895 for a total of [[United States dollar|US$]]750 ({{Inflation|US|750|1895|fmt=eq}}).<ref>[[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:41]]</ref>
| File:Gfp-giant-squid.jpg |'''[[#42|#42 (24/9/1877)]]'''<br />One of [[Ward's Natural Science|Ward's]] six original Catalina-inspired models is still extant at the [[Milwaukee Public Museum]]. Dating from 1898, it was purchased the following year after a protracted sale. The model was refurbished towards the end of the 20th century; [[taxidermist]] and artist Wendy Christensen-Senk repainted it a "more passionate reddish maroon" from its previous "battleship gray".<ref>[[#Ellis1997a|Ellis, 1997a:42]]</ref>
| File:Ein Riesen-Tintenfisch.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img44|reference='''?[[#44|#44 (21/11/1877)]]'''<br />Giant squid beached on the Newfoundland coast, apparently on 22 November 1877 ([[#HeydebrandundderLasa1887|Heydebrand und der Lasa, 1887:72, fig.]]; closest is [[#44]] from 21 November, from [[Smith Sound, Newfoundland and Labrador|Smith's Sound]]). Two figures standing over the specimen, which are [[:File:Beached giant squid.jpg|present in the original]], have been removed in this version. Note the similarity to [[:File:Giant squid catalina2.png|this illustration of the Catalina specimen]].}}
| File:Thimble Tickle giant squid.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img45|reference='''[[#45|#45 (2/11/1878)]]'''<br />Artist's impression of the "[[Thimble Tickle specimen]]" found on 2 November 1878, which reportedly measured {{convert|55|ft|m}} in total length, from [[Charles Frederick Holder]]'s ''Marvels of Animal Life'' ([[#Holder1885|Holder, 1885:198, pl. 25]]). No photographs or exact measurements exist as the specimen was cut up for dog food soon after its discovery.}}
| File:Thimble Tickle giant squid sculpture (2).jpg |'''[[#45|#45 (2/11/1878)]]'''<br />A "life-sized" (55-foot) concrete and metal sculpture of the [[Thimble Tickle]] giant squid of 1878. Completed in 2001 and weighing 4 tonnes, it was designed by Don Foulds and built by him and his students, following a [[Canadian dollar|CA$]]100,000 government contribution (equivalent to [[United States dollar|US$]]{{Formatnum:{{To USD|100000|CAN|year=2001|r=0}}}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}).<ref>[[#Harvey2004|Harvey, 2004]]; [[#stamp|[Anon.], {{abbr|N.d.|No date}}]]</ref>
| File:Thimble Tickle giant squid sculpture (3).jpg |'''[[#45|#45 (2/11/1878)]]'''<br />Another view of the sculpture showing the accompanying information plaque (compare the giant squid illustration therein with [[:File:Ein Riesen-Tintenfisch.jpg|this modified version]]). Part of the [[Giant Squid Interpretation Site]], the sculpture is located close to the site of the original specimen's capture and has featured on a [[Canada Post]] stamp.<ref>[[#Hickey2009|Hickey, 2009]], [[#Hickey2010|2010]]</ref>
| File:Glover's Harbour welcome sign.jpg |'''[[#45|#45 (2/11/1878)]]'''<br />Welcome sign from [[Glovers Harbour, Newfoundland and Labrador|Glovers Harbour]] (formerly Thimble Tickle), [[Newfoundland]], where the giant specimen of 1878 was found. It has long been regarded by [[Guinness World Records]] and its previous incarnations as the largest giant squid ever recorded.<ref>see e.g. [[#Wood1982|Wood, 1982:189]]; [[#Carwardine1995|Carwardine, 1995:240]]; [[#Glenday2014|Glenday, 2014:62]]</ref>
| File:Architheutis stockii 001.png |{{wikicite|ref=img47|reference='''[[#47|#47 (23/5/1879)]]'''<br />[[Holotype]] of [[Thomas William Kirk]]'s ''Steenstrupia stockii'', from the [[type description]] ([[#Kirk1882|Kirk, 1882:pl. 36 figs. 2–4]])}}
| File:Part of Architeuthis specimen in the collections of the Zoological Museum in Copenhagen.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img49|reference='''[[#49|#49 (?/9/1879)]]'''<br />Soft tissue remains of the 1879 specimen from Olafsfjord, [[Iceland]], as they appeared in 2012 at the [[University of Copenhagen Zoological Museum|Zoological Museum]] in [[Copenhagen]]. The material is labelled as ''Architeuthis monachus'', a taxon now considered synonymous with ''A.&nbsp;dux''.}}
| File:Preserved giant squid specimens.jpg |'''[[#49|#49 (?/9/1879)]]'''<br />Evolutionary biologist [[M. Thomas P. Gilbert]] pointing to the preserved left tentacle of the Olafsfjord giant squid of 1879
| File:Giant squid tentacle in Zoological Museum in Copenhagen.jpg |'''[[#49|#49 (?/9/1879)]]'''<br />Closeup of the same specimen, showing the enlarged suckers of the tentacular club. The morphology of this tentacle was studied by [[#Roeleveld2002|Roeleveld (2002)]].
| File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America (1880-81) (20400513100).jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img54|reference='''[[#54|#54 (?/4/1880)]]''' and one other<br />Beak with buccal mass and [[oesophagus]], tentacular club, and arm fragments of the [[Grand Banks of Newfoundland|Grand Banks]] specimen found dead at the surface in April 1880 ([[#54]]), the first in which arm and sucker regeneration was documented ([[#Verrill1881b|Verrill, 1881b:pl. 26]]). A single sucker (fig. 5) of the first [[Portugal Cove–St. Philip's|Portugal Cove]] specimen ([[#29]]) is also shown.}}
| File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America (Plate 38, cropped).jpg |'''[[#54|#54 (?/4/1880)]]'''<br />Selected details of the Grand Banks specimen: 50th sucker of one of arms II (fig. 3), [[Statocyst|statolith]] in front and lateral aspects (fig. 4), and various views of the [[radula]]r teeth (figs. 5–7) ([[#Verrill1881b|Verrill, 1881b:pl. 38 figs. 3–7]]; see [[:File:The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America (1880-81) (20401806319).jpg|uncropped version]])
| File:Transactions and proceedings of the New Zealand Institute (1881) (14564203897).jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img55|reference='''[[#55|#55 (6/6/1880)]]'''<br />An illustration of the ''Architeuthis verrilli'' [[holotype]] taken from [[Thomas William Kirk]]'s [[type description|formal description]] of the latter ([[#Kirk1882|Kirk, 1882:pl. 36 fig. 1]])}}
| File:Giant squid 10 November 1881.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img60|reference='''[[#60|#60 (10/11/1881)]]'''<br />Illustration of the giant squid that was found in [[Portugal Cove–St. Philip's|Portugal Cove]], Newfoundland, on 10 November 1881 (Verrill's penultimate specimen—No. 27). Based on a photograph by E. Lyons of [[St. John's, Newfoundland and Labrador|St. John's]], it was published in ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'' for 10 December ([[#Anon1881|[Anon.], 1881:821, fig.]]).}}
| File:Architeuthis longimanus Kirk, 1888.jpg|{{wikicite|ref=img62|reference='''[[#62|#62 (?/10/1887)]]'''<br />[[Thomas William Kirk|T. W. Kirk]]'s sketch of the ''Architeuthis longimanus'' [[type specimen]] in lateral aspect ([[#Kirk1888|Kirk, 1888:pl. 7]]). Note the extreme length of the feeding tentacles relative to the mantle and arms, which has been questioned by some authors.{{refn|group=nb|name=longimanus}}}}
| File:Architeuthis longimanus Kirk, 1888 (2).jpg|'''[[#62|#62 (?/10/1887)]]'''<br />Illustration of the ''A.&nbsp;longimanus'' specimen by T. W. Kirk, showing the posterior end of the mantle (including [[cephalopod fin|caudal fins]]), details of arm and tentacular suckers, and transverse sections of arms I–IV ([[#Kirk1888|Kirk, 1888:pl. 8]])
| File:Architeuthis longimanus Kirk, 1888 (3).jpg|'''[[#62|#62 (?/10/1887)]]'''<br />T. W. Kirk's final plate of ''A.&nbsp;longimanus'', showing the [[cephalopod beak|two-part beak]] (both ''in situ'' and following extraction) and a single row of [[radula]]r teeth ([[#Kirk1888|Kirk, 1888:pl. 9]])
| File:Architeuthis japonica type specimen.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img67|reference='''[[#67|#67 (4/2/1895)]]'''<br />Type specimen of ''Architeuthis japonica'', caught in a net in [[Tokyo Bay]] on 4 February 1895 after a 2–3 day storm ([[#MitsukuriIkeda1895|Mitsukuri & Ikeda, 1895:pl. 10]])}}
| File:Architeuthis physeteris 1.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img68|reference='''[[#68|#68 (18/7/1895)]]'''<br />Mantle measuring 46&nbsp;cm originally recovered from [[sperm whale]] vomit, from a 1900 work by [[Louis Joubin]] ([[#Joubin1900|Joubin, 1900:pl. 15 fig. 8]]). This specimen is the [[holotype]] of ''Dubioteuthis physeteris''.}}
| File:Architeuthis physeteris.jpg |'''[[#68|#68 (18/7/1895)]]'''<br />[[Gladius (cephalopod)|Gladius]] (internal shell remnant) measuring 39&nbsp;cm extracted from the same specimen ([[#Joubin1900|Joubin, 1900:pl. 15 fig. 10]])
| File:Dubioteuthis physeteris dorsal mantle.jpg |'''[[#68|#68 (18/7/1895)]]'''<br />Detail of the dorsal anterior mantle of the ''Dubioteuthis physeteris'' holotype ([[#Joubin1900|Joubin, 1900:pl. 15 fig. 9]])
| File:Architeuthis beak.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=imgUndetermined|reference='''{{ font color | text = #[3] (18/7/1895) | link = #Undetermined | bg = MistyRose | fg = black }}'''<br />Two-part beak of an undetermined squid ([[#Joubin1900|Joubin, 1900:pl. 14 figs. 1–2]]), identified as possibly ''Architeuthis'' by [[#Joubin1900|Joubin (1900)]] and as non-architeuthid by [[#Pfeffer1912|Pfeffer (1912)]]}}
| File:Giant squid NTNU 5.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img69|reference='''[[#69|#69 (10/4/1896)]]''' and others<br />Three giant squid from the [[NTNU Museum of Natural History and Archaeology]] in [[Trondheim]], Norway, including the oldest and largest specimen ([[#69]]), which was found in 1896 and measures some {{convert|12|m|ft|abbr=on}} in total length}}
| File:Kjempeblekksprut - Giant Squid (5374811735).jpg |'''[[#69|#69 (10/4/1896)]]''' and others<br />View from the other end of the corridor, showing the tentacles of the three more-or-less complete specimens and various other assorted giant squid parts (see also [[:File:Kjempeblekksprut - Giant Squid (5375411028).jpg|tentacular club being examined]])
| File:Giant squid NTNU 4.jpg |'''[[#69|#69 (10/4/1896)]]'''<br />Tentacular suckers of the largest specimen, examined in 2011, when the box containing the museum's six giant squid was reopened for maintenance, registration in the database, and to add new preservatives.<ref>[[#Eivindsen2011|Eivindsen, 2011]]; [[#Lervik2011|Lervik, 2011]]</ref>
| File:Giant squid NTNU 3.jpg |'''[[#69|#69 (10/4/1896)]]'''<br />Beak of the same specimen, as it appeared during the 2011 inspection
| File:Giant squid NTNU 2.jpg |'''?[[#69|#69 (10/4/1896)]]''' and others<br />Assorted arms and tentacles of several old giant squid specimens from the [[NTNU Museum of Natural History and Archaeology]] (see also [[:File:Giant squid NTNU 6.jpg|before]] and [[:File:Giant squid NTNU 7.jpg|during]] [[:File:Kjempeblekksprut - Giant Squid (5375411498).jpg|removal]] [[:File:Kjempeblekksprut - Giant Squid (5374814159).jpg|from]] [[:File:Kjempeblekksprut - Giant Squid (5375411716).jpg|box]], and [[:File:Kjempeblekksprut - Giant Squid (5375412754).jpg|details of tentacular club]])
| File:Kjempeblekksprut - Giant squid.jpg |'''[[#69|#69 (10/4/1896)]]''' or '''[[#70|#70 (27/9/1896)]]'''<br />One of the two giant specimens from [[Kyrksæterøra]], stretched out for measurement
| File:Giant squid NTNU 8.jpg |{{wikicite|ref=img70|reference='''[[#70|#70 (27/9/1896)]]'''<br />Ventral (top) and dorsal views of the second 1896 specimen from [[Kyrksæterøra]]. The present copy was released by the [[NTNU Museum of Natural History and Archaeology]] in 2011; lower-resolution versions originally appeared in [[#Storm1897|Storm (1897:100, fig. 20)]] and [[#Brinkmann1916|Brinkmann (1916:179, fig. 2)]].}}
}}

{{for|images of later specimens|List of giant squid specimens and sightings (20th century)#Specimen images|List of giant squid specimens and sightings (21st century)#Specimen images}}
{{Clear}}

== Notes ==
[[File:The Adventure of the Giant Squid.jpg|thumb|upright=1.18|Though fictional accounts often depict giant squid [[cephalopod attack|attacking boats]] ([[cf.]] [[#29]]), live animals found at the surface are almost invariably sick or dying, and no injuries resulting from such encounters have ever been documented.<ref name=Dery2013 /><!--for folklore re: attacks see https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/mun_gazette/MUNGaz_V11N18.pdf p. 2 ; File:Ocean wonders- a companion for the seaside (1879) (14743326156).jpg-->]]
[[File:FMIB 34730 Very Large Sperm Whale was Locked in Deadly Conflict with a Squid.jpeg|thumb|upright=1.18|The surface encounter between a sperm whale and a giant squid supposedly witnessed by [[Frank Thomas Bullen]], from his semi-autobiographical travel narrative ''[[The Cruise of the Cachalot]]'', first published in 1898<ref>[[#Bullen1898|Bullen, 1898:ill. facing p. 143]]</ref>]]
{{multiple image
 | align = right
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 258
 | header = 
 | image1 = O giganteus16.jpg
 | caption1 = 
 | image2 = O giganteus9.jpg
 | caption2 = '''Top:''' The so-called [[St. Augustine Monster]] of 1896, which [[Addison Emery Verrill|A. E. Verrill]] briefly considered "perhaps a species of ''Architeuthis''"<ref name=Verrill1897 /> but was later shown to be the remains of a whale<br />'''Bottom:''' A fanciful depiction of the Florida carcass as a tentacled sea monster, from the ''[[Pennsylvania Grit]]'' of 13 December 1896
}}
[[File:Giant squid as sea serpent (1931).jpg|thumb|upright=1.18|[[Paul Bartsch]], longtime curator of molluscs at the [[National Museum of Natural History]], believed that most reports of [[sea serpent]]s were based on sightings of giant squid, particularly ones holding their tentacles above the water<ref>[[#Bartsch1917|Bartsch, 1917:364–366]], [[#Bartsch1931|1931:347–349]], [[#Bartsch1937|1937:403]]</ref> (see also [[:File:Giant squid as sea serpent (1917).jpg|alternative image]])]]
{{multiple image
 | align = right
 | direction = vertical
 | width = 258
 | header = 
 | image1 = Hans Egede sea serpent 1734.jpg
 | caption1 = 
 | image2 = The animal which Egede probably saw.jpg
 | caption2 = '''Top:''' [[Hans Egede]]'s "most dreadful monster", reportedly seen off [[Greenland]] in 1734.<br />'''Bottom:''' [[Henry Lee (naturalist)|Henry Lee]] proposed the giant squid as an explanation ([[#Lee1883|Lee, 1883:64, fig. 16]]). [[#Paxtonetal2005|Paxton ''et al.'' (2005)]] suggested it might have been a male [[cetacean]] in a state of arousal.
}}
{{reflist|group=nb|1}}
{{Clear}}

== References ==
=== Short citations ===
{{reflist}}

=== Full citations ===
<!--NOTE: virtually all online sources have been archived on at least one of https://web.archive.org/, https://www.webcitation.org/,?url=0 or https://archive.today/ -->
{{refbegin|40em|indent=yes}}

==== A ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Ablett2012|reference=Ablett, J. (2012). [http://natsca.org/sites/default/files/publications/NatSCA%20News%20Issue%2023-1.pdf The giant squid, ''Architeuthis dux'' Steenstrup, 1857 (Mollusca: Cephalopoda): the making of an iconic specimen]. ''[[NatSCA News]]'' no. 23: 16–20.}} <!--entire issue: http://natsca.org/files/publications/NatSCA%20News%20Issue%2023.pdf-->
* {{wikicite|ref=Agassiz1874|reference=[[Louis Agassiz|Agassiz, L.]] (1874). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41393236 Gigantic cuttle-fishes of Newfoundland]. ''[[The American Naturalist]]'' '''8'''(4)[Apr.]: 226–227.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Akimushkin1954|reference=[[Igor Akimushkin|Akimushkin, I.I.]] (1954). Cephalopod mollusks in the diet of sperm whales. ''[[Doklady Akademii Nauk SSSR]]'' '''96'''(3): 665–667. {{in lang|ru}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Akimushkin1963|reference=Akimushkin, I.I. (1963). [https://books.google.com/books?id=sJo5AAAAIAAJ ''Головоногие моллюски морей СССР'']. [''Golovonogie Mollyuski Morei SSSR''.] Academy of Sciences of the U.S.S.R., Moscow. 233 + [3]&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|13632765}} {{in lang|ru}} [English translation by A. Mercado: Akimushkin, I.I. (1965). [https://books.google.com/books?id=jMJCMQAACAAJ ''Cephalopods of the Seas of the U.S.S.R.''] Israel Program for Scientific Translations, Jerusalem. viii + 223&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|557215373}} (pages from translation cited in square brackets)]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1967a|reference=[[Frederick Aldrich|Aldrich, F.A.]] (1967a). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/52537998 ''Architeuthis''—the giant squid]. ''The American Malacological Union, Inc. Annual Reports'' [1967]: 24–25.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1967b|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1967b). Newfoundland's giant squid. ''Animals'' '''10'''(1): 20–21.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1968a|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1968a). [http://www.tandfonline.com/doi/abs/10.1080/00364827.1968.10413400#.Ui9eCMZON8E The distribution of giant squids (Cephalopoda, Architeuthidae) in the North Atlantic and particularly about the shores of Newfoundland]. ''Sarsia'' '''34'''(1): 393–398. {{doi|10.1080/00364827.1968.10413400}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1968b|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1968b). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/cns_decks/DA_Vol01_No02.pdf Wanted dead or alive]. ''[[Decks Awash]]'' '''1'''(2)[Dec.]: 23.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1977|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1977). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/mun_gazette/MUNGaz_V10N01.pdf Sciencefare]. ''[[The Gazette (Newfoundland)|MUN Gazette]]'' '''10'''(1)[9 Sep.]: 2, 5.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1978|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1978). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/mun_gazette/MUNGaz_V10N13.pdf Sciencefare]. ''[[The Gazette (Newfoundland)|MUN Gazette]]'' '''10'''(13)[3 Mar.]: 2.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1979|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1979). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/cns_decks/DA_Vol08_No03.pdf Giant squid country]. ''[[Decks Awash]]'' '''8'''(3)[Jun.]: 66–67.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1980|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1980). The source of the sea bishop. [pp.&nbsp;55–64] In: K.S. Goldstein & N.V. Rosenburg (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=yb6BAAAAMAAJ ''Folklore Studies in Honour of Herbert Halpert: A Festschrift'']. [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]], St. John's. ix + 395&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-88901-019-6}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1983|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1983). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/mun_gazette/MunGaz_V15N19.pdf Sciencefare]. [[The Gazette (Newfoundland)|''Gazette '' (Memorial University of Newfoundland)]] '''15'''(19)[14 Jul.]: 2.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1987|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1987). Moses and the living waters: Victorian science in Newfoundland. [pp.&nbsp;86–120] In: D.H. Steele (ed.) ''Early Science in Newfoundland and Labrador''. Avalon Chapter of Sigma Xi, St. John's. vi + 199&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-9693100-0-5}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1990a|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1990a). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/mun_gazette/MUNGaz_V22N19.pdf Sciencefare]. [[The Gazette (Newfoundland)|''Gazette '' (Memorial University of Newfoundland)]] '''22'''(19)[22 May]: 5.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1990b|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1990b). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/mun_gazette/MUNGaz_V22N21.pdf Sciencefare]. [[The Gazette (Newfoundland)|''Gazette '' (Memorial University of Newfoundland)]] '''22'''(21)[19 Jun.]: 4.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1990c|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1990c). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/mun_gazette/MUNGaz_V23N07.pdf Sciencefare]. [[The Gazette (Newfoundland)|''Gazette '' (Memorial University of Newfoundland)]] '''23'''(7)[29 Nov.]: 4.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1991|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1991). [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/contentone/umrsmas/bullmar/1991/00000049/F0020001/art00041 Some aspects of the systematics and biology of squid of the genus ''Architeuthis'' based on a study of specimens from Newfoundland waters]. ''[[Bulletin of Marine Science]]'' '''49'''(1–2): 457–481.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1994|reference=Aldrich, F.A. (1994). [https://www.biographi.ca/en/bio/harvey_moses_13E.html Harvey, Moses]. [pp.&nbsp;455–457] In: [[Ramsay Cook|R. Cook]] (ed.) ''[[Dictionary of Canadian Biography|Dictionary of Canadian Biography. Volume XIII: 1901 to 1910.]]'' University of Toronto Press, Toronto. xxi + 1295&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-8020-3998-7}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=AldrichSullivan1978|reference=Aldrich, F.A. & L.M. Sullivan (1978). And on the fifth day, the Kraken waked—and Odysseus wept. In: ''Abstracts for 1st International Conference on Creatures of Legendry, University of Nebraska at Omaha, 28 September – 1 October 1978''. University of Nebraska, Omaha.}} 
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Aldrich1969|reference=Aldrich, M.L.M. (1969). [http://research.library.mun.ca/7118/1/Aldrich_MargueritteLuiseMarks.pdf The teuthoid radula as a taxonomic criterion, with specific reference to the families Architeuthidae and Ommastrephidae (Cephalopoda: Coleoidea)]. MSc thesis, [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]], St. John's. 238&nbsp;pp.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Allan1955a|reference=[[Joyce Allan|Allan, J.K.]] (1955a). [https://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/documents/30353/ams368_v11-9_lowres%5B1%5D.pdf The Kraken—legendary terror of the seas]. ''[[The Australian Museum Magazine]]'' '''11'''(9)[15 Mar.]: 275–278.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Allan1955b|reference=Allan, J.K. (1955b). [https://australianmuseum.net.au/uploads/documents/30356/ams368_v11-11_lowres.pdf More about the Kraken]. ''[[The Australian Museum Magazine]]'' '''11'''(11)[15 Sep.]: 372.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Allcocketal2011|reference=Allcock, A.L., I.R. Cooke & J.M. Strugnell (2011). What can the mitochondrial genome reveal about higher-level phylogeny of the molluscan class Cephalopoda? ''[[Zoological Journal of the Linnean Society]]'' '''161'''(3): 573–586. {{doi|10.1111/j.1096-3642.2010.00656.x}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Allen1997|reference=Allen, T. (1997). [https://web.archive.org/web/19990116235524/http://www.nationalgeographic.com:80/features/97/kaikoura/index.html Kaikoura: Dispatches]. [[National Geographic Society]]. [Archived from [https://web.archive.org/web/19990116235524/http://www.nationalgeographic.com/features/97/kaikoura/index.html the original] on 16 January 1999.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Ardoy2013|reference=Ardoy, E. (2013). [https://www.laprovincia.es/sociedad/2013/01/13/busca-calamar-gigante/508317.html En busca del calamar gigante]. ''La Provincia – Diario de Las Palmas'', 13 January 2013. {{in lang|es}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Aristotle|reference=[[Aristotle]] (''c.'' 350&nbsp;[[Before Christ|BC]]). ''[[History of Animals|Τῶν περὶ τὰ ζῷα ἱστοριῶν]]''. [''History of Animals''.] 9 books. {{doi|10.4159/DLCL.aristotle-history_animals.1965}} {{in lang|grc}} [Passage referencing large squid is found in [https://www.loebclassics.com/view/aristotle-history_animals/1965/pb_LCL438.9.xml Book IV, Pt. 1, 524a 25–33].]<!--http://classics.mit.edu/Aristotle/history_anim.4.iv.html-->}}

==== B ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Babb2009|reference=Babb, G. (2009). [http://community.dur.ac.uk/time.machine/OJS/index.php/Wellsian/article/view/40 Inventing the bug-eyed monster: devil-fish and giant squid in H. G. Wells's early fiction]. ''[[The Wellsian: The Journal of the H. G. Wells Society]]'' '''32''': 17–35.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Baird2002|reference=Baird, G. (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20080119081001/http://www.niwa.cri.nz/news/mr/2002/2002-02-28-1 Chasing Giants: On the Trail of the Giant Squid]. [[National Institute of Water and Atmospheric Research|NIWA Science]], 28 February 2002. [Archived from [http://www.niwa.cri.nz/news/mr/2002/2002-02-28-1 the original] on 19 January 2008.]}} <!--https://www.niwa.co.nz/news/chasing-giants-trail-giant-squid-->
* {{wikicite|ref=BarberRiches1971|reference=[[Richard Barber|Barber, R.W.]] & A. Riches (1971). ''A Dictionary of Fabulous Beasts''. Macmillan, London. 167&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|469486968}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Bardarson1920|reference=Bardarson, G. (1920). Om den marine molluskfauna ved vestkysten af Island. ''Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskab Biologiske Meddelelser'' '''2'''(3): 1–139. {{in lang|da}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Barreiro2002|reference=Barreiro, R. (2002). [https://www.lavozdegalicia.es/noticia/galicia/2002/08/20/buscan-primera-imagen-calamar-gigante-cantabrico/0003_1197798.htm Buscan la primera imagen de un calamar gigante en el Cantábrico]. ''[[La Voz de Galicia]]'', 20 August 2002. {{in lang|es}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Barrere2017|reference=Barrère, F. (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=EXMtDwAAQBAJ ''Une espèce animale à l'épreuve de l'image: Essai sur le calmar géant. Nouvelle édition revue et augmentée.''] Éditions L'Harmattan, Paris. 300&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|2-14-004283-2}}. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Bartsch1917|reference=[[Paul Bartsch|Bartsch, P.]] (1917). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14187050 Pirates of the deep—stories of the squid and octopus]. ''[[Annual Report of the Board of Regents of the Smithsonian Institution]]'' [1916]: 347–375.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Bartsch1931|reference=Bartsch, P. (1931). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25240358 The octopuses, squids, and their kin]. [pp.&nbsp;321–356] In: [[Ray S. Bassler|R.S. Bassler]], [[Charles E. Resser|C.E. Resser]], [[Waldo L. Schmitt|W.L. Schmitt]] & P. Bartsch. [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25239915 ''Shelled Invertebrates of the Past and Present'']. Smithsonian Institution Series, New York. [8] + 365&nbsp;pp + 108&nbsp;pl. {{OCLC|854894}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Bartsch1937|reference=Bartsch, P. (1937). Sea serpent season brings new crop of incredibilities. ''[[Science News Letter]]'' '''31'''(846)[26 Jun.]: 403. {{doi|10.2307/3913816}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Belloc1950|reference=Belloc, G. (1950). Catalogue des types de Céphalopodes du Musée Océanographique de Monaco. ''Bulletin de l'Institut Océanographique'' '''970''': 1–10. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Belon1553|reference=[[Pierre Belon|Belon, P.]] (1553). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4770182 Monachus piscis]. [pp.&nbsp;38–39] In: [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/4770113 ''De aquatilibus, Libri duo: Cum eiconibus ad viuam ipsorum effigiem, quoad eius fieri potuit, expressis. Ad amplissimum Cardinalem Castillionæum.''] [''On Water Life''.] [[Carolus Stephanus]], Paris. [32] + 448&nbsp;pp. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.5765}} {{in lang|la}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Belon1555|reference=Belon, P. (1555). [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97301p/f69.image Des monstres marins]. [pp.&nbsp;32–33] In: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k97301p ''La nature & diversité des poissons, avec leurs pourtraicts, representez au plus pres du naturel'']. [''The Natural History & Diversity of Fishes''.] [[Charles Estienne]], Paris. [40] + 448&nbsp;pp. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Belyayev1964|reference=Belyayev, G.M. (1964). Rostra of cephalopods in oceanic bottom sediments. ''Deep-Sea Research'' '''11'''(1)[Jan.–Feb.]: 113–126. {{doi|10.1016/0011-7471(64)91089-7}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Berger2009|reference=[[Wolfgang H. Berger|Berger, W.H.]] (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=nMUqEdOd3NEC&pg=PA245 Of Whales and Sharks and Giant Squid: Reflections on the Big, the Strange, and the Powerful]. [pp.&nbsp;245–278] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=nMUqEdOd3NEC ''Ocean: Reflections on a Century of Exploration'']. University of California Press, Berkeley. x + 519&nbsp;pp. {{doi|10.1525/9780520942547-011}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=BeteshevaAkimushkin1955|reference=Betesheva, E.I. & I.I. Akimushkin (1955). Food of the sperm whale (''Physeter catodon'' L.) in the Kuril Islands region. ''Trudy Instituta Okeanologii Im P.P. Shirshova'', Akademiya Nauk SSSR, '''18''': 86–94. {{in lang|ru}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Bittel2016|reference=Bittel, J. (2016). [https://www.earthtouchnews.com/oceans/deep-ocean/how-big-is-big-and-other-mysteries-about-the-glorious-blue-blooded-giant-squid/ How big is big and other mysteries about the glorious, blue-blooded giant squid]. [[Earth Touch News Network]], 20 June 2016.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Bolstad2008|reference=Bolstad, K.S.R. (2008). [http://aut.researchgateway.ac.nz/handle/10292/414 Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida)]. PhD thesis, [[Auckland University of Technology]], Auckland. iv + 259&nbsp;pp.}} <!--no giant squid coverage-->
* {{wikicite|ref=Bolstad2010|reference=Bolstad, K.S.R. (2010). [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/2/zt02696p186.pdf Systematics of the Onychoteuthidae Gray, 1847 (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida).] ''Zootaxa'' '''2696''': 1–186. [http://www.mapress.com/zootaxa/2010/f/z02696p186f.pdf Preview]}}<!--no giant squid coverage-->
* {{wikicite|ref=Bonnell1963|reference=Bonnell, L. (1963). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/muse/TheMuse_V14N09.pdf Launch into the deep: report on research projects of Biology Department.] ''[[The Muse (student paper)|The Muse]]'' '''14'''(9)[16 Nov.]: 6–7.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Bossetal1980|reference=Boss, K.J., [[Clyde Roper|C.F.E. Roper]] & C. Skinder (1980). Unusual natural history find: giant squid, Plum Island, Mass. ''SEAN<!--Scientific Event Alert Network--> Bulletin''<!--Smithsonian Institution--> '''5'''(2)[29 Feb.]: 11–14.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Bouree1912|reference=Bourée, H.<!--Henri Jean Alfred Bourée--> (1912). [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63607690/f131.item Le Kraken]. [pp.&nbsp;113–117] In: [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k63607690/f11.item ''L'Océanographie Vulgarisée: De la Surface aux Abîmes'']. Librairie Ch. Delagrave, Paris. 140 + [3]&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|28596349}} {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Bouyer1861|reference=Bouyer, F. (1861). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3690741 Poulpe géant observé entre Madère et Ténériffe]. ''[[Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences]]'' '''53'''(27)[30 Dec.]: 1263–1267. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Bouyer1866|reference=Bouyer, F. (1866). [https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k34388m/f276.image.r=bouyer Voyage dans la Guyane Française]. ''[[Le tour du monde: nouveau journal des voyages]]'' nos. 331–335: 273–352. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Boyle1999|reference=Boyle, R. (1999). [http://www.sundaytimes.lk/991212/plus5.html Tales of the Giant Squid: When the squid sank a schooner]. ''[[The Sunday Times (Sri Lanka)|The Sunday Times Plus]]'', 12 December 1999.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Bright1989|reference=Bright, M. (1989). ''There are Giants in the Sea: Monsters and Mysteries of the Depths Explored''. Robson Books, London. 224&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-86051-481-1}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Brinkmann1916|reference=Brinkmann, A. (1916). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/58555538 Kjæmpeblækspruten (''Architheutus'' [''sic''&#93; ''dux'' Stp.) i Bergens Museum]. ''[[Naturen: Illustrert Maanedsskrift for Populær Naturvidenskap]]'' '''40'''(6)[Jun.]: 175–182, 3 figures. {{in lang|no}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Buckland1875|reference=[[Francis Trevelyan Buckland|Buckland, F.T.]] (1875). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/46793647 ''Log-book of a Fisherman and Zoologist'']. Chapman & Hall, London. xvi + 407&nbsp;pp. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.99932}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Buckland1886|reference=Buckland, F.T. (1886). [https://archive.org/details/notesjottingsfro00buckiala/page/n9/mode/2up ''Notes and Jottings from Animal Life'']. [second edition] Smith, Elder, & Co., London. x + 414&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|1049956029}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Buel1887|reference=Buel, J.W. (1887). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50232263 Horrible monsters of the deep]. [pp.&nbsp;68–84] In: [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50232326 ''Sea and Land. An illustrated history of the wonderful and curious things of nature existing before and since the deluge.''] Historical Publishing Company, Philadelphia. 800&nbsp;pp.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Bullen1898|reference=[[Frank Thomas Bullen|Bullen, F.T.]] (1898). [1906]. [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25136829 Which treats of the Kraken]. [pp.&nbsp;139–148] In: [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25136698 ''The Cruise of the Cachalot: Round the World after Sperm Whales'']. D. Appleton and Company, New York. xx + 379&nbsp;pp. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.35756}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Bustamanteetal2006|reference=Bustamante, P., K. Das, Á. Guerra, V. Lahaye, F. Rocha, Á.F. González & L. Laria (2006). [https://cephalopod.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/2006-hobart-program.pdf The giant squid (''Architeuthis''): a very high level predator?] [p.&nbsp;72] In: [https://cephalopod.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/2006-hobart-program.pdf ''Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium 2006 (CIAC ‘06), 6 – 10 February 2006, Hotel Grand Chancellor, Hobart, Tasmania: Program & Abstract Book'']. Cephalopod International Advisory Council. 120&nbsp;pp.}}

==== C ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Cadenat1935|reference=Cadenat, J. (1935). Note sur la première capture dans le golfe de Gascogne du céphalopode géant, ''Architeuthis nawaji''. ''Compte-Rendu de l'Association Francaise pour l'Avancement des Sciences'' '''59''': 513. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Carberry2001|reference=Carberry, N. (2001). Giant squid makes second landing in Glovers Harbour. ''Advertiser'' (Grand Falls) vol. 65, no. 63.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Carrington1957|reference=Carrington, R. (1957). The Kraken and other sea monsters. [pp.&nbsp;47–63] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=z_2yAAAAIAAJ ''Mermaids and Mastodons: A Book of Natural & Unnatural History'']. Chatto and Windus, London. xvi + 251&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|559319752}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Carstens2016|reference=Carstens, C. (2016). [https://www.mosselbayadvertiser.com/news/News/General/160862/Super-squid-spotted-in-Mossel-Bay Super squid spotted in Mossel Bay]. ''Mossel Bay Advertiser'', 1 April 2016.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Cartwright1792|reference=[[George Cartwright (trader)|Cartwright, G.]] (1792). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32693917 1785. May. Friday 27.] [pp.&nbsp;44–45] In: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/32693956 ''A journal of transactions and events, during a residence of nearly sixteen years on the coast of Labrador; containing many interesting particulars, both of the country and its inhabitants, not hitherto known. Vol. III.''] Allin and Ridge, Newark. x + 248 + 15&nbsp;pp. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.47077}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Carus1880|reference=[[Julius Victor Carus|Carus, J.V.]] (1880). ''Zool. Anz.'', '''3''':319. [''emend. pro -thus'' Hilgendorf, 1880]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Carwardine1995|reference=[[Mark Carwardine|Carwardine, M.]] (1995). ''The Guinness Book of Animal Records''. Guinness Publishing, Enfield. 256&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-85112-658-8}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Cassell1903|reference=[[John Cassell|Cassell, J.]] [''et al.''] (1903). [https://archive.org/details/cassellshistoryo0007unse/page/n10/mode/1up ''Cassell's History of England. Special Edition. Vol. VII. From the illness of the Prince of Wales to the British occupation of Egypt.''] A. W. Cowan, London. xii + 612&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|2304848}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Cassell2007|reference=[[Scott Cassell|Cassell, S.]] (2007). [https://www.scubaboard.com/community/threads/monster-quest-the-giant-squid-found-scott-cassells-blog.210712/ Monster Quest: The Giant Squid-Found / Scott Cassell's Blog]. ScubaBoard, 20 November 2007.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=CerulloRoper2012|reference=Cerullo, M.M. & [[Clyde Roper|C.F.E. Roper]] (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=kk70jEZQD7MC ''Giant Squid: Searching for a Sea Monster'']. Capstone Press, North Mankato. 48&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|1-4296-8023-7}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Clarke1992|reference=[[Arthur C. Clarke|Clarke, A.C.]] (1992). [https://archive.org/details/omni-archive/OMNI_1992_01/page/n35/mode/2up Squid! A noble creature defended in an article by Arthur C. Clarke]. ''[[Omni (magazine)|Omni]]'' '''14'''(4)[Jan.]: 70–72, 1 figure.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Clarke1956|reference=Clarke, R. (1956). Sperm whales of the Azores. ''[[Discovery Reports]]'' '''28'''[Dec.]: 237–298, 18 text-figures, 2 plates.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=ClarkeRobson1929|reference=Clarke, W.J. & [[Guy Coburn Robson|G.C. Robson]] (1929). Notes on the stranding of giant squids on the north-east coast of England. ''[[Proceedings of the Malacological Society]]'' '''18'''(4)[Mar.]: 154–158, map. {{doi|10.1093/oxfordjournals.mollus.a063962}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Coe1929|reference=Coe, W.R. (1929). [http://nasonline.org/publications/biographical-memoirs/memoir-pdfs/verrill-addison.pdf Biographical memoir of Addison Emery Verrill, 1839–1926]. ''[[National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America Biographical Memoirs]]'' '''14'''(2): 19–66.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Collins1998|reference=Collins, M.A. (1998). A female giant squid (''Architeuthis'') stranded on the Aberdeenshire coast. ''[[Journal of Molluscan Studies]]'' '''64'''(4): 489–492, 1 figure. {{doi|10.1093/mollus/64.4.489}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Copedo2022|reference=Copedo, J. (2022). [https://www.odt.co.nz/lifestyle/magazine/myth-and-monsters Of myth and monsters]. ''[[Otago Daily Times]]'', 14 March 2022.}}<!--as Nototodarus sloanii-->
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Coroetal2015|reference=Coro, G., C. Magliozzi, A. Ellenbroek & P. Pagano (2015). Improving data quality to build a robust distribution model for ''Architeuthis dux''. ''[[Ecological Modelling]]'' '''305'''(10): 29–39. {{doi|10.1016/j.ecolmodel.2015.03.011}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=CosgroveMcDaniel2009|reference=Cosgrove, J.A. & N. McDaniel (2009). [https://books.google.com/books?id=xFFFAQAAIAAJ ''Super Suckers: The Giant Pacific Octopus and Other Cephalopods of the Pacific Coast'']. Harbour Publishing, Madeira Park. {{ISBN|1-55017-466-5}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=CousteauDiole1973|reference=[[Jacques Cousteau|Cousteau, J.-Y.]] & [[Philippe Diolé|P. Diolé]] (1973). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KxQWAQAAIAAJ ''Octopus and Squid: The Soft Intelligence'']. Doubleday, Garden City. 304&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-385-06896-4}}. [Translated from French by J.F. Bernard.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=CrosseFischer1862|reference=[[Joseph Charles Hippolyte Crosse|Crosse, H.]] & [[Paul Henri Fischer|P. Fischer]] (1862). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15134839 Nouveaux documents sur les céphalopodes gigantesques]. ''Journal de Conchyliologie'' '''10'''[Apr.]: 124–140. {{in lang|fr}}}}

==== D ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Dalton2021|reference=Dalton, A. (2021). [https://www.australiangeographic.com.au/topics/wildlife/2021/08/the-giant-squid-a-short-history/ The giant squid: a short history]. ''[[Australian Geographic]]'', 31 August 2021.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=deLaBlanchere1874|reference=[[Pierre Moulin du Coudray de La Blanchère|de La Blanchère, H.]] (1874). [http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?4KY28.2/200/100/432/8/418 Le calmar géant de Conception-Bay (Terre-Neuve)]. ''[[La Nature]]'' '''2'''(39)[28 Feb.]: 196–199, 1 figure. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Dell1952|reference=[[Richard Dell|Dell, R.K.]] (1952). The Recent Cephalopoda of New Zealand. ''Dominion Museum Bulletin'' '''16''': 1–157.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Dell1970|reference=Dell, R.K. (1970). A specimen of the giant squid ''Architeuthis'' from New Zealand. ''Records of the Dominion Museum'' '''7'''(4): 25–36.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=deMontfort1801|reference=[[Pierre Denys de Montfort|de Montfort, P.D.]] (1801). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35755563 Le Poulpe Colossal]. [pp.&nbsp;256–412] In: [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35755328 ''Histoire naturelle, générale et particulière des mollusques, animaux sans vertèbres et a sang blanc. Ouvrage faisant suite aux œuvres de Leclerc de Buffon, et partie du cours complet d'histoire naturelle rédigé par C. S. Sonnini, membre de plusieurs sociétés savantes''. ''Tome Second''.] L'Imprimerie de F. Dufart, Paris. 424&nbsp;pp. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.51804}} {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Dery2013|reference=[[Mark Dery|Dery, M.]] (2013). [https://boingboing.net/2013/01/28/the-kraken-awakes-what-ar.html The Kraken Wakes: What ''Architeuthis'' is Trying to Tell Us]. ''[[Boing Boing]]'', 28 January 2013.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Downer1965|reference=Downer, D. (1965). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/muse/TheMuse_V16N04.pdf Squid ''et al''.....] ''[[The Muse (student paper)|The Muse]]'' '''16'''(4)[8 Oct.]: 6, 8. [See also correction in: [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/muse/TheMuse_V16N05.pdf Notice]. ''[[The Muse (student paper)|The Muse]]'' '''16'''(5)[15 Oct.]: 4.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Dozier1976|reference=Dozier, T.A. (1976). ''Dangerous Sea Creatures''. Time-Life Films, New York. 128&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-913948-04-7}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Drahl2008|reference=Drahl, C. (2008). [https://pubsapp.acs.org/cen/science/86/8644sci1.html Seeking an eternal solution]. ''[[Chemical & Engineering News]]'' '''86'''(44)[3 Nov.]: 25–29.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Duncan1906|reference=[[Norman Duncan|Duncan, N.]] (1906). [https://archive.org/details/adventuresofbill00duncrich/page/34/mode/2up Recounting the adventure of the giant squid of Chain Tickle, in which the punt gets in the grip of a gigantic tentacle and Billy Topsail strikes with an axe]. [pp.&nbsp;34–43 + 1&nbsp;pl.] In: [https://archive.org/details/adventuresofbill00duncrich/page/n7/mode/2up ''The Adventures of Billy Topsail'']. Fleming H. Revell Company, New York. 331&nbsp;pp. + 12&nbsp;pl. {{OCLC|1155992516}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Dunning1998|reference=Dunning, M.C. (1998). A review of the systematics, distribution, and biology of the arrow squid genera ''Ommastrephes'' Orbigny, 1835, ''Sthenoteuthis'' Verrill, 1880, and ''Ornithoteuthis'' Okada, 1927 (Cephalopoda: Ommastrephidae). [pp.&nbsp;425–433] In: N.A. Voss, [[Michael Vecchione|M. Vecchione]], R.B. Toll & M.J. Sweeney (eds.) [https://repository.si.edu/handle/10088/6317 ''Systematics and Biogeography of Cephalopods. Volume II.''] Smithsonian Contributions to Zoology, no. 586. {{doi|10.5479/si.00810282.586.277}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Dyer2021|reference=Dyer, J. (2021). Big stories about big squids: the story of the ''Britannia'' and the birth of a wartime urban legend. ''[[War in History]]'' '''28'''(3)[Jul.]: 562–582. {{doi|10.1177/0968344519877664}}}}

==== E ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Earle1973|reference=Earle, A.J. (1973). The early debates on the existence and taxonomy of the genus ''Architeuthis''. Unpublished manuscript submitted in History 689B, [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]], St. John's. 46&nbsp;pp.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Earle1977|reference=Earle, A.J. (1977). [http://research.library.mun.ca/7632/1/Earle_AlisonJ.pdf From natural philosophy to natural science: a case-study of the giant squid]. [[Master of Arts|M.A.]] thesis, [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]], St. John's. iii + 104&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|15822302}}}}
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* {{wikicite|ref=Evon2017|reference=Evon, D. (2017). [https://www.snopes.com/giant-squid-indonesia/ A Giant Squid Carcass was Found in Indonesia? Photographs that purportedly show a giant squid carcass that washed up on an Indonesia beach actually show a dead whale.] [[Snopes.com]], 12 May 2017.}} <!--https://www.webcitation.org/6wsoAqgf3-->
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==== F ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=FernandezPelloGarciaNd|reference=Fernández-Pello García, J. ({{abbr|N.d.|No date}}). [http://www.senderismoenasturias.es/faucalam.htm Calamares gigantes en la costa de Asturias]. Senderismo en Asturias. {{in lang|es}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Fichter1980|reference=Fichter, G.S. (1980). Tentacles of terror. ''International Wildlife'' '''10'''(1)[Jan.–Feb.]: 12–16.}}
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* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Funaki2017|reference=Funaki, S. (2017). [https://www.akihaku.jp/publication/report/42/aktpmrep42_003-005.pdf 秋田県に初漂着したダイオウイカ / First record of giant squid ''Architeuthis dux'' stranded at Kosagawa coast, Nikaho City, Akita Prefecture]. ''[[Annual Report of Akita Prefectural Museum]]'' '''42'''[Mar.]: 3–5, 4 figures. {{in lang|ja}}}}

==== G ====

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* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Guerraetal2010|reference=Guerra, Á., A.B. Rodríguez-Navarro, Á.F. González, C.S. Romanek, P. Álvarez-Lloret & G.J. Pierce (2010). Life-history traits of the giant squid ''Architeuthis dux'' revealed from stable isotope signatures recorded in beaks. ''[[ICES Journal of Marine Science]]'' '''67'''(7): 1425–1431. {{doi|10.1093/icesjms/fsq091}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Guerraetal2011|reference=Guerra, Á., Á.F. González, S. Pascual & E.G. Dawe (2011). The giant squid ''Architeuthis'': an emblematic invertebrate that can represent concern for the conservation of marine biodiversity. ''[[Biological Conservation (journal)|Biological Conservation]]'' '''144'''(7): 1989–1997. {{doi|10.1016/j.biocon.2011.04.021}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Guerraetal2013|reference=Guerra, Á., Á.F. González & J. Hernández-Urcera (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/publication/269110058_Architeuthis_dux_unica_especie_de_calamar_gigante_en_el_mundo_MOL_Revista_de_la_Sociedad_de_Ciencias_de_Galicia''Architeuthis dux'': única especie de calamar gigante en el mundo]. ''Revista de la Sociedad de Ciencias de Galicia'' '''53''': 46–53. {{in lang|es}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Guerraetal2018|reference=Guerra, Á., Á.F. González & G.J. Pierce (2018). First record on stranding of a live giant squid ''Architeuthis dux'' outside Japanese waters. ''[[Ecology (journal)|Ecology]]'' '''99'''(3)[Mar.]: 755–757, 2 figures. {{doi|10.1002/ecy.2073}}}}

==== H ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Hajicek2007|reference=Hajicek, D. (creator) (2007). [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1174448/ Giant Squid Found]. [season 1, episode 3; 44 mins.] In: ''[[MonsterQuest]]''. [documentary film series] Whitewolf Entertainment/Bosch Media. {{circa}} 3000 mins. {{OCLC|1144670699}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Hajicek2008|reference=Hajicek, D. (creator) (2008). [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt1390663/ Giant Squid Ambush]. [season 2, episode 17; 45 mins.] In: ''[[MonsterQuest]]''. [documentary film series] Whitewolf Entertainment/Bosch Media. {{circa}} 3000 mins. {{OCLC|566999580}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Hamer1546|reference=Hamer, S. (1546). ''Ein warhafftige Contrafactur eines wunderbarlichen und warhafftigen Visches, welcher vier gantzer Elen lang gewesen, ist in Denmarck bey Ellenpogen vier Meyl von Koppenhagen, inn der See gefangen worden, um disem gegenwertigen 1546 Jar''. Nuremberg. 1 sheet. {{OCLC|313544180}} {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=HanlonMessenger2018|reference=Hanlon, R.T. & J.B. Messenger (2018). [https://books.google.com/books?id=oppPDwAAQBAJ&pg=P264 Large Squid and the Giant Squid, ''Architeuthis'']. [pp.&nbsp;264–268] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=oppPDwAAQBAJ ''Cephalopod Behaviour'']. [second edition] Cambridge University Press, Cambridge. xv + 365&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|1-108-54674-9}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Hann2006|reference=Hann, M. (2006). [https://www.theguardian.com/science/2006/mar/02/g2 A monster from the depths of our imagination]. ''[[The Guardian]]'', 2 March 2006.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Hansford2010|reference=Hansford, D. (2010). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100329221641/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2010/03/photogalleries/100326-plastination-giant-squid-pictures Pictures: Giant Squid Get Extreme Plastic Surgery]. ''[[National Geographic Society|National Geographic]]'', 26 March 2010.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Hardy1956|reference=[[Alister Hardy|Hardy, A.C.]] (1956). [https://books.google.com/books?id=n1_wAAAAMAAJ ''The Open Sea: Its Natural History. Part I: The World of Plankton''.] Houghton Mifflin, Boston. xv + 335&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|2680212}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Harting1860|reference=[[Pieter Harting|Harting, P.]] (1860). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/39289590 Description de quelques fragments de deux céphalopodes gigantesques]. ''Verhandelingen der Koninklijke Akademie van Wetenschappen'' '''9'''(1)[1861]: 1–16, 3 plates. {{in lang|fr}} [Published separately, 1860: ''Publiees par l'Academie Royale des Sciences a Amsterdam''.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Harvey2004|reference=Harvey, K. (reporter) (2004). [https://www.cbc.ca/archives/entry/sizable-squid-in-glovers-harbour-nfld Sizable squid in Glovers Harbour, N.L.]. [video] ''[[CBC Here & Now]]'', 23 January 2004.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Harvey1873a|reference=[[Moses Harvey|Harvey, M.]] (1873a). Narrow escape of two fishermen from a gigantic cuttlefish. ''Rod and Gun and American Sportsman'', 6 December 1873.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Harvey1873b|reference=Harvey, M. (1873b). A monster of the deep – sixty feet in length – the kraken or devil fish seen at last. ''The Royal Gazette and Newfoundland Advertiser'', 9 December 1873.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Harvey1873c|reference=Harvey, M. (1873c). Occurrence of a large cephalopod in Conception Bay. ''The Naturalist'', 13 December 1873.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Harvey1873d|reference=Harvey, M. (1873d). [https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83016555/1873-12-28/ed-1/seq-2/ The devil fish]. ''New Orleans Republican'' '''7'''(224)[28 Dec.]: 2. [Originally published in the ''[[The Globe (Toronto newspaper)|Toronto Globe]]''.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Harvey1874a|reference=Harvey, M. (1874a). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24342455 Gigantic cuttlefishes in Newfoundland]. ''[[The Annals and Magazine of Natural History]]'' (ser. 4)'''13'''(73)[Jan.]: 67–70. {{doi|10.1080/00222937408562437}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Harvey1874b|reference=Harvey, M. (1874b). The devil fish in Newfoundland. ''The Field'', 31 January 1874.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Harvey1874c|reference=Harvey, M. (1874c). The devil-fish in Newfoundland waters. ''Maritime Monthly'' [Mar. 1874]: 193–211.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Harvey1877|reference=Harvey, M. (1877). Gigantic cuttlefish at Catalina. ''[[Boston Traveller]]'', 10 October 1877.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Harvey1899|reference=Harvey, M. (1899). [https://archive.org/details/wideworldmagazin02lond/page/732/mode/2up How I discovered the great devil-fish]. ''[[The Wide World Magazine]]'' '''2'''(12)[Apr.]: 732–740.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Haslam2017|reference=Haslam, G. (2017). [http://anomalyinfo.com/Stories/1873-october-26-theophilus-picot-giant-squid 1873, October 25 (ca.): Theophilus Picot and the Giant Squid]. ''Anomalies'', 22 May 2017.<!--publication date taken from list of updates-->}}
* {{wikicite|ref=HattonHarvey1883|reference=[[Joseph Hatton|Hatton, J.]] & [[Moses Harvey|M. Harvey]] (1883). [https://books.google.com/books?id=gc9YAAAAMAAJ ''Newfoundland: The Oldest British Colony. Its history, its present condition, and its prospects in the future.''] Chapman & Hall, London. xx + 489&nbsp;pp.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Herrington1932|reference=Herrington, J.C. (1932). [https://issuu.com/suffolknaturalistssociety/docs/tsns2_1_j Some sea saws]. ''Transactions of the Suffolk Naturalists' Society'' '''2'''(1): 59–61.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Heuvelmans1958|reference=[[Bernard Heuvelmans|Heuvelmans, B.]] (1958). ''Dans le sillage des monstres marins: le kraken et le poulpe colossal''. Plon, Paris. {{OCLC|16321559}} {{in lang|fr}}}}
<!--Heuvelmans, B. (1965). ''Le grand serpent-de-mer: le problème zoologique et sa solution''. Plon, Paris. {{OCLC|4853580}} {{in lang|fr}}-->
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Heuvelmans1968|reference=Heuvelmans, B. (1968). ''In the Wake of the Sea-Serpents''. Hill and Wang, New York. {{OCLC|160298}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Heuvelmans1974|reference=Heuvelmans, B. (1974). ''Dans le sillage des monstres marins: le kraken et le poulpe colossal''. [second edition] François Beauval, Paris. {{OCLC|84108264}} {{in lang|fr}}}}
<!--Heuvelmans, B. (1975). ''Le grand serpent-de-mer: le problème zoologique et sa solution''. [second edition] Plon, Paris. {{in lang|fr}}-->
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Heuvelmans2003|reference=Heuvelmans, B. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=j5juAAAAMAAJ ''The Kraken and the Colossal Octopus: In the Wake of Sea-Monsters'']. Kegan Paul International, London. xv + 332&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-7103-0870-1}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=HeydebrandundderLasa1887|reference=Heydebrand und der Lasa, D. von (1887). [http://access.bl.uk/item/viewer/ark:/81055/vdc_00000000B01C ''Viertausend Meilen unter Sturmsegeln auf Sr. Königl. Hoheit des Prinzen Heinrich von Bourbon, Grafen von Bardi Yacht "Aldegonda"'']. A. Hartleben, Vienna. xvi + 277&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|10684316}} {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Hickey2009|reference=Hickey, S. (2009). [http://gfwadvertiser.ca/index.cfm?sid=254138&sc=291 Super squid: Museum set to open next month]. ''Advertiser'' (Grand Falls), 25 May 2009.}} <!--no archived copy-->
* {{wikicite|ref=Hickey2010|reference=Hickey, S. (2010). [https://www.pressreader.com/canada/advertiser-grand-falls/20100617/textview Canada Post celebrates the giant squid]. ''Advertiser'' (Grand Falls), 17 June 2010.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Hilgendorf1880|reference=[[Franz Martin Hilgendorf|Hilgendorf, F.]] (1880). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/8807293 Einen riesigen Dintenfisch aus Japan, ''Megateuthus martensii'' g. n., sp.n.]. ''Sitzungs-Bericht der Gesellschaft naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin'' '''4'''[Apr.]: 65–67. {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Hoff2003|reference=Hoff, B. (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=CJOyAAAAIAAJ Finding & pondering the greatest squid ever known to man]. [pp.&nbsp;83–98] In: [[Dave Eggers|Eggers, D.]] (ed.) ''[[Timothy McSweeney's Quarterly Concern|McSweeney's 11]]''. [[McSweeney's]], San Francisco. 293&nbsp;pp. + [[DVD]]. {{ISBN|978-1-932416-01-5}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Hogenboom2014|reference=Hogenboom, M. (2014). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/earth/story/20141212-quest-for-the-real-life-kraken Are massive squid really the sea monsters of legend?] [[BBC Earth]], 12 December 2014.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Holberg1733|reference=[[Ludvig Holberg|Holberg, L.]] (1733). [https://books.google.com/books?id=zONKLbMt8pUC ''Dannemarks Riges Historie. Tomus II.''] Johann Jørgen Høpffner, Copenhagen. 922&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|493752063}} {{in lang|da}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Holder1885|reference=[[Charles Frederick Holder|Holder, C.F.]] (1885). [https://archive.org/details/marvelsofanimall00holdrich/page/n7/mode/2up ''Marvels of Animal Life'']. Charles Scribner's Sons, New York. x + 240&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|29790638}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Hookeetalc1674|reference=Hooke, T., T. Clear ''et al.'' ({{circa}} 1674). [[:File:Giant squid stranded at Dingle, Ireland, in 1673.jpg|''A true Relation of a strange Monster that lately was by a Storm, driven a shore at Dingle-I-cosh in the County of Kerry in Ireland, with Letters Testimonial, under the hands of credible Eye-witnesses'']].<!--sic--> Francis Smith, London. 1 sheet. {{OCLC|907645687}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Hovingetal2004|reference=Hoving, H.J.T., M.A.C. Roeleveld, M.R. Lipiński & Y. Melo (2004). Reproductive system of the giant squid ''Architeuthis'' in South African waters. ''[[Journal of Zoology]]'' '''264'''(2): 153–169. {{doi|10.1017/S0952836904005710}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Howard2017|reference=Howard, J. (2017). [https://www.theguardian.com/commentisfree/2017/may/18/dead-sea-monsters-whale Do sea monsters exist? Yes, but they go by another name …] ''[[The Guardian]]'', 18 May 2017.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Hoyle1910|reference=[[William Evans Hoyle|Hoyle, W.E.]] (1910). A list of the generic names of dibranchiate Cephalopoda with their type species. ''Abhandlungen der Senckenbergischen Naturforschenden Gesellschaft'' '''32''': 407–413.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Huitfeldt1595|reference=[[Arild Huitfeldt|Huitfeldt, A.]] [1595] (1652). [https://archive.org/details/danmarckisrigisk02huit/page/1545/mode/2up Christianius III. Anno 1550.] [pp.&nbsp;1545–1546] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=VNBDAAAAcAAJ ''Danmarckis Rigis Krønicke'']. Volume 2. J. Moltke, Copenhagen. [9] + 842–1555 + [7] + 114&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|644643028}} {{in lang|da}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Huizinga1886|reference=Huizinga, S.P. (1886). [http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document&docid=563179 De inktvisschen en het sprookje van den kraken]. ''Album der Natuur'' '''35'''(1): 41–54, 81–94, 127–145. ([http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document&docid=563180 second part]; [http://natuurtijdschriften.nl/download?type=document&docid=563181 third part]) {{in lang|nl}}}}

==== I ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=ImperadoreFiorito2018|reference=Imperadore, P. & G. Fiorito (2018). Cephalopod tissue regeneration: consolidating over a century of knowledge. ''[[Frontiers in Physiology]]'' '''9''': 593. {{doi|10.3389/fphys.2018.00593|doi-access=free}}}}

==== J ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Jeffreys1869|reference=[[John Gwyn Jeffreys|Jeffreys, J.G.]] (1869). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3287262 ''British Conchology. Volume 5. Marine Shells.''] John van Voorst, London.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=JohnsonScott1940|reference=Johnson, E. & C.E. Scott [compilers] (1940). ''Anthology of Children's Literature''. The Riverside Press, Cambridge. 917&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|945797402}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Jonssonc1645|reference=Jónsson, B. [{{circa}} 1645] (1775). [https://archive.org/details/AnnalarBiornsaSk000043700v2BjorReyk/ ''Annalar Biørns a Skardsa. Sive Annales Biörnonis de Skardsa. Ex manuscriptis inter se collatis cum interpretatione Latina, variantibus lectionibus, notis, et indice. Tomus II.'']. [Edited by [[Magnús Ketilsson|M. Ketilsson]].] E. Hoff, Hrappsey. [12] + 326 + [2]&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|54276417}} {{in lang|is}} {{in lang|la}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Joseph2016|reference=Joseph, A. (2016). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz3jCwAAQBAJ&pg=P475 Giant Squid and Colossal Squid]. [pp.&nbsp;475–477] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Zz3jCwAAQBAJ ''Investigating Seafloors and Oceans: From Mud Volcanoes to Giant Squid'']. Elsevier, Amsterdam. xxx + 612&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|9780128093573}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Joubin1895|reference=[[Louis Joubin|Joubin, L.]] (1895). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7256355 Contribution a l'étude des céphalopodes de l'Atlantique Nord]. ''Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier, prince souverain de Monaco'' '''9''': 1–63, 6 plates. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Joubin1900|reference=Joubin, L. (1900). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/7324079 Céphalopodes provenant des campagnes de la ''Princesse-Alice'' (1891–1897)]. ''Résultats des campagnes scientifiques accomplies sur son yacht par Albert Ier, prince souverain de Monaco'' '''17''': 1–135, 15 plates. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Judd1996|reference=Judd, W. (1996). [https://www.nzgeo.com/stories/hunting-the-giant-squid/ Hunting the giant squid]. ''[[New Zealand Geographic]]'' no. 29, January–March 1996.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Judkinsetal2015|reference=Judkins, H., S. Arbuckle, [[Michael Vecchione|M. Vecchione]], L. Garrison & A. Martinez (2015). Cephalopods in the potential prey field of sperm whales (''Physeter macrocephalus'') (Cetacea: Physeteridae) in the northern Gulf of Mexico. ''[[Journal of Natural History]]'' '''49'''(21–24): 1267–1280. {{doi|10.1080/00222933.2013.802045}}}}

==== K ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kamm2014|reference=[[Oliver Kamm|Kamm, O.]] (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140513144441/http://www.thetimes.co.uk/tto/opinion/columnists/article4087879.ece The secrets of the giant squid are surfacing]. ''[[The Times]]'', 13 May 2014.}} <!--see archive dot is-->
* {{wikicite|ref=Keartes2016|reference=Keartes, S. (2016). [https://www.earthtouchnews.com/oceans/deep-ocean/tbt-the-first-ever-photograph-of-an-intact-giant-squid/ TBT: The first-ever photograph of an intact giant squid]. [[Earth Touch News Network]], 11 August 2016.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kent2014|reference=Kent, L. (2014). [http://www.abc.net.au/local/photos/2014/03/27/3972921.htm Giant squid escapes icy tomb]. ABC Brisbane, 27 March 2014.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Kent1874a|reference=[[William Saville-Kent|Kent, W.S.]] (1874a). Note on a gigantic cephalopod from Conception Bay, Newfoundland. ''[[Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London]]'' [1874](12)[3 Mar.]: 178–182. {{doi|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1874.tb02470.x}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kent1874b|reference=Kent, W.S. (1874b). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28906104 The Newfoundland cuttle-fish (''Megaloteuthis harveyi'' S. Kent)]. ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' '''9'''(230)[26 Mar.]: 403. {{doi|10.1038/009403b0}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kent1874c|reference=Kent, W.S. (1874c). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/48921537 Gigantic cuttle-fish]. ''The Popular Science Review'' '''13'''[Apr.]: 113–127, 1 figure, 1 plate.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Kent1874d|reference=Kent, W.S. (1874d). A further communication upon certain gigantic cephalopods recently encountered off the coast of Newfoundland. ''[[Proceedings of the Scientific Meetings of the Zoological Society of London]]'' [1874](32)[16 Jun.]: 489–494. {{doi|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1874.tb02509.x}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Kilias1967|reference=Kilias, R. (1967). Stamm Mollusca – Weichtiere. [pp.&nbsp;318–508] In: H.E. Gruner, H.J. Hannemann, G. Hartwich & R. Kilias (eds.) ''Urania Tierreich. Wirbellose Tiere 1 (Protozoa bis Echiurida)''. Urania, Leipzig. {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Kilias1993|reference=Kilias, R. (1993). Stamm Mollusca – Weichtiere. [pp.&nbsp;390–631] In: H.E. Gruner, H.J. Hannemann, G. Hartwich & R. Kilias (eds.) ''Urania Tierreich. Wirbellose Tiere 1 (Protozoa bis Echiurida)''. Urania, Leipzig. {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=King2019|reference=King, R.J. (2019). Giant squid. [pp.&nbsp;142–153] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=D0C3DwAAQBAJ ''Ahab's Rolling Sea: A Natural History of Moby-Dick'']. University of Chicago Press, Chicago. 430 + [8]&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|978-0-226-51496-3}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Kirk1880|reference=[[Thomas William Kirk|Kirk, T.W.]] (1880). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34588377 On the occurrence of giant cuttlefish on the New Zealand coast]. ''[[Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute]]'' '''12'''(2)[May]: 310–313.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Kirk1882|reference=Kirk, T.W. (1882). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34671732 Description of new Cephalopoda]. ''[[Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute]]'' '''14'''(2)[May]: 283–286, 1 plate.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Kirk1888|reference=Kirk, T.W. (1888). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3746533 Brief description of a new species of large decapod (''Architeuthis longimanus'')]. ''[[Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute]]'' '''20'''(1)[May]: 34–39, 3 plates.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Klumov1971|reference=Klumov, S.K. (1971). ''On the diet of sperm whales in the Southern Hemisphere'', pp. 15–135. Osnovy Biologicheskoi produktivnosti Okeana i ee Ispol'zovanie, Izdatel'stvo Nauka, Moskva.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=KristensenKnudsen1983|reference=Kristensen, T.K. & J. Knudsen (1983). A catalogue of the type specimens of Cephalopoda (Mollusca) in the Zoological Museum, University of Copenhagen. ''Steenstrupia'' '''9'''(10): 217–227.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kubodera2001a|reference=[[Tsunemi Kubodera|Kubodera, T.]] (2001a). 日本近海産ダイオウイカの分類に関する問題点. [Problems with systematics of ''Architeuthis'' in Japanese waters.] ''Taxa: Proceedings of the Japanese Society of Systematic Zoology'' '''11''': 28. {{NAID|110002538099}} {{in lang|ja}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kubodera2001b|reference=Kubodera, T. (2001b). 日本近海産ダイオウイカの分類に関する問題点. [Problems with systematics of ''Architeuthis'' in Japanese waters.] ''Umiushi-Tsushin'' '''32''': 2–5. {{NAID|40005099766}} {{in lang|ja}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kubodera2002|reference=Kubodera, T. (2002). 海のモンスター・ダイオウイカ. [Giant squid, monster of the sea.] ''Marine Museum (Tokai University)'' '''32'''(4): 4–5. {{in lang|ja}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kubodera2003|reference=Kubodera, T. (2003). ''Architeuthis'' in Japanese waters. [p.&nbsp;50] In: ''Program & Abstracts: Cephalopod Biology, Recruitment and Culture: International Cephalopod Symposium and Workshop – CIAC 2003, Phuket Marine Biological Center, 17–21 February 2003''. Cephalopod International Advisory Council.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kubodera2004|reference=Kubodera, T. (2004). [http://kaken.nii.ac.jp/d/p/13660197/2003/6/en.en.html Study on systematic and phylogeny of ''Architeuthis'' in Japanese waters]. Report of JSPS Grant-in-Aid for Scientific Research, 2001–2003 (13660197), 1–15. {{in lang|ja}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kubodera2009|reference=Kubodera, T. (2009). ''海に生きるものたちの掟: 食うか食われるか、命を受け継ぐ食物連鎖の秘密''. SoftBank Creative, Tokyo. 208&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|4797350717}}. {{in lang|ja}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kubodera2010|reference=Kubodera, T. (2010). [https://churashima.okinawa/userfiles/files/page/ocrc/p22-42.pdf Observations of mesopelagic large squids in the wild using recently developed underwater visual equipment]. [pp.&nbsp;22–42] In: S. Uchida (ed.) [http://churashima.okinawa/en/ocrc/338/349 ''Proceedings of an International Symposium: Into the Unknown, Researching Mysterious Deep-sea Animals. February 23–24, 2007, Okinawa, Japan.''] [[Okinawa Churaumi Aquarium]], [[Motobu, Okinawa|Motobu]]. 179&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|4-9904177-0-4}}.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kuboderaetal2007|reference=Kubodera, T., S. Arai, H. Ohizumi, T. Tamura, K. Konishi & T. Isoda (2007). [http://jsnfri.fra.affrc.go.jp/shigen/ika_kaigi/contents/H17/H17_12.pdf 西部北太平洋でマッコウクジラに捕食されていた頭足類]. [Cephalopods eaten by sperm whale, ''Physeter macrocephalus'' in the western North Pacific, 2000–2003.] [pp.&nbsp;49–52] In: ''Report of Annual Meeting on Squid Resources''. Number 34. Japan Sea National Fisheries Research Institute. {{in lang|ja}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=KuboderaMori1999|reference=Kubodera, T. & [[Kyoichi Mori|K. Mori]] (1999). [http://jsnfri.fra.affrc.go.jp/shigen/ika_kaigi/contents/H10/H10-12.pdf 日本近海産ダイオウイカの分類について（短報）]. [Systematic study of the giant squid genus ''Architeuthis'' (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) around Japanese waters – short report.] [pp.&nbsp;72–78] In: ''Report of Annual Meeting on Squid Resources''. Number 28. Japan Sea National Fisheries Research Institute. {{in lang|ja}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=KuboderaMori2005|reference=Kubodera, T. & [[Kyoichi Mori|K. Mori]] (2005). [http://rspb.royalsocietypublishing.org/content/272/1581/2583.full.pdf First-ever observations of a live giant squid in the wild]. ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]]'' '''272'''(1581): 2583–2586. {{doi|10.1098/rspb.2005.3158}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Kuboderaetal2016|reference=Kubodera, T., T. Wada, M. Higuchi & A. Yatabe (2016). Extraordinary numbers of giant squid, ''Architeuthis dux'', encountered in Japanese coastal waters of the Sea of Japan from January 2014 to March 2015. ''Marine Biodiversity'', published online on 24 December 2016. {{doi|10.1007/s12526-016-0618-7}} ([https://static-content.springer.com/esm/art%3A10.1007%2Fs12526-016-0618-7/MediaObjects/12526_2016_618_MOESM1_ESM.pdf supplementary material])}}

==== L ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Labails2009|reference=Labails, M.-D. (ed. dir.) (2009). Trésors des collections. [pp.&nbsp;24–25] In: ''Guide découverte: Muséum d'histoire naturelle de Toulouse''. [[Muséum de Toulouse|Les Éditions du Muséum de Toulouse]], Toulouse. 64&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|978-2-906702-09-7}}. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Lagrange2009|reference=Lagrange, P. (2009). [https://pierrelagrangesociologie.files.wordpress.com/2014/02/lagrange-preuveparimage-kraken-2.pdf La preuve par l'image: la mise en scène iconographique de la controverse sur le calmar géant]. ''Kraken: Archives de Cryptozoologie'' '''2'''[Sep.]: 19–27. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=LandNilsson2012|reference=Land, M.F. & D.-E. Nilsson (2012). [https://books.google.com/books?id=vQgWDAAAQBAJ ''Animal Eyes'']. [second edition] Oxford University Press, Oxford. xiii + 271&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-19-958113-4}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=LandmanEllis1998|reference=Landman, N.H. & [[Richard Ellis (biologist)|R. Ellis]] (1998). ''Architeuthis''—at last. ''[[Curator: The Museum Journal]]'' '''41'''(3): 150–152, 2 figures. {{doi|10.1111/j.2151-6952.1998.tb00828.x}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Landmanetal1999|reference=Landman, N.H., S.M. Klofak, [[Steve O'Shea|S. O'Shea]] & P.M. Mikkelsen (1999). [http://www.landesmuseum.at/pdf_frei_remote/BerichteGeolBundesanstalt_46_gesamt.pdf#page=73 A giant squid in New York City]. [p.&nbsp;72] In: K. Histon (ed.) ''V International Symposium: Cephalopods – Present and Past, Vienna, 6 – 9th September 1999''. Geologische Bundesanstalt, Vienna.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Lane1957|reference=Lane, F.W. (1957). [https://books.google.com/books?id=2vcLAQAAIAAJ ''Kingdom of the Octopus: The Life-History of the Cephalopoda'']. Jarrolds Publishers, London. xx + 287&nbsp;pp.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Lau2021|reference=Lau, O.L. (2021). [https://otagomuseum.nz/blog/here-be-monsters-giant-squid-from-the-catlins/ Here be monsters: giant squid from the Catlins]. [[Otago Museum|Otago Museum Blog]], 20 January 2021.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=LeBlondSibert1973|reference=LeBlond, P.H. & J.R. Sibert (1973). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/John_Sibert2/publication/286929644_Observations_of_large_unidentified_marine_animals_in_British_Columbia_and_adjacent_waters/links/567070d608ae0d8b0cc0ee8d/Observations-of-large-unidentified-marine-animals-in-British-Columbia-and-adjacent-waters.pdf ''Observations of large unidentified marine animals in British Columbia and adjacent waters'']. Manuscript Report No. 28. Institute of Oceanography, University of British Columbia, Vancouver. 64 + A-3&nbsp;pp. {{doi|10.13140/RG.2.1.3821.9608}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Lee1875|reference=[[Henry Lee (naturalist)|Lee, H.]] (1875). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11057157 Gigantic cuttle-fishes]. [pp.&nbsp;99–114] In: [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11057084 ''The Octopus; or, the "devil-fish" of fiction and of fact'']. Chapman and Hall, London. xv + 114&nbsp;pp. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.10557}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Lee1883|reference=Lee, H. (1883). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/47306967 ''Sea Monsters Unmasked'']. William Clowes and Sons, London. vii + 103&nbsp;pp. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.101985}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Lee2014|reference=Lee, J.J. (2014). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140112124243/http://news.nationalgeographic.com/news/2014/01/140110-giant-squid-picture-hoax-ocean-animal-science/ 160-Foot Giant Squid Hoax: How Big Do They Really Get?] ''[[National Geographic|National Geographic Daily News]]'', 10 January 2014.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Lee1819|reference=Lee, W. (1819). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15522881 Further evidence to prove the existence of the Kraken in the ocean, and tending to show that this huge creature is a species of sepia or squid]. ''[[The Philosophical Magazine and Journal]]'' '''54'''(258)[Oct.]: 301–303. {{doi|10.1080/14786441908652231}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Leiteetal2016|reference=Leite, L., D. Campbell, L. Versiani, J.A.C.C. Nunes & T. Thiele (2016). First report of a dead giant squid (''Architeuthis dux'') from an operating seismic vessel. ''Marine Biodiversity Records'' '''9''': 26. {{doi|10.1186/s41200-016-0028-3|doi-access=free}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Lervik2011|reference=Lervik, F. (2011). [https://www.adressa.no/nyheter/kuriosa/article1583257.ece Trøndersk kjempeblekksprut på sprit]. ''[[Adresseavisen]]'', 31 January 2011. {{in lang|no}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=LevitonGibbs1988|reference=Leviton, A.E. & [[Robert Henry Gibbs|R.H. Gibbs Jr.]] (1988). Standards in herpetology and ichthyology standard symbolic codes for institution resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. Supplement No. 1: Additions and corrections. ''Copeia'' '''1988'''(1): 280–282. {{JSTOR|1445961}}}} <!--no giant squid coverage-->
* {{wikicite|ref=Levitonetal1985|reference=Leviton, A.E., [[Robert Henry Gibbs|R.H. Gibbs Jr.]], E. Heal & C.E. Dawson (1985). Standards in herpetology and ichthyology: Part I. Standard symbolic codes for institutional resource collections in herpetology and ichthyology. ''Copeia'' '''1985'''(3): 802–832. {{JSTOR|1444781}}}} <!--no giant squid coverage-->
* {{wikicite|ref=Ley1941|reference=[[Willy Ley|Ley, W.]] (1941). [https://archive.org/stream/naturalhistory48newy#page/10/mode/2up Scylla was a squid]. ''[[Natural History (magazine)|Natural History]]'' '''48'''(1)<!--June-->: 11–13. <!--http://www.naturalhistorymag.com/htmlsite/editors_pick/1941_06_pick.html-->}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Ley1959|reference=Ley, W. (1959). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0rS1AAAAIAAJ ''Exotic Zoology'']. The Viking Press, New York. xii + 468&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|067030171X}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Lien2000|reference=[[Jon Lien|Lien, J.]] (2000). [https://journals.lib.unb.ca/index.php/NFLDS/article/view/1018/1370 Reviews: ''Monsters of the Sea: the History, Natural History, and Mythology of the Ocean's Most Fantastic Creatures''; ''The Search for the Giant Squid'']. ''Newfoundland and Labrador Studies'' '''16'''(2): 276–279.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Lipinskietal2000|reference=Lipiński, M.R., F.A. Naggs & M.A.C. Roeleveld (2000). [http://rcin.org.pl/dlibra/docmetadata?id=56295 Catalogue of types of recent cephalopods in the collection of the Natural History Museum, London]. ''[[Annales Zoologici]]'' '''50'''(1): 101–120.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Loates1989|reference=[[Glen Loates|Loates, M.G.]] (1989). [https://books.google.com/books?id=z30dAQAAIAAJ A portfolio of drawings of ''Architeuthis dux'']. ''Journal of Cephalopod Biology'' '''1'''(1): 87–93.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Lonnberg1891|reference=[[Einar Lönnberg|Lönnberg, E.]] (1891). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/14141906 Öfversigt öfver Sveriges cephalopoder]. ''Bihang till Kongl. Svenska Vetenskaps-Akademiens Handlingar'' '''17'''(6): 1–41. {{in lang|sv}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Lotzof2021|reference=Lotzof, K. (2021). [https://www.nhm.ac.uk/discover/sea-monsters-inspiration-serpents-mermaids-the-kraken.html Sea monsters and their inspiration: serpents, mermaids, the kraken and more]. [[Natural History Museum, London]].}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Luetal1995|reference=Lu, C.C., R. Boucher-Rodoni & A. Tillier (1995). Catalogue of types of recent Cephalopoda in the Museum national d'Histoire Naturelle (France). ''[[Bulletin du Muséum National d'Histoire Naturelle]]'' (ser. 4)'''17'''(3–4): 307–343.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=LuIckeringill2002|reference=Lu, C.C. & R. Ickeringill (2002). [https://web.archive.org/web/20100613133106/http://museumvictoria.com.au/pages/7637/science-reports-6.pdf Cephalopod beak identification and biomass estimation techniques: tools for dietary studies of southern Australian finfishes]. ''Museum Victoria Science Reports'' '''6''': 1–65.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Lycosthenes1557|reference=[[Conrad Lycosthenes|Lycosthenes, C.]] (1557). [https://archive.org/details/BIUSante_01429/ ''Prodigiorum ac ostentorum chronicon'']. Heinrich Petri, Basel. [12] + 670 + [2]&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|954799781}} {{in lang|la}}}}

==== M ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=MacAlaster1977|reference=MacAlaster, E. (1977). [https://ojs.library.dal.ca/NSM/article/view/4035 Cephalopods in the Nova Scotia Museum collection]. ''Curatorial Report'' '''33''': 1–26, 2 figures.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=MacGinitieMacGinitie1949|reference=MacGinitie, G.E. & N. MacGinitie (1949). ''Natural History of Marine Animals''. McGraw-Hill, New York. xii + 473&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|489962159}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=MacGinitieMacGinitie1968|reference=MacGinitie, G.E. & N. MacGinitie (1968). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KjNCAAAAIAAJ ''Natural History of Marine Animals'']. [second edition] McGraw-Hill, New York. xii + 523&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|859568740}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=MaddockYoung1987|reference=Maddock, L. & [[John Zachary Young|J.Z. Young]] (1987). Quantitative differences among the brains of cephalopods. ''[[Journal of Zoology]]'' '''212'''(4)[Aug.]: 739–767, 6 figures. {{doi|10.1111/j.1469-7998.1987.tb05967.x}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Mangin1868|reference=Mangin, A. (1868). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18920769 ''Les Mystères de l'Océan'']. [third edition] Alfred Mame et fils, Tours. 496&nbsp;pp. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Marsh2016|reference=Marsh, B. (2016). [https://anglonewfoundlanddevelopmentcompany.wordpress.com/2016/07/25/resettlement-in-our-backyard/ Resettlement in Our Backyard]. Anglo Newfoundland Development Company, 25 July 2016.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Marshall1996|reference=Marshall, B.A. (1996). Molluscan name-bearing types in the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa. ''[[Tuhinga: Records of the Museum of New Zealand Te Papa Tongarewa]]'' '''9''': 1–85.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Martens1894|reference=[[Eduard von Martens|Martens, E. von]] (1894). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43581344 Die Schulpe und die Kiefer eines grossen Tintenfisches, ''Ommastrephes gigas'' Orb.]. ''Sitzungs-Berichte der Gesellschaft Naturforschender Freunde zu Berlin'' 1894: 234–235. {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=MartinBenoit2013|reference=Martin, G. & I.F. Benoit (2013). [http://ngb.chebucto.org/Wills/ef-1881-martin-abraham.shtml A Collection of Newfoundland Wills (M): Abraham Martin]. Newfoundland's Grand Banks, 20 February 2013.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Massy1909|reference=[[Annie Massy|Massy, A.L.]] (1909). The Cephalopoda Dibranchiata of the coasts of Ireland. ''Fisheries, Ireland, Scientific Investigations 1907'' '''1''': 1–39.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Massy1928|reference=Massy, A.L. (1928). The Cephalopoda of the Irish Coast. ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Irish Academy]]'' '''38'''(B2)[Mar.]: 25–37. {{JSTOR|20490339}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Maunder1991|reference=Maunder, J.E. (1991). [https://www.therooms.ca/the-newfoundland-museum-origin-and-development ''The Newfoundland Museum: Origins and Development'']. [[Newfoundland Museum]], St. John's. [4]&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|456591726}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=McClainetal2015|reference=McClain, C.R., M.A. Balk, M.C. Benfield, T.A. Branch, C. Chen, J. Cosgrove, A.D.M. Dove, L.C. Gaskins, R.R. Helm, F.G. Hochberg, F.B. Lee, A. Marshall, S.E. McMurray, C. Schanche, S.N. Stone & A.D. Thaler (2015). Sizing ocean giants: patterns of intraspecific size variation in marine megafauna. ''[[PeerJ]]'' '''3''': e715. {{doi|10.7717/peerj.715|doi-access=free}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=McConvey2015a|reference=McConvey, J.R. (2015a). [https://www.hakaimagazine.com/article-short/close-encounters-big-squid/ Close Encounters with a Big Squid]. ''[[Hakai Magazine]]'', 11 May 2015.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=McConvey2015b|reference=McConvey, J.R. (2015b). The Devilfish of Newfoundland. ''[[Canada's History]]'', August–September 2015. [Abbreviated online version: McConvey, J.R. (2015). [https://www.canadashistory.ca/explore/science-technology/giant-squid Giant Squid]. ''[[Canada's History]]'' website, 14 July 2015.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=McDowall1998|reference=McDowall, C.A. (1998). Giant squid? ''The Marine Observer: A Quarterly Journal of Maritime Meteorology'' '''68'''(339): 39.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=McKirdyOgura2015|reference=McKirdy, E. & J. Ogura (2015). [https://edition.cnn.com/2015/12/28/asia/toyama-japan-giant-squid/ Creature from the deep surfaces in Japanese harbor]. [[CNN]], 28 December 2015.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=McWhirterMcWhirter1968|reference=[[Norris McWhirter|McWhirter, N.]] & [[Ross McWhirter|R. McWhirter]] (1968). [https://books.google.com/books?id=P28RAQAAMAAJ&q=%22thimble+tickle%22 Mollusks: Largest]. [p.&nbsp;59] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=P28RAQAAMAAJ ''Guinness Book of World Records'']. Sterling Publishing Company, New York. 464&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|2541308}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=McWhirterMcWhirter1971|reference=McWhirter, N. & R. McWhirter (1971). [https://books.google.com/books?id=30Mi4qk1hn0C&q=%22thimble+tickle%22 Mollusks: Largest]. [p.&nbsp;88] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=30Mi4qk1hn0C ''Guinness Book of World Records'']. Sterling Publishing Company, New York. 608&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-8069-0004-0}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=McWhirterPage1956|reference=McWhirter, N. & P. Page (1956). Mollusks: Largest. [p.&nbsp;101] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=pqIEAAAAYAAJ ''The Guinness Book of Superlatives'']. Superlatives Inc., New York. 224&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|972777}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Meunier1871|reference=Meunier, V. (1871). [https://archive.org/details/lesgrandespches00meungoog/page/n9/mode/2up/ ''Les Grandes Pêches'']. [second edition] L. Hachette & Cie, Paris. 328&nbsp;pp. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Mikkelson2014|reference=[[David P. Mikkelson|Mikkelson, D.]] (2014). [https://www.snopes.com/politics/satire/giantsquid.asp Gigantic Squid: Has a gigantic squid washed ashore along the California coastline?] [[Snopes.com]], 12 January 2014.}} <!--https://www.webcitation.org/6wsmurfX0-->
* {{wikicite|ref=Miller1983|reference=Miller, J.A. (1983). Super squid lies in state: giant mollusc amply fills gap in Smithsonian collection. ''[[Science News]]'' '''123'''(7)[12 Feb.]: 110, 4 figures. {{JSTOR|3967427}} ([https://www.jstor.org/stable/3967409 front cover])}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Miller2004|reference=Miller, R. (2004). [https://www.newstimes.com/news/article/Giant-squid-Monsters-of-the-sea-74165.php Giant squid: Monsters of the sea]. ''[[The News-Times]]'', 24 September 2004.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Miner1935|reference=Miner, R.W. (1935). Marauders of the sea. ''[[The National Geographic Magazine]]'' '''68'''(2)[Aug.]: 185–207, 12 figures, 8 plates.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Mitchill1813|reference=[[Samuel L. Mitchill|Mitchill, S.L.]] (1813). [https://books.google.com/books?id=FJpbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA396 Facts and observations showing the existence of large animals in the ocean, different in their shapes and manners from whales, and frequently exceeding whales in magnitude]. ''[[The Medical Repository]]'' (new ser.)'''1'''(4): 396–406, 1 plate.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Mitchill1815|reference=Mitchill, S.L. (1815). [https://books.google.com/books?id=ZZpbAAAAcAAJ&pg=PA388 Additional proof in favour of the existence of huge animals in the ocean, different from whales, and larger than they]. ''[[The Medical Repository]]'' (new ser.)'''2'''(4): 388–390.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=MitsukuriIkeda1895|reference=[[Kakichi Mitsukuri|Mitsukuri, K.]] & S. Ikeda (1895). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11339631 &#91;Notes on a gigantic cephalopod.&#93;] ''Dobutsugaku Zasshi''<!--Zoological Magazine (Tokyo)--> '''7'''(77)[Mar.]: 39–50, 1 plate. {{in lang|ja}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Mobius1898a|reference=[[Karl Möbius|Möbius, K.]] (1898a). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40428098 Über den Umfang und die Einrichtung des zoologischen Museums zu Berlin]. ''Sitzungsberichte der Königlich Preussischen Akademie der Wissenschaften zu Berlin'' '''29'''(1): 363–374. {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Mobius1898b|reference=Möbius, K. (1898b). [https://archive.org/stream/chronikderknigl02berlgoog#page/n138/mode/2up Das Museum für Naturkunde]. [pp.&nbsp;132–158] In: ''Chronik der Königlichen Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität zu Berlin für das Rechnungsjahr 1897/98''. W. Büxenstein, Berlin. {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Moore2002|reference=Moore, B. (2002). [http://ngb.chebucto.org/Dist_Photo/hm-squid.shtml Giant Squid Photo]. Newfoundland's Grand Banks Site.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=More1875a|reference=More, A.G. (1875a). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28355184 Notice of a gigantic cephalopod (''Dinoteuthis proboscideus'') which was stranded at Dingle, in Kerry, two hundred years ago]. ''[[The Zoologist]]'' (ser. 2)'''10'''[Jul.]: 4526–4532.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=More1875b|reference=More, A.G. (1875b). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28355227 Some account of the gigantic squid (''Architeuthis dux'') lately captured off Boffin Island, Connemara]. ''[[The Zoologist]]'' (ser. 2)'''10'''[Aug.]: 4569–4571.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=More1875c|reference=More, A.G. (1875c). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25128005 Gigantic squid on the west coast of Ireland]. ''[[The Annals and Magazine of Natural History]]'' (ser. 4)'''16'''(92)[Aug.]: 123–124. {{doi|10.1080/00222937508681140}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Morris1980|reference=Morris, C.C. (1980). Studies of the statoliths of the squid ''Illex illecebrosus'' (Lesueur, 1821) and ''Architeuthis dux'' Steenstrup 1857 with speculation on their functional morphology. [[Bachelor of Science|BSc. (Hons.)]] thesis, [[Memorial University of Newfoundland]], St. John's. 136&nbsp;pp.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Muntz1995|reference=Muntz, W.R.A. (1995). Giant octopuses and squid from Pliny to the Rev. Moses Harvey. ''[[Archives of Natural History]]'' '''22'''(1)[Feb.]: 1–28. {{doi|10.3366/anh.1995.22.1.1}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Murai2015|reference=Murai, S. (2015). [https://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2015/12/29/national/giant-squid-wows-toyama-and-then-the-web/ Giant squid wows Toyama and then the web]. ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 29 December 2015.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Murray1874a|reference=[[Alexander Murray (geologist)|Murray, A.]] (1874a). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41807441 &#91;Letter to the Secretary.&#93;] ''[[Proceedings of the Boston Society of Natural History]]'' '''16'''[Mar.]: 161–163.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Murray1874b|reference=Murray, A. (1874b). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41393130 Capture of a gigantic squid at Newfoundland]. ''[[The American Naturalist]]'' '''8'''(2)[Feb.]: 120–123. [See also correction in [[#Agassiz1874|Agassiz (1874)]].]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Muus1959|reference=Muus, B.J. (1959). ''Skallus, Sotaender, Blaeksprutter''. G.E.C. Gads Forlag, Kobenhaven, 239 pages, 117 figures. {{in lang|da}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Myklebust1946|reference=Myklebust, B. (1946). [http://marcus.uib.no/instance/issue/ubb-tskr-naturen-1946-12.html Et nytt funn av kjempeblekksprut i Romsdal]. ''[[Naturen: Illustrert Månedsskrift for Populær Naturvitenskap]]'' '''70'''(12)[Dec.]: 377–379, 1 figure. {{in lang|no}}}}

==== N ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Naish2017|reference=[[Darren Naish|Naish, D.]] (2017). Krakens, island-monsters, the giant squid and the giant octopus. [pp.&nbsp;51–60] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=pgCgAQAACAAJ ''Hunting Monsters: Cryptozoology and the Reality Behind the Myths'']. Sirius Publishing, London. 240&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|1-78428-862-4}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Nesis1974|reference=[[Kir Nesis|Nesis, K.N.]] (1974). Giant squids. ''Priroda'' '''6''': 55–60, 6 figures.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Nesis1982|reference=Nesis, K.N. (1982). ''Abridged key to the cephalopod Molluscs of the world's oceans''. Light and Food Industry Publishing House, Moscow. 385&nbsp;pp. {{in lang|ru}} [See [[#Nesis1987|Nesis (1987)]] for abridged English translation.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Nesis1987|reference=Nesis, K.N. (1987). ''Cephalopods of the World; Squids, cuttlefishes, Octopuses, and Allies''. T.F.H. Publications, Neptune City. 351&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-86622-051-8}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Nesis2001|reference=Nesis, K.N. (2001). [https://www.nkj.ru/archive/articles/5321/ Поиски гигантского кальмара]. ''[[Nauka i Zhizn]]'' [2001](1): 88–92. {{in lang|ru}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Nesis2003|reference=Nesis, K.N. (2003). [http://www.geo.fu-berlin.de/geol/fachrichtungen/pal/eigenproduktion/Band_03/19.pdf Distribution of Recent Cephalopoda and implications for Plio–Pleistocene events]. ''Berliner Paläobiologische Abhandlungen'' '''3''': 199–224.}}
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* {{wikicite|ref=NHK2013b|reference=[NHK] (2013b). ''NHKスペシャル 世界初撮影! 深海の超巨大イカ''. [documentary film] [[NHK Enterprises]], Tokyo. 73 mins. {{OCLC|855403025}} {{in lang|ja}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=NHMD2019|reference=&#91;[[Natural History Museum of Denmark|NHMD]]&#93; (2019). [https://www.gbif.org/occurrence/3314924447 Occurrence 3314924447: ''Architeuthis dux'' Steenstrup, 1857]. [[Natural History Museum of Denmark]] via [[GBIF]], 30 January 2019.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Nilssonetal2012|reference=Nilsson, D.-E., E.J. Warrant, S. Johnsen, R.T. Hanlon & N. Shashar (2012). A unique advantage for giant eyes in giant squid. ''[[Current Biology]]'' '''22'''(8): 683–688. {{doi|10.1016/j.cub.2012.02.031}}, {{PMID|22425154}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=NixonYoung2003|reference=Nixon, M. & [[John Zachary Young|J.Z. Young]] (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=BRvrtsuKc6MC&pg=PA163 Architeuthidae]. [pp.&nbsp;163–170] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=BRvrtsuKc6MC ''The Brains and Lives of Cephalopods'']. Oxford University Press, Oxford. xiv + 392&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-19-852761-6}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=NMNH2004|reference=&#91;[[National Museum of Natural History|NMNH]]] (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20060907120225/http://www.sites.si.edu/exhibitions/Squid.pdf In Search of Giant Squid]. [[Smithsonian Institution]]. [Archived from [http://www.sites.si.edu/exhibitions/Squid.pdf the original] on 7 September 2006.]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=NMNH1|reference=[NMNH] ({{abbr|N.d.|No date}}). [https://web.archive.org/web/20140809132945/https://www.mnh.si.edu/exhibits/ocean_hall/squid.html The Sant Ocean Hall: The Giant Squid]. [[National Museum of Natural History]]. [Archived from [https://www.mnh.si.edu/exhibits/ocean_hall/squid.html the original] on 9 August 2014.]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=NMNH2|reference=[NMNH] ({{abbr|N.d.|No date}}). [https://naturalhistory.si.edu/onehundredyears/featured_objects/giant_squid.html Explore Our Collections: Giant Squid]. [[National Museum of Natural History]].}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Nordgard1923|reference=Nordgård, O. (1923). The Cephalopoda Dibranchiata observed outside and in the Trondhjemsfjord. ''Meddelelse Fra Trondhjems Biologiske Station'' '''16'''[Aug.]: 1–14, 4 figures.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Nordgard1928|reference=Nordgård, O. (1928). Faunistic notes on marine evertebrates III. ''[[Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab Forhandlinger]]'' '''1'''(26)[Jun.]: 70–72, 1 figure.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Norman2000|reference=[[Mark Norman (marine biologist)|Norman, M.D.]] (2000). ''Cephalopods: A World Guide''. ConchBooks, Hackenheim. 320&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|3-925919-32-5}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=NTA1966|reference=[{{Tooltip|NTA|Newfoundland Teachers' Association}}] (1966). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/ntajournal/NTAJournal196610Vol58No01.pdf Giant squid]. ''NTA Journal'' '''58'''(1)[Oct.]: 54.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=NunnHolmes2008|reference=Nunn, J.D. & J.M.C. Holmes (2008). [http://www.habitas.org.uk/nmi_catalogue/searchresults.asp?Family=ARCHITEUTHIDAE Family Architeuthidae]. In: [http://www.habitas.org.uk/nmi_catalogue/index.html ''A catalogue of the Irish and British marine Mollusca in the collections of the National Museum of Ireland – Natural History, 1835–2008'']. [[Ulster Museum]] and [[National Museum of Ireland – Natural History]].}}

==== O ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=OBrien1880|reference=O'Brien, C.G. (1880). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28722268 An octopus]. ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' '''22'''(573)[21 Oct.]: 585. {{doi|10.1038/022585e0}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=OConnerNd|reference=O'Conner, E. ({{abbr|N.d.|No date}}). [http://invertebrates.si.edu/giant_squid/index.html Giant Squid (''Architeuthis dux'')]. [[National Museum of Natural History]].}}
* {{wikicite|ref=OConnor1875|reference=O'Connor, T. (1875). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28355160 Capture of an enormous cuttle-fish off Boffin Island, on the coast of Connemara]. ''[[The Zoologist]]'' (ser. 2)'''10'''[Jun.]: 4502–4503.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=ODor1988|reference=O'Dor, R.K. (1988). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25208494 The energetic limits on squid distributions]. ''[[Malacologia]]'' '''29'''(1): 113–119.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Offord2016|reference=Offord, C. (2016). [https://www.the-scientist.com/?articles.view/articleNo/46360/title/First-Photo-of-Intact-Giant-Squid--1874/ First Photo of Intact Giant Squid, 1874]. ''[[The Scientist (magazine)|The Scientist]]'', 1 July 2016.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Okiyama1993|reference=Okiyama, M. (1993). Kinds, abundance and distribution of the oceanic squids in the Sea of Japan. [pp.&nbsp;403–415] In: T. Okutani, R.K. O'Dor & [[Tsunemi Kubodera|T. Kubodera]] (eds.) ''Recent Advances in Fisheries Biology''. Tokai University Press, Tokyo. 752&nbsp;pp.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Okutani2015|reference=Okutani, T. (2015). [http://www.zen-ika.com/zukan/pdf/cs355.pdf?idx=1 ''Architeuthis dux'' (Steenstrup, 1857)]. [p.&nbsp;183] In: ''新編 世界イカ類図鑑''. [''Cuttlefishes and Squids of the World: New Edition''.] Tokai University Press, Minamiyana. 246&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|4486037340}}. ([http://www.zen-ika.com/zukan/index-e.html online version]) (in Japanese and English)}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Olafsson1772|reference=[[Eggert Ólafsson|Ólafsson, E.]] (1772). [https://archive.org/details/vicelavmandegge00plgoog ''Vice-Lavmand Eggert Olafsens og Land-Physici Biarne Povelsens Reise igiennem Island, foranstaltet af Videnskabernes Sælskab i Kiøbenhavn, og beskreven af forbemeldte Eggert Olafsen, med dertil hørende 51 Kobberstøkker og et nyt forfærdiget Kart over Island. Anden Deel.''] Jonas Lindgrens Enke, Sorøe. {{in lang|da}} [English translation: ''Vice-lawman Eggert Olafsen's and physician Biarne Povelsen's journey through Iceland, arranged by the Society of Sciences in Copenhagen, and described by the famous Eggert Olafsen, with 51 copper plates and a new, veritable map of Iceland. Part Two.'']}}
* {{wikicite|ref=OM2021|reference=&#91;[[Otago Museum|OM]]&#93; (2021). [https://twitter.com/OtagoMuseum/status/1390427550099386373 Check out this giant squid beak collected from the Catlins Coast in the 1870s]. &#91;[[incipit]]&#93; [[Otago Museum]] via [[Twitter]], 6 May 2021.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Oreskes2003|reference=[[Naomi Oreskes|Oreskes, N.]] (2003). A context of motivation: US Navy oceanographic research and the discovery of sea-floor hydrothermal vents. ''[[Social Studies of Science]]'' '''33'''(5)[Oct.]: 697–742. {{doi|10.1177/0306312703335004}}, {{JSTOR|3183066}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Oreskes2014|reference=Oreskes, N. (2014). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0jQqBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA11 Science in the origins of the Cold War]. [pp.&nbsp;11–30] In: N. Oreskes & [[John Krige|J. Krige]] (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=0jQqBQAAQBAJ ''Science and Technology in the Global Cold War'']. The MIT Press, Cambridge. ix + 456&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-262-32611-6}}.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=OShea1997|reference=[[Steve O'Shea|O'Shea, S.]] (1997). Giant squid in New Zealand waters. ''Seafood New Zealand'' '''5'''(10): 32–34.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=OShea1999|reference=O'Shea, S. (1999). Giant squid. ''Seafood New Zealand'' '''7'''(11): 34–35.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=OShea2003a|reference=O'Shea, S. (2003a). [http://www.tonmo.com/community/pages/architeuthis-reproduction/ ''Architeuthis'' (Giant Squid) reproduction]. The Octopus News Magazine Online, 28 March 2003.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=OShea2003b|reference=O'Shea, S. (2003b). [https://web.archive.org/web/20031207080258/http://www.tonmo.com/science/public/giantsquidfacts.php Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet]. The Octopus News Magazine Online, 6 May 2003. [Archived from [http://www.tonmo.com/science/public/giantsquidfacts.php the original] on 7 December 2003.]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=OShea2003c|reference=O'Shea, S. (2003c). [https://www.tonmo.com/pages/squid-fixing-notes/ Large Squid Fixing and Preservation Notes]. The Octopus News Magazine Online, 10 June 2003.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=OShea2003d|reference=O'Shea, S. (2003d). &#91;[https://www.tonmo.com/threads/architeuthis-again-never-a-dull-moment-in-new-zealand.477/page-3 Re: ''Architeuthis'' again (never a dull moment in New Zealand)].] The Octopus News Magazine Online Forums, 3 September 2003.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=OShea2003e|reference=O'Shea, S. (2003e). [http://www.tonmo.com/community/pages/giant-squid-buoyancy/ ''Architeuthis'' Buoyancy and Feeding]. The Octopus News Magazine Online.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=OShea2006|reference=O'Shea, S. (2006). [http://www.tonmo.com/community/pages/architeuthis-age/ Estimating age and growth rate in ''Architeuthis dux'']. The Octopus News Magazine Online.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=OShea2014|reference=O'Shea, S. (2014). [http://steveo-shea.webnode.com/news/giant-squid-for-sale/ Giant Squid for sale]. Dr Steve O'Shea, 7 March 2014.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=OSheaBolstad2008|reference=O'Shea, S. & K. Bolstad (2008). [https://www.tonmo.com/pages/giantsquidfactsheet/ Giant Squid and Colossal Squid Fact Sheet]. The Octopus News Magazine Online, 6 April 2008.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=OSheaetal2006|reference=O'Shea, S., C.C. Lu & M.C. Clarke (2006). [https://cephalopod.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/2006-hobart-program.pdf Description of paralarval ''Architeuthis'' and Onychoteuthidae squid (Cephalopoda: Teuthoidea) from New Zealand waters]. [p.&nbsp;39] In: [https://cephalopod.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/2006-hobart-program.pdf ''Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium 2006 (CIAC ‘06), 6 – 10 February 2006, Hotel Grand Chancellor, Hobart, Tasmania: Program & Abstract Book'']. Cephalopod International Advisory Council. 120&nbsp;pp.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Oudemans1892|reference=[[Anthonie Cornelis Oudemans|Oudemans, A.C.]] (1892). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41617287 ''The Great Sea-Serpent. An Historical and Critical Treatise.''] E. J. Brill, Leiden. xv + 592&nbsp;pp. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.63980}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Oustalet1883|reference=[[Émile Oustalet|Oustalet, É.]] (1883). [http://cnum.cnam.fr/CGI/fpage.cgi?4KY28.21/21/100/432/8/420 Les poulpes géants]. ''[[La Nature]]'' '''11'''(525)[9 Jun.]: 17–20, 2 figures. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Owen1881|reference=[[Richard Owen|Owen, R.]] (1881). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/31099098 Descriptions of some new and rare Cephalopoda. (Part II.)] ''[[Transactions of the Zoological Society of London]]'' '''11'''(5)[Jun.]: 131–170, 4 figures, 13 plates. {{doi|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1881.tb00354.x}}}}

==== P ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Packard1873|reference=[[Alpheus Spring Packard|Packard Jr., A.S.]] (1873). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41037362 Colossal cuttlefishes]. ''[[The American Naturalist]]'' '''7'''(2)[Feb.]: 87–94. {{JSTOR|2448465}} {{doi|10.1086/271082}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Packham1998|reference=[[Chris Packham|Packham, C.]] (writer & presenter) (1998). [https://www.imdb.com/title/tt6990984/ Alien in the Abyss]. [episode 2; 23 mins.] In: ''[[The X Creatures]]''. [documentary film series] [[BBC]]/[[Discovery Communications]]. 138 mins. {{OCLC|1274507368}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Paxton2003|reference=Paxton, C.G.M. (2003). [http://www.aske-skeptics.org.uk/resources/Intelligencer/Intelligencer_6_2003.pdf The dangers of over-rationalisation, or giant squids are red herrings]. ''The Skeptical Intelligencer'' '''6''': 19–28. [Reprinted in a slightly modified form: Paxton, C.G.M. (2004). Giant squids are red herrings: why ''Architeuthis'' is an unlikely source of sea monster sightings. ''The Cryptozoology Review'' '''4'''(2): 10–16.]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Paxton2016a|reference=Paxton, C.G.M. (2016a). Unleashing the Kraken: on the maximum length in giant squid (''Architeuthis'' sp.). ''[[Journal of Zoology]]'' '''300'''(2): 82–88. {{doi|10.1111/jzo.12347}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Paxton2016b|reference=Paxton, C.G.M. (2016b). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/p03x15hv The giant squid that are getting even bigger]. [radio broadcast] ''[[World Update]]'', 2 June 2016. 3 mins.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Paxton2018|reference=Paxton, C.G.M. (2018). [https://www.magzter.com/stories/Entertainment/Fortean-Times/High-Priests-And-Kraken-Soup High priests and kraken soup]. ''[[Fortean Times]]'' no. 362[Jan.]: 56–57.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Paxton2021|reference=Paxton, C.G.M. (2021). Driven mad by the sea serpent: the strange case of Captain George Drevar. ''[[The Mariner's Mirror]]'' '''107'''(3)[Aug.]: 308–323. {{doi|10.1080/00253359.2021.1940521}} [Summarised in: Paxton, C.G.M. (2022). Driven mad by the great sea serpent: the strange case of George Drevar. ''[[Fortean Times]]'' no. 421[Aug.]: 30–35.]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=PaxtonHolland2005|reference=Paxton, C.G.M. & R. Holland (2005). [http://www.zmuc.dk/commonweb/JOURNALS/PDF/Vol29-1/Paxton&Holland.pdf Was Steenstrup right? A new interpretation of the 16th century sea monk of the Øresund]. ''Steenstrupia'' '''29'''(1): 39–47.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=PaxtonShine2016|reference=Paxton, C.G.M. & A.J. Shine (2016). A checklist of historical hypotheses for the Loch Ness Monster. ''The Journal of Cryptozoology'' '''4''': 21–37.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Paxtonetal2005|reference=Paxton, C.G.M., E. Knatterud & S.L. Hedley (2005). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Sharon_Hedley/publication/254866315_Cetaceans_sex_and_sea_serpents_an_analysis_of_the_Egede_accounts_of_a_most_dreadful_monster_seen_off_the_coast_of_Greenland_in_1734/links/0a85e53667a6b95dd9000000.pdf Cetaceans, sex and sea serpents: an analysis of the Egede accounts of a "most dreadful monster" seen off the coast of Greenland in 1734]. ''[[Archives of Natural History]]'' '''32'''(1): 1–9. {{doi|10.3366/anh.2005.32.1.1}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Pereiraetal2005|reference=Pereira, J., R. Rosa, A. Moreno, M. Henriques, J. Sendão & T.C. Borges (2005). First recorded specimen of the giant squid ''Architeuthis'' sp. in Portugal. ''[[Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom]]'' '''85''': 175–176. {{doi|10.1017/S002531540501101Xh}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Peron1807|reference=[[François Péron|Péron, F.]] (1807). ''[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/30428988 Voyage de Découvertes aux Terres Australes]''. De l'Imprimerie Impériale, Paris. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.44096}} {{in lang|fr}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Peschardt2000|reference=Peschardt, M. (2000). [http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/639191.stm Scientists reveal monster secrets]. ''[[BBC News Online|BBC News]]'', 14 February 2000.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Pfeffer1900|reference=[[Georg Johann Pfeffer|Pfeffer, G.]] (1900). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/10282260 Synopsis der oegopsiden Cephalopoden]. ''Mitteilungen aus dem Naturhistorischen Museum in Hamburg'' '''17'''(2): 147–198. {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Pfeffer1912|reference=Pfeffer, G. (1912). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3630365 Die Cephalopoden der Plankton-Expedition. Zugleich eine monographische Übersicht der Oegopsiden Cephalopoden.] ''Ergebnisse der Plankton-Expedition der Humboldt-Stiftung'' '''2''': 1–815, 48 plates. {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Pierceetal1995|reference=Pierce, S.K., G.N. Smith Jr., T.K. Maugel & E. Clark (1995). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Timothy_Maugel/publication/271756462_On_the_Giant_Octopus_Octopus_gigmteus_and_the_Bermuda_Blob_Homage_to_A_E_Verrill/links/00b7d52981c12369ed000000/On-the-Giant-Octopus-Octopus-gigmteus-and-the-Bermuda-Blob-Homage-to-A-E-Verrill.pdf On the giant octopus (''Octopus giganteus'') and the Bermuda Blob: homage to A. E. Verrill]. ''[[The Biological Bulletin]]'' '''188'''(2): 219–230. {{doi|10.2307/1542087}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Pliny|reference=[[Pliny the Elder]] ([[Anno Domini|AD]]&nbsp;77–79). ''[[Natural History (Pliny)|Naturalis Historia]]''. [''Natural History''.] 37 books. {{in lang|la}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Pope1994|reference=Pope, G.T. (1994). [https://books.google.com/books?id=0OQDAAAAMBAJ&pg=PA34 Stalking the giant squid]. ''[[Popular Mechanics]]'' '''171'''(9)[Sep.]: 34–35.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Posselt1890|reference=Posselt, H.J. (1890). Cephalopoda, Volume 2. [pp.&nbsp;135–145] In: C.G.J. Petersen (ed.) ''Det videnskabelige Udbytte af Kanonbaaden "Hauchs" Togter i de Danske Have indenfor skagen i Aarene 1883–1886'', 5 volumes and atlas, Kjobenhavn, 1889–1893. {{in lang|da}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Posselt1898|reference=Posselt, H.J. (1898). Gronlands Brachiopoder og Bloddyr. [Conspectus Faunae Groenlandicae. Brachiopoda et Mollusca.] ''Meddelelser om Gronland, udgivne af Commissionen for Ledelsen af de geologiske og geographiske Undersogelser i Gronland'' '''23'''(1): 1–298, 2 plates. {{in lang|da}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Pontoppidan1753|reference=[[Erik Pontoppidan|Pontoppidan, E.]] (1753). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43404711 Om visse ''monstris marinis'' eller underlige og usœdvanlige Hav-Dyr]. [pp.&nbsp;297–354] In: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/43403980 ''Det første Forsøg paa Norges Naturlige Historie. Anden Deel.'']. Gottmann Friderich Kisel, Copenhagen. [22] + 464 + [23]&nbsp;pp. + 12 foldouts. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.70332}} {{in lang|da}} [English translation: ''The First Attempt at Norway's Natural History. Part Two.'']}}

==== Q ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=QuoyGaimard1824|reference=[[Jean René Constant Quoy|Quoy, J.R.C.]] & [[Joseph Paul Gaimard|J.P. Gaimard]] (1824). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40871405 Description des Mollusques]. [pp.&nbsp;410–516] In: [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40871044 ''Voyage autour du monde, entrepris par ordre du roi . . . exécuté sur les corvettes de S.M. l'Uranie et la Physicienne, pendant les années 1817, 1818, 1819 et 1820. Zoologie.'']. Pillet Aîné, Paris. [3] + 712&nbsp;pp. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.15862}} {{in lang|fr}}}}

==== R ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Radford2003|reference=[[Tim Radford|Radford, T.]] (2003). [https://www.theguardian.com/world/2003/jul/03/science.highereducation Scientists puzzled by blob on the beach]. ''[[The Guardian]]'', 3 July 2003.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Rathbun1881|reference=[[Richard Rathbun|Rathbun, R.]] (1881). [https://archive.org/stream/stnicholasserial81dodg/stnicholasserial81dodg#page/266/mode/1up The giant squid]. ''[[St. Nicholas Magazine|St. Nicholas]]'' '''8'''(4)[Feb.]: 266–270.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Reed1995|reference=Reed, D.C. (1995). [https://books.google.com/books?id=GurYLmRiC3kC ''The Kraken'']. Boyds Mills Press, Honesdale. v + 217&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|1-56397-693-5}}.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Rees1949|reference=[[William James Rees|Rees, W.J.]] (1949). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/cns_article/GiantSquid.pdf Giant squid: the quest for the Kraken].  ''[[The Illustrated London News]]'', 26 November 1949. p.&nbsp;826.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Rees1950|reference=Rees, W.J. (1950). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/2262239 On a giant squid, ''Ommastrephes caroli'' Furtado stranded at Looe, Cornwall]. ''[[Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology]]'' '''1'''(2)[Mar.]: 31–41, 2 plates, 12 text-figures, 3 maps.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=ReesMaul1956|reference=Rees, W.J. & G.E. Maul (1956). [http://biostor.org/reference/1309 The Cephalopoda of Madeira, records and distribution]. ''[[Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History), Zoology]]'' '''3'''(6)[Feb.]: 259–281.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Regueiraetal2012|reference=Regueira, M., P. Belcari & Á. Guerra (2012). [http://www.ciac2012brazil.com.br/trabalhos/trabalho_aprovado.php?id_trabalho=9504 P130 – What does the giant squid ''Architeuthis dux'' eat in Iberian waters?] [p.&nbsp;230] In: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054522/http://www.ciac2012brazil.com.br/CIAC%202012%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf ''Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium, 27 Oct – 02 Nov 2012, Majestic Palace Hotel, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil: Abstracts'']. Instituto Argonauta.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Regueiraetal2014|reference=Regueira, M., P. Belcari & Á. Guerra (2014). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Angel_Guerra/publication/260520912_What_does_the_giant_squid_Architeuthis_dux_eat/links/54d9f2150cf2970e4e7d3029.pdf What does the giant squid ''Architeuthis dux'' eat?] ''[[Hydrobiologia]]'' '''725'''(1): 49–55. {{doi|10.1007/s10750-013-1662-y}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Remeslo2011|reference=Remeslo, A.V. (2011). [http://www.captainclub.press/articles.html/id/387 Какой кальмар самый большой?] ''Captain Club Magazine'', 31 March 2011. {{in lang|ru}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Revkin2013|reference=[[Andrew Revkin|Revkin, A.C.]] (2013). [https://dotearth.blogs.nytimes.com/2013/01/08/giant-squid-videotaped-for-the-first-time-in-its-deep-domain/ Giant Squid Videotaped for the First Time in its Deep Domain]. ''[[Dot Earth]]'', 8 January 2013.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Ritchie1918|reference=Ritchie, J. (1918). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1859699 Occurrence of a giant squid (''Architeuthis'') on the Scottish coast]. ''The Scottish Naturalist'' no. 78[Jun.]: 133–139.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Robson1887|reference=Robson, C.W. (1887). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/3302257 On a new species of giant cuttlefish, stranded at Cape Campbell, June 30th, 1886 (''Architeuthis kirkii'')]. ''[[Transactions and Proceedings of the New Zealand Institute]]'' '''19'''(1)[May]: 155–157.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Robson1929|reference=[[Guy Coburn Robson|Robson, G.C.]] (1929). A giant squid from the North Sea. ''Natural History Magazine'' '''2'''[Jan.]: 6–8. [Summarised in: [Anon.] (1929). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/50112859 Squids in Yorkshire]. ''The Naturalist: A Monthly Illustrated Journal Principally for the North of England'' '''54'''(640)[Mar.]: 103–104.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Robson1933|reference=Robson, G.C. (1933). On ''Architeuthis clarkei'', a new species of giant squid, with observations on the genus. ''[[Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London]]'' [1933](3)[Sep.]: 681–697, 8 figures, 1 plate. {{doi|10.1111/j.1096-3642.1933.tb01614.x}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=RodriguezNavarroetal2006|reference=Rodríguez-Navarro, A., Á. Guerra, C.S. Romanek, F. Rocha & Á.F. González (2006). [https://cephalopod.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/2006-hobart-program.pdf Life history of the giant squid ''Architeuthis'' as revealed from stable isotope and trace elements signatures recorded in its beak]. [p.&nbsp;97] In: [https://cephalopod.files.wordpress.com/2017/03/2006-hobart-program.pdf ''Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium 2006 (CIAC ‘06), 6 – 10 February 2006, Hotel Grand Chancellor, Hobart, Tasmania: Program & Abstract Book'']. Cephalopod International Advisory Council. 120&nbsp;pp.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Roeleveld2000|reference=Roeleveld, M.A.C. (2000). Giant squid beaks: implications for systematics. ''[[Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom]]'' '''80'''(1): 185–187. {{doi|10.1017/S0025315499001769}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Roeleveld2002|reference=Roeleveld, M.A.C. (2002). [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/2002/00000071/00000002/art00012 Tentacle morphology of the giant squid ''Architeuthis'' from the North Atlantic and Pacific Oceans]. ''[[Bulletin of Marine Science]]'' '''71'''(2): 725–737.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=RoeleveldNd|reference=Roeleveld, M.A.C. ({{abbr|N.d.|No date}}). [https://www.iziko.org.za/exhibitions/giant-squid-architeuthis The Giant Squid: ''Architeuthis'']. [[Iziko Museums of South Africa]].}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=RoeleveldKnudsen1980|reference=Roeleveld, M.A.C. & J. Knudsen (1980). Japetus Steenstrup: on the Merman (called the Sea Monk) caught in the Øresund in the time of King Christian III; a translation. With a biography of Japetus Steenstrup by J. Knudsen. ''Steenstrupia'' '''6'''(17): 293–332.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Romanovetal2017|reference=Romanov, E.V., S. Jaquemet & L. Puetz (2017). A giant squid (''Architeuthis dux'') off Reunion Island, western Indian Ocean: the greatest giant ever? ''[[Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom]]'', published online on 12 September 2017. {{doi|10.1017/S0025315417001588}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Rondelet1554|reference=[[Guillaume Rondelet|Rondelet, G.]] (1554). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41733032 De pisce monachi habitu]. [pp.&nbsp;492–493] In: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41732587 ''Libri de Piscibus Marinis, in quibus veræ Piscium effigies expressæ sunt'']. Volume 1. Mattias Bonhomme, Leiden. [16] + 583 + [25]&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|77748377}} {{in lang|la}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Rondelet1558|reference=Rondelet, G. (1558). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6ROpewfLGIC&pg=PA361 Du monstre marin en habit de Moine]. [pp.&nbsp;361–362] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=Q6ROpewfLGIC ''L'histoire entière des poissons, composée premierement en Latin par maistre Guilaume Rondelet Docteur regent en Medecine en l'université de Mompelier. Maintenant Traduite en François sans avoir rien omis estant necessaire à l'intelligence d'icelle. Avec leurs pourtraits au naïf.''] Mattias Bonhomme, Lyon. [12] + 418 + [14] + [4] + 181 + [10]&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|7428007}} {{in lang|fr}} [Comprises [[#Rondelet1554|Rondelet (1554)]] and Rondelet's ''Universæ aquatilium Historiæ pars altera, cum veris ipsorum Imaginibus'' of 1555; translated from Latin by [[Laurent Joubert|L. Joubert]]; reprinted in 2002 ({{ISBN|2-7355-0501-4}}).]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Roper2016|reference=[[Clyde Roper|Roper, C.F.E.]] (2016). [http://tolweb.org/Architeuthis  Architeuthidae Pfeffer 1900, ''Architeuthis'' Steenstrup 1857, ''Architeuthis dux'' Steenstrup 1857]. [[Tree of Life Web Project]].}}
* {{wikicite|ref=RoperBoss1982|reference=Roper, C.F.E. & K.J. Boss (1982). [http://www.scientificamerican.com/article/the-giant-squid/ The giant squid]. ''[[Scientific American]]'' '''246'''(4)[Apr.]: 15, 96–100, 104–105. {{JSTOR|24966572}} [Translated (June 1982):<!--from https://doi.org/10.3099/brvo-544-00-1-20.1--> [Giant squid]. ''Ke Xue'' [1982](8): 55–61, 92. {{in lang|zh}}; Le calmar géant. ''Pour la Science'' '''56''': 14–21, 125–126 [including "Commentaire" by R. Boucher-Rodoni] {{in lang|fr}}; Der Reisenkrake. ''Spektrum der Wissenschaft'' [1982](6): 5, 58–61, 64–67, 122. {{in lang|de}}; [Giant Squid]. ''Nikkei Saiensu: Nihon Han'' '''12'''(6): 6, 72–79, 136. [translated by T. Okutani] {{in lang|ja}}; Il calamaro gigante. ''Le Scienze'' '''28'''(166): 128–132, 134–135. {{in lang|it}}; El calamar gigante. ''Investigación y Ciencia'' '''69''': 3, 60–63, 66, 68–69, 128. {{in lang|es}}]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=RoperJereb2010|reference=Roper, C.F.E. & P. Jereb (2010). Family Architeuthidae. [pp.&nbsp;121–123] In: P. Jereb & C.F.E. Roper (eds.) ''[http://www.fao.org/docrep/014/i1920e/i1920e00.htm Cephalopods of the world. An annotated and illustrated catalogue of species known to date. Volume 2. Myopsid and Oegopsid Squids]''. FAO Species Catalogue for Fishery Purposes No. 4, Vol. 2. FAO, Rome.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Roperetal2015|reference=Roper, C.F.E., H. Judkins, N.A. Voss, E. Shea, E. Dawe, D. Ingrao, P.L. Rothman & I.H. Roper (2015). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elizabeth_Shea5/publication/276832965_A_Compilation_of_Recent_Records_of_the_Giant_Squid_Architeuthis_dux_Steenstrup_1857_Cephalopoda_from_the_Western_North_Atlantic_Ocean_Newfoundland_to_the_Gulf_of_Mexico/links/562a4bdc08ae22b1703197d7.pdf A compilation of recent records of the giant squid, ''Architeuthis dux'' (Steenstrup, 1857) (Cephalopoda) from the western North Atlantic Ocean, Newfoundland to the Gulf of Mexico]. ''American Malacological Bulletin'' '''33'''(1): 78–88. {{doi|10.4003/006.033.0116}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=RoperShea2013|reference=Roper, C.F.E. & E.K. Shea (2013). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Elizabeth_Shea5/publication/278099127_Unanswered_Questions_About_the_Giant_Squid_Architeuthis_Architeuthidae_Illustrate_Our_Incomplete_Knowledge_of_Coleoid_Cephalopods/links/562a4c3c08ae518e347f2e18.pdf Unanswered questions about the giant squid ''Architeuthis'' (Architeuthidae) illustrate our incomplete knowledge of coleoid cephalopods]. ''American Malacological Bulletin'' '''31'''(1): 109–122. {{doi|10.4003/006.031.0104}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=RoperVoss1983|reference=Roper, C.F.E. & [[Gilbert L. Voss|G.L. Voss]] (1983). [http://si-pddr.si.edu/dspace/handle/10088/11335 Guidelines for taxonomic descriptions of cephalopod species]. ''[[Memoirs of the National Museum of Victoria]]'' '''44''': 48–63.}} <!--no giant squid coverage-->
* {{wikicite|ref=RoperYoung1972|reference=Roper, C.F.E. & [[Richard E. Young|R.E. Young]] (1972). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34559701 First records of juvenile giant squid, ''Architeuthis'' (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida)]. ''[[Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington]]'' '''85'''(16)[30 Aug.]: 205–222.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=RosasLuis2012|reference=Rosas Luis, R. (2012).  [http://www.biodiversidad.gob.mx/Biodiversitas/Articulos/biodiv101art3.pdf Calamares dominan el océano y los mares mexicanos]. ''Biodiversitas'' '''101''': 11–16. {{in lang|es}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=RussellRussell1975|reference=[[W. M. S. Russell|Russell, W.M.S.]] & [[Frederick Stratten Russell|F.S. Russell]] (1975). The origin of the sea bishop. ''[[Folklore (journal)|Folklore]]'' '''86'''(2): 94–98, 2 plates. {{doi|10.1080/0015587X.1975.9716006}}}}

==== S ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
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* {{wikicite|ref=Sakamoto2014|reference=Sakamoto, S. (2014). [https://www.nhk.or.jp/darwin/feature/deepsea/column06/ ダイオウイカ ふたたび]. [[NHK]]. ([https://www.nhk.or.jp/darwin/feature/deepsea/column06/index2.html second part]) {{in lang|ja}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=SalcedoVargas1999|reference=Salcedo-Vargas, M.A. (1999). An asperoteuthid squid (Mollusca: Cephalopoda: Chiroteuthidae) from New Zealand misidentified as ''Architeuthis''. ''[[Mitteilungen aus dem Museum für Naturkunde in Berlin, Zoologische Reihe]]'' '''75'''(1): 47–49. {{doi|10.1002/mmnz.19990750106}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=SalvadorTomotani2014|reference=Salvador, R.B. & B.M. Tomotani (2014). [http://www.scielo.br/pdf/hcsm/v21n3/0104-5970-hcsm-21-3-0971.pdf The Kraken: when myth encounters science]. ''História, Ciências, Saúde – Manguinhos'' '''21'''(3): 971–994. {{doi|10.1590/S0104-59702014000300010}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Santosetal2002|reference=Santos, M.B., G.J. Pierce, M. García Hartmann, C. Smeenk, M.J. Addink, T. Kuiken, R.J. Reid, I.A.P. Patterson, C. Lordan, E. Rogan & E. Mente (2002). [https://www.researchgate.net/profile/Eleni_Mente/publication/228698671_Additional_notes_on_stomach_contents_of_sperm_whales_em_Physeter_macrocephalus_stranded_in_the_north-east_Atlantic/links/09e4150d193b7bb193000000.pdf Additional notes on stomach contents of sperm whales ''Physeter macrocephalus'' stranded in the north-east Atlantic]. ''[[Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom]]'' '''82'''(3): 501–507. {{doi|10.1017/S0025315402005787}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Sasaki1916|reference=[[Madoka Sasaki|Sasaki, M.]] (1916). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44265271 Notes on oegopsid cephalopods found in Japan]. ''[[Annotationes Zoologicæ Japonenses]]'' '''9'''(2)[24 Jun.]: 89–120, 1 plate. {{NAID|110003368332}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Sasaki1929|reference=Sasaki, M. (1929). [http://hdl.handle.net/2115/12617 A monograph of the dibranchiate cephalopods of the Japanese and adjacent waters]. ''Journal of the College of Agriculture, Hokkaido Imperial University, Sapporo'' '''20'''(supplement): 1–357, 179 figures, 30 plates.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Scheuchzer1716|reference=[[Johann Jakob Scheuchzer|Scheuchzer, J.J.]] (1716). [https://books.google.com/books?id=wKA5AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA144 Dania. Suedia.] [pp.&nbsp;144–153] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=wKA5AAAAcAAJ ''Bibliotheca Scriptorum Historiæ Naturali omnium Terræ Regionum inservientium. Historiæ Naturalis Helvetiæ Prodromus.''] Heinrich Bodmer, Zurich. [14] + 241&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|758297335}} {{in lang|la}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Schwediawer1783|reference=Schwediawer, F.X. [presented by [[Joseph Banks|J. Banks]]] (1783). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/51827058 An account of ambergrise]. ''[[Philosophical Transactions, of the Royal Society of London]]'' '''73'''(1): 226–241. {{doi|10.1098/rstl.1783.0015}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Shimadaetal2017|reference=Shimada, K., A. Mizuno & K. Sakai (2017). [http://www.n-muse-ishikawa.or.jp/motto/docs/1SHIMADA_p1-14.pdf 能登半島に漂着したダイオウイカの記録とホルマリン標本の作製について / Notes about making formalin-fixed specimen of the giant squid ''Architeuthis dux'' drifted at the coast of Noto Peninsula, Sea of Japan]. ''Bulletin of the Ishikawa Museum of Natural History'' '''7'''[Mar.]: 1–14. {{in lang|ja}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=SITES2004|reference=&#91;[[Smithsonian Institution Traveling Exhibition Service|SITES]]] (2004). [https://web.archive.org/web/20090730070410/http://www.sites.si.edu/exhibitions/exhibits/squid/main.htm In Search of Giant Squid]. [[Smithsonian Institution]]. [Archived from [http://www.sites.si.edu/exhibitions/exhibits/squid/main.htm the original] on 30 July 2009.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Sivertsen1955|reference=Sivertsen, E. (1955). [https://books.google.com/books?id=44DSAAAAMAAJ Blekksprut]. ''[[Det Kongelige Norske Videnskabers Selskab Museet Årbok]]'' [1954]: 5–15, 4 figures. {{in lang|no}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Sluperius1572|reference=Sluperius, J. (1572). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uhdom1T_9wEC&pg=PA89 Monachus marinus]. [p.&nbsp;"89" + 105] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=uhdom1T_9wEC ''Omnium fere Gentium, nostræq́; ætatis Nationum, Habitus & Effigies. In eosdem Ioannis Sluperij Herzelensis Epigrammata. Adiecta ad singulas Icones Gallica Tetrasticha.''] Joannes Bellerus, Antwerp. 136 + "122"&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|30607055}} {{in lang|la}} [Comprises French [[quatrain]]s by [[François Desprez|F. Desprez]] and Latin [[epigram]]s by J. Sluperius; illustrations recut by A. van Leest.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Smith1842a|reference=Smith, H. (1842a). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/33377901 On the colossal Sepiadæ]. ''[[Report of the British Association for the Advancement of Science]]'' [1841]: 73.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Smith1842b|reference=Smith, H. (1842b). [https://books.google.com/books?id=Mo88AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA85 La Section a entendu ensuite la lecture d'une note sur les Sépiaires gigantesques, par le col. A. Smith]. &#91;[[incipit]]] ''L'Institut, Journal universel des sciences et des sociétés savantes en France et a l'étranger'' '''10'''(428)[10 Mar.]: 85–86. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=SnellTucker2003|reference=Snell, S. & P. Tucker (2003). [https://books.google.com/books?id=SHUfAQAAIAAJ ''Life Through a Lens: Photographs from the Natural History Museum 1880 to 1950'']. [[Natural History Museum, London|Natural History Museum]], London. 112&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|978-0-565-09186-6}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Soriano2003|reference=Soriano, O. (2003). Tracking the giant squid. ''[[Science (journal)|Science]]'' '''300'''(5616)[4 Apr.]: 47. {{doi|10.1126/science.300.5616.47d}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Starkey1963|reference=Starkey, J.D. (1963). I saw a sea monster. ''Animals'' '''2'''(23): 629, 644.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Stead1933|reference=[[David George Stead|Stead, D.G.]] (1933). ''Giants and Pigmies of the Deep: A Story of Australian Sea Denizens''. The Shakespeare Head Press, Sydney. 108&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|11984397}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Steenstrup1849|reference=[[Japetus Steenstrup|Steenstrup, J.J.S.]] (1849). [https://books.google.com/books?id=8eUVAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA950 Meddelelse om tvende kiæmpestore Blæksprutter, opdrevne 1639 og 1790 ved Islands Kyst, og om nogle andre nordiske Dyr]. [pp.&nbsp;950–957] In: ''[[Scandinavian Scientist Conference|Forhandlinger ved de skandinaviske Naturforskeres femte Møde]]''. S. Triers Officin, Copenhagen. 989&nbsp;pp. {{in lang|da}} [English translation: "Note on two giant cephalopods drifted ashore in 1639 and 1790 on the coast of Iceland, and on some other northern animals". Published in [[#Volsoeetal1962|Volsøe ''et al.'' (1962:9–13)]]; pages from translation cited in square brackets.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Steenstrup1855a|reference=Steenstrup, J.J.S. (1855a). [https://books.google.com/books?id=k_gsAAAAMAAJ&pg=PA63 Om den i Kong Christian IIIs tid i Øresundet fangne Havmand (Sømunken, kaldet)]. [pp.&nbsp;63–96] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=k_gsAAAAMAAJ ''Dansk Maanedsskrift'']. Volume 1. Gyldendalske Boghandling (F. Hegel), Copenhagen. [3] + 411&nbsp;pp. {{in lang|da}} [translation in [[#RoeleveldKnudsen1980|Roeleveld & Knudsen, 1980]]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Steenstrup1855b|reference=Steenstrup, J.J.S. (1855b). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/15958465 Kjæber af en kolossal Blæksprutte]. ''Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger'' [1855](5/6): 199–200. {{in lang|da}} [English translation: "On the jaws of a giant cuttle-fish". Published in [[#Volsoeetal1962|Volsøe ''et al.'' (1962:14–15)]]; pages from translation cited in square brackets.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Steenstrup1857|reference=Steenstrup, J.J.S. (1857). [https://books.google.com/books?id=qzo4AAAAcAAJ&pg=PA182 Professor Steenstrup meddelte flere Oplysninger om Atlanterhavets colossale Blæksprutter]. [pp.&nbsp;182–185] In: ''[[Scandinavian Scientist Conference|Forhandlinger ved de skandinaviske Naturforskeres syvende Möde]]''. Carl C. Werner & Comp., Copenhagen<!--Christiania-->. 658&nbsp;pp. {{in lang|da}} [English translation: "Prof. Steenstrup presented several particulars about the giant cuttle-fishes of the Atlantic Ocean". Published in [[#Volsoeetal1962|Volsøe ''et al.'' (1962:17–19)]]; pages from translation cited in square brackets.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Steenstrup1860|reference=Steenstrup, J.J.S. (1860). [See [[#Harting1860|Harting (1860)]].]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Steenstrup1881|reference=Steenstrup, J.J.S. (1881). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29459308 Professor A. E. Verrils to nye Cephalopodslægter: ''Sthenoteuthis'' og ''Lestoteuthis'']. ''Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger'' [1881]: 1–27, 3 figures, 1 plate. {{in lang|da}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Steenstrup1882|reference=Steenstrup, J.J.S. (1882). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/29459778 Notæ teuthologicæ]. ''Oversigt over det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Forhandlinger'' [1882]: 143–168. {{in lang|da}} [English translation published in [[#Volsoeetal1962|Volsøe ''et al.'' (1962:145–162)]]; pages from translation cited in square brackets.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Steenstrup1898|reference=Steenstrup, J.J.S. (1898). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/13590960 Spolia atlantica. Kolossale Blæksprutter fra det nordlige Atlanterhav.] ''Det Kongelige Danske Videnskabernes Selskabs Skrifter: Naturvidenskabelig og Mathematisk Afdeling'' (ser. 5)'''4'''(3): 409–456, figures A–G, 4 plates. {{in lang|da}} [English translation: "Spolia atlantica. Gigantic cephalopods from the northern Atlantic." Published in [[#Volsoeetal1962|Volsøe ''et al.'' (1962:258–308)]]; pages from translation cited in square brackets.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Stephaniusc1650|reference=[[Stephanius|Stephanius, S.H.]] [{{circa}} 1650] (1776). [https://books.google.com/books?id=JhfqrQEACAAJ&pg=PA341 Danske Histories forste Bog, fra Aaret 1550 til 1555]. [pp.&nbsp;341–376] In: [[Niels Krag|N. Krag]] & S.H. Stephanius. [https://books.google.com/books?id=JhfqrQEACAAJ ''Den stormægtigste konge kong Christian den Tredie, konge til Danmark og Norge &c. &c. &c. hans historie'']. Volume 1. Andreas Hartvig Godiche, Copenhagen. [20] + 180 + [2] + 767 + [1]&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|44037594}}<!--see also 1202954515--> {{in lang|da}} [Comprises Danish versions of N. Krag's ''Annales'' and S.H. Stephanius's ''Historiæ Danicæ''; translated from Latin by J. Ørslef; edited by B.C. Sandvig with notes taken principally from a manuscript history of [[Christian III]] apparently written by [[Claus Christoffersen Lyschander|C.C. Lyskander]].]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Stephen1944|reference=Stephen, A.C. (1944). The Cephalopoda of Scottish and adjacent waters. ''[[Transactions of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]'' '''61'''(1)[Sep.]: 247–270. {{doi|10.1017/S0080456800018123}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Stephen1962|reference=Stephen, A.C. (1962). The species of ''Architeuthis'' inhabiting the North Atlantic. ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh]]'' '''68'''(2)[Jul.]: 147–161, 2 plates. {{doi|10.1017/S0080455X00000989}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Stevens1980|reference=Stevens, G.R. (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=IsoKAQAAIAAJ ''New Zealand Adrift: The Theory of Continental Drift in a New Zealand Setting'']. Reed, Wellington. xxii + 442&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-589-01184-7}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Stevens1988|reference=Stevens, G.R. (1988). Giant ammonites: a review. [pp.&nbsp;141–166] In: J. Wiedmann & J. Kullmann (eds.) ''[https://books.google.com/books?id=SMoTAQAAIAAJ Cephalopods – Present and Past: O.H. Schindewolf Symposium Tübingen 1985]''. E. Schweizerbart'sche Verlagsbuchhandlung, Stuttgart.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Storm1897|reference=Storm, V. (1897). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11534511 Om 2 udenfor Trondhjemsfjorden fundne kjæmpeblækspruter]. ''[[Naturen: Illustreret Månedsskrift for Populær Naturvidenskab]]'' '''21'''(4)[Apr.]: 97–102, 2 figures. {{in lang|no}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Strauss1975|reference=Strauss, W.L. (1975). The monk fish found at Copenhagen in the sea of Denmark in 1546. [p.&nbsp;393] In: [https://books.google.com/books?id=ADQRAQAAMAAJ ''The German Single-Leaf Woodcut 1550–1600: A Pictorial Catalogue. Volume 1: A–J.''] Abaris Books, New York. xv + 467&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|1070172397}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=SueurHermel2017|reference=Sueur-Hermel, V. (2017). [https://books.google.com/books?id=aXgnDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA64 Anonymous, ''Giant Squid, Found Dead in Ireland'', 1674]. [pp.&nbsp;64–65] In: [[Rémi Mathis|R. Mathis]] & V. Sueur-Hermel (eds.) [https://books.google.com/books?id=aXgnDwAAQBAJ ''Animal: A Beastly Compendium. Treasures from the Prints and Photographs Department at the Bibliothèque Nationale de France.''] Bloomsbury, London. 164&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|1-4742-7494-3}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Suter1913|reference=[[Henry Suter|Suter, H.]] (1913). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1322133 Fam. Architeuthidæ, Hoyle]. [pp.&nbsp;1047–1053] In: [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1322773 ''Manual of the New Zealand Mollusca'']. John Mackay, Wellington. xxiii + 1120&nbsp;pp.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Sweeney2017|reference=Sweeney, M.J. (2017). [https://cephalopod.files.wordpress.com/2017/05/recent-cephalopoda-primary-types.pdf Recent cephalopod primary type specimens: a searching tool]. [Version 2; last updated March 2017.] Cephalopod International Advisory Council. 411&nbsp;pp. [unpaginated]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=SweeneyRoper2001|reference=Sweeney, M.J. & [[Clyde Roper|C.F.E. Roper]] (2001). [https://web.archive.org/web/20111002144426/https://invertebrates.si.edu/cephs/archirec.pdf Records of ''Architeuthis'' Specimens from Published Reports]. [Last updated 4 May 2001.] [[National Museum of Natural History]]. 132&nbsp;pp. [unpaginated] [Archived from [http://invertebrates.si.edu/cephs/archirec.pdf the original] on 2 October 2011.]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=SweeneyYoung2003|reference=Sweeney, M.J. & [[Richard E. Young|R.E. Young]] (2003). [http://tolweb.org/accessory/Architeuthidae_Taxa?acc_id=1798 Taxa Associated with the Family Architeuthidae Pfeffer, 1900]. [[Tree of Life Web Project]].}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Switek2011|reference=Switek, B. (2011). [http://www.smithsonianmag.com/science-nature/The-Giant-Squid-Dragon-of-the-Deep.html The Giant Squid: Dragon of the Deep]. [[Smithsonian.com]], 22 June 2011.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=SykesBegley2014|reference=Sykes, E. & T. Begley (2014). [http://www.abc.net.au/local/stories/2014/01/28/3933716.htm Giant creatures from the deep revealed]. ABC Brisbane, 28 January 2014.}}

==== T ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=TambsLyche1946|reference=Tambs-Lyche, H.<!--not [[Hans Tambs Lyche]]--> (1946). [http://marcus.uib.no/instance/issue/ubb-tskr-naturen-1946-09.html Et nytt funn av kjempeblekksprut ved norskekysten]. ''[[Naturen: Illustrert Månedsskrift for Populær Naturvitenskap]]'' '''70'''(9)[Sep.]: 287–288. {{in lang|no}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Tarasevich1968|reference=Tarasevich, M.N. (1968). Food composition of sperm whales in the northern Pacific. ''[[Zoologicheskii Zhurnal]]'' '''47'''(4)[Apr.]: 595–601. {{in lang|ru}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Taylor1932|reference=Taylor, M.R. (1932). [https://issuu.com/suffolknaturalistssociety/docs/tsns2_1_a Great squids]. ''Transactions of the Suffolk Naturalists' Society'' '''2'''(1): 1–3.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Thomas1795|reference=Thomas, A. [1795] (1968). [https://books.google.com/books?id=-8MJAQAAIAAJ ''The Newfoundland Journal of Aaron Thomas, Able Seaman in H.M.S. Boston: a journal written during a voyage from England to Newfoundland and from Newfoundland to England in the years 1794 and 1795, addressed to a friend'']. [Edited by J.M. Murray.] Longmans, London. xxiii + 212&nbsp;pp.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Thurston1989|reference=Thurston, H. (1989). Quest for the Kraken. ''Equinox: The Magazine of Canadian Discovery'' no. 46[Jul.–Aug.]: 50–55.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=TMAG2007|reference=&#91;[[Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery|TMAG]]&#93; (2007). [https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-1382400199/view The giant squid (''Architeuthis'' sp.) from Ocean Beach, Strahan: 10–12 July, 2007]. [[Tasmanian Museum and Art Gallery]], Hobart. 28&nbsp;pp.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=TollHess1981|reference=Toll, R.B. & S.C. Hess (1981). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/34607264 A small, mature male ''Architeuthis'' (Cephalopoda: Oegopsida) with remarks on maturation in the family]. ''[[Proceedings of the Biological Society of Washington]]'' '''94'''(3)[Oct.]: 753–760.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Tratz1973|reference=[[Eduard Paul Tratz|Tratz, E.P.]] (1973). Der Riesenkalmar (''Architeuthis'') im Haus der Natur. Haus der Natur, Salzburg. 15&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|721114691}} {{in lang|de}}}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Tryon1879a|reference=[[George Washington Tryon|Tryon Jr., G.W.]] (1879a). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11033298 Gigantic cephalopods: historical and fabulous]. [pp.&nbsp;74–91] In: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11033260 ''Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic. Vol. I. Cephalopoda.''] Published by the author, Philadelphia. 316&nbsp;pp. 112 plates.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Tryon1879b|reference=Tryon Jr., G.W. (1879b). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11033325 Systematic: Class Cephalopoda]. [pp.&nbsp;101–270] In: [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11033260 ''Manual of Conchology; Structural and Systematic. Vol. I. Cephalopoda.''] Published by the author, Philadelphia. 316&nbsp;pp. 112 plates.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Turner1963|reference=Turner, H.J. (1963). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/1513091 Giant squid]. ''Oceanus'' '''9'''(4): 22–24, 2 figures.}}

==== U ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=UCPH2013|reference=&#91;[[University of Copenhagen|UCPH]]] (2013). [https://news.ku.dk/all_news/2013/2013.3/squid_dna_tom_inger/ Monster from the deep hits the surface]. [[University of Copenhagen]], 20 March 2013.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Uragoda2005|reference=[[C. G. Uragoda|Uragoda, C.G.]] (2005). Sinking of a schooner by a giant squid off Trincomalee in 1874. ''Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society of Sri Lanka'' (new ser.)'''51''': 97–100. {{JSTOR|23731245}}}}

==== V ====

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* {{wikicite|ref=Vedel1575|reference=[[Anders Sørensen Vedel|Vedel, A.S.]] (1575). [https://archive.org/details/den-kbd-pil-130018102804-001 ''Den Danske Krønicke som Saxo Grammaticus screff, halfffierde hundrede Aar forleden: Nu først aff Latinen udsæt, flittelige offuerseet oc forbedret'']. Hans Støckelman & Andream Gutteruitz, Copenhagen. [36] + DXLVII + [32]&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|78149521}} {{in lang|da}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Velain1875|reference=[[Charles Vélain|Vélain, C.]] (1875). Observations effectuees a l'Ile Saint-Paul. ''[[Comptes Rendus Hebdomadaires des Séances de l'Académie des Sciences]]'' '''80'''(15)[Jul.?]: 998–1003. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Velain1877|reference=Vélain, C. (1877). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/45594054 Passage de Vénus sur le Soleil (9 Décembre 1874). Expédition française aux Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam. Zoologie. Observations générales sur la faune des deux iles suivies d'une description des mollusques.] ''Archives de Zoologie Expérimentale et Générale'' '''6''': 1–144, 9 figures, 5 plates. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Velain1878|reference=Vélain, C. (1878). ''Passage de Venus sur le Soleil (9 December 1874) Expedition Francaise aux Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam sous le commandement de M. Mouchez, Capitaine de Vaisseau. Remarques generales au sujet de la faune des Iles Saint-Paul et Amsterdam suivies d'une description de la faune malacologique des deux iles.'' These presentee à la Faculte des Sciences deParis, A. Hennuyer, Paris, 143 pages, 9 figures, 5 plates. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1874a|reference=[[Addison Emery Verrill|Verrill, A.E.]] (1874a). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36821558 Occurrence of gigantic cuttle-fishes on the coast of Newfoundland]. ''[[The American Journal of Science and Arts]]'' (ser. 3)'''7'''(38)[Feb.]: 158–161. [Reprinted: Verrill, A.E. (1874). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24342643 Occurrence of gigantic cuttlefishes on the coast of Newfoundland]. ''[[The Annals and Magazine of Natural History]]'' (ser. 4)'''13'''(75)[Mar.]: 255–258. {{doi|10.1080/00222937408680852}}]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1874b|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1874b). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/41393177 The giant cuttle-fishes of Newfoundland and the common squids of the New England coast]. ''[[The American Naturalist]]'' '''8'''(3)[Mar.]: 167–174, 4 figures. {{JSTOR|2448747}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1875a|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1875a). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44178668 The colossal cephalopods of the North Atlantic]. ''[[The American Naturalist]]'' '''9'''(1)[Jan.]: 21–36, 11 figures. {{JSTOR|2448361}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1875b|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1875b). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/44178639 The colossal cephalopods of the North Atlantic, II]. ''[[The American Naturalist]]'' '''9'''(2)[Feb.]: 78–86, 4 figures. {{JSTOR|2448586}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1875c|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1875c). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36821220 Notice of the occurrence of another gigantic cephalopod (''Architeuthis'') on the coast of Newfoundland, in December, 1874]. ''[[The American Journal of Science and Arts]]'' (ser. 3)'''10'''(57)[Sep.]: 213–214. {{doi|10.2475/ajs.s3-10.57.213}} <!-- -->[Reprinted: Verrill, A.E. (1875). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/25128148 Notice of the occurrence of another gigantic cephalopod (''Architeuthis'') on the coast of Newfoundland, in December 1874]. ''[[The Annals and Magazine of Natural History]]'' (ser. 4)'''16'''(94)[Oct.]: 266–268. {{doi|10.1080/00222937508681845}}]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1876|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1876). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36867084 Note on gigantic cephalopods,—a correction.] ''[[The American Journal of Science and Arts]]'' (ser. 3)'''12'''(69)[Sep.]: 236–237.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1877|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1877). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36334091 Occurrence of another gigantic cephalopod on the coast of Newfoundland]. ''[[The American Journal of Science and Arts]]'' (ser. 3)'''14'''(83)[Nov.]: 425–426.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1878|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1878). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36841488 Notice of recent additions to the marine fauna of the eastern coast of North America]. ''[[The American Journal of Science and Arts]]'' (ser. 3)'''16'''(93)[Sep.]: 207–215. {{doi|10.2475/ajs.s3-16.93.207}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1880a|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1880a). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35718179 The cephalopods of the north-eastern coast of America. Part I.—The gigantic squids (''Architeuthis'') and their allies; with observations on similar large species from foreign localities]. ''[[Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences]]'' '''5'''(1)[Dec. 1879 – Mar. 1880]: 177–257, 14 plates, 2 figures. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.35965}} [Reprinted with minor changes as part of [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c)]].]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1880b|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1880b). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/36842632 Synopsis of the Cephalopoda of the north-eastern coast of America]. ''[[The American Journal of Science]]'' (ser. 3)'''19'''(112)[Apr.]: 284–295, 5 plates.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1881a|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1881a). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38922882 Giant squid (''Architeuthis'') abundant in 1875, at the Grand Banks]. ''[[The American Journal of Science]]'' (ser. 3)'''21'''(123)[Mar.]: 251–252. [Reprinted: Verrill, A.E. (1881). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/24722850 Giant squid (''Architeuthis'') abundant in 1875 at the Grand Banks]. ''[[The Annals and Magazine of Natural History]]'' (ser. 5)'''7'''(40)[Apr.]: 351–352. {{doi|10.1080/00222938109459527}}]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1881b|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1881b). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/35718319 The cephalopods of the northeastern coast of America. Part II. The smaller cephalopods, including the "squids" and the octopi, with other allied forms]. ''[[Transactions of the Connecticut Academy of Arts and Sciences]]'' '''5'''(2)[Jun. 1880 – Dec. 1881]: 259–446, 31 plates. [Reprinted with minor changes as part of [[#Verrill1882c|Verrill (1882c)]].]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1882a|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1882a). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38921710 Occurrence of an additional specimen of ''Architeuthis'' at Newfoundland]. ''[[The American Journal of Science]]'' (ser. 3)'''23'''(133)[Jan.]: 71–72.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1882b|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1882b). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38921711 &#91;Review of&#93; Descriptions of some new and rare Cephalopoda. Part II. &#91;...&#93; By Richard Owen.] ''[[The American Journal of Science]]'' (ser. 3)'''23'''(133)[Jan.]: 72–75.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1882c|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1882c). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11721710 Report on the cephalopods of the northeastern coast of America]. [Extracted from ''Annual Report of the Commissioner of Fish and Fisheries for 1879'', pp.&nbsp;211–455.] [[Government Printing Office]], Washington, D.C. 244&nbsp;pp. 46 plates. {{doi|10.5962/bhl.title.11329}} [Reprint with minor changes; originally published in two parts as [[#Verrill1880a|Verrill (1880a)]] and [[#Verrill1881b|Verrill (1881b)]].]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1882d|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1882d). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/38920642 &#91;Review of&#93; Description of new Cephalopoda; by T. W. Kirk.] ''[[The American Journal of Science]]'' (ser. 3)'''24'''(144)[Dec.]: 477.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Verrill1897|reference=Verrill, A.E. (1897). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/40360681 A gigantic cephalopod on the Florida coast]. ''[[The American Journal of Science]]'' (ser. 4)'''3'''(13)[Jan.]: 79. [Reprinted: Verrill, A.E. (1897). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/19267716 A gigantic cephalopod on the Florida coast]. ''[[The Annals and Magazine of Natural History]]'' (ser. 6)'''19'''(110)[Feb.]: 240. {{doi|10.1080/00222939708680533}}]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=GEVerrill1958|reference=Verrill, G.E. (1958). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=wu.89088767207 ''The Ancestry, Life and Work of Addison E. Verrill of Yale University'']. Pacific Coast Publishing Company, Santa Barbara. vii + 99&nbsp;pp. {{OCLC|427636826}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Volsoeetal1962|reference=Volsøe, A., J. Knudsen & [[William James Rees|W. Rees]] (1962). ''The cephalopod papers of Japetus Steenstrup; a translation into English''. Danish Science Press, Copenhagen. 330&nbsp;pp.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Voss1956|reference=[[Gilbert L. Voss|Voss, G.L.]] (1956). [http://www.ingentaconnect.com/content/umrsmas/bullmar/1956/00000006/00000002/art00001 A review of the cephalopods of the Gulf of Mexico]. ''[[Bulletin of Marine Science]]'' '''6'''(2): 85–178.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Voss1971|reference=Voss, G.L. (1971). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KiUIAAAAIAAJ Study of squid fisheries and giant squid of the North Atlantic]. [[National Geographic Society Research Reports]], 1965 Projects, pp.&nbsp;241–244.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Voss1998|reference=Voss, G.L. (1998). Notes on the genus ''Architeuthis''. [pp.&nbsp;102–104] In: E.C. Förch. The marine fauna of New Zealand: Cephalopoda: Oegopsida: Architeuthidae (giant squid). ''[[NIWA Biodiversity Memoir]]'' '''110''': 1–113, 28 figures. {{ISBN|0-478-08447-1}}.}}

==== W ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Wadaetal2014|reference=Wada, T., Y. Tokuda & K. Ichisawa (2014). [http://www.pref.tottori.lg.jp/secure/1072772/8593.pdf 鳥取県立博物館のダイオウイカ液浸展示標本 / Report on a specimen of the giant squid ''Architeuthis dux'' stranded at Uradome coast of Tottori Prefecture, southwestern Sea of Japan]. ''[[Bulletin of the Tottori Prefectural Museum]]'' '''51'''[20 Mar.]: 67–71. {{NAID|40020061980}} {{in lang|ja}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Walker2011|reference=Walker, M. (2011). [https://www.bbc.co.uk/blogs/wondermonkey/2011/05/is-the-giant-squid-the-new-gia.shtml Is the giant squid the new giant panda?] [[BBC Nature|BBC Nature: Wonder Monkey]], 13 May 2011.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Walker2016|reference=Walker, M. (2016). [http://www.bbc.com/earth/story/20160524-the-27-metre-long-giant-sea-monster The 27-metre-long giant sea monster: Giant squid can grow to extraordinary lengths]. [[BBC Earth]], 27 May 2016.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Wechsler1999|reference=Wechsler, K. (1999). Negativ denken – Positiv arbeiten. Herstellung eines Riesenkalmar-Modelles (''Architeuthis'') unter Verwendung der computergestützten CNC-Technik. ''Der Präparator'' '''45'''(2): 63–76. {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=WelfareFairley1980|reference=Welfare, S. & J. Fairley (1980). [https://books.google.com/books?id=uGUNAQAAMAAJ The kraken]. [pp. 71–76] In: ''[[Arthur C. Clarke's Mysterious World]]''. A & W Publishers, New York. 217&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-89479-075-7}}.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Williams2011|reference=Williams, W. (2011). ''Kraken: The Curious, Exciting, and Slightly Disturbing Science of Squid''. Abrams Image, New York. 223&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-8109-8465-2}}.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Wilson1877|reference=Wilson, A. (1877). [https://books.google.com/books?id=KYQ4AAAAYAAJ&pg=PA335 On giants]. ''[[The Gentleman's Magazine]]'' '''241'''(1761)[Sep.]: 335–348.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Winkelmann2011|reference=Winkelmann, I. (2011). A molecular search for the giant squid: what can mitochondrial genomes reveal about ''Architeuthis''? MSc thesis, [[University of Copenhagen]], Copenhagen. 77&nbsp;pp.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Winkelmannetal2012|reference=Winkelmann, I., J.M. Strugnell & M.T.P. Gilbert (2012). [http://www.ciac2012brazil.com.br/trabalhos/trabalho_aprovado.php?id_trabalho=9557 O60 – A molecular search for the giant squid]. [p.&nbsp;65] In: [https://web.archive.org/web/20130921054522/http://www.ciac2012brazil.com.br/CIAC%202012%20Book%20of%20Abstracts.pdf ''Cephalopod International Advisory Council Symposium, 27 Oct – 02 Nov 2012, Majestic Palace Hotel, Florianópolis, SC, Brazil: Abstracts'']. Instituto Argonauta.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Winkelmannetal2013|reference=Winkelmann, I., P.F. Campos, J. Strugnell, Y. Cherel, P.J. Smith, [[Tsunemi Kubodera|T. Kubodera]], L. Allcock, M.-L. Kampmann, H. Schroeder, Á. Guerra, [[Mark Norman (marine biologist)|M. Norman]], J. Finn, D. Ingrao, M.R. Clarke & M.T.P. Gilbert (2013). Mitochondrial genome diversity and population structure of the giant squid ''Architeuthis'': genetics sheds new light on one of the most enigmatic marine species. ''[[Proceedings of the Royal Society B: Biological Sciences]]'' '''280'''(1759): 20130273. {{doi|10.1098/rspb.2013.0273}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Wood1982|reference=Wood, G.L. (1982). ''The Guinness Book of Animal Facts and Feats''. [third edition] Guinness Superlatives, London. 252&nbsp;pp. {{ISBN|0-85112-235-3}}.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Wright1878|reference=[[Edward Percival Wright|Wright, E.P.]] (1878). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/18643369 The islands of St. Paul and Amsterdam]. ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' '''17'''(434)[21 Feb.]: 326–329. {{doi|10.1038/017326b0}}}}

<span id="X"></span>

==== Y ====

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* {{wikicite|ref=Yoshikawa2014|reference=Yoshikawa, S. (2014). [http://www.japantimes.co.jp/news/2014/02/19/national/giant-squids-turning-up-along-sea-of-japan-coast/ Giant squids turning up along Sea of Japan coast]. ''[[The Japan Times]]'', 19 February 2014.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Young2004|reference=Young, E. (2004). [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn6737-giant-squid-to-be-plastinated-for-posterity.html Giant squid to be 'plastinated' for posterity]. ''[[New Scientist]]'', 3 December 2004.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Yukhov2014|reference=Yukhov, V.L. (2014). [http://dspace.nbuv.gov.ua/bitstream/handle/123456789/129663/24-Yukhov.pdf Гигантские кальмары рода ''Architeuthis'' в Южном океане / Giant calmaries<!--sic--> ''Architeuthis'' in the Southern ocean]. [Gigantskiye kalmary roda ''Architeuthis'' v Yuzhnom okeane.] ''Ukrainian Antarctic Journal'' no. 13: 242–253. {{in lang|ru}}}} <!--https://web.archive.org/web/20180128215235/http://www.uac.gov.ua/custom_content_source_list/uaj/uaj13/uag13_242.pdf-->

==== Z ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Zukerman2010|reference=Zukerman, W. (2010). [https://www.newscientist.com/article/dn18619-giant-squid-get-radical-plastic-surgery.html Giant squid get radical plastic surgery]. ''[[New Scientist]]'', 8 March 2010.}}

==== Author unknown ====

{{Compact TOC|side=yes|name=no|z=[[#Z|Z]]{{·}}[[#Author unknown|Anon.]]}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anonc1673|reference=&#91;[[Anonymous work|Anon.]]] ({{circa}} 1673). ''A Wonderful Fish or Beast that was lately killed, by James Steward, as it came of its own accord to Him out of the sea to the Shore, where he was alone on Hors-back at the Harbour's Mouth of Dingle-Icoush'' [...].<!--sic--> &#91;[[incipit]]] Dublin. 1 sheet. {{OCLC|952032012}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1849|reference=[Anon.] (1849). [https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B4-JPZcBBQpNcm1tbi04TnJ5T0E/view The sea-serpent.] ''The Pictorial National Library'' '''3'''(19): 263–268.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1873|reference=[Anon.] (1873). [https://www.nytimes.com/1873/12/08/archives/a-sea-monster-description-of-a-gigantic-newfoundland-cuttlefish-one.html A sea monster: description of a gigantic Newfoundland cuttle-fish]. ''[[The New York Times]]'', 8 December 1873, p.&nbsp;2.}}<!--https://www.newspapers.com/image/20505696/-->
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1874|reference=[Anon.] (1874). [https://biodiversitylibrary.org/page/28906033 The existence of gigantic Cephalopoda in American waters has long been suspected &#91;...&#93;]. &#91;[[incipit]]] ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' '''9'''(226)[26 Feb.]: 332–333. {{doi|10.1038/009331a0}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1877a|reference=[Anon.] (1877a). [http://www.canadiana.ca/view/oocihm.8_06230_415/11 The monster devil fish]. ''[[Canadian Illustrated News]]'' '''16'''(17)[27 Oct.]: 266, 269, 1 figure.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1877b|reference=[Anon.] (1877b). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015038634450&view=1up&seq=732 The great devil-fish]. ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'' '''21'''(1088)[3 Nov.]: 867–868, 1 figure.}}
* <!-- -->{{wikicite|ref=Anon1877c|reference=[Anon.] (1877c). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/cns_article/ThePennyIllustratedPaperV33N849.pdf The great devil-fish]. ''[[The Penny Illustrated Paper and Illustrated Times]]'' '''33'''(849)[17 Nov.]: 305–306, 1 figure.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1881|reference=[Anon.]<!--Morris?--> (1881). [https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000020243258&view=1up&seq=409 A gigantic devil-fish]. ''[[Harper's Weekly]]'' '''25'''(1303)[10 Dec.]: 821–822, 1 figure.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1890|reference=[Anon.] (1890). [https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/11107872 Kjæmpeblækspruter]. ''[[Naturen: Illustreret Maanedsskrift for Populær Naturvidenskab]]'' '''14'''(6)[Jun.]: 190. {{in lang|no}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1899|reference=[Anon.] (1899). ''Führer durch die Zoologische Schausammlung des Museums für Naturkunde in Berlin''. [[Natural History Museum, Berlin|Museum für Naturkunde]], Berlin. {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1902a|reference=[Anon.] (1902a). ''Führer durch die Zoologische Schausammlung des Museums für Naturkunde in Berlin''. [second edition] [[Natural History Museum, Berlin|Museum für Naturkunde]], Berlin. {{in lang|de}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1902b|reference=[Anon.] (1902b). [https://www.newspapers.com/clip/12529584/fight_with_an_octopus/ Fight with an octopus: fishers attacked in their boat by huge devilfish]. ''[[The Anniston Hot Blast]]'', 12 February 1902, p.&nbsp;6, 2 figures.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1933|reference=[Anon.] (1933). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/telegram/EveningTelegram19331221.pdf Giant squid twenty feet long]. [[The Telegram|''The Evening Telegram'' (St. John's)]] '''55'''(288)[21 Dec.]: 15.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1934|reference=[Anon.] (1934). A giant squid. ''[[The Scotsman]]'', 27 January 1934. p.&nbsp;15.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1938a|reference=[Anon.] (1938a). [https://issuu.com/suffolknaturalistssociety/docs/tsns4_1_b The Mollusca of Suffolk]. ''Transactions of the Suffolk Naturalists' Society'' '''4'''(1): 2–22.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1938b|reference=[Anon.] (1938b). Another great squid. [pp.&nbsp;83–84] In: [https://issuu.com/suffolknaturalistssociety/docs/tsns4_1_j Observations]. ''Transactions of the Suffolk Naturalists' Society'' '''4'''(1): 52–98.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1966|reference=[Anon.] (1966). [https://books.google.com/books?id=6uZJAAAAYAAJ New developments in the exhibits areas]. ''[[Discovery: Magazine of the Peabody Museum of Natural History]]'' '''1'''(2): 45–46.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1968|reference=[Anon.] (1968). [https://books.google.com/books?id=HiYUAQAAIAAJ&q=%22giant+squid%22 The undeniable Kraken]. ''American Oceanography'' [1968]: 1, 7.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1969|reference=[Anon.] (1969). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/mun_gazette/MUNGaz_V01N17.pdf Giant squid links Yale with Memorial]. ''[[The Gazette (Newfoundland)|M.U.N Gazette]]'' '''1'''(17)[28 Mar.]: 13.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1971|reference=[Anon.] (1971). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/mun_gazette/MUNGaz_V03N06LearnedEdition.pdf A tour of the Marine Sciences Research Laboratory at Logy Bay]. ''[[The Gazette (Newfoundland)|M.U.N Gazette]]'' '''3'''(6)[11 Jun.]: 3.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1988|reference=[Anon.] (1988). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/mun_gazette/MUNGaz_V21N09.pdf Beebe Project: International response to dive for giant squid]. [[The Gazette (Newfoundland)|''Gazette '' (Memorial University of Newfoundland)]] '''21'''(9)[15 Dec.]: 4.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1989|reference=[Anon.] (1989). [https://dai.mun.ca/PDFs/luminus/LuminusVol15No1Winter1989.pdf The search for Nemo's adversary]. ''Luminus'' '''15'''(1): 6–7.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon1999|reference=[Anon.] (1999). The editors recommend. ''[[Scientific American]]'' '''280'''(3): 109–110. {{JSTOR|26058106}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon2000|reference=[Anon.] (2000). [https://web.archive.org/web/20160413004844/https://www.newscientist.com/article/mg16722566-600-feedback/ Feedback]. ''[[New Scientist]]'' '''167'''(2256)[16 Sep.]: 104.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anonc2001|reference=[Anon.] ({{circa}} 2001). [[:File:Thimble Tickle giant squid sculpture (3).jpg|''The Giant Squid of Thimble Tickle'']]. [information plaque] [[Giant Squid Interpretation Site]], Glovers Harbour.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon2004a|reference=[Anon.] (2004a). [http://archives.news.yale.edu/v32.n29/story6.html With a hoisting of tentacles, giant squid returns to Peabody]. ''[[Yale Bulletin & Calendar]]'' '''32'''(29), 7 May 2004.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon2004b|reference=[Anon.] (2004b). [http://archives.news.yale.edu/v33.n3/story3.html Exhibit explores mysteries of the giant squid]. ''[[Yale Bulletin & Calendar]]'' '''33'''(3), 17 September 2004.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon2010|reference=[Anon.] (2010). [http://www.stuff.co.nz/auckland/local-news/western-leader/3542022/Scientist-shows-silicone-sealed-squid Scientist shows silicone-sealed squid]. ''[[Western Leader]]'', 6 April 2010.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon2014a|reference=[Anon.] (2014a). [http://www.lapresse.ca/voyage/destinations/europe/espagne/201402/03/01-4735031-une-tempete-detruit-la-plus-grande-collection-de-calamars-geants-au-monde.php Une tempête détruit «la plus grande collection» de calamars géants au monde]. [[Agence France-Presse|AFP]] via ''[[La Presse (Canadian newspaper)|La Presse]]'', 3 February 2014. {{in lang|fr}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon2014b|reference=[Anon.] (2014b). [http://www.levante-emv.com/comarcas/2014/02/04/calamar-gigante-gandia-salva-temporal/1075304.html El calamar gigante de Gandia se salva del temporal del Cantábrico]. ''[[Levante-EMV]]'', 4 February 2014. {{in lang|es}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon2016|reference=[Anon.] (2016). Squid may reach epic sizes. ''[[Nature (journal)|Nature]]'' '''534'''(7605): 9. {{doi|10.1038/534009d}}}}
* {{wikicite|ref=Anon2020|reference=[Anon.] (2020). [https://www.aquarium.co.za/blog/entry/everything-you-need-to-know-about-giant-squids Everything you need to know about giant squids]. [[Two Oceans Aquarium]] blog, 11 June 2020.}}
* {{wikicite|ref=stamp|reference=[Anon.] ({{abbr|N.d.|No date}}). [https://www.canadianpostagestamps.ca/stamps/18409/the-giant-squid The Giant Squid]. Canadian Postage Stamps.}}
{{refend}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Giant squid specimens and sightings}}
[[Category:Giant squid]]
[[Category:Lists of animal specimens]]