View source for List of antibiotics

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The following is a '''list of antibiotics'''. The highest division between [[antibiotic]]s is [[bactericidal]] and [[bacteriostatic]]. Bactericidals kill [[bacteria]] directly, whereas bacteriostatics prevent them from dividing. However, these classifications are based on laboratory behavior. The development of antibiotics has had a profound effect on the health of people for many years. Also, both people and animals have used antibiotics to treat infections and diseases. In practice, both treat bacterial infections.<ref>Pelczar, M. J.; Chan, E. C. S. and Krieg, N. R. (1999) "Host-Parasite Interaction; Nonspecific Host Resistance", In: ''Microbiology Concepts and Applications'', 6th ed., McGraw-Hill Inc., New York pp. 478-479.</ref>

==By coverage==
The following are lists of antibiotics for specific microbial coverage (not an exhaustive list):

===MRSA===
Antibiotics that cover [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus'']] (MRSA):
* [[Vancomycin]]<ref name="青木眞">{{cite book | last=Aoki  | first=Makoto | title=レジデントのための感染症診療マニュアル  | publisher=医学書院 | location=Japan | year=2015 | isbn=978-4-260-02027-5 }}</ref>
* [[Teicoplanin]]<ref name="青木眞"/>
* [[Linezolid]]<ref name="青木眞"/>
* [[Daptomycin]]<ref name="青木眞"/>
* [[Trimethoprim/sulfamethoxazole]]
* [[Doxycycline]]
* [[Ceftobiprole]]<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zhanel GG, Lam A, Schweizer F, Thomson K, Walkty A, Rubinstein E, Gin AS, Hoban DJ, Noreddin AM, Karlowsky JA | title = Ceftobiprole: a review of a broad-spectrum and anti-MRSA cephalosporin | journal = American Journal of Clinical Dermatology | volume = 9 | issue = 4 | pages = 245–54 | year = 2008 | pmid = 18572975 | doi = 10.2165/00128071-200809040-00004 | s2cid = 24357533 }}</ref> (5th generation)
* [[Ceftaroline]] (5th generation)
* [[Clindamycin]]
* [[Dalbavancin]]
* [[Delafloxacin]]
* [[Fusidic acid]]
* [[Mupirocin]] (topical)
* [[Omadacycline]]
* [[Oritavancin]]
* [[Tedizolid]]
* [[Telavancin]]
* [[Tigecycline]] (also covers gram negatives)

===''Pseudomonas aeruginosa''===
'''Antibiotics that cover ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'':'''

Certain cephalosporins, cephalosporin-beta-lactamase-inhibitor combinations, and new siderophore cephalosporins.
* [[Ceftazidime]] (3rd generation)
* [[Cefepime]] (4th generation)
* [[Ceftobiprole]] (5th generation)
* [[Ceftolozane|Ceftolozane/tazobactam]]
* [[Ceftazidime/avibactam]]
* [[Cefiderocol]](siderophore cephalosporin)

Certain penicillins:
* [[Piperacillin]] and [[Piperacillin/tazobactam]]
* [[Ticarcillin/clavulanic acid]]

Certain carbapenems and carbapenem-beta-lactamase-inhibitors combinations:
* [[Carbapenem]]s: (meropenem, imipenem/cilastatin, doripenem - NOT ertapenem)
* [[Meropenem/vaborbactam]]
* [[Imipenem/cilastatin/relebactam]]

Others:
* [[Fluoroquinolone]]s: particularly levofloxacin, ciprofloxacin
* [[Polymyxin]]s: Colistin, Polymyxin B
* [[Aztreonam]] (monobactam)
* [[Aminoglycoside]]s - particularly tobramycin and amikacin

===VRE===
Antibiotics that usually have activity against [[vancomycin-resistant Enterococcus|vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus'']] (VRE):
* [[Linezolid]] and [[Tedizolid]]
* [[Streptogramin]]s such as quinupristin-dalfopristin
* Advanced generation [[tetracyclines]]: [[Tigecycline]], [[Omadacycline]], [[Eravacycline]]
* [[Daptomycin]]
* [[Oritavancin]]

Antibiotics with less reliable but occasional (depending on isolate and subspecies) activity:
* occasionally [[penicillins]] including penicillin, ampicillin and ampicillin-sulbactam, amoxicillin and amoxicillin-clavulnate, and piperacillin-tazobactam (not all vancomycin-resistant ''Enterococcus'' isolates are resistant to penicillin and ampicillin)
* occasionally [[doxycycline]] and [[minocycline]]
* occasionally [[fluoroquinolones]] such as moxifloxacin, levofloxacin, and ciprofloxacin

==By class==
''See also [[Pathogenic bacteria#Clinical characteristics|pathogenic bacteria]] for a list of antibiotics sorted by target bacteria.''

[[File:Antibiotics coverage diagram.jpg|1000px|Antibiotics coverage diagram]]

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Antibiotics by class
|-
! Generic name !! Brand names !! Common uses<ref name="merck">For common Uses and possible side effects reference is: Robert Berkow (ed.) ''[[Merck Manual|The Merck Manual of Medical Information - Home Edition]]''. Pocket (September 1999), {{ISBN|0-671-02727-1}}.</ref> !! Possible side effects<ref name="merck" /> !! Mechanism of action
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Aminoglycoside]]s
|-
| [[Amikacin]] || [[Amikin]] || rowspan="7" | Infections caused by [[Gram-negative bacteria]], such as ''[[Escherichia coli]]'' and ''[[Klebsiella]]'' particularly ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''. Effective against aerobic bacteria (not obligate/facultative anaerobes) and [[tularemia]]. All aminoglycosides are ineffective when taken orally as the stomach will digest the drug before it goes into the bloodstream.  However aminoglycosides are effective in Intravenous, intramuscular and topical forms.
| rowspan="8" |
* [[Ototoxicity|Hearing loss]]
* [[Vertigo (medical)|Vertigo]]
* [[Nephrotoxicity|Kidney damage]]
| rowspan="8"| Binding to the bacterial [[30S]] [[ribosome|ribosomal]] subunit (some work by binding to the [[50S]] subunit), inhibiting the translocation of the peptidyl-tRNA from the A-site to the P-site and also causing misreading of mRNA, leaving the bacterium unable to synthesize proteins vital to its growth.
|-
|[[Gentamicin]] || [[Garamycin]]
|-
|[[Kanamycin]] || [[Kantrex]]
|-
|[[Neomycin]]|| Neo-Fradin<ref name="Up to date">{{cite web |url=http://www.uptodate.com/contents/neomycin-drug-information?source=search_result&search=neomycin&selectedTitle=1~135 |title=Neomycin Drug Information |publisher=uptodate |access-date=November 2, 2012}}{{subscription required}}</ref>
|-
|[[Netilmicin]] || [[Netromycin]]
|-
|[[Tobramycin]] || [[Nebcin]]
|-
|[[Paromomycin]] || [[Humatin]]
|-
|[[Streptomycin]] || ||[[Tuberculosis]]
|-
|[[Spectinomycin]](Bs) || Trobicin || [[Gonorrhea]] || ||
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Ansamycin]]s
|-
|[[Geldanamycin]] || || rowspan="2" | Experimental, as [[antineoplastic|antitumor antibiotics]]
| rowspan="2" |
| rowspan="3" | Block DNA transcription, either via inhibiting DNA-dependent RNA polymerase by binding to the β-subunit
|-
|[[Herbimycin]] ||
|-
|[[Rifaximin]] || Xifaxan || [[Traveler's diarrhea]] caused by ''[[E. coli]]'' ||
|-
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Carbacephem]]
|-
|[[Loracarbef]] || [[Lorabid]] || Discontinued || || Prevents bacterial cell division by inhibiting cell wall synthesis.
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Carbapenem]]s
|-
|[[Ertapenem]] || [[Invanz]] || rowspan="4" | Bactericidal for both Gram-positive and Gram-negative organisms and therefore useful for empiric broad-spectrum antibacterial coverage. (Notes: MRSA resistance to this class. All are active against ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'' except ertapenem.)
| rowspan="4" |
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea
* Seizures
* Headache
* Rash and allergic reactions
| rowspan="4" | Inhibition of cell wall synthesis
|-
|[[Doripenem]] || [[Doribax]]
|-
|[[Imipenem]]/[[Cilastatin]] || [[Primaxin]]
|-
|[[Meropenem]] || [[Meropenem|Merrem]]
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Cephalosporin]]s ([[Cephalosporins#First generation|First generation]])
|-
|[[Cefadroxil]] || [[Duricef]] || rowspan="6" | Good coverage against Gram-positive infections.
| rowspan="6" |
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
* Allergic reactions
| rowspan="6" | Same mode of action as other [[beta-lactam antibiotic]]s: disrupt the synthesis of the [[peptidoglycan]] layer of bacterial [[cell wall]]s.
|-
|[[Cefazolin]] || [[Ancef]], [[Kefzol]]
|-
|[[Cephradine]] ||
|-
|[[Cephapirin]] ||
|-
|[[Cephalothin]] ||
|-
|[[Cefalexin]] || [[Keflex]]
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Cephalosporin]]s ([[Cephalosporins#Second generation|Second generation]])
|-
|[[Cefaclor]] || [[Distaclor]], [[Ceclor]], [[Raniclor]] || rowspan="9" | Less Gram-positive cover, improved Gram-negative cover. || rowspan="9" |
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently) - if contains methylthiotetrazole side group
* Hypoprothrombinemia - if contains methylthiotetrazole side group
* Allergic reactions
| rowspan="9" | Same mode of action as other [[beta-lactam antibiotic]]s: disrupt the synthesis of the [[peptidoglycan]] layer of bacterial [[cell wall]]s.
|-
|[[Cefoxitin]] ||
|-
|[[Cefotetan]] || [[Cefotan]]
|-
|[[Cefamandole]] ||
|-
|[[Cefmetazole]] ||
|-
|[[Cefonicid]] ||
|-
|[[Loracarbef]] ||
|-
|[[Cefprozil]] || [[Cefzil]]
|-
|[[Cefuroxime]] || [[Ceftin]], [[Zinacef]] (UK)
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Cephalosporin]]s ([[Cephalosporins#Third generation|Third generation]])
|-
|[[Cefixime]] (antagonistic with Chloramphenicol)<ref name="Interactions for Cefixime">{{cite book|last1=Berger|first1=Dr. Stephen|title=GIDEON Guide to Antimicrobial Agents|date=2014-04-03|publisher=GIDEON Informatics Inc|isbn=978-1-61755-839-9|page=221|edition=2014|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p66RBQAAQBAJ&dq=aeromonas+hydrophila+cefixime&pg=PA221|access-date=4 February 2015}}</ref> || Cefspan (Fujisawa), [[Suprax]] || rowspan="11" | Improved coverage of Gram-negative organisms, except ''[[Pseudomonas]]''. Reduced Gram-positive cover. But still not cover ''[[Mycoplasma]]'' and [[Chlamydia (bacterium)|''Chlamydia'']] || rowspan="11" |
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
* Allergic reactions
| rowspan="11" | Same mode of action as other [[beta-lactam antibiotic]]s: disrupt the synthesis of the [[peptidoglycan]] layer of bacterial [[cell wall]]s.
|-
|[[Cefdinir]] || [[Omnicef]], Cefdiel
|-
|[[Cefditoren]] || [[Spectracef]], Meiact
|-
|[[Cefoperazone]] [Unlike most third-generation agents, cefoperazone is active against ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]''], combination Cefoperazone with [[Sulbactam]] makes more effective antibiotic, because Sulbactam avoid degeneration of Cefoperazone || [[Cefobid]] (discontinued)
|-
|[[Cefotaxime]] || [[Claforan]]
|-
|[[Cefpodoxime]] || [[Vantin]], Banadoz
|-
|[[Ceftazidime]] (Unlike most third-generation agents, ceftazidime is active against ''[[Pseudomonas aeruginosa]]'', but less active against ''Staphylococci'' and ''Streptococci'' compare to other 3rd generation of cephalosporins) || [[Fortaz]], [[Ceptaz]]
|-
|[[Ceftibuten]] || [[Cedax]]
|-
|[[Ceftizoxime]] ||
|-
|[[Moxalactam]] ||
|-
|[[Ceftriaxone]] (IV and IM, not orally, effective also for [[syphilis]] and uncomplicated [[gonorrhea]]) || [[Rocephin]]
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Cephalosporin]]s ([[Cephalosporins#Fourth generation|Fourth generation]])
|-
|[[Cefepime]] || [[Maxipime]]
||
Covers pseudomonal infections.
||
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
* Allergic reactions
| Same mode of action as other [[beta-lactam antibiotic]]s: disrupt the synthesis of the [[peptidoglycan]] layer of bacterial [[cell wall]]s.
|-
! colspan="5" | [[Cephalosporin]]s ([[Cephalosporins#Fifth generation|Fifth generation]])
|-
|[[Ceftaroline fosamil]] || [[Teflaro]] || Used to treat [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|MRSA]] ||
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Allergic reaction
| Same mode of action as other [[beta-lactam antibiotic]]s: disrupt the synthesis of the [[peptidoglycan]] layer of bacterial [[cell wall]]s.
|-
|[[Ceftobiprole]] || [[Zeftera]] || Used to treat [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|MRSA]] (methicillin-resistant ''Staphylococcus aureus''), penicillin-resistant ''Streptococcus pneumoniae'', ''Pseudomonas aeruginosa'', and enterococci ||
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Nausea (if alcohol taken concurrently)
* Allergic reactions
| Same mode of action as other [[beta-lactam antibiotic]]s: disrupt the synthesis of the [[peptidoglycan]] layer of bacterial [[cell wall]]s.
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Glycopeptide antibiotic|Glycopeptides]]
|-
|[[Teicoplanin]] || Targocid (UK) || rowspan="5" | Active against aerobic and anaerobic Gram-positive bacteria including MRSA; Vancomycin is used orally for the treatment of [[Clostridium difficile colitis|''C. difficile'' colitis]] || rowspan="5" | || rowspan="5" | Inhibits [[peptidoglycan]] synthesis.
|-
|[[Vancomycin]] || [[Vancocin]]
|-
|[[Telavancin]] || [[Vibativ]]
|-
|[[Dalbavancin]] || [[Dalvance]]
|-
|[[Oritavancin]] || [[Orbactiv]]
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Lincosamides]](Bs)
|-
|[[Clindamycin]] || [[Cleocin]] || rowspan="2" | Serious staph-, pneumo-, and streptococcal infections in penicillin-allergic patients, also anaerobic infections; clindamycin topically for [[acne]] || rowspan="2" | Possible ''[[Clostridium difficile colitis|C. difficile]]''-related [[pseudomembranous enterocolitis]]|| rowspan="2" | Binds to 50S subunit of bacterial ribosomal [[RNA]] thereby inhibiting protein synthesis.
|-
|[[Lincomycin]] || Lincocin
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Lipopeptide]]
|-
|[[Daptomycin]] || [[Cubicin]] || [[Gram-positive]] organisms, but is inhibited by pulmonary [[surfactant]] so less effective against pneumonias || || Binds to the membrane and cause rapid depolarization, resulting in a loss of membrane potential leading to inhibition of protein, DNA and RNA synthesis.
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Macrolide]]s(Bs)
|-
|[[Azithromycin]] || [[Zithromax]], [[Sumamed]], [[Xithrone]] || rowspan="4" | [[Streptococcal infection]]s, [[syphilis]], [[upper respiratory tract infection]]s, [[lower respiratory tract infection]]s, [[mycoplasmal infection]]s, [[Lyme disease]] || rowspan="4" |
* Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea (especially at higher doses)
* Prolonged cardiac [[QT interval]] (especially erythromycin)
* Hearing loss (especially at higher doses)
* [[Jaundice]]
| rowspan="6" |[[enzyme inhibitor|Inhibition]] of bacterial [[protein biosynthesis]] by binding reversibly to the subunit [[50S]] of the bacterial [[ribosome]], thereby inhibiting translocation of peptidyl [[Transfer RNA|tRNA]].
|-
|[[Clarithromycin]] || [[Biaxin]]
|-
|[[Erythromycin]] || [[Erythocin]], [[Erythroped]]
|-
|[[Roxithromycin]] ||
|-
|[[Telithromycin]] || [[Ketek]] || [[Pneumonia]] || Visual disturbance, liver toxicity.<ref>{{cite journal | last = Splete | first = Heidi | author2 = Kerri Wachter | date = March 2006 | title = Liver toxicity reported with Ketek | journal = Internal Medicine News }}
</ref>
|-
|[[Spiramycin]] || Rovamycine|| [[Mouth infections]] ||
|-
|[[Fidaxomicin]]
|[[Fidaxomicin|Dificid]]
|Treatment of ''[[Clostridioides difficile (bacteria)|Clostridioides]]'' (formerly ''[[Clostridium difficile infection|Clostridium]]'') ''[[Clostridioides difficile (bacteria)|difficile]]'' infection.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = McDonald LC, Gerding DN, Johnson S, Bakken JS, Carroll KC, Coffin SE, Dubberke ER, Garey KW, Gould CV, Kelly C, Loo V, Shaklee Sammons J, Sandora TJ, Wilcox MH | title = Clinical Practice Guidelines for Clostridium difficile Infection in Adults and Children: 2017 Update by the Infectious Diseases Society of America (IDSA) and Society for Healthcare Epidemiology of America (SHEA) | journal = Clinical Infectious Diseases | volume = 66 | issue = 7 | pages = e1–e48 | date = March 2018 | pmid = 29462280 | pmc = 6018983 | doi = 10.1093/cid/cix1085 }}</ref> May be more narrow-spectrum than vancomycin, resulting in less bowel microbiota alteration.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tannock GW, Munro K, Taylor C, Lawley B, Young W, Byrne B, Emery J, Louie T | title = A new macrocyclic antibiotic, fidaxomicin (OPT-80), causes less alteration to the bowel microbiota of Clostridium difficile-infected patients than does vancomycin | journal = Microbiology | volume = 156 | issue = Pt 11 | pages = 3354–9 | date = November 2010 | pmid = 20724385 | doi = 10.1099/mic.0.042010-0 | doi-access = free }}</ref>
|Nausea (11%), vomiting, and abdominal pain.<ref name=":0">Dificid (fidaxomicin) [prescribing information] Whitehouse Station, NJ: Merck; December 2015.</ref>
|Bactericidal in susceptible organisms such as ''[[Clostridioides difficile (bacteria)|C. difficile]]'' by inhibiting [[RNA polymerase]], thereby inhibiting protein synthesis.<ref name=":0" />
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Monobactams]]
|-
|[[Aztreonam]] || [[Azactam]] || Gram-negative bacteria || || Same mode of action as other [[beta-lactam antibiotic]]s: disrupt the synthesis of the [[peptidoglycan]] layer of bacterial [[cell wall]]s.
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Nitrofurans]]
|-
||[[Furazolidone]] || Furoxone || Bacterial or [[protozoal]] [[diarrhea]] or [[enteritis]] || ||
|-
|[[Nitrofurantoin]](Bs) || [[Macrodantin]], [[Macrobid]] || [[Urinary tract infections]] || ||
|-
!colspan="5" | [[2-Oxazolidone|Oxazolidinones]](Bs)
|-
|[[Linezolid]] || [[Zyvox]] || [[Vancomycin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|VRSA]] ||
* [[Thrombocytopenia]]
* [[Peripheral neuropathy]]
* [[Serotonin syndrome]]
| rowspan="4" | [[Protein synthesis inhibitor]]; prevents the initiation step
|-
|[[Posizolid]] || Phase II clinical trials || ||
|-
|[[Radezolid]] || Phase II clinical trials || ||
|-
|[[Torezolid|Tedizolid]] || Sivextro || ||
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Penicillin]]s
|-
|[[Amoxicillin]] || [[Novamox]], [[Amoxil]] || rowspan="14" | Wide range of infections; penicillin used for [[streptococcal infection]]s, [[syphilis]], and [[Lyme disease]] || rowspan="14" |
* Gastrointestinal upset and diarrhea
* Allergy with serious [[anaphylactic reaction]]s
* Brain and kidney damage (rare)
| rowspan="14" | Same mode of action as other [[beta-lactam antibiotic]]s: disrupt the synthesis of the [[peptidoglycan]] layer of bacterial [[cell wall]]s.
|-
|[[Ampicillin]] || Principen (discontinued)
|-
|[[Azlocillin]] ||
|-
|[[Dicloxacillin]] || Dynapen (discontinued)
|-
|[[Flucloxacillin]] || [[Floxapen]] (Sold to European generics Actavis Group)
|-
|[[Mezlocillin]] || Mezlin (discontinued)
|-
|[[Methicillin]] || Staphcillin (discontinued)
|-
|[[Nafcillin]] || Unipen (discontinued)
|-
|[[Oxacillin]] || Prostaphlin (discontinued)
|-
|[[Penicillin G]] || Pentids (discontinued)
|-
|[[Penicillin V]] || Veetids (Pen-Vee-K) (discontinued)
|-
|[[Piperacillin]] || Pipracil (discontinued)
|-
|[[Penicillin G]] || Pfizerpen
|-
|[[Temocillin]] || Negaban (UK) (discontinued)
|-
|[[Ticarcillin]] || Ticar (discontinued) || || ||
|-
! colspan="5" | Penicillin combinations
|-
|[[co-amoxiclav|Amoxicillin/clavulanate]] || Augmentin || Both Amoxicillin/clavulanate and Ampicillin/sulbactam are effective against non-recurrent acute [[otitis media]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Casellas JM, Israele V, Marín M, Ishida MT, Heguilen R, Soutric J, Arenoso H, Sibbald A, Stamboulian D | title = Amoxicillin-sulbactam versus amoxicillin-clavulanic acid for the treatment of non-recurrent-acute otitis media in Argentinean children | journal = International Journal of Pediatric Otorhinolaryngology | volume = 69 | issue = 9 | pages = 1225–33 | date = September 2005 | pmid = 16061111 | doi = 10.1016/j.ijporl.2005.03.016 }}</ref> Amoxicillin/clavulanate is one of the few oral antibiotics effective against skin and soft tissue infections. Can be given to children less than 40 kilograms in weight; for children heavier, the dosage is same as adults, twice daily.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.betterhealth.vic.gov.au/bhcv2/bhcmed.nsf/pages/txcamoxy/$File/txcamoxy.pdf |title=APO-Amoxycillin and Clavulanic Acid 500mg/125 mg Tablets |access-date=November 27, 2014}}</ref> || rowspan="4" | || rowspan="4" | The second component reduces the effectiveness of some forms of bacterial [[antibiotic resistance|resistance]] to the first component
|-
|[[Ampicillin/sulbactam]] || Unasyn ||
|-
|[[Piperacillin/tazobactam]] || Zosyn ||
|-
|[[Ticarcillin/clavulanate]] || Timentin ||
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Polypeptide antibiotics|Polypeptides]]
|-
|[[Bacitracin]] || || rowspan="3" | Eye, ear or bladder infections; usually applied directly to the eye or inhaled into the lungs; rarely given by injection, although the use of intravenous colistin is experiencing a resurgence due to the emergence of [[multi drug resistant]] organisms. || rowspan="3" | Kidney and nerve damage (when given by injection)
| Inhibits [[isoprenyl pyrophosphate]], a molecule that carries the building blocks of the [[peptidoglycan]] bacterial [[cell wall]] outside of the inner membrane<ref>[http://www.pnas.org/cgi/content/abstract/68/12/3223 Mechanism of Action of Bacitracin: Complexation with Metal Ion and C55-Isoprenyl Pyrophosphate] K. John Stone and Jack L. Strominger</ref>
|-
|[[Colistin]] || Coly-Mycin-S || rowspan="2" | Interact with the Gram-negative [[bacterial outer membrane]] and [[cytoplasmic membrane]], displacing bacterial counterions, which destabilizes the outer membrane. Act like a detergent against the cytoplasmic membrane, which alters its permeability. Polymyxin B and E are bactericidal even in an isosmotic solution.
|-
|[[Polymyxin B]] ||
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Quinolone antibiotic|Quinolones]]/Fluoroquinolones
|-
|[[Ciprofloxacin]] || [[Cipro]], [[Ciproxin]], Ciprobay || rowspan="9" | Urinary tract infections, [[bacterial prostatitis]], community-acquired [[pneumonia]], [[bacterial diarrhea]], [[mycoplasmal infection]]s, [[gonorrhea]] || rowspan="13" | Nausea (rare), irreversible damage to [[central nervous system]] (uncommon), tendinosis (rare)
| rowspan="13" |Inhibits the bacterial [[DNA gyrase]] or the [[topoisomerase]] IV enzyme, thereby inhibiting [[DNA]] replication and transcription.
|-
|[[Enoxacin]] || Penetrex
|-
|[[Gatifloxacin]] || [[Tequin]]
|-
|[[Gemifloxacin]] || [[Factive]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.emedexpert.com/lists/antibiotics.shtml |title=List of Antibiotics |access-date=February 7, 2014}}</ref>
|-
|[[Levofloxacin]] || [[Levaquin]]
|-
|[[Lomefloxacin]] || Maxaquin
|-
|[[Moxifloxacin]] || [[Avelox]]
|-
|[[Nadifloxacin]] ||
|-
|[[Nalidixic acid]] || NegGram
|-
|[[Norfloxacin]] || Noroxin
|-
|[[Ofloxacin]] || Floxin (discontinued), Ocuflox ||
|-
|[[Trovafloxacin]] || [[Trovan]] || Withdrawn
|-
|[[Grepafloxacin]] || [[Raxar]] || Withdrawn
|-
|[[Sparfloxacin]] || [[Sparfloxacin|Zagam]] || Withdrawn
|-
|[[Temafloxacin]] || [[Omniflox]] || Withdrawn || ||
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Sulfonamide (medicine)|Sulfonamides]](Bs)
|-
|[[Mafenide]] || Sulfamylon || rowspan="11" | [[Urinary tract infection]]s (except sulfacetamide, used for [[Conjunctivitis#Bacterial|eye infections]], and mafenide and silver sulfadiazine, used topically for [[burn]]s) || rowspan="11" |
* Nausea, vomiting, and diarrhea
* [[Allergy]] (including skin rashes)
* Crystals in urine
* [[Renal failure|Kidney failure]]
* Decrease in [[white blood cell]] count
* Sensitivity to sunlight
| rowspan="11" | [[Folate synthesis]] inhibition. They are [[competitive inhibitor]]s of the enzyme [[dihydropteroate synthetase]], DHPS. DHPS catalyses the conversion of PABA ([[para-Aminobenzoic acid|''para''-aminobenzoate]]) to [[dihydropteroic acid|dihydropteroate]], a key step in [[folate]] synthesis. Folate is necessary for the cell to synthesize [[nucleic acid]]s (nucleic acids are essential building blocks of [[DNA]] and [[RNA]]), and in its absence cells cannot divide.

|-
|[[Sulfacetamide]] || Sulamyd, Bleph-10
|-
|[[Sulfadiazine]] || Micro-Sulfon
|-
|[[Silver sulfadiazine]] || Silvadene
|-
|[[Sulfadimethoxine]] || Di-Methox, Albon
|-
|[[Sulfamethizole]] || Thiosulfil Forte
|-
|[[Sulfamethoxazole]] || Gantanol
|-
|[[Sulfanilimide]] (archaic) ||
|-
|[[Sulfasalazine]] || Azulfidine
|-
|[[Sulfisoxazole]] || Gantrisin
|-
|[[Trimethoprim]]-[[Sulfamethoxazole]] ([[Co-trimoxazole]]) ([[TMP-SMX]]) || [[Bactrim]], Septra
|-
|[[Prontosil|Sulfonamidochrysoidine]] (archaic) || [[Prontosil]]
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Tetracycline antibiotics|Tetracyclines]](Bs)
|-
|[[Demeclocycline]] || Declomycin || rowspan="5" | [[Syphilis]], [[Chlamydia infection|chlamydial]] infections, [[Lyme disease]], [[mycoplasmal infection]]s, acne [[rickettsia]]l infections, [[malaria]]<ref group="note">Note: Malaria is caused by a [[protist]] and not a bacterium.</ref>|| rowspan="5" |
* Gastrointestinal upset
* Sensitivity to sunlight
* Potential toxicity to mother and fetus during pregnancy
* Enamel hypoplasia (staining of teeth; potentially permanent)
* Transient depression of bone growth
| rowspan="5" |Inhibits the binding of [[aminoacyl-tRNA]] to the [[mRNA-ribosome]] complex. They do so mainly by binding to the [[30S ribosomal subunit]] in the [[mRNA translation]] complex. But Tetracycline cannot be taken together with all dairy products, aluminium, iron and zinc minerals.
|-
|[[Doxycycline]] || [[Vibramycin]]
|-
|[[Metacycline]] ||
|-
|[[Minocycline]] || [[Minocin]]
|-
|[[Oxytetracycline]] || [[Terramycin]]
|-
|[[Tetracycline]] || [[Sumycin]], [[Achromycin V]], [[Steclin]]
|-
!colspan="5" | [[Pleuromutilin]] antibiotics
|-
|[[Lefamulin]] ||Xenleta ||
|-
|[[Retapamulin]] ||Altabax ||
|-
|[[Valnemulin]] ||Econor||
|-
|[[Tiamulin]] ||Dynamutilin ||
|-
! colspan="5" | Drugs against [[mycobacteria]]
|-
|[[Clofazimine]] || Lamprene || [[Leprostatic agent|Antileprotic]]|| ||
|-
|[[Dapsone]] ||Avlosulfon ||[[Leprostatic agent|Antileprotic]]|| ||
|-
|[[Capreomycin]] || Capastat || [[Antituberculosis]] || ||
|-
|[[Cycloserine]] || Seromycin || [[Antituberculosis]], [[urinary tract infections]] || ||
|-
|[[Ethambutol]](Bs) || Myambutol || [[Antituberculosis]] || ||
|-
|[[Ethionamide]] || Trecator || [[Antituberculosis]] || || Inhibits peptide synthesis
|-
|[[Isoniazid]] || I.N.H. || [[Antituberculosis]] || ||
|-
|[[Pyrazinamide]] || Aldinamide || [[Antituberculosis]] || ||
|-
|[[Rifampicin]] (Rifampin in US) || Rifadin, Rimactane || mostly [[Gram-positive]] and [[mycobacteria]] ||Reddish-orange sweat, tears, and urine || Binds to the β subunit of [[RNA polymerase]] to inhibit transcription
|-
|[[Rifabutin]] || Mycobutin || [[Mycobacterium avium complex|''Mycobacterium avium'' complex]] || Rash, discolored urine, GI symptoms ||
|-
|[[Rifapentine]] || Priftin || [[Antituberculosis]] || ||
|-
|[[Streptomycin]] || ||[[Antituberculosis]] ||[[Neurotoxicity]], [[ototoxicity]] || As other [[aminoglycosides]]
|-
! colspan="5" | Others
|-
|[[Arsphenamine]] || [[Salvarsan]] ||[[Spirochaete|Spirochaetal]] infections (obsolete) || ||
|-
|[[Chloramphenicol]](Bs) || [[Chloromycetin]] || [[Meningitis]], [[Methicillin-resistant Staphylococcus aureus|MRSA]], topical use, or for low-cost internal treatment. Historic: [[typhus]], [[cholera]]. [[Gram-negative]], [[Gram-positive]], [[anaerobe]]s || Rarely: [[aplastic anemia]]. || Inhibits bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome
|-
|[[Fosfomycin]] || Monurol, Monuril || Acute [[cystitis]] in women || This antibiotic is not recommended for children and 75 and up of age || Inactivates [[enolpyruvyl transferase]], thereby blocking [[cell wall]] synthesis
|-
|[[Fusidic acid]] || [[Fucidin]] || || ||
|-
|[[Metronidazole]] || [[Flagyl]] || Infections caused by [[anaerobic bacteria]]; also [[amoebiasis]], [[trichomoniasis]], [[giardiasis]] ||Discolored urine, [[headache]], [[Dysgeusia|metallic taste]], [[nausea]]; [[alcohol (drug)|alcohol]] is contraindicated || Produces toxic [[free radicals]] that disrupt DNA and proteins. This non-specific mechanism is responsible for its activity against a variety of bacteria, amoebae, and protozoa.
|-
|[[Mupirocin]] || [[Bactroban]] ||[[Ointment]] for [[impetigo]], [[Cream (pharmaceutical)|cream]] for infected cuts || ||Inhibits isoleucine t-RNA synthetase (IleRS) causing inhibition of protein synthesis
|-
|[[Platensimycin]] || || || ||
|-
|[[Quinupristin/Dalfopristin]] || [[Synercid]] || || ||
|-
|[[Thiamphenicol]] || || [[Gram-negative]], [[Gram-positive]], [[anaerobe]]s. Widely used in veterinary medicine. || Rash. Lacks known anemic side-effects. || A chloramphenicol analog. May inhibit bacterial protein synthesis by binding to the 50S subunit of the ribosome
|-
|[[Tigecycline]](Bs) || Tigacyl || Slowly Intravenous. Indicated for complicated skin/skin structure infections, soft tissue infections and complicated intra-abdominal infections. Effective for gram-positive, gram-negative, anaerobic, and against multi-antibiotic resistant bacteria (such as ''[[Staphylococcus aureus]]'' [MRSA] and ''[[Acinetobacter baumannii]]''), but not effective for ''Pseudomonas'' spp. and ''Proteus'' spp. || Teeth discoloration and same side effects as [[tetracycline]]. Not to be given to children and pregnant or lactating women. || Similar structure with tetracycline, but five times stronger, big volume distribution and long half-time in the body
|-
|[[Tinidazole]] || Tindamax Fasigyn || Protozoal infections || Upset stomach, bitter taste, and itchiness ||
|-
|[[Trimethoprim]](Bs) || Proloprim, Trimpex ||Urinary tract infections||||
|-
! Generic Name !! Brand Names !! Common Uses<ref name="merck" /> !! Possible Side Effects<ref name="merck" /> !! Mechanism of action
|}
<small>'''Note''': (Bs): Bacteriostatic</small>

== Antibiotic candidates ==

These are antibiotic candidates, and known antibiotics that are not yet mass-produced.

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Antibiotic candidates
|-
! Generic name !! Origin !! Susceptible phyla !! Stage of development !! Mechanism of action
|-
! colspan="5" | Unclassified
|-
|[[Teixobactin]] || ''[[Eleftheria terrae]]'' || [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]], including antibiotic resistant ''[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]'' and ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis|M. tuberculosis]]'' || No human trials scheduled || Binds fatty acid precursors to cell wall
|-
|[[Malacidins]] || Uncultured Bacterium || [[Gram-positive bacteria|Gram-positive]], including antibiotic resistant ''[[Staphylococcus aureus|S. aureus]]'' || No human trials scheduled || Binds fatty acid precursors to cell wall
|-
|[[Halicin]]
|Anti-diabetic drug
|''[[Clostridioides difficile (bacteria)|Clostridiodes difficile]]'', ''[[Acinetobacter baumannii]]'', and ''[[Mycobacterium tuberculosis]]''
|No human trials scheduled
|Disrupts electrochemical gradient
|}

== See also ==
* [[Timeline of antibiotics]], listed by year of introduction
* [[Pathogenic bacteria]]

==Notes==
{{reflist|group=note}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

{{Antibiotics social and layman issues}}

[[Category:Antibiotics]]