View source for List of crewed spacecraft

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use American English|date=December 2024}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=February 2021}}

[[File:Aldrin Looks Back at Tranquility Base - GPN-2000-001102.jpg|thumb|upright=1.3|Apollo 11 [[Lunar Module Eagle|Lunar Module ''Eagle'']] was the first crewed spacecraft to land on the Moon (July 20, 1969).]]
This is a list of all crewed spacecraft types that have flown into space, including sub-orbital flights above 80&nbsp;km, space stations that have been visited by at least one crew member, and spacecraft currently planned to operate with crews in the future.<ref>{{Cite web|title=NASA Launch Schedule|url=https://www.nasa.gov/launchschedule|access-date=2022-02-09|website=NASA|language=en}}</ref> It does not contain spacecraft that have only flown uncrewed and have retired from service, even if they were designed for crewed flight, such as [[Buran (spacecraft)|Buran]], or crewed flights by spacecraft below 80&nbsp;km. There is some debate concerning the height at which space is reached (the [[Karman Line]]): the [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]] (FAI) recognizes 100&nbsp;km, while [[NASA]] and the [[USAF]] recognize this as 50 miles (approx 80&nbsp;km).<ref>{{Cite web|author1=Meghan Bartels|date=2020-05-23|title=Here's every spaceship that's ever carried an astronaut into orbit|url=https://www.space.com/every-crewed-spacecraft-human-spaceflight-history.html|access-date=2022-02-09|website=Space.com|language=en}}</ref>

Since the first crewed spaceflight of [[Vostok 1]] in 1961 there have been 13 types of spacecraft that have made crewed flights into space – nine American, three Russian, and one Chinese.  There are currently five operational crewed spacecraft, which form the first part of the list below; the eight retired spacecraft types are listed in the next section; and crewed spacecraft currently in development are listed last.  Space stations are listed beneath each appropriate section, dates of operation reflect when the first and last crews visited, not when they were launched and deorbited.  There are currently two space stations in orbit around Earth, the [[International Space Station]] and the Chinese [[Tiangong space station]].

'''Manned spacecraft''' are designed to support human life for the human spaceflight portion of the mission. Spacecraft for human spaceflight must have a [[human-rating certification]] as fit for purpose. Manned spacecraft must have a pressurized, breathable atmosphere (usually between 345 [[Bar (unit)|mbar]] and 1 bar (1 [[Standard atmosphere (unit)|atmosphere]])) and be temperature-regulated (usually {{convert|20|to|24|C|F}}). Manned spacecraft include [[space capsule]]s, [[spaceplane]]s, and [[space station]]s.
{{TOC limit|limit=3}}

== Currently operational crewed spacecraft ==
=== Soyuz (1967) ===
{{main|Soyuz (spacecraft)}}
[[File:Soyuz TMA-7 spacecraft2.jpg|thumb|right|Soyuz-TMA spacecraft]]
[[Russia]]n three person Earth orbital spacecraft;<ref>Gatland, pp.148-165</ref> Early versions were operated by the [[Soviet Union]] and later versions by [[Russia]] after 1991. [[Soyuz (spacecraft)|Soyuz]] has completed over 150 crewed spaceflights, including two emergency sub-orbital flights: [[Soyuz 7K-T No.39|Soyuz 18a]] and [[Soyuz MS-10]]. There have been two spacecraft losses resulting in the deaths of four cosmonauts, [[Soyuz 1]] and [[Soyuz 11]]. Soyuz is the only spacecraft to have successfully saved the lives of a crew using the rocket [[launch escape system]], when in 1983 [[Soyuz 7K-ST No.16L|Soyuz T-10-1]] exploded on the launchpad. This spacecraft type has flown into space more times than any other spacecraft.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.bbc.com/future/story/20141202-the-greatest-spacecraft-ever|title=Soyuz: The Soviet space survivor|first=Richard|last=Hollingham|publisher=BBC|date=2 December 2014}}</ref>

=== Shenzhou (2003) ===
{{main|Shenzhou (spacecraft)}}
[[China|Chinese]] three-person Earth orbital spacecraft. Shenzhou is [[China]]'s first crewed spacecraft. On 15 October 2003, [[Yang Liwei]] was carried into space by [[Shenzhou 5]] becoming China's first [[Astronaut|Taikonaut]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.aerospace-technology.com/projects/shenzhou-spacecraft-programme-china/|title=Shenzhou Manned Spacecraft Programme|publisher=Aerospace Technology|date=2012-06-16|access-date=2018-08-26}}</ref> The spacecraft has gone on to fly crews to China's [[Tiangong-1]] and [[Tiangong-2]] space labs. Since Jun 2021, Shenzhou has been used as the vehicle to send crews to China's new modular [[Tiangong space station]] and back.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57504052|title = China space station: Shenzhou-12 delivers first crew to Tianhe module|work = BBC News|date = 17 June 2021}}</ref> As of December 2023, Shenzhou has made 12 successful crewed spaceflights.

=== Crew Dragon (2020) ===
{{main|SpaceX Dragon 2}}
[[File:Crew Dragon docks at the ISS.jpg|thumb|right|[[Crew Dragon Endeavour|Crew Dragon ''Endeavour'']] docked with the [[International Space Station]]]]
[[United States]] four-person (initially seven) Earth orbital spacecraft designed by [[SpaceX]] to transport astronauts to the [[International Space Station]] under the [[NASA]] [[Commercial Crew Development|Commercial Crew Contract]] ([[Development of the Commercial Crew Program|CCDev]]). As of April 2025, Crew Dragon has made 17 crewed spaceflights. The first crewed flight, [[Crew Dragon Demo-2]], launched on 30 May 2020 and returned to Earth on 2 August 2020. This was the first time an American spacecraft had sent astronauts to orbit since the final Space Shuttle flight in July 2011.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/spacex-crew-dragon-nasa-astronauts-demo-2-launch-date.html|title=SpaceX, NASA target May 27 for 1st Crew Dragon test flight with astronauts|first=Tariq Malik 17|last=April 2020|website=Space.com|date=17 April 2020}}</ref> The first operational flight of the Crew Dragon launched on 15 November 2020 with [[SpaceX Crew-1]].

=== New Shepard (2021) ===
{{main|New Shepard}}
New Shepard is a six-person capsule for suborbital space tourism in the [[United States]]. It is launched by a reusable booster and can fly with or without crew. Uncrewed flights started in 2015. The first crewed test flight flew on 20 July 2021.<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57849364|title = Jeff Bezos launches to space aboard New Shepard rocket ship|work = BBC News|date = 20 July 2021}}</ref> As of December 2023 there have been 24 flights, including six crewed flights carrying a total of 32 passengers into space.

=== Starliner (2024) ===
{{main|Boeing Starliner}}
[[File:CST-100 Starliner - Pad Abort Test,49013402052 f3852e9b3d o.jpg|thumb|right|Starliner performing a pad abort test in 2019]]

The Boeing CST-100 Starliner is a United States five-person (initially seven) Earth orbital spacecraft designed to transport astronauts to the [[International Space Station]] under the [[NASA]] [[Commercial Crew Program]]. Following several technical problems 1  on the [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test|first uncrewed test flight]] in December 2019, a [[Boeing Orbital Flight Test 2|second uncrewed test flight]] launched in May 2022. The following [[Boeing Crewed Flight Test|crewed flight test]] (CFT) launched in June 2024, carrying astronauts Suni Williams and Butch Wilmore to the International Space Station. After experiencing thruster issues during its approach and docking, the astronauts successfully completed their mission at the ISS and departed the station. Due to ongoing assessments and mission adjustments, the Starliner landed uncrewed. The Crew-9 mission, carrying astronauts Nick Hague, Suni Williams, Butch Wilmore, and cosmonaut Aleksandr Gorbunov, splashed down in the Gulf of Mexico off the coast of Florida on March 18, 2025. This landing marked the end of a long space saga for Williams and Wilmore, who arrived at the ISS aboard the Starliner. <ref>{{cite web |date=June 2023 |title=Boeing finds two serious problems with Starliner just weeks before launch |url=https://arstechnica.com/space/2023/06/boeing-stands-down-from-starliner-launch-to-address-recently-found-problems/}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last=Sturm |first=Karin |date=20 November 2023 |title=Stars aligning for Boeing crew launch in April |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2023/11/starliner-asap-nac/ |access-date=21 November 2023 |work=NASASpaceFlight}}</ref><ref>NASA's SpaceX Crew-9 Splashes Down Off Coast of Florida</ref>

== Currently operational space stations ==
{{Main|Space station}}

=== International Space Station (ISS) (1998) ===
{{main|International Space Station}}
[[File:S134e010665 - rotated and darkend.jpg|thumb|right|International Space Station]]
Multinational [[low Earth orbit]] modular space station. The International Space Station is a joint project among five participating space agencies: [[NASA]], [[Roscosmos]], [[JAXA]], [[European Space Agency]] (ESA), and [[Canadian Space Agency]] (CSA).<ref name="PartStates">{{cite web|url=http://www.esa.int/esaHS/partstates.html|title=Human Spaceflight and Exploration—European Participating States|access-date=17 January 2009|publisher=European Space Agency (ESA)|year=2009}}</ref> Following the uncrewed initial assembly from 1998 to 2000, it has been continuously crewed since November 2000. As of 4 March 2024, ISS has been visited by 111 crewed spacecraft (68 Soyuz, 35 Space Shuttle, and 9 Crew Dragon). The ISS is the largest space station yet constructed. It is planned to operate until 2028, with a possible extension to 2030.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/16748-international-space-station.html|title=International Space Station: Facts, History & Tracking|first=Elizabeth Howell 08|last=February 2018|website=Space.com|date=13 October 2021}}</ref>

=== Tiangong Space Station (2021) ===
{{Main|Tiangong space station}}

Chinese low Earth orbit modular space station. The [[Tianhe core module|''Tianhe'' core module]] was launched on 29 April 2021. The first crewed flight [[Shenzhou 12]] with 3 astronauts arrived at the station in June 2021. The space station has three modules: the [[Tianhe Core Module|''Tianhe'' core module]], and two [[Laboratory Cabin Module]]s. The [[Wentian module|''Wentian'']] module docked with the station on 24 July 2022, and the [[Mengtian module|''Mengtian'']] module docked on 31 October 2022.

== Former crewed spacecraft ==
=== Vostok (1961–1963) ===
{{main|Vostok (spacecraft)}}
[[File:Vostok spacecraft.jpg|thumb|Vostok spacecraft]]
[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] single-person Earth orbital spacecraft 6 flights.<ref>Gatland, pp. 109-115</ref> On 12 April 1961 [[Vostok 1]] carried the first human into space, [[Astronaut|Cosmonaut]] [[Yuri Gagarin]].<ref name=NASAorbit>{{cite web |url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/nmc/spacecraft/display.action?id=1961-012A |title=Vostok 1 – NSSDC ID: 1961-012A |publisher=NASA|access-date=November 20, 2022}}</ref> On 16 June 1963, [[Vostok 6]] carried the first woman into space, Cosmonaut [[Valentina Tereshkova]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.space.com/21571-valentina-tereshkova.html|title=Valentina Tereshkova: First Woman in Space |date=22 January 2018 |publisher=Space.com}}</ref>

=== Mercury (1961–1963) ===
{{main|Project Mercury}}
[[United States]] single-person Earth orbital spacecraft 6 flights (including 2 sub-orbital).<ref>Gatland, pp. 148, 151–165</ref> [[Project Mercury|Mercury]] was the United States first crewed spacecraft. On 5 May 1961 [[Mercury-Redstone 3]] carried the first American, [[Alan Shepard]], into space on a sub-orbital flight. On 20 February 1962, [[Mercury-Atlas 6]] carried the first American, [[John Glenn]], into Earth orbit.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mercury/missions/program-toc.html|title=About Project Mercury|first=Sarah|last=Loff|publisher=NASA|date=6 April 2015|access-date=2 April 2018|archive-date=3 February 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170203202103/https://www.nasa.gov/mission_pages/mercury/missions/program-toc.html|url-status=dead}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== X-15 (1962–1968) ===
{{main|North American X-15}}
[[File:X-15 in flight.jpg|thumb|X-15]]
[[United States]] single seat, air-launched sub-orbital spaceplane; two X-15 flights above the 100&nbsp;km [[Kármán line]] occurred in 1963, an additional 11 flights between 1962 and 1968 reached altitudes between 80 and 100&nbsp;km which were recognized as spaceflights by U.S. authorities.<ref>{{cite news|last=Long|first=Tony|date=2007-07-19|title=July 19, 1963: Cracking the 100-Kilometer-High Barrier ... in a Plane|publisher=Wired|url=https://www.wired.com/science/discoveries/news/2007/07/dayintech_0719|access-date=18 November 2011}}</ref>

=== Voskhod (1964–1965) ===
{{main|Voskhod (spacecraft)}}

[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] three person Vostok derivative made 2 flights.<ref>Gatland, pp. 131-113</ref> On 18 March 1965, [[Alexei Leonov]] performed the first [[spacewalk]] in history, from [[Voskhod 2]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/special/2014/newsspec_9035/index.html|title=The First Spacewalk|publisher=BBC News|date=2014}}</ref>

=== Gemini (1965–1966) ===
{{main|Project Gemini}}

[[United States]] two person Earth orbital spacecraft which made 10 flights.<ref>Gatland, pp. 166-185, 266-275</ref> On 3 June 1965, [[Ed White (astronaut)|Ed White]] made America's first [[spacewalk]] during [[Gemini 4]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov/planetary/gemini_4_eva.html|title=The First U.S. Spacewalk - Gemini 4|website=nssdc.gsfc.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA|date=14 May 2020|access-date=13 February 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== Apollo (1968–1975) ===
{{main|Apollo (spacecraft)}}
[[File:Apollo 17 Command Module AS17-145-22261HR.jpg|thumb|right|Apollo 17 [[Apollo Command/Service Module|CSM]] orbiting the Moon]]
[[United States]] three-person lunar-capable spacecraft. 15 flights; including nine lunar missions (with six lunar landings). It was the [[Apollo (spacecraft)|Apollo spacecraft]] that enabled America to win the [[Space Race]]. In December 1968, [[Apollo 8]] was the first crewed spacecraft to orbit the Moon. On 21 July 1969, [[Neil Armstrong]], the Commander of [[Apollo 11]], and [[Buzz Aldrin]] became the first men to walk on the Moon.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.nasa.gov/audience/forstudents/5-8/features/nasa-knows/what-was-apollo-program-58.html|title=What Was the Apollo Program ?|publisher=NASA|date=18 July 2019|access-date=13 February 2021}} {{PD-notice}}</ref> The Apollo Spacecraft comprised:
* The [[Apollo command and service module]] (1968–1975), three-person Earth and lunar orbital craft<ref>Gatland, pp. 190, 278-280</ref>
* The [[Apollo Lunar Module]] (1969–1972), two-person lunar lander<ref>Gatland, pp. 191, 207, 283, 284</ref>

=== Space Shuttle (1981–2011) ===
{{main|Space Shuttle}}
[[File:STS007-32-1702.jpg|thumb|right|[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Space Shuttle ''Challenger'']] in orbit]]
[[United States]] eight person Earth orbital spacecraft; first orbit-capable [[spaceplane]]; first reusable orbital spacecraft. Largest cargo capacity to orbit at the time. 135 spaceflights were made in six shuttles; ''[[Space Shuttle Enterprise|Enterprise]], [[Space Shuttle Columbia|Columbia]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Challenger|Challenger]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Discovery|Discovery]]'', ''[[Space Shuttle Atlantis|Atlantis]]'', and ''[[Space Shuttle Endeavour|Endeavour]]'', of which two (''Challenger'' and ''Columbia'') were destroyed resulting in the deaths of 14 astronauts during missions [[STS-51-L]] and [[STS-107]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.theatlantic.com/photo/2011/07/the-history-of-the-space-shuttle/100097/|title=The History of the Space Shuttle|first=Alan|last=Taylor|website=[[The Atlantic]]}}</ref>

=== SpaceShipOne (2004) ===
{{main|SpaceShipOne}}
[[United States]] privately-developed single pilot, air-launched sub-orbital spaceplane; three flights above the [[Kármán line]] occurred in 2004.

<ref>{{cite web |date=5 March 2019 |title=SpaceShipOne: The First Private Spacecraft – The Most Amazing Flying Machines Ever |url=https://www.space.com/16769-spaceshipone-first-private-spacecraft.html |publisher=Space.com}}</ref>

=== SpaceShipTwo (2018-2024) ===
{{main|SpaceShipTwo}}[[United States]] eight person air-launched sub-orbital space plane operated by [[Virgin Galactic]] aimed at the [[space tourism]] market. On 31 October 2014 during a test flight, [[VSS Enterprise|VSS ''Enterprise'']], the first SpaceShipTwo craft, [[VSS Enterprise crash|broke up in flight and crashed]] in the [[Mojave Desert]].<ref name="NYT-20141031-KC">{{cite news |last1=Chang |first1=Kenneth |last2=Schwartz |first2=John |date=31 October 2014 |title=Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Crashes in New Setback for Commercial Spaceflight |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2014/11/01/science/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-crashes-during-test-flight.html |access-date=1 November 2014 |newspaper=The New York Times}}</ref><ref name="sn20141031">{{cite news |last1=Foust |first1=Jeff |date=2014-10-31 |title=SpaceShipTwo Destroyed in Fatal Test Flight Accident |url=http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/42391spaceshiptwo-destroyed-in-fatal-test-flight-accident |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20141031195325/http://www.spacenews.com/article/launch-report/42391spaceshiptwo-destroyed-in-fatal-test-flight-accident |archive-date=31 October 2014 |access-date=2014-10-31 |publisher=SpaceNews}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |date=October 31, 2014 |title=Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Crashes During Flight Test |url=http://www.nbcnews.com/storyline/virgin-voyage/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-crashes-during-flight-test-n238376 |website=[[NBC News]]}}</ref><ref name="Durden310Oct14">{{cite news |last=Durden |first=Rick |date=31 October 2014 |title=Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo Crashes |url=http://www.avweb.com/avwebflash/news/Virgin-Galactics-SpaceShipTwo-Crashes223025-1.html |access-date=31 October 2014 |publisher=AVweb}}</ref> One pilot was killed.<ref name="dn20141103">{{cite news |last1=Klotz |first1=Irene |date=2014-11-03 |title=SpaceShipTwo's Rocket Engine Did Not Cause Fatal Crash |url=http://news.discovery.com/space/private-spaceflight/spaceshiptwos-rocket-engine-did-not-cause-fatal-crash-141103.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141216114303/http://news.discovery.com/space/private-spaceflight/spaceshiptwos-rocket-engine-did-not-cause-fatal-crash-141103.htm |archive-date=16 December 2014 |access-date=2014-11-03 |publisher=Discovery News}}</ref><ref name="spaceflightnow.com">{{cite web |date=October 31, 2014 |title=Virgin Galactic's SpaceShipTwo rocket plane crashes |url=http://spaceflightnow.com/2014/10/31/virgin-galactics-spaceshiptwo-suffers-anomaly-during-test-flight/}}</ref> The second SpaceShipTwo craft, [[VSS Unity|VSS ''Unity'']], was completed in 2016 and used until its retirement in 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |author1=Tariq Malik |date=2016-09-09 |title=Virgin Galactic's 1st VSS Unity Captive Carry Test Flight in Photos |url=https://www.space.com/34017-virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-unity-captive-test-flight-photos.html |access-date=2024-06-10 |website=Space.com |language=en}}</ref> On 13 December 2018, SpaceShipTwo flew to an altitude of 82.7&nbsp;km, which is recognized as space by the [[FAA]], [[NASA]], and the [[USAF]] (although not the [[Fédération Aéronautique Internationale]]).<ref>{{Cite web |date=13 December 2018 |title=Virgin Galactic launches SpaceShipTwo to the edge of space |url=http://www.theguardian.com/science/2018/dec/13/virgin-galactic-spaceshiptwo-launch-california-edge-of-space |website=the Guardian}}</ref> This was the first time an American spacecraft had sent astronauts to space since the final Space Shuttle flight in 2011. On 11 July 2021 a fourth test flight was made above 80&nbsp;km with six crew aboard, including the company owner [[Richard Branson]].<ref>{{Cite news |date=11 July 2021 |title=Sir Richard Branson takes off on 'extraordinary' space flight |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/news/science-environment-57790040 |work=BBC News}}</ref> SpaceShipTwo made 12 successful crewed spaceflights in 13 attempts. The last flight of VSS ''Unity'' took place on 8 June 2024, marking the spacecraft's retirement.

== Former space stations ==
=== Salyut (1971–1986) ===
{{main|Salyut program}}
[[Soviet Union|Soviet]]/[[Russia]]n [[low Earth orbit]] space stations.<ref>Gatland, pp. 229-246</ref> [[Salyut 1]] (1 crew 1971), [[Salyut 4]] (2 crews 1975), [[Salyut 6]] (6 crews 1977–1981), and [[Salyut 7]] (12 crews 1982–1986). All now de-orbited.<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|url=http://www.pbs.org/spacestation/station/russian.htm|title=Space Station – The Station – Russian Space History|website=pbs.org!publisher=PBS}}</ref>

=== Almaz (1974–1977) ===
{{main|Almaz}}
[[Soviet Union|Soviet]] military reconnaissance low Earth orbit space stations. Badged as [[Salyut 3]] (1 crew 1974), and [[Salyut 5]] (2 crews 1976–1977), as disinformation. Both now deorbited.<ref name="pbs.org"/>

=== Skylab (1973–1974) ===
{{main|Skylab}}
[[United States]] low Earth orbit space station. First United States space station. Visited by 3 crews 1973–1974. It deorbited in 1979.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://phys.org/news/2015-06-history-nasa-skylab-america-space.html|title=History of the NASA Skylab, America's first space station|website=phys.org}}</ref>

=== Mir (1986–2000) ===
{{main|Mir}}

[[Soviet Union|Soviet]]/[[Russia]]n low Earth orbit modular space station. The first modular space station in history. Twenty-eight crews 1986–2000. ''Mir'' was visited by 29 Soyuz and 7 Space Shuttle missions. Mir was deorbited in 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://history.nasa.gov/SP-4225/mir/mir.htm|title=Mir Space Station|website=history.nasa.gov|publisher=NASA}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

=== Tiangong program (2012–2016) ===
{{main|Tiangong program}}
[[China|Chinese]] low Earth orbit space laboratories. [[Tiangong 1]] was China's first space station; launched in 2011, visited by two crews 2012–2013, deorbited in 2018. [[Tiangong 2]] was launched in 2016, visited by one crew in 2016, deorbited in 2019. Both vehicles were single-module laboratories, precursors to the modular [[Tiangong space station]], which has modules derived from Tiangong 1 and 2.

== Crewed spacecraft in development ==

=== Orion ===
{{main|Orion (spacecraft)}}
A spacecraft capable of lunar missions with a crew of four, planned to be used as part of [[NASA]]'s [[Artemis program]]. Consisting of two components – a Crew Module (CM) manufactured by [[Lockheed Martin]], and a [[European Service Module]] (ESM) manufactured by [[Airbus Defence and Space]] – the spacecraft are designed to support crewed exploration beyond [[low Earth orbit]]. Orion is equipped with [[Solar panels on spacecraft|solar power]], an [[NASA Docking System|automated docking system]], and [[glass cockpit]] interfaces modeled after those used in the [[Boeing 787 Dreamliner]], and can support a crew of six in low Earth orbit and a crew of four in lunar orbit, up to 21 days undocked and up to six months docked. A single [[AJ10]] engine provides the spacecraft's primary propulsion, while eight [[R-4D|R-4D-11]] engines and six pods of custom [[reaction control system]] (RCS) engines developed by [[Airbus]] provide the spacecraft's secondary propulsion. Although compatible with other [[launch vehicle]]s, Orion is primarily designed to launch atop the [[Space Launch System]] (SLS) rocket. The first mission on that flew a fully configured Orion spacecraft and service module was [[Artemis I]]. This flight, however, was not a crewed mission and served the purpose of testing the systems of the spacecraft in the environment it was designed for. The first crewed mission [[Artemis II]] is planned for 2026 and will slingshot around the Moon. The following crewed [[Artemis III]] flight is planned for 2027 and will be a lunar landing mission.

=== Starship ===
{{main|SpaceX Starship}}
Planned to be a fully reusable interplanetary spacecraft capable of carrying 100 passengers or cargo. Primarily designed for [[Mars]] missions it is to be capable of landing on all rocky planets or moons in the [[Solar System]] except [[Venus]].<ref name="engadget20181120">{{cite news|last1=Lawler|first1=Richard|title=SpaceX BFR has a new name: Starship|url=https://www.engadget.com/2018/11/20/starship-bfr-spacex/ |access-date=21 November 2018|publisher=Engadget|date=20 November 2018}}</ref> For [[Earth]] launches Starship will need a two-stage configuration with the addition of a powerful first stage booster called Super-Heavy. Flights from all other planetary bodies will not require a first stage booster. Starship will require refuelling in Earth orbit to enable it to reach other Solar System destinations.<ref name="gw20181119">{{cite news|url=https://www.geekwire.com/2018/goodbye-bfr-hello-starship-elon-musk-gives-classic-name-mars-spaceship/|title=Goodbye, BFR ... hello, Starship: Elon Musk gives a classic name to his Mars spaceship|last=Boyle|first=Alan|date=19 November 2018|publisher=GeekWire|access-date=22 November 2018|quote=Starship is the spaceship/upper stage and Super Heavy is the rocket booster needed to escape Earth's deep gravity well (not needed for other planets or moons)|author-link=Alan Boyle}}.</ref><ref name="spaceXstarship">{{cite web|url=https://www.spacex.com/starship|title=Starship|publisher=SpaceX|access-date=2 October 2019|archive-date=30 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190930163150/https://www.spacex.com/starship|url-status=dead}}</ref> Uncrewed test flights commenced in 2020 from Boca Chica, Texas. A custom crewed lunar version of Starship—[[Starship HLS]]—was selected in 2021 from three companies that developed design proposals for NASA's [[Artemis program|Human Landing System]] for [[NASA]]'s [[Artemis program]], with a view to land one uncrewed mission plus one crewed mission on the Moon no earlier than 2025.<ref name=sn20210416>{{cite news |title=NASA selects SpaceX to develop crewed lunar lander |url=https://spacenews.com/nasa-selects-spacex-to-develop-crewed-lunar-lander/ |last=Foust|first=Jeff |work=[[SpaceNews]] |date=16 April 2021 |accessdate=18 August 2021}}</ref><ref name=nsf202005>{{cite news |last1=Burghardt|first1=Thomas |title=NASA Selects Blue Origin, Dynetics, and SpaceX Human Landers for Artemis |date=May 2020 |url=https://www.nasaspaceflight.com/2020/04/nasa-blue-origin-dynetics-spacex-hls-artemis/ |work=[[NASASpaceFlight.com]] |access-date=22 September 2020}}</ref> SpaceX plans at least six variants of Starship, two of them intended to carry crew: Cargo flights, crewed flights (except HLS), a fuel depot,<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.universetoday.com/155032/nasa-releases-details-on-how-starship-will-be-part-of-its-return-to-the-moon/|title=NASA Releases Details on how Starship Will be Part of its Return to the Moon|date=18 March 2022|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref> a tanker version, expendable starships, and HLS.

=== Gaganyaan ===
{{main|Gaganyaan}}
A three-person Earth orbital spacecraft intended to be the first crewed spacecraft of the [[Indian Human Spaceflight Programme]]. Gaganyaan will be capable of operating at [[low Earth orbit]] for up to seven days. The upgraded version will be equipped with rendezvous and docking capabilities. Its first crewed flight is planned for first quarter of 2027, and four Indian astronauts have begun flight training in Russia.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.livemint.com/news/india/4-astronauts-for-india-s-first-manned-mission-to-space-gaganyaan-identified-isro-11577873182776.html|title=4 astronauts for India's first manned mission to space 'Gaganyaan' identified|work=[[Mint (newspaper)|Mint]]|date=1 January 2020|access-date=1 July 2021}}</ref>

=== Mengzhou ===
{{main|Mengzhou (spacecraft)}}
{{see also|Lanyue (spacecraft)}}

The Mengzhou spacecraft, developed by the China Aerospace Science and Technology Corp. (CASC) is a six-person, partially reusable lunar-capable spacecraft, aiming to succeed the [[Shenzhou (spacecraft)|Shenzhou]].

An uncrewed test flight took place on 5 May 2020, with a crewed flight to [[Low Earth orbit|low earth orbit]] possible by 2027 using a two-stage variant of the under-development [[Long March 10]] rocket.<ref name=AJ17072023>{{cite news | author=Andrew Jones | title=China sets out preliminary crewed lunar landing plan | url=https://spacenews.com/china-sets-out-preliminary-crewed-lunar-landing-plan/ | work=spacenews.com | date=17 July 2023 | access-date=24 July 2023}}</ref> Lunar missions by the new spacecraft are expected in the 2030s with an initial lunar mission possible by 2030.<ref name=AJ17072023 /><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.space.com/china-new-spacecraft-crewed-moon-missions.html|title=This Is China's New Spacecraft to Take Astronauts to the Moon (Photos)|website=Space.com|date=2 October 2019}}</ref>

A new Chinese crewed lunar lander called [[Lanyue (spacecraft)|Lanyue]] is also currently under-development by the [[China Academy of Space Technology]].<ref name=AJ17072023 />

=== Dream Chaser ===
{{main|Dream Chaser}}
[[United States]] seven-person Earth orbital space plane.<ref name=ccdev>{{cite web|url=http://www.spacenews.com/civil/110418-nasa-announces-ccdev-awards.html|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130202210618/http://www.spacenews.com/civil/110418-nasa-announces-ccdev-awards.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=2 February 2013|title=NASA Announces CCDev 2 Awards|last=Ferster |first=Warren|date=2011-04-18|publisher=SpaceNews|access-date=18 November 2011}}</ref> An uncrewed cargo version is scheduled to fly in space in 2025, with a crewed version to eventually follow.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spacepolicyonline.com/news/dream-chaser-on-track-for-2021-cargo-mission-crew-within-5-years/|title=Dream Chaser on Track for 2021 Cargo Mission, Crew Within 5 Years}}</ref>

=== Orel ===
{{main|Orel (spacecraft)}}
[[Russia]]n four-person lunar-capable spacecraft to enable the retirement of Soyuz. The first uncrewed and crewed flight is planned for 2028.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.spacedaily.com/reports/Russian_Space_Agency_commits_billions_of_rubles_more_to_Oryol_next_gen_spacecraft_999.html|title=Russian Space Agency commits billions of rubles more to 'Oryol' next-gen spacecraft|website=Space Daily}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Pavlushchenko |first=Katya |date=Aug 15, 2023 |title=Katya Pavlushchenko on X |url=https://x.com/katlinegrey/status/1691378590745534464 |website=X.com}}</ref>

== Crewed spacecraft (planned) ==

* The Chinese company [[Space Transportation (company)|Space Transportation]] is developing a winged rocket for suborbital space tourism. As of January 2022, the first flight is planned for 2024.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.space.com/private-chinese-space-plane-tourism-travel|title=Chinese space plane company targets suborbital tourism, point-to-point travel by 2025|date=27 January 2022|access-date=1 October 2022}}</ref>
* [[Copenhagen Suborbitals]] Tycho Brahe Micro Spacecraft (MSC) – a non-profit, all-volunteer project that aims to launch the first crewed amateur spacecraft into suborbital space. The project is being financed entirely through crowd-funding. If successful, this project will also make Denmark one of the few countries in the world that has a form of independent crewed spaceflight capabilities.
* [[Dynetics HLS]], a planned [[NASA]]-contracted Human Landing System to be used on and around the Moon for NASA's [[Artemis program]] being developed by [[Dynetics]] and [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]] (SNC). Was not selected for HLS program.
* [[Integrated Lander Vehicle]] – a planned NASA-contracted, [[Blue Origin]] lead, Human Landing System to be used on and around the Moon for [[NASA]]'s [[Artemis program]]. [[Lockheed Martin]], [[Northrop Grumman]], and [[Draper Laboratory]] are also developing key features of the vehicle. Was not selected for HLS program.
* Pegasus is a Japanese sub-orbital rocket plane currently being developed by [[PD AeroSpace]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Chandran |first=Nyshka |date=12 April 2017 |title=SpaceX doesn't scare Asia's space players |url=https://www.cnbc.com/2017/04/12/asias-space-tourism-players-arent-scared-of-spacex.html |publisher=CNBC}}</ref>
* RSSC – a Russian reusable sub-orbital space complex, currently being developed by a private company [[KosmoKurs]].<ref>{{cite web |title=В Космос С "Мягкой" Перегрузкой! |url=http://technicamolodezhi.ru/rubriki_tm/klub_tm/V_KOSMOS_S_MYAGKOY_PEREGRUZKOY |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161114002626/http://technicamolodezhi.ru/rubriki_tm/klub_tm/V_KOSMOS_S_MYAGKOY_PEREGRUZKOY |archive-date=2016-11-14 |access-date=2016-11-13}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=КосмоКурс – Главная |url=http://www.cosmocourse.com/ |website=cosmocourse.com}}</ref>
* Selena – NPO Aerospace Technologies (НПО «Авиационно-космические технологии»), suborbital space yacht.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Космическая "Селена": зачем в России хотят создать "суборбитальную яхту" |url=https://topcor.ru/7691-kosmicheskaja-selena-zachem-v-rossii-hotjat-sozdat-suborbitalnuju-jahtu.html |website=Репортёр|date=13 April 2019 }}</ref>
* [[Susie (Spacecraft)|Susie]] – Smart Upper Stage for Innovative Exploration – a 2022 [[Arianespace]] proposal for a fully reusable five-person craft for use by [[ESA]] for low earth orbit.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2022-09-19 |title=This Reusable Space Freighter Would 'Open the Door' to European Space Exploration |url=https://gizmodo.com/arianegroup-concept-reusable-upper-state-spacecraft-1849553008 |access-date=2022-09-24 |website=Gizmodo |language=en-us}}</ref>
* [[Lince (spacecraft)|Lince]] is a project by the Spanish company [[PLD Space]] currently under development. It aims to create a cargo and crewed capsule capable of carrying up to four or five astronauts to low Earth orbit.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://danielmarin.naukas.com/2024/10/07/el-cohete-pesado-miura-next-y-la-capsula-tripulada-lince-el-ambicioso-programa-espacial-de-pld-space-para-los-proximos-veinte-anos/|title=The Miura Next Heavy Rocket and the Crewed Capsule Lynx: PLD Space's Ambitious Space Program for the Next Twenty Years|accessdate=2024-10-09|date=2024-10-07|website=Eureka|language=es}}</ref>

== Space stations in development ==
* [[Lunar Gateway|Gateway]] – A [[NASA]] driven, under construction, international crewed space station orbiting the Moon to be assembled by commercial launch vehicles starting from 2027.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nasa.gov/feature/nasa-s-lunar-outpost-will-extend-human-presence-in-deep-space|title=NASA's Lunar Outpost will Extend Human Presence in Deep Space|first=Cheryl|last=Warner|date=13 February 2018}} {{PD-notice}}</ref>
* [[Russian Orbital Service Station]] – Russia's planned next generation space station, designed and intended to replace the [[Russian Orbital Segment]] of the International Space Station.
* [[Axiom Station]] is a planned private space station by the company [[Axiom Space]]. It is intended to be operational before the ISS is decommissioned in 2030, with the first module launching no earlier than 2027.
* [[Starlab (space station)|Starlab]] is a planned private space station being developed by the company [[Nanoracks]] in cooperation with [[Lockheed Martin]]. This free-flying space station was announced by the company on October 21, 2021, with a planned launch date of 2028.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://spaceflightnow.com/2021/10/24/nanoracks-announces-plans-for-commercial-space-station/|title=Nanoracks announces plans for commercial space station – Spaceflight Now}}</ref>
* [[Orbital Reef]] is a planned private space station currently in development by [[Blue Origin]] and [[Sierra Nevada Corporation]]. This modular space station is being designed for commercial and space tourism missions and uses. Preliminary plans were unveiled on October 25, 2021, with a planned launch in the late 2020s.<ref>{{cite web|title=Orbital Reef one pager|url=https://blueorigin-static-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/orbital-reef-one-pager.pdf|access-date=November 20, 2022|publisher=Blue Origin}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://blueorigin-static-assets.s3.amazonaws.com/assets/orbital-reef-press-release.pdf|title=Blue Origin and Sierra Space Developing Commercial Space Station|publisher=Blue Origin|date=October 25, 2011|access-date=November 20, 2022}}</ref>
* [[Haven-1]] is a space station being developed by [[Vast (company)|Vast]]. It is expected to be launched by the end of 2025.
* [[Bharatiya Antariksha Station]] - The Indian Orbital Space Station, officially called Bharatiya Antariksha Station (lit. 'Indian Space Station'), is a planned modular space station to be constructed by India and operated by the Indian Space Research Organisation (ISRO). As of December 2023, the first module is expected to be launched in 2028 on an LVM3 launch vehicle, with the remaining modules to be launched by 2035.

== Cancelled crewed spacecraft and space stations ==
[[File:Bigelow Aerospace facilities.jpg|thumb|right|Mockup of Bigelow's Space Station]]
* [[SpaceShip III]], American eight-person suborbital spaceplane for use in space tourism and tended research flights
* The [[Boeing X-20 Dyna-Soar|X-20 Dyna-Soar]] was a [[United States Air Force]] spaceplane intended to be used for military missions. The program to develop the spaceplane began in 1957 and was cancelled in 1963. 
* [[Manned Orbiting Laboratory|MOL]], crewed space station operated by the [[United States Armed Forces]] derived from the [[NASA]]'s [[Gemini spacecraft]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronautix.com/m/mol.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160820161808/http://www.astronautix.com/m/mol.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=20 August 2016|title=MOL|website=astronautix.com|publisher=www.astronautix.com}}</ref> Cancelled in 1969.
* [[LK (spacecraft)|LK]], crewed Lunar lander for the [[Soviet crewed lunar programs]]. Several LK landers were flown in space with no crew.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/lk.html|title=Lunar Module (LK)|website=russianspaceweb.com|publisher=Russian Space Web}}</ref> Cancelled in 1976 with the rest of the program.
* [[CSTS]], a proposed collaborative effort between the European Space Agency and Roscosmos. Originally designed as an answer to the Orion program of NASA, the project was eventually cancelled and most of the designs were incorporated into Russia's next generation crewed spacecraft: [[Orel (spacecraft)]].
* [[OPSEK]] was a proposed successor to Russia's involvement in the International Space Station Program.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.russianspaceweb.com/opsek.html|title=Orbital Piloted Assembly and Experiment Complex, OPSEK |website=russianspaceweb.com|publisher=Russian Space Web}}</ref> Cancelled in 2017 by Roscosmos.
* [[Altair (spacecraft)|Altair]], (also known as the "Lunar Surface Access Module" or "LSAM" for short) was the planned lunar lander component of the [[Constellation Program]]. It would've been launched on the [[Ares V]] cargo launch vehicle and it, alongside an  [[Earth Departure Stage]] would've awaited an [[Orion (spacecraft)|Orion Spacecraft]] to launch and rendezvous with the spacecraft before the EDS sends it and Orion to the Moon with a crew of 4 astronauts for a lunar landing mission. Cancelled in 2010 alongside the rest of the Constellation program.
* [[Bigelow Commercial Space Station]] or ''Space Complex Alpha'', was a proposed private space habitat scheduled for 2021 initial deployment although this was suspended indefinitely as a result of Bigelow temporarily laying off their entire staff due to the [[COVID-19]] pandemic. A Bigelow test module has been installed on the [[International Space Station]] since 2016.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.businessinsider.com/private-space-station-hotels-robert-bigelow-2018-2|title=A new company plans to launch huge, inflatable spacecraft into orbit — and sell reservations to countries and tourists|first=Dave|last=Mosher|website=Business Insider}}</ref>

== See also ==
{{Portal|Spaceflight}}
* [[Lists of spacecraft]]
* [[List of space stations]]
* [[Comparison of crewed space vehicles]]
* [[Human spaceflight]]
* [[List of human spaceflight programs]]
* [[List of human spaceflights]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 1961–1970|1961–1970]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 1971–1980|1971–1980]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 1981–1990|1981–1990]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 1991–2000|1991–2000]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 2001–2010|2001–2010]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 2011–2020|2011–2020]]
**[[List of human spaceflights, 2021–present|2021–present]]
* [[List of spaceflight records]]
* [[Crewed Mars rover]]
* [[Mars to Stay]]
* [[Private spaceflight]]
* [[Space medicine]]
* [[Tourism on the Moon]]
* [[Women in space]]
* [[List of canceled launch vehicle designs]]

== References ==
=== Citations ===
{{Reflist}}

=== Sources ===
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book |last = Gatland |first = Kenneth |title = Manned Spacecraft |publisher = MacMillan Publishing Co., Inc. |edition = 2nd |year = 1976 |location = New York, NY |isbn=0-02-542820-9 }}
{{refend}}

{{Crewed spacecraft}}
{{Future spaceflights}}
{{Public sector space agencies}}
{{Space exploration lists and timelines}}
{{Solar System}}

[[Category:Crewed spacecraft|*]]
[[Category:Lists of spacecraft|Crewed spacecraft]]
[[Category:Solar System]]