View source for List of courts of the United States

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The '''courts of the United States''' are closely linked hierarchical systems of courts at the federal and state levels. The [[United States federal courts|federal courts]] form the [[judicial branch]] of the [[U.S. government]] and operate under the authority of the [[United States Constitution]] and [[federal law]]. The [[State court (United States)|state and territorial courts]] of the individual [[U.S. state]]s and [[United States territory|territories]] operate under the authority of the [[State constitution (United States)|state and territorial constitutions]] and [[State law (United States)|state and territorial law]].

Federal statutes that refer to the "courts of the United States" are referring only to the courts of the federal government, and not the courts of the individual states and counties. Because of the [[Federalism in the United States|federalist]] underpinnings of the division between sovereign federal and state governments, the various [[State court (United States)|state court]] systems are free to operate in ways that vary widely from those of the federal government, and from one another. In practice, however, every state has adopted a division of its judiciary into at least two levels, and almost every state has three levels, with [[trial court]]s hearing cases which may be reviewed by [[appellate court]]s, and finally by a [[state supreme court]]. A few states have two separate supreme courts, with one having authority over civil matters and the other reviewing criminal cases. 47 states and the federal government allow at least one appeal of right from a final judgment on the merits, meaning that the court receiving the appeal ''must'' decide the appeal after it is briefed and argued properly. Three states do not provide a right to a first appeal. Rather, they give litigants only a right to ''petition'' for the right to have an appeal heard.

State courts often have diverse names and structures, as illustrated below. State courts hear about 98% of litigation; most states have courts of special jurisdiction, which typically handle minor disputes such as traffic citations, and courts of general jurisdiction responsible for more serious disputes.<ref name=ABACourtStructure>American Bar Association (2004). [http://public.findlaw.com/abaflg/flg-2-2a-4.html How the Legal System Works: The Structure of the Court System, State and Federal Courts]. In ''ABA Family Legal Guide''.</ref>

The [[United States federal courts|U.S. federal court system]] hears cases involving litigants from two or more states, violations of federal laws, treaties, and the [[Constitution of the United States|Constitution]], [[admiralty law|admiralty]], [[bankruptcy]], and related issues.<ref>USCourts.gov. [http://www.uscourts.gov/outreach/resources/comparefedstate.html Comparing Federal and State Court Systems] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20091018071451/http://www.uscourts.gov/outreach/resources/comparefedstate.html |date=2009-10-18 }}.</ref> In practice, about 80% of the cases are civil and 20% criminal.<ref name=ABACourtStructure/> The civil cases often involve civil rights, patents, and Social Security while the criminal cases involve tax fraud, robbery, counterfeiting, and drug crimes.<ref name=ABACourtStructure/> The trial courts are [[United States district court|U.S. district courts]], followed by [[United States courts of appeals]] and then the [[Supreme Court of the United States]]. The judicial system, whether state or federal, begins with a court of first instance, whose work may be reviewed by an appellate court, and then ends at the court of last resort, which may review the work of the lower courts.<ref>Public Services Department. [http://www.law.syr.edu/Pdfs/0Intro%20Court%20System.pdf INTRODUCTION TO THE COURT SYSTEM] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727230318/http://www.law.syr.edu/Pdfs/0Intro%20Court%20System.pdf |date=2011-07-27 }}. Syracuse University College of Law.</ref>

Institutions which may be considered courts of the United States are listed below.
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==United States Federal Courts==
{{Main|United States Federal Courts}}
[[File:US Court of Appeals and District Court map.svg|thumb|right|600px|The geographical boundary of the 12 United States Courts of Appeals]]

===Geographic based jurisdiction===
* Trial Courts: [[United States district court]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscourts.gov/districtcourts.html |title=United States District Courts |publisher=Uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081205020014/http://www.uscourts.gov/districtcourts.html |archive-date=2008-12-05 }}</ref> (see federal court sections by state below for specific district courts)
** [[List of United States district and territorial courts]] (94 courts, also listed by state below)
* Appellate Courts: [[United States courts of appeals]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscourts.gov/courtsofappeals.html |title=The Federal Judiciary – United States Courts of Appeals |publisher=Uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the First Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca1.uscourts.gov/ |title=US Courts for the First Circuit |publisher=Ca1.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Second Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca2.uscourts.gov/ |title=Home |publisher=Ca2.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Third Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca3.uscourts.gov/ |title=Third Judicial Circuit |publisher=Ca3.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|author=United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit |url=http://www.ca4.uscourts.gov/ |title=United States Court of Appeals for the Fourth Circuit |publisher=Ca4.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Fifth Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca5.uscourts.gov/ |title=U.S. Court of Appeals, 5th Circuit |publisher=Ca5.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca6.uscourts.gov/ |title=US Court of Appeals for the Sixth Circuit |publisher=Ca6.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Seventh Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca7.uscourts.gov/ |title=Seventh Circuit Court of Appeals |publisher=Ca7.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eighth Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca8.uscourts.gov/ |title=U.S. Court Court of Appeals – Welcome |publisher=Ca8.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca9.uscourts.gov/ |title=United States Court of Appeals for the Ninth Circuit |publisher=Ca9.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Tenth Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca10.uscourts.gov/ |title=The U.S. Tenth Circuit Court of Appeals |publisher=Ca10.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Eleventh Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ca11.uscourts.gov/ |title=United States Court of Appeals, Eleventh Circuit |publisher=Ca11.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cadc.uscourts.gov/internet/home.nsf |title=U.S. Court of Appeals – D.C. Circuit – Home |publisher=Cadc.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
* [[Court of last resort]]:
** '''[[Supreme Court of the United States]]'''<ref>{{cite web|author=David Bozovich of Web Services, U.S. Government Printing Office |url=https://www.supremecourt.gov/ |title=Supreme Court of the United States |publisher=supremecourt.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>

===Specific subject-matter jurisdiction===
[[File:United States Court of Federal Claims.JPG|thumb|right|250px|Headquarters of the [[United States Court of Federal Claims|U.S. Court of Federal Claims]] on [[Madison Place]] in [[Washington, D.C.]] ]]
{{See also|Article I and Article III tribunals}}

* United States federal courts with Original Jurisdiction over specific subject matter:
** [[United States Tax Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ustaxcourt.gov/ |title=United States Tax Court: Home |publisher=Ustaxcourt.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[Patent Trial and Appeal Board]]
** [[International Trade Commission]]
** [[United States Court of International Trade]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cit.uscourts.gov/ |title=Website of the United States Court of International Trade |publisher=Cit.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Federal Claims]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscfc.uscourts.gov/ |title=US Court of Federal Claims |publisher=Uscfc.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/fisc_bdy!OpenDocument&Click= |title=Federal Judicial History &#124; Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court |publisher=Fjc.gov |access-date=2008-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080928075038/http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/fisc_bdy%21OpenDocument%26Click%3D |archive-date=September 28, 2008 }}</ref>
** [[United States bankruptcy court]]s<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.uscourts.gov/bankruptcycourts.html |title=United States Bankruptcy Courts |publisher=Uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217025425/http://www.uscourts.gov/bankruptcycourts.html |archive-date=2008-12-17 }}</ref>
** [[Trademark Trial and Appeal Board]]
** [[United States Merit Systems Protection Board]]
** [[United States Alien Terrorist Removal Court]]
* Courts with Appellate Jurisdiction over specific subject matter:
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cafc.uscourts.gov/ |title=United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit |publisher=Cafc.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.armfor.uscourts.gov/ |title=U.S. Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces |publisher=Armfor.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
*** [[United States Army Court of Criminal Appeals]]
*** [[Navy-Marine Corps Court of Criminal Appeals]]
*** [[Air Force Court of Criminal Appeals]]
*** [[Coast Guard Court of Criminal Appeals]]
** [[United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.vetapp.uscourts.gov/ |title=USCAVC – United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims |publisher=Vetapp.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090117185742/http://www.vetapp.uscourts.gov/ |archive-date=2009-01-17 }}</ref>
** [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review]]
** [[United States Court of Military Commission Review]]
** [[Civilian Board of Contract Appeals]]
** [[Armed Services Board of Contract Appeals]]
** [[Postal Service Board of Contract Appeals]]
** [[Office of Dispute Resolution for Acquisition]]
** [[Board of Immigration Appeals]]
** [[Board of Veterans' Appeals]]

===Former United States Courts===
* [[Board of Patent Appeals and Interferences]] (before 2012)
* [[Court of Appeals in Cases of Capture]] (1780–1789)
* [[Temporary Emergency Court of Appeals]] (1971–1992)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/temp_appeals |title=History of the Federal Judiciary |author=Federal Judicial Center |access-date=2009-01-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081120162901/http://www.fjc.gov/history/home.nsf/page/temp_appeals |archive-date=November 20, 2008 }}</ref>
* [[United States circuit courts]] (1789–1911)
* [[United States Commerce Court]] (1910–1913)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/172.html |title=Records of the United States Commerce Court |publisher=Archives.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
* [[United States Court of Customs and Patent Appeals]] (1909–1982)
* [[United States Court of Private Land Claims]] (1891–1904)<ref>Joseph Ragland, ''Outline of the Jurisdiction and Procedure of the Federal Courts'' (1917), p. 112, §80.</ref>
* [[United States Court for Berlin]] (1955–1990)
* [[United States District Court for the Canal Zone]] (1914–1982)
* [[United States Court for China]] (1906–1943)

==Courts by state of the United States==
* '''[[State supreme court]]s'''
** '''[[State court (United States)]]'''
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===Alabama===
{{Main|Courts of Alabama}}
{{:Courts of Alabama}}
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===Alaska===
{{Main|Courts of Alaska}}
{{:Courts of Alaska}}
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===Arizona===
{{Main|Courts of Arizona}}
{{:Courts of Arizona}}
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===Arkansas===
{{Main|Courts of Arkansas}}
{{:Courts of Arkansas}}
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===California===
{{Main|Courts of California}}
{{:Courts of California}}
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===Colorado===
{{Main|Courts of Colorado}}
{{:Courts of Colorado}}
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===Connecticut===
{{Main|Courts of Connecticut}}
{{:Courts of Connecticut}}
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===Delaware===
{{Main|Courts of Delaware}}
{{:Courts of Delaware}}
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===Florida===
{{Main|Courts of Florida}}
{{:Courts of Florida}}
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===Georgia===
{{Main|Courts of Georgia (U.S. state)}}
{{:Courts of Georgia (U.S. state)}}
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===Hawaii===
{{Main|Courts of Hawaii}}
{{:Courts of Hawaii}}
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===Idaho===
{{Main|Courts of Idaho}}
{{:Courts of Idaho}}
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===Illinois===
{{Main|Courts of Illinois}}
{{:Courts of Illinois}}
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===Indiana===
{{Main|Courts of Indiana}}
{{:Courts of Indiana}}
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===Iowa===
{{Main|Courts of Iowa}}
{{:Courts of Iowa}}
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===Kansas===
{{Main|Courts of Kansas}}
{{:Courts of Kansas}}
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===Kentucky===
{{Main|Courts of Kentucky}}
{{:Courts of Kentucky}}
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===Louisiana===
{{Main|Courts of Louisiana}}
{{:Courts of Louisiana}}
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===Maine===
{{Main|Courts of Maine}}
{{:Courts of Maine}}
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===Maryland===
{{Main|Courts of Maryland}}
{{:Courts of Maryland}}
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===Massachusetts===
{{Main|Courts of Massachusetts}}
{{:Courts of Massachusetts}}
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===Michigan===
{{Main|Courts of Michigan}}
{{:Courts of Michigan}}
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===Minnesota===
{{Main|Courts of Minnesota}}
{{:Courts of Minnesota}}
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===Mississippi===
{{Main|Courts of Mississippi}}
{{:Courts of Mississippi}}
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===Missouri===
{{Main|Courts of Missouri}}
{{:Courts of Missouri}}
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===Montana===
{{Main|Courts of Montana}}
{{:Courts of Montana}}
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===Nebraska===
{{Main|Courts of Nebraska}}
{{:Courts of Nebraska}}
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===Nevada===
{{Main|Courts of Nevada}}
{{:Courts of Nevada}}
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===New Hampshire===
{{Main|Courts of New Hampshire}}
{{:Courts of New Hampshire}}
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===New Jersey===
{{Main|Courts of New Jersey}}
{{:Courts of New Jersey}}
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===New Mexico===
{{Main|Courts of New Mexico}}
{{:Courts of New Mexico}}
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===New York===
{{Main|Courts of New York}}
{{:Courts of New York}}
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===North Carolina===
{{Main|Courts of North Carolina}}
{{:Courts of North Carolina}}
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===North Dakota===
{{Main|Courts of North Dakota}}
{{:Courts of North Dakota}}
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===Ohio===
{{Main|Courts of Ohio}}
{{:Courts of Ohio}}
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===Oklahoma===
{{Main|Courts of Oklahoma}}
{{:Courts of Oklahoma}}
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===Oregon===
{{Main|Courts of Oregon}}
{{:Courts of Oregon}}
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===Pennsylvania===
{{Main|Courts of Pennsylvania}}
{{:Courts of Pennsylvania}}
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===Rhode Island===
{{Main|Courts of Rhode Island}}
{{:Courts of Rhode Island}}
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===South Carolina===
{{Main|Courts of South Carolina}}
{{:Courts of South Carolina}}
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===South Dakota===
{{Main|Courts of South Dakota}}
{{:Courts of South Dakota}}
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===Tennessee===
{{Main|Courts of Tennessee}}
{{:Courts of Tennessee}}
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===Texas===
{{Main|Courts of Texas}}
{{:Courts of Texas}}
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===Utah===
{{Main|Courts of Utah}}
{{:Courts of Utah}}
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===Vermont===
{{Main|Courts of Vermont}}
{{:Courts of Vermont}}
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===Virginia===
{{Main|Courts of Virginia}}
{{:Courts of Virginia}}
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===Washington===
{{Main|Courts of Washington (state)}}
{{:Courts of Washington (state)}}
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===West Virginia===
{{Main|Courts of West Virginia}}
{{:Courts of West Virginia}}
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===Wisconsin===
{{Main|Courts of Wisconsin}}
{{:Courts of Wisconsin}}
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===Wyoming===
{{Main|Courts of Wyoming}}
{{:Courts of Wyoming}}
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==Courts in the District of Columbia==
* [[District of Columbia Court of Appeals]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.dcca.state.dc.us/dccourts/appeals/index.jsp |title=District of Columbia Court of Appeals – Welcome |publisher=Dcca.state.dc.us |access-date=2008-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004123535/http://www.dcca.state.dc.us/dccourts/appeals/index.jsp |archive-date=2008-10-04 }}</ref>
** [[Superior Court of the District of Columbia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dccourts.gov/dccourts/superior/index.jsp |title=Superior Court of the District of Columbia – Welcome |publisher=Dccourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>

'''Federal courts located in the District of Columbia'''
* [[Supreme Court of the United States]]
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the District of Columbia Circuit]]
*** [[United States District Court for the District of Columbia]]<ref>{{cite web|author=Maureen A. Lawrie |url=http://www.dcd.uscourts.gov/ |title=U.S. District Court for the District of Columbia |publisher=Dcd.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
*** [[United States Tax Court]]
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Federal Circuit]]
*** [[United States Court of Appeals for Veterans Claims]]
*** [[United States Court of Federal Claims]]
** [[United States Court of Appeals for the Armed Forces]]
** [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court of Review]]
*** [[United States Foreign Intelligence Surveillance Court]]

'''Former federal courts in the District of Columbia'''
* [[United States District Court for the District of Potomac]] (1801–1802; also contained pieces of Maryland and Virginia; extinct, reorganized)<ref name=Potomac/>
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==Courts of the Territories of the United States==
{{see also|United States territorial court}}

===American Samoa===
[[File:High Court of American Samoa.jpg|thumb|right|250px|[[High Court of American Samoa]] courthouse]]

* [[High Court of American Samoa]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/ls/americansamoa1.htm |title=American Samoa – Guide to Court Resources |publisher=Usdoj.gov |access-date=2008-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090116182802/http://www.usdoj.gov/jmd/ls/americansamoa1.htm |archive-date=2009-01-16 }}</ref>

===Guam===
* [[Supreme Court of Guam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov.gu/supreme.html |title=Unified Courts of Guam – Supreme Court of Guam |publisher=Justice.gov.gu |access-date=2008-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702211932/http://www.justice.gov.gu/supreme.html |archive-date=2006-07-02 }}</ref>
** [[Superior Court of Guam]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov.gu/superior.html |title=Unified Courts of Guam |publisher=Justice.gov.gu |access-date=2008-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060702211531/http://www.justice.gov.gu/superior.html |archive-date=2006-07-02 }}</ref>

====United States territorial court====
* [[District Court of Guam]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.gud.uscourts.gov/ |title=District Court of Guam |publisher=Gud.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>

===Northern Mariana Islands===
* [[Northern Mariana Islands Supreme Court]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov.mp/supreme_court.aspx |title=Supreme Court |publisher=Justice.gov.mp |access-date=2008-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090106133357/http://www.justice.gov.mp/supreme_court.aspx |archive-date=2009-01-06 }}</ref>
** [[Northern Mariana Islands Superior Court]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.justice.gov.mp/superior_court.aspx |title=Superior Court |publisher=Justice.gov.mp |access-date=2008-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090124210726/http://www.justice.gov.mp/superior_court.aspx |archive-date=2009-01-24 }}</ref>

====United States territorial court====
* [[United States District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.nmid.uscourts.gov/ |title=United States District Court for the Northern Mariana Islands |publisher=Nmid.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>

===Panama Canal Zone===
* [[United States District Court for the Canal Zone]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.presidency.ucsb.edu/ws/index.php?pid=61234 |title=Franklin D. Roosevelt: Executive Order 7676 – THE CANAL ZONE JUDICIARY |publisher=Presidency.ucsb.edu |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref> (abolished 1982)

===Puerto Rico===
* [[Supreme Court of Puerto Rico]] (Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico)<ref>[http://www.tribunalpr.org Tribunal Supremo de Puerto Rico] (in Spanish)</ref>
** [[Circuit Court of Appeals of Puerto Rico]] (Tribunal de Apelaciones)<ref>[http://www.ramajudicial.pr/sistema/apelaciones.htm Tribunal de Apelaciones de Puerto Rico] (in Spanish)</ref>
** * [[Courts of First Instance of Puerto Rico]] (Tribunal de Primera Instancia; 13 divisions)<ref>[http://www.ramajudicial.pr/sistema/instancia.htm Tribunal de Primera Instancia de Puerto Rico] (in Spanish)</ref>

'''Federal courts located in Puerto Rico:'''
* [[United States District Court for the District of Puerto Rico]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.prd.uscourts.gov/CourtWeb/Welcome.aspx |title=US District Court – Puerto Rico District |publisher=Prd.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081217090859/http://www.prd.uscourts.gov/CourtWeb/Welcome.aspx |archive-date=2008-12-17 }}</ref>

===United States Virgin Islands===
* [[United States Virgin Islands Supreme Court]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visupremecourt.org/ |title=Welcome to the website of the Supreme Court of the Virgin Islands |publisher=Visupremecourt.org |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
** [[United States Virgin Islands Superior Court]] (2 divisions)<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.visuperiorcourt.org/ |title=Welcome to the V.I. Superior Court Online |publisher=Visuperiorcourt.org |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>

====United States territorial court====
* [[District Court of the Virgin Islands]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vid.uscourts.gov/ |title=Web Site of the District Court of the Virgin Islands |publisher=Vid.uscourts.gov |access-date=2008-12-17}}</ref>
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== Extraterritorial courts of the United States==
* [[United States Court for China]] (1906 to 1943), appointed judge held court in cities in China including [[Shanghai]], [[Hankou|Hankow]], [[Tianjin|Tientsin]], and [[Guangzhou|Canton]].<ref>Teemu Ruskola, ''[http://ssrn.com/abstract=440641 Law's Empire: The Legal Construction of 'America' in the 'District of China']''</ref><ref>Joseph Ragland, ''Outline of the Jurisdiction and Procedure of the Federal Courts'' (1917), p. 112–13, §81.</ref>
* [[United States Court for Berlin]] (1979), existed on paper since 1955, but constituted in fact only once, to hear a single case.

==U.S. judicial system in popular culture==

Due to its involvement in the resolution of crimes and conflicts, which are an intricate part of [[drama]], the U.S. judicial system is often portrayed in American literature and films.

Several Hollywood films such as ''[[A Few Good Men]]'' (1992) and ''[[Runaway Jury]]'' (2003) are set around its courts.

==References==
{{reflist|30em}}

==External links==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20080731223019/http://www.ncsconline.org/D_KIS/info_court_web_sites.html National Center for State Courts – directory of state court websites].

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{{US Judiciaries}}
{{Law of the United States}}

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[[Category:Courts in the United States| ]]
[[Category:State court systems of the United States]]
[[Category:United States district courts|*List of Z]]
[[Category:United States law-related lists]]