View source for List of Scottish monarchs

{{Short description|Scottish monarchs until 1707}}
{{About|historical pre-1707 Scottish rulers|legendary sovereigns|Legendary kings of Scotland|British monarchs since 1707|List of British monarchs}}
{{Use Scottish English|date=September 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{Infobox former monarchy
| royal_title        = Monarchy
| realm              = Scotland
| coatofarms         = Royal Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg
| coatofarms_article = Coat of arms of Scotland{{!}}Royal coat of arms
| image              = James I England (3x4 cropped).jpg
| caption            = '''Longest reigning<br>[[James VI and I|James VI]]'''<br>24 July 1567 – 27 March 1625
| first_monarch      = [[Kenneth I MacAlpin|Kenneth I]]
| last_monarch       = [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]]
| began              = 843 (traditional)
| ended              = 1 May 1707
| residence          = [[Royal Court of Scotland]]
}}

The '''monarch of Scotland''' was the [[head of state]] of the [[Kingdom of Scotland]]. According to tradition, [[Kenneth I MacAlpin]] ({{Lang|mga|Cináed mac Ailpín}}) was the founder and first King of the Kingdom of Scotland (although he never held the title historically, being King of the Picts instead).{{efn|Historically, the Kingdom of Scotland is thought to have grown out of an earlier "Kingdom of the [[Picts]]" (and later the [[Kingdom of Strathclyde]] that was conquered in the 11th century, becoming part of the new Kingdom of Scotland). However, in reality, the distinction is a product of later medieval myth and confusion resulting from a change in nomenclature: {{Lang|la|Rex Pictorum}} ('King of the Picts') became {{Lang|sga|Rí Alban}} ('King of Alba') under [[Donald II of Scotland|Donald II]], when annals switched from [[Latin]] to vernacular around the end of the 9th century. By this time, the word {{Lang|gd|Alba}} in [[Scottish Gaelic]] had come to refer to the Kingdom of the Picts rather than Britain (its older meaning).<ref>Broun, ''Scottish Independence''. pp. 71–97.</ref>}} The [[List of kings of the Picts|Kingdom of the Picts]] just became known as the [[Kingdom of Alba]] in [[Scottish Gaelic]], which later became known in [[Scots language|Scots]] and English as ''Scotland''; the terms are retained in both languages to this day. By the late 11th century at the very latest, Scottish kings were using the term {{Lang|la|rex Scottorum}}, or King of Scots, to refer to themselves in Latin. 

The Kingdom of Scotland relinquished its sovereignty and independence when it unified with the [[Kingdom of England]] to form a single [[Kingdom of Great Britain]] in 1707. Thus, [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]] became the last monarch of the ancient kingdoms of Scotland and England and the first of Great Britain, although the kingdoms had shared a monarch since 1603 (see [[Union of the Crowns]]). Her uncle [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] was the last monarch to be [[coronations in Europe#Scotland|crowned]] in Scotland, at [[Scone, Perth and Kinross|Scone]] in 1651. He had a second coronation in England ten years later.

==Heraldry==
{{Main|Coat of arms of Scotland}}
<gallery class="center">
File:Royal Standard of Scotland.svg|[[Royal Standard of Scotland|Royal Standard of the King of Scots]]
File:Royal Coat of Arms of the Kingdom of Scotland.svg|William I – James VI
File:Coat of Arms of Scotland (1603-1649).svg|James VI – James VII
File:Coat of Arms of Scotland (1689-1694).svg|William II and Mary II
File:Coat of Arms of Scotland (1694-1702).svg|William II
File:Coat of Arms of Great Britain in Scotland (1707-1714).svg|Anne
</gallery>

==List of monarchs of Scotland==
===House of Alpin (848–1034)===
{{See also|Family tree of Scottish monarchs|List of Kings of the Picts|List of Kings of Strathclyde|List of kings of Dál Riata|House of Alpin}}

The reign of Kenneth MacAlpin begins what is often called the [[House of Alpin]], an entirely modern concept. The descendants of Kenneth MacAlpin were divided into two branches; the crown would alternate between the two, the death of a king from one branch often hastened by war or assassination by a [[pretender]] from the other. Malcolm II was the last king of the House of Alpin; in his reign, he successfully crushed all opposition to him and, having no sons, was able to pass the crown to his daughter's son, Duncan I, who inaugurated the House of Dunkeld.

{| class="wikitable"
! Modern English name<br/>{{Small|(Modern Gaelic name)<br/>(Medieval Gaelic name)}}<br/>Reign
! Epithet
! Title
! Dynastic status
|-
| align=center | '''[[Kenneth MacAlpin|Kenneth I MacAlpin]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/kenneth-i-r-843-858 | title=Kenneth I (r. 834–858)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Coinneach mac Ailpein)<br/>(Cináed mac Ailpín / Ciniod m. Ailpin)}}<ref>Properly speaking, Coinneach should actually be Cionaodh, since Coinneach is historically a separate name. However, in the modern language, both names have converged.</ref><br/>843/848 – 13 February 858
| align=center | An Ferbasach,<br/>{{Small| "The Conqueror"<ref>Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 83.</ref>}}
| rowspan="6" align="center" |{{Small|Rex Pictorum<br/>("King of the Picts")}}
| align=center | son of [[Alpín mac Echdach|Alpin]], king of Dál Riata
|-
| align=center | '''[[Domnall mac Ailpín|Donald I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/donald-i-r-859-863 | title=Donald I (r. 859–863)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Dòmhnall mac Solein)<br/>(Domnall mac Ailpín)}}<br/>858 – 13 April 862
| align=center | 
| align=center | son of Alpin, king of Dál Riata, and brother of Kenneth I
|-
| align=center | '''[[Constantín mac Cináeda|Constantine I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/constantine-i-r-863-877 | title=Constantine I (r. 863–877)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Còiseam mac Choinnich)<br/>(Causantín mac Cináeda)}}<br/>862–877
| align=center | An Finn-Shoichleach, <br/>{{Small|"The Wine-Bountiful"<ref>Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 85.</ref>}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Son of Kenneth I
|-
| align=center | '''[[Áed mac Cináeda|Áed]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/aed-r-877-878 | title=Aed (r. 877–878)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Aodh mac Choinnich)<br/>(Áed mac Cináeda)}}<br/>877–878
| align=center | 
|-
| align=center | '''[[Giric]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/giric-r-878-889 | title=Giric (r. 878–889)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Griogair mac Dhunghail)<br/>(Giric mac Dúngail)}}<br/>878–889
| align=center | Mac Rath, <br/>{{Small|"Son of Fortune"<ref>Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 87.</ref>}}
| align=center | Son of Donald I?
|-
| align=center | '''''[[Eochaid, son of Rhun|Eochaid]]'''''<br/>{{Small|(Eochaid mac Run)}}<br/>878–889?*
| align=center | 
| align=center | grandson of Kenneth I*
|-
| align=center | '''[[Donald II of Scotland|Donald II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/donald-ii-r-889-900 | title=Donald II (r. 889–900)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Dòmhnall mac Chòiseim)<br/>(Domnall mac Causantín)}}<br/>889–900
| align=center | Dásachtach, <br/>{{Small|"the Madman"<ref>Hudson, ''Celtic Kings'', p. 58.</ref>}}
| rowspan="11" align="center" |{{Small|Rí Alban<br/>("King of Scotland")<br/>Rì nan Albannaich<br/>("King of Scots")}}
| align=center | Son of Constantine I
|-
| align=center | '''[[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/constantine-ii-r-900-943 | title=Constantine II (r. 900–943)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Còiseam mac Aoidh)<br/>(Causantín mac Áeda)}}<br/>900–943
| align=center | An Midhaise, <br/>{{Small|"the Middle Aged"<ref>Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 91; Hudson, ''Celtic Kings'', p. 65.</ref>}}
| align=center | Son of Áed
|-
| align=center | '''[[Malcolm I of Scotland|Malcolm I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/malcolm-i-r943-954 | title=Malcolm I (r. 943–954)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Maol Chaluim mac Dhòmhnaill)<br/>(Máel Coluim mac Domnall)}}<br/>943–954
| align=center | An Bodhbhdercc, <br/>{{Small|"the Dangerous Red"<ref>Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 93.</ref>}}
| align=center | Son of Donald II
|-
| align=center | '''[[Indulf]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/indulf-r-954-962 | title=Indulf (r. 954–962)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><ref>His name is a [[Gaelicisation]] of the Norse name Hildufr (or perhaps English Eadulf); it occurs in various contemporary Gaelic forms, such as ''Iondolbh'', found in the ''[[Duan Albanach]]''; Ildulb is used by some historians because it correctly represents the name ''Hildulfr'' in Gaelic orthography; Eadwulf would perhaps be Idulb, hence that form is also used sometimes. The name never came into wider use in the Scottish world, or the Gaelic world more generally, and has no modern form. The name "Indulf" is a spelling produced by later medieval French influence; Hudson, ''Celtic Kings'', p, 89.</ref><br/>{{Small|(Ildulb mac Causantín)}}<br/>954–962
| align=center | An Ionsaighthigh, <br/>{{Small|"the Aggressor"<ref>Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 94.</ref>}}
| align=center | Son of Constantine II
|-
| align=center | '''[[Dub, King of Scotland|Dub]] / Dubh or Duff'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/dubh-or-duff-r-962-967 | title=Dubh or Duff (r. 962–967)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Dub mac Maíl Choluim)<br/>(Dubh mac Mhaoil Chaluim)}}<br/>962–967
| align=center | Dén, <br/>{{Small|"the Vehement"<ref>''[[Duan Albanach]]'', 23 [http://www.ucc.ie/celt/online/G100028/text002.html here]; as Dub means "Black", "Dub the Black" is tautologous.</ref>}}
| align=center | Son of Malcolm I
|-
| align=center | '''[[Cuilén]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/culen-or-colin-r-967-971 | title=Culen or Colin (r. 967–971)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Cuilean)<br/>(Cuilén mac Ilduilb)}}<br/>967–971
| align=center | An Fionn, <br/>{{Small|"the White"<ref>Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 95.</ref>}}
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Son of Indulf
|-
| align=center | '''[[Amlaíb of Scotland|Amlaíb]]'''<br/>{{Small|(Amhlaigh)<br/>(Amlaíb mac Ilduilb)}}<br/>973–977¤
| align=center | 
|-
| align=center | '''[[Kenneth II of Scotland|Kenneth II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/kenneth-ii-r-971-995 | title=Kenneth II (r. 971–995)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Coinneach mac Mhaoil Chaluim)<br/>(Cináed mac Maíl Choluim)}}<br/>971–995
| align=center | An Fionnghalach, <br/>{{Small|"the Fratricide"<ref>Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 96.</ref>}}
| align=center | Son of Malcolm I
|-
| align=center | '''[[Constantine III of Scotland|Constantine III]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/constantine-iii-r-995-997 | title=Constantine III (r. 995–997)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Còiseam mac Chailein)<br/>(Causantín mac Cuiléin)}}<br/>995–997
| align=center | 
| align=center | Son of Cuilén
|-
| align=center | '''[[Kenneth III of Scotland|Kenneth III]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/kenneth-iii-r-997-1005 | title=Kenneth III (r. 997–1005)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Coinneach mac Dhuibh)<br/>(Cináed mac Duib)}}<br/>997 – 25 March 1005
| align=center | An Donn, <br/>{{Small|"the Chief"/ "the Brown"<ref>Former probable because later English (speaking) sources called him "Grim"; Old Irish ''donn'' has similar meaning to Old Irish ''greimm'', which means "power" or "authority"; see Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 98; Hudson, ''Celtic Kings'', p. 105.</ref>}}
| align=center | Son of Dub
|-
| align=center | '''[[Malcolm II of Scotland|Malcolm II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/malcolm-ii-r-1005-1034 | title=Malcolm II (r. 1005–1034)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Maol Chaluim mac Choinnich)<br/>(Máel Coluim mac Cináeda)}}<br/>1005–1034
| align=center | Forranach, <br/>{{Small|"the Destroyer"<ref>Skene, ''Chronicles'', pp. 99–100.</ref>}}
| align=center | Son of Kenneth II

|}

<nowiki>*</nowiki>Eochiad was a son of Run, King of Strathclyde, but his mother was a daughter of Kenneth I. Evidence of his reign is unclear. He may have never actually been king and if he was, he was co-king with Giric.

<nowiki>¤</nowiki>Amlaíb is known only by a reference to his death in 977, which reports him as King of Alba; since Kenneth II is known to have still been King in 972–973, Amlaíb must have taken power between 973 and 977.

===House of Dunkeld (1034–1040)===

{{See also|House of Dunkeld}}

Duncan succeeded to the throne as the maternal grandson of Malcolm II. The House of Dunkeld was therefore closely related to the House of Alpin. Duncan was killed in battle by Macbeth, another maternal grandson of Malcolm II.

{|style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! Modern English name<br/>{{Small|(Modern Gaelic name)<br/>(Medieval Gaelic name)}}<br/>Reign
! Epithet
! Title
! Marriage(s)
! Dynastic status
|-
| '''[[Duncan I of Scotland|Duncan I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/duncan-i-r-1034-1040 | title=Duncan I (r. 1034–1040)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Donnchadh mac Crìonain)<br/>(Donnchad mac Crínáin)}}<br/>1034–1040
| {{Small|An t-Ilgarach<br/>"the Diseased"<br/>or "the Sick"}}<ref>Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 101.</ref>
| {{Small|Rí Alban}}
| Suthen<br/>at least two sons
| Grandson of Malcolm II (son of eldest daughter)

|}

===House of Moray (1040–1058)===

{{See also|House of Moray}}

Macbeth came to power in 1040 after killing Duncan I in battle and had a long and relatively successful reign. Macbeth may have been a maternal grandson of Malcolm II and thus possibly a cousin of Duncan. He married [[Gruoch]] in 1032, who may have had a claim to the Scottish throne herself, being the granddaughter of either [[Kenneth II]] or [[Kenneth III]]. In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir [[Lulach]] and became the king, thereby passing the throne back to the House of Dunkeld. 

{| class="wikitable"
! Modern English name<br/>{{Small|(Modern Gaelic name)<br/>(Medieval Gaelic name)}}<br/>Reign
! Epithet
! Title
! Marriage(s)
! Dynastic status
|-
| align=center | '''[[Macbeth, King of Scotland|Macbeth]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/macbeth-r-1040-1057 | title=Macbeth (r. 1040–1057)|website=royal.gov.uk|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(MacBheatha mac Fhionnlaigh)<br/>(Mac Bethad mac Findláich)}}<br/>1040–1057
| align=center | Rí Deircc<br/>{{Small|"the Red King"}}<ref name="Skene, Chronicles, p. 102">Skene, ''Chronicles'', p. 102.</ref>
| rowspan="2" align="center" |{{Small|Rí Alban}}
| align=center | [[Gruoch of Scotland]]<br/>no children
| align=center | Son of [[Findláech of Moray|Mormaer Findláech]]
Grandson of Malcolm II (son of second daughter)<br/>
Cousin of Duncan I
|-

| align=center | '''[[Lulach]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/lulach-r-1057-1058 | title=Lulach (r. 1057–1058)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Lughlagh mac Gille Chomghain)<br/>(Lulach mac Gille Comgaín)}}<br/>1057–1058
| align=center | Tairbith<br/>{{Small|"the Unfortunate"}}<ref name="Skene, Chronicles, p. 102"/><br/>-<br/>Fatuus<br/>{{Small|"the Foolish"}}<ref>Anderson, ''Early Sources'', vol. i, p. 603.</ref>
| align=center | ''Unknown''<br/>two children
| align=center | Son of [[Gille Coemgáin of Moray|Gille Coemgáin, Mormaer of Moray]] and Gruoch of Scotland<br/> Step-son of Macbeth <br/> Great-grandson of Kenneth II or Kenneth III through his mother
|}

===House of Dunkeld (restored) (1058–1286)===

In a series of battles between 1057 and 1058, Duncan's son Malcolm III defeated and killed Macbeth and Macbeth's stepson and heir Lulach, claiming the throne. The dynastic feuds did not end there: on Malcolm III's death in battle, his brother Donald III, known as "Bán", claimed the throne, expelling Malcolm III's sons from Scotland. A civil war in the family ensued, with Donald III (later supported by Malcolm III's son [[Edmund of Scotland|Edmund]]) opposed by Malcolm III's other sons, led first by Duncan II and then by Edgar and backed by the Kingdom of England. Edgar triumphed, sending his uncle and brother to monasteries. After the reign of David I, the Scottish throne was passed according to rules of [[primogeniture]], moving from father to son, or where not possible, brother to brother. Alexander III was the last ruler from the house of Dunkeld, and having no sons, the throne was inherited by his granddaughter [[Margaret, Maid of Norway]].

{| class="wikitable"
! Modern English name<br/>{{Small|(Modern Gaelic name)<br/>(Medieval Gaelic name)}}<br/>Reign
! Epithet
! Title
! Marriage(s)
! Dynastic status
|-
| align=center | '''[[Malcolm III]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/malcolm-iii-r-1058-1093 | title=Malcolm III (r. 1058–1093)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Maol Chaluim mac Dhonnchaidh)<br/>(Máel Coluim mac Donnchada)}}<br/>1058–1093
| align=center | Cenn Mór {{Small|("Canmore")<br/>"Great Chief"}}<ref name="Great Chief">This name was probably only originally applied to Mael Coluim IV, Mael Coluim III's grandson, and then later confused; see Duncan, '' Kingship of the Scots'', pp. 51–52, 74–75; Oram, ''David I'', p. 17, note 1. Cenn Mór certainly means "great chief" rather than "big head", as sometimes thought.</ref>
| align=center | {{Small|Rí Alban / Scottorum basileus}}
| align=center | [[Ingibiorg Finnsdottir]]<br/>three sons<br/><br/>[[St. Margaret of Scotland|Margaret of Wessex]]<br/>1070<br/>eight children
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Son of Duncan I
|-
| align=center | '''[[Donald III]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/donald-iii-r-1093-1094-1094-1097 | title=Donald III (r. 1093–1094, 1094–1097)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=13 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Dòmhnall mac Dhonnchaidh)<br/>(Domnall mac Donnchada)}}<br/>1093–1097
| align=center | Bán, <br/>{{Small|"the Fair"}}
| align=center | {{Small|Rí Alban}}
| align=center | ''Unknown''<br/>at least one daughter
|-
| align=center | '''[[Duncan II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/duncan-ii-r1094 | title=Duncan II (r. 1094)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=21 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Donnchadh mac Mhaoil Chaluim)<br/>(Donnchad mac Maíl Choluim)}}<br/>1094
| align=center | 
| rowspan="8" align="center" |{{Small|Rí Alban / Rex Scottorum}}
| align=center | [[Ethelreda (daughter of Gospatric)|Ethelreda of Northumbria]]<br/>one son
| rowspan="4" align="center" |Son of Malcolm III
|-
| align=center | '''[[Edgar, King of Scotland|Edgar]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/edgar-r-1097-1107 | title=Edgar (r. 1097–1107)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=21 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Eagar mac Mhaoil Chaluim)<br/>(Étgar mac Maíl Choluim)}}<br/>1097–1107
| align=center | Probus, <br/>{{Small|"the Valiant"<ref>Anderson, ''Early Sources'', vol. ii, p. 141.</ref>}}
| align=center | None
|-
| align=center | '''[[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/alexander-i-r1107-1124 | title=Alexander I (r. 1107–1124)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=21 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Alasdair mac Mhaoil Chaluim)<br/>(Alaxandair mac Maíl Choluim)}}<br/>1107–1124
| align=center | {{Small|"the Fierce"}}<ref>This nickname however is not attested for another three centuries, in the work of [[Andrew of Wyntoun]].</ref>
| align=center | [[Sybilla of Normandy]]<br/>no children
|-
| align=center | '''[[David I of Scotland|David I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/david-i-r-1124-1153 | title=David I (r. 1124–1153)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=21 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Dàibhidh mac Mhaoil Chaluim)<br/>(Dabíd mac Maíl Choluim)}}<br/>1124–1153
| align=center | {{Small|"the Saint"}}<ref>Later nickname. Latin ''Sanctus'' also means simply "Holy". David was never canonised.</ref>
| align=center | [[Maud, Countess of Huntingdon]]<br/>1113<br/>four children
|-
| align=center | '''[[Malcolm IV]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/malcolm-iv-r-1153-1165 | title=Malcolm IV (r. 1153–1165)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=21 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Maol Chaluim mac Eanraig)<br/>(Máel Coluim mac Eanric)}}<br/>1153–1165
| align=center | Virgo<br/>{{Small|"the Maiden"}}<br/>-<br/>Cenn Mór, <br/>{{Small|"Great Chief"}}<ref name="Great Chief" />
| align=center | None
| rowspan="2" align="center" |Grandson of David I
|-
| align=center | '''[[William the Lion|William I]]'''<br/>{{Small|(Uilleam mac Eanraig)<br/>(Uilliam mac Eanric)}}<br/>1165–1214
| align=center | "the Lion"<br/>-<br/>Garbh, <br/>{{Small|"the Rough"}}<ref>Annals of Ulster, s.a. 1214.6; Annals of Loch Cé, s.a. 1213.10.</ref>
| align=center | [[Ermengarde de Beaumont]]<br/>[[Woodstock Palace]], Oxford, England<br/>5 September 1186<br/>four children
|-
| align=center | '''[[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/alexander-ii-r1214-1249 | title=Alexander II (r. 1214–1249)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=21 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Alasdair mac Uilleim)<br/>(Alaxandair mac Uilliam)}}<br/>1214–1249
| align=center | "the Peaceful"<ref> Ashley, Mike. British Kings & Queens. New York: Carroll and Graf Publishers (1998), p. 407</ref>
| align=center | [[Joan of England, Queen of Scots|Joan of England]]<br/>[[York Minster]], England<br/>21 June 1221<br/>no children<br/><br/>[[Marie de Coucy]]<br/>[[Roxburgh]]<br/>15 May 1239<br/>one son
| align=center | Son of William I
|-
| align=center | '''[[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/alexander-iii-r-1249-1286 | title=Alexander III (r. 1249–1286)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=21 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Alasdair mac Alasdair)<br/>(Alaxandair mac Alaxandair)}}<br/>1249–1286
| align=center | 
| align=center | [[Margaret of England]]<br/>[[York Minster]], England<br/>25 December 1251<br/>three children<br/><br/>[[Yolande de Dreux, Queen of Scots|Yolande de Dreux]]<br/>[[Jedburgh Abbey]]<br/>15 October 1285<br/>no children
| align=center | Son of Alexander II

|}

===House of Sverre (1286–1290)===

{{See also|House of Sverre}}

[[Margaret, Maid of Norway]] inherited the throne in 1286, but died in 1290 in Orkney on her way to be crowned. During her absence, Scotland was ruled by a set of [[Guardian of Scotland#Guardians of Scotland during the First Interregnum 1286–1292|guardians]]. After her death, Scotland entered a period of interregnum, where 13 contenders fought for the throne and ultimately, [[John Balliol]] succeeded.

The status of Margaret, as a Scottish monarch is debated by historians. She was never crowned,{{Sfn|Oram|2002|p=107}} and her contemporaries in Scotland described her as "queen" very rarely, referring to her instead as Scotland's "lady", "heir", or "lady and heir".{{sfn|Duncan|2002|p=181}} On the other hand, documents issued from late 1286 no longer refer to the "king whosoever he may be", indicating that the throne may have been regarded as already occupied by Margaret. In modern historiography she is nearly unanimously called "queen", and reference books give 19 March 1286, the date of Alexander III's death, as the start of her reign.{{sfn|Duncan|2002|p=181}}

{|style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! Name
! Birth
! Death
! Dynastic status
|-
| '''[[Margaret, Maid of Norway|Margaret]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/margaret-r-1286-1290 | title=Margaret (r. 1286–1290)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=21 January 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>''the Maid of Norway''<br/>1286–1290
| {{Circa|April 1283}}<br/>[[Tønsberg]], Norway<br/>daughter of [[Eric II of Norway]] and [[Margaret of Scotland, Queen of Norway|Margaret of Scotland]]
| September/October 1290<br/>[[St Margaret's Hope]], [[Orkney]]<br/>aged 7
| Granddaughter of Alexander III through his daughter

|}

=== First Interregnum (1286–1292) ===
{{Main|Guardian of Scotland#Guardians of Scotland during the First Interregnum 1286–1292}}
{{See also|Margaret, Maid of Norway}}

The First Interregnum began upon the death of Alexander III of Scotland in 1286. Alexander's only surviving descendant was his granddaughter [[Margaret, Maid of Norway]], a young child, who inherited the throne in 1286. A set of guardians were appointed to rule Scotland in her absence since she was living in Norway where her father [[Eric II of Norway|Eric II]] was king. She was finally sent to Scotland in 1290 but died before arriving in Scotland. The next king of Scots was not determined until completion of an [[Competitors for the Crown of Scotland|arbitration]] in 1292.

===House of Balliol (1292–1296)===
{{See also|House of Balliol}}
The death of Margaret of Norway began a two-year interregnum in Scotland caused by a succession crisis. With her death, the descent of [[William the Lion|William I]] became extinct and there was no obvious heir. [[Competitors for the crown of Scotland|Thirteen candidates]] presented themselves; the most prominent were [[John Balliol]], great-grandson of William I's younger brother David of Huntingdon, and [[Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale]], grandson of David of Huntingdon. The Scottish magnates invited [[Edward I of England]] to arbitrate the claims. He did so but forced the Scots to swear allegiance to him as overlord. Eventually, it was decided that John Balliol should become king. He proved weak and incapable and, in 1296, was forced to abdicate by Edward I who then attempted to annex Scotland into the Kingdom of England.

{|style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! Name
! Portrait
! Birth
! Marriage(s)
! Death
! Dynastic status
|-
| '''[[John Balliol]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/john-balliol-r-1292-1296 | title=John Balliol (r. 1292–1296)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>''Toom Tabard'' ("Empty Cloak")<br/>{{Small|(Iain Balliol)}}<br/>1292–1296
| [[File:SetonArmorialJohnBalliolAndWife.jpg|100px]]
| {{Circa|1249}}
| [[Isabella de Warenne]]<br/>9 February 1281<br/>at least one son
|
{{Circa|25 November 1314}}<br/>[[Picardy]], [[Kingdom of France|France]]
| Great-great-great-grandson of King David I<br/>(election)

|}

===Second Interregnum (1296–1306)===
{{Main|Guardian of Scotland#Guardians of Scotland during the Second Interregnum 1296–1306}}
{{See also|First War of Scottish Independence}}

[[John Balliol]] abdicated in March 1296. That same month [[Edward I of England|Edward I]] invaded Scotland. The second set of guardians were appointed under Edward I who ruled from 1296 to 1306, until the election of [[Robert the Bruce]] as the king of Scotland.

===House of Bruce (1306–1371)===
{{See also|Clan Bruce}}
For ten years, Scotland had no king. The Scots, however, refused to tolerate English rule. First [[William Wallace]] and [[Andrew Moray]], then John Comyn, and finally [[Robert the Bruce]] (the grandson of the 1292 competitor, Robert de Brus, 5th Lord of Annandale who in turn was the grandson of David of Huntingdon, younger brother of [[William the Lion|William I]]) fought against the English. Bruce and his supporters had murdered their rival to the throne of Scotland, [[John Comyn III of Badenoch|John Comyn]], [[Lordship of Badenoch|Lord of Badenoch]], on 10 February 1306 at Greyfriars Church in [[Dumfries]]. Shortly after in 1306, Robert was crowned King of Scots at Scone. Robert Bruce was then hunted down for his crime of murder, and subsequently, he escaped to the outskirt islands, leaving the country completely leaderless, and the English invaded once again. Bruce returned a year later and gained support for his cause. His energy, and the corresponding replacement of the vigorous Edward I with his weaker son Edward II in 1307, allowed Scotland to free itself from English rule. At the [[Battle of Bannockburn]] in 1314, the Scots routed the English, and by 1328 the English had agreed by treaty to accept Scottish independence. Robert's son, David, acceded to the throne as a child. The English renewed their war with Scotland, and David was forced to flee the kingdom by [[Edward Balliol]], son of King John, who managed to get himself crowned (1332–1356) and to give away Scotland's southern counties to England before being driven out again. David spent much of his life in exile, first in freedom with his ally, France, and then in prison in England. He was only able to return to Scotland in 1357. Upon his death, childless, in 1371, the House of Bruce came to an end.

{|style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! Name
! Portrait
! Birth
! Marriage(s)
! Death
! Dynastic status
|-
| '''[[Robert the Bruce|Robert I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/robert-i-r-1306-1329 | title=Robert I (r. 1306–1329)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>''the Bruce''<br/>{{Small|(Raibeart a Briuis)}}<br/>1306–1329
| [[File:Robert I and Isabella of Mar, Seton Armorial.jpg|158x158px]]
| 11 July 1274<br/>[[Turnberry Castle]]<br/>son of [[Robert de Brus, 6th Lord of Annandale]] and [[Marjorie, Countess of Carrick|Marjorie]], Countess of [[Carrick, Scotland|Carrick]]<ref>Rasmusen, Barbara Mure (1996). ''[[iarchive:robertbruce0000rasm|Robert The Bruce]]''. Publisher: Heinemann. {{ISBN|0-431-05883-0}}.</ref>|| [[Isabella of Mar]]<br/>1295<br/>one daughter<br/><br/>[[Elizabeth de Burgh]]<br/>[[Writtle]], [[Essex]], [[Kingdom of England|England]]<br/>1302<br/>four children
| 7 June 1329<br/>Manor of Cardross<br/>aged 54
| Great-great-great-great-grandson of King David I<br/>(election)
|-
| '''[[David II of Scotland|David II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/david-ii-r-1329-1371 | title=David II (r. 1329–1371)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Dàibhidh Bruis)}}<br/>1329–1371
| [[File:David II, King of Scotland and Edward III, King of England (British Library MS Cotton Nero D VI, folio 66v).jpg|158x158px]]
| 5 March 1324<br/>[[Dunfermline Abbey]]<br/>son of Robert I and Elizabeth de Burgh
| [[Joan of The Tower|Joan of England]]<br/>[[Berwick-upon-Tweed]]<br/>17 July 1328<br/>no children<br/><br/>[[Margaret Drummond, Queen of Scotland|Margaret Drummond]]<br/>Inchmurdach, Fife<br/>20 February 1364<br/>no children
| 22 February 1371<br/>[[Edinburgh Castle]]<br/>aged 46
| son of Robert I ([[primogeniture]])

|}

===House of Balliol (Disputed claimant) (1332–1356)===
'''[[Edward Balliol]]''' was the son of King [[John Balliol]], who had himself ruled for four years following his election in the [[Great Cause]]. Following his abdication, John Balliol lived out his life in obscurity in [[Picardy]], France. During the minority of David II, Edward Balliol seized the opportunity to assert his claim to the throne, and backed by the English, he defeated the forces of David's regency and was himself crowned king at [[Scone, Perth and Kinross|Scone]] in 1332. He was quickly defeated by loyalist forces and sent back to England. With English support, he would mount two more attempts to seize the throne again, in 1333 and 1335, each time his actual control of the throne was brief before being sent back to England, for the last time in 1336. When David returned from exile in 1341 to rule in his own right, Edward lost most of his support. When David II was captured in battle in 1346, Edward made one last attempt to seize the throne for himself but had little support and the campaign fizzled before it gained much traction. In 1356 he renounced all claims to the throne.

{| style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! Name
! Portrait
! Birth
! Marriage(s)
! Death
! Claim
|-
| '''''[[Edward Balliol]]'''''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/edward-balliol-r-periods-1332-1356 | title=Edward Balliol (r. for periods 1332–1356)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>1332–1356<br/>{{Small|In opposition to David II}}
| [[File:Edward Balliol.jpg|100px]]
| 1283<br/> Son of [[John Balliol]] and [[Isabella de Warenne]]
| None
| 1367<br/>[[Doncaster]], England<br/>aged 83–84
| Son of John Balliol, candidate of the English to replace the exiled David II

|}

===House of Stewart/Stuart (1371–1651)===
{{See also|House of Stuart| Clan Stewart}}

Robert the Stewart was a grandson of Robert I by the latter's daughter, Marjorie. Having been born in 1316, he was older than his uncle, David II. Consequently, he was at his accession a middle-aged man, already 55, and unable to reign vigorously, a problem also faced by his son Robert III, who also ascended in middle age at 53 in 1390, and suffered lasting damage in a horse-riding accident. These two were followed by a series of regencies, caused by the youth of the succeeding five boy kings. Consequently, the Stewart era saw periods of royal inertia, during which the nobles usurped power from the crown, followed by periods of personal rule by the monarch, during which he or she would attempt to address the issues created by their minority and the long-term effects of previous reigns. Governing Scotland became increasingly difficult, as the powerful nobility became increasingly intractable. James I's attempts to curb the disorder of the realm ended in his assassination. James III was killed in a civil war between himself and the nobility, led by his son. When James IV, who had governed sternly and suppressed the aristocrats, died in the Battle of Flodden, his wife Margaret Tudor, who had been nominated regent for their young son James V, was unseated by noble feuding, and James V's wife, Mary of Guise, succeeded in ruling Scotland during the regency for her young daughter Mary I only by dividing and conquering the noble factions, distributing French bribes with a liberal hand. Finally, Mary I, the daughter of James V, found herself unable to govern Scotland faced with the surliness of the aristocracy and the intransigence of the population, who favored Calvinism and disapproved of her Catholicism. She was forced to abdicate, and fled to England, where she was imprisoned in various castles and manor houses for eighteen years and finally executed for treason against the English queen Elizabeth I. Upon her abdication, her son, fathered by [[Henry, Lord Darnley]], a junior member of the Stewart family, became [[James VI and I|King as James VI]].

James VI became King of England and Ireland as James I in 1603 when his cousin Elizabeth I died. Thereafter, although the two crowns of England and Scotland remained separate, the monarchy was based chiefly in England. [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], James's son, found himself faced with the Civil War. The resultant conflict lasted eight years and ended in his execution. The English Parliament then decreed their monarchy to be at an end. The Scots Parliament, after some deliberation, broke their links with England and declared that [[Charles II of England|Charles II]], son, and heir of Charles I, would become King. He ruled until 1651 when the armies of [[Oliver Cromwell]] occupied Scotland and drove him into exile.

{|style="text-align:center; width:100%" class="wikitable"
! Name
! Portrait
! Birth
! Marriage(s)
! Death
! Dynastic status
|-
| '''[[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/robert-ii-r1371-1390 | title=Robert II (r. 1371–1390)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>''the Stewart''<br/>{{Small|(Raibeart II Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1371–1390
| [[File:Robert and Euphemia.jpg|100px]]
| 2 March 1316<br/>[[Paisley Abbey]]<br/>son of [[Walter Stewart, 6th High Steward of Scotland]] and [[Marjorie Bruce]]
| [[Elizabeth Mure]]<br/>1336 (''uncertain [[Canon law (Catholic Church)|canonicity]]'')<br/>1349 (''with [[Papal dispensation]]'')<br/>ten children<br/><br/>[[Euphemia de Ross]]<br/>2 May 1355<br/>four children
|19 April 1390<br/>[[Dundonald Castle]]<br/>aged 74
| grandson of Robert I through his daughter<br/>(primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/robert-iii-r-1390-1406 | title=Robert III (r. 1390–1406)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>(born John Stewart)<br/>''the Lame King''<br/>{{Small|(Raibeart III Stiùbhairt, ''An Righ Bhacaigh'')}}<br/>1390–1406
| [[File:Robert III and Annabella Drummond.jpg|100px]]
| {{Circa|1337}}<br/>unknown<br/>son of Robert II and Elizabeth Mure
| [[Anabella Drummond]]<br/>1367<br/>seven children
|4 April 1406<br/>[[Rothesay Castle]]<br/>aged about 69
| son of Robert II (primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[James I of Scotland|James I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-i-r-1406-1437 | title=James I (r. 1406–1437)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Seumas I Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1406–1437
| [[File:King James I of Scotland.jpg|100px]]
| late July 1394<br/>Dunfermline Abbey<br/>son of Robert III and Anabella Drummond
| [[Joan Beaufort, Queen of Scots|Joan Beaufort]]<br/>[[Southwark Cathedral]]<br/>2 February 1424<br/>eight children
| 21 February 1437<br/>[[Blackfriars, Perth|Church of the Friars Preachers of Blessed Virgin and Saint Dominic at Perth]]<br/>aged about 42 (assassinated)|| son of Robert III (primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[James II of Scotland|James II]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-ii-r-1437-1460 | title=James II (r. 1437–1460)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>Fiery Face<br/>{{Small|(Seumas II Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1437–1460
| [[File:James II of Scotland 17th century.jpg|100px]]
| 16 October 1430<br/>[[Holyrood Abbey]]<br/>son of James I and Joan Beaufort
| [[Mary of Guelders]]<br/>Holyrood Abbey<br/>3 July 1449<br/>seven children
| 3 August 1460<br/>[[Roxburgh Castle]]<br/>aged 29
| son of James I (primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[James III of Scotland|James III]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-iii-r-1460-1488 | title=James III (r. 1460–1488)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Seumas III Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1460–1488
| [[File:James III of Scotland.jpg|100px]]
| 10 July 1451<br/>[[Stirling Castle]] or [[St Andrews Castle]]<br/>son of James II and Mary of Guelders
| [[Margaret of Denmark, Queen of Scotland|Margaret of Denmark]]<br/>Holyrood Abbey<br/>13 July 1469<br/>three children
| 11 June 1488<br/>[[Battle of Sauchieburn|Sauchie Burn]]<br/>aged 36
| son of James II (primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[James IV of Scotland|James IV]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-iv-r1488-1513 | title=James IV (r. 1488–1513)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Seumas IV Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1488–1513
| [[File:James IV of Scotland.jpg|127x127px]]
| 17 March 1473<br/>Stirling Castle<br/>son of James III and Margaret of Denmark
| [[Margaret Tudor]]<br/>Holyrood Abbey<br/>8 August 1503<br/>six children
| 9 September 1513<br/>[[Battle of Flodden Field|Flodden Field]], [[Northumberland]], England<br/>aged 40
| son of James III (primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[James V]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-v-r1513-1542 | title=James V (r. 1513–1542)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Seumas V Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1513–1542
| [[File:Portrait of James V of Scotland (1512 - 1542).jpg|100px]]
| 15 April 1512<br/>[[Linlithgow Palace]]<br/>son of James IV and Margaret Tudor
| [[Madeleine of Valois]]<br/>[[Notre Dame de Paris|Notre Dame Cathedral]], Paris, France<br/>1 January 1537<br/>no children<br/><br/>[[Mary of Guise]]<br/>Notre Dame Cathedral, Paris, France<br/>18 May 1538<br/>three children
| 14 December 1542<br/>[[Falkland Palace]]<br/>aged 30
| son of James IV (primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/mary-queen-scots-r1542-1567 | title=Mary, Queen of Scots (r. 1542–1567)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Màiri Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1542–1567
| [[File:Mary Queen of Scots Blairs Museum.jpg|100px]]
| 8 December 1542<br/>Linlithgow Palace<br/>daughter of James V and Mary of Guise
| [[Francis II of France|François II, King of France]]<br/>24 April 1558<br/>no children<br/><br/>[[Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley]]<br/>[[Palace of Holyroodhouse]], Edinburgh<br/>9 July 1565<br/>one child<br/><br/>[[James Hepburn, 4th Earl of Bothwell|James Hepburn]], 4th Earl of [[Earldom of Bothwell|Bothwell]]<br/>Palace of Holyroodhouse<br/>15 May 1567<br/>no children
| 8 February 1587<br/>[[Fotheringhay Castle]], [[Northamptonshire]], England<br/>aged 44 (executed)
| daughter of James V ([[Primogeniture#Male-preference primogeniture|cognatic primogeniture]])
|-
| '''[[James VI and I|James VI]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-vi-and-i-r-1567-1625 | title=James VI and I (r. 1567–1625)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Seumas VI Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1567–1625
| [[File:JamesIEngland.jpg|100px]]
| 19 June 1566<br/>Edinburgh Castle<br/>son of Henry Stuart, Lord Darnley and Mary I
| [[Anne of Denmark]]<br/>[[Old Bishop's Palace in Oslo|Old Bishop's Palace]], [[Oslo]], Norway<br/>23 November 1589<br/>seven children
| 27 March 1625<br/>[[Theobalds House]], [[Hertfordshire]], England<br/>aged 58
| son of Mary I (primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[Charles I of England|Charles I]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/charles-i-r-1625-1649 | title=Charles I (r. 1625–1649)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=30 December 2015|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Teàrlach I Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1625–1649
| [[File:King Charles I after original by van Dyck.jpg|100px]]
| 19 November 1600<br/>[[Dunfermline Palace]]<br/>son of James VI and Anne of Denmark
| [[Henrietta Maria of France]]<br/>[[St Augustine's Abbey|St Augustine's Church]], [[Canterbury]], England<br/>13 June 1625<br/>nine children
| 30 January 1649<br/>[[Palace of Whitehall]], [[City of Westminster|Westminster]], England<br/>aged 48 (executed)
| son of James VI (primogeniture)
|-
| '''[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]'''<ref name=Charles-II>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/charles-ii-r-1660-1685-0 | title=Charles II (r. 1660–1685)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Teàrlach II Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1649–1651
| [[File:King Charles II by John Michael Wright or studio.jpg|100px]]
| 29 May 1630<br/>[[St James's Palace]], [[City of Westminster|Westminster]], England<br/>son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France
| [[Catherine of Braganza]]<br/>[[Portsmouth]], England<br/>14 May 1662<br/>no children
| 6 February 1685<br/>Palace of Whitehall<br/>aged 54
| son of Charles I (primogeniture)

|}

===Third Interregnum (1651–1660)===
{{Main|Scotland under the Commonwealth}}

===House of Stuart (restored) (1660–1707)===
With the [[Scottish Restoration]], the Stuarts became Kings of Scotland once more but Scotland's rights were not respected. During the reign of Charles II, the Scottish Parliament was dissolved and [[James II of England|James]] was appointed Governor of Scotland. James II himself became James VII in 1685. His Catholicism was not tolerated, and he was driven out of England after three years. In his place came his daughter Mary and her husband William of Orange, the ruler of the Dutch Republic. The two were accepted as monarchs of Scotland after a period of deliberation by the Scottish Parliament and ruled together as William II and Mary II.

An attempt to establish a Scottish colonial empire through the [[Darien Scheme]], in rivalry to that of England, failed, leaving the Scottish nobles who financed the venture for their profit bankrupt. This coincided with the accession of [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Queen Anne]], daughter of James VII. Anne had multiple children but none of these survived her, leaving as her heir her half-brother, James, then living in exile in France. The English favored the Protestant Sophia of Hanover (a granddaughter of James VI) as heir. Many Scots preferred Prince James, who as a Stuart was a Scot by ancestry, and threatened to break the Union of Crowns between England and Scotland by choosing him for themselves. To preserve the union, the English elaborated a plan whereby the two Kingdoms of Scotland and England would merge into a single Kingdom, the [[Kingdom of Great Britain]], ruled by a common monarch, and with a single Parliament. Both national parliaments agreed to this (the Scots albeit reluctantly, motivated primarily by the national finances), and some subterfuge as a total majority of signatories were needed to ratify the Scottish parliament's assent, bribes, and payments. Thereafter, although monarchs continued to rule over the nation of Scotland, they did so first as [[List of British monarchs|monarchs of Great Britain]], and from 1801 of the United Kingdom.

{|style="text-align:center" class="wikitable"
! Name
! Portrait
! Birth
! Marriage(s)
! Death
! Claim

|-
| '''[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]'''<ref name=Charles-II/><br/>{{Small|(Teàrlach II Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1660–1685
| [[File:King Charles II by John Michael Wright or studio.jpg|100px]]
| 29 May 1630<br/>St James's Palace<br/>Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France
| [[Catherine of Braganza]]<br/>[[Portsmouth]], England<br/>14 May 1662<br/>No children
| 6 February 1685<br/>Palace of Whitehall<br/>Aged 54
| rowspan=2 | Son of Charles I (primogeniture)

|-
| '''[[James II of England|James VII]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/james-ii-r1685-1688 | title=James II (r. 1685–1688)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=26 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Seumas VII Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1685–1688
| [[File:James II by Peter Lely.jpg|100px]]
| 14 October 1633<br/>St James's Palace<br/>Son of Charles I and Henrietta Maria of France
| [[Anne Hyde]]<br/>[[Strand, London|The Strand]], London, England<br/>3 September 1660<br/>Eight children<hr/>[[Mary of Modena]]<br/>[[Dover]], England<br/>21 November 1673<br/>Seven children
| 16 September 1701<br/>[[Château de Saint-Germain-en-Laye]], France<br/>Aged 67

|-
| '''[[Mary II]]'''<ref name="William-Mary">{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/william-ii-and-iii-r-1689-1702-and-mary-ii-r1689-1694 | title=William II and III (r. 1689-1702) and Mary II (r. 1689–1694)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Màiri II Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1689–1694
| [[File:Mary II - Kneller 1690.jpg|100px]]
| 30 April 1662<br/>St James's Palace, England<br/>Daughter of James VII (II of England) and Anne Hyde
| rowspan=2 | St James's Palace<br/>4 November 1677<br/>No children. A miscarriage may have rendered Mary infertile
| 28 December 1694<br/>[[Kensington Palace]], England<br/>Aged 32
| Daughter of James VII ([[Convention of Estates (1689)|offered the crown by the Convention of Estates]])

|-
| '''[[William III of England|William II]]'''<ref name="William-Mary"/><br/>{{Small|(Uilleam Orains, "William of Orange")}}<br/>1689–1702
| [[File:King William III of England.jpg|100px]]
| 4 November 1650<br/>[[Binnenhof]], [[The Hague]], [[Republic of the Seven United Netherlands]]<br/>Son of [[William II, Prince of Orange|William II]], Prince of [[Principality of Orange|Orange]] and [[Mary, Princess Royal and Princess of Orange|Mary, Princess Royal]]
| 8 March 1702<br/>Kensington Palace<br/>Aged 51
| Grandson of Charles I ([[Convention of Estates (1689)|offered the crown by the Convention of Estates]])

|-
| '''[[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]]'''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.royal.uk/anne-r1702-1714 | title=Anne (r. 1702–1714)|website=royal.gov.uk| date=3 February 2016|access-date=1 July 2018}}</ref><br/>{{Small|(Anna Stiùbhairt)}}<br/>1702–1707<hr/>({{Small|[[List of British monarchs|Queen of Great Britain and Ireland]]<br/>[[Acts of Union 1707|1707]]–1714)}}
| [[File:Anne1705.jpg|100px]]
| 6 February 1665<br/>St James's Palace<br/>Daughter of James VII and Anne Hyde
| [[George of Denmark]]<br/>St James's Palace<br/>28 July 1683<br/>5 children, none of whom survived childhood; 12 miscarriages and still-births
| 1 August 1714<br/>Kensington Palace<br/>Aged 49
| Daughter of James VII (primogeniture)<br/>[[Claim of Right 1689]]

|}

==Acts of Union==
{{See also|List of British monarchs}}

The [[Acts of Union 1707|Acts of Union]] were twin [[Act of Parliament|Parliamentary Acts]] passed during 1706 and 1707 by the [[Parliament of England]] and the [[Parliament of Scotland]], putting into effect the terms of the [[Treaty of Union]], agreed on 22 July 1706, following prolonged negotiation between Queen Anne's Commissioners representing both parliaments. The Acts joined the [[Kingdom of England]] and the [[Kingdom of Scotland]] to form a united [[Kingdom of Great Britain]].<ref>[http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/ Welcome] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081015044930/http://www.parliament.uk/actofunion/ |date=15 October 2008 }} parliament.uk, accessed 7 October 2008</ref>

Scotland and England had shared a common monarch since the [[Union of the Crowns]] in 1603 when the Scottish king [[James VI]] succeeded to the English throne. Although described as a Union of Crowns, before the Acts of Union of 1707, the crowns of the two separate kingdoms had rested on the same head. Three unsuccessful attempts (in 1606, 1667, and 1689) were made to unite the two kingdoms by Acts of Parliament, but it was not until the early 18th century that the idea had the will of both political establishments to succeed, thereby bringing the two separate states together under a single parliament as well as a single monarch.

==Later claimants==
{{Main|Jacobite succession}}
James VII continued to claim the thrones of England, Scotland, and Ireland. When he died in 1701, his son James inherited his father's claims and called himself James VIII of Scotland and III of England and Ireland. He would continue to do so all his life, even after the Kingdoms of England and Scotland were ended by their merging as the Kingdom of Great Britain. In 1715, a year after the death of his half-sister, Queen Anne, and the accession of their cousin George of Hanover, James landed in Scotland and attempted to claim the throne. He failed and was forced to flee back to the Continent. A second attempt by his son Charles, on behalf of his father, in 1745–6, also failed. Both James's children died without legitimate issue, bringing the Stuart family to an end.

*[[James Francis Edward Stuart]], also known as ''The Old Pretender'', son of James VII, was claimant as "James VIII" ("James III" in England and Ireland) from 1701 until he died in 1766.
*[[Charles Edward Stuart]], also known as ''The Young Pretender'' and often called ''Bonnie Prince Charlie'', son of James VIII, was claimant as "Charles III" from his father's death until his death in 1788 without legitimate issue.
*[[Henry Benedict Stuart]], brother of Charles III and youngest son of James VIII, was claimant as "Henry I" ("Henry IX" in England and Ireland). As a Catholic cleric, Henry died unmarried and without issue in 1807.

After 1807, the Jacobite claims passed first to the [[House of Savoy]] (1807–1840), then to the Modenese branch of the [[House of Habsburg-Lorraine]] (1840–1919), and finally to the [[House of Wittelsbach]] (since 1919). The current heir is [[Franz, Duke of Bavaria]]. Neither he nor any of his predecessors since 1807 have pursued their claim.

In 1971, Ugandan President [[Idi Amin]] proclaimed himself to be the [[pretender|uncrowned]] king of Scotland,<ref>{{Cite book|last=Appiah|first=Anthony|title=Africana: The Encyclopedia of the African and African American Experience|url=https://archive.org/details/africanaencyclop00appi|url-access=registration|year=1999|author2=Henry Louis Gates|isbn=9780465000715}}</ref> although this claim gained no international recognition.

==Timeline of Scottish monarchs==
<timeline>
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DateFormat=yyyy
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  from: 843    till:    1034   color: al   text:[[House of Alpin|Alpin]]
  from: 1034   till:    1286   color: du   text:[[House of Dunkeld|Dunkeld]]
  from: 1286   till:    1290   color: fa   text:[[House of Fairhair|Fairhair]]
  from: 1290   till:    1292   color: cw   text:[[Guardian of Scotland|N/A]]
  from: 1292   till:    1296   color: ba   text:[[John de Balliol|Balliol]]
  from: 1296   till:    1306   color: cw   text:[[Guardian of Scotland|N/A]]
  from: 1306   till:    1371   color: br   text:[[House of Bruce|Bruce]]
  from: 1371   till:    1567   color: sw   text:[[House of Stewart|Stewart]]
  from: 1567   till:    1651   color: su   text:[[House of Stuart|Stuart]]
  from: 1651   till:    1660   color: cw   text:[[Oliver Cromwell|Cromwell]]
  from: 1660   till:    1707   color: su   text:[[House of Stuart|Stuart]] (restored)

  width:5 align:left fontsize:S shift:(5,-4) anchor:till
  barset:Rulers

  from: 843 till: 858 color:al text:[[Kenneth I of Scotland|Kenneth I]]
  from: 858 till: 862 color:al text:[[Donald I of Scotland|Donald I]]
  from: 862 till: 877 color:al text:[[Constantine I of Scotland|Constantine I]]
  from: 877 till: 878 color:al text:[[Áed of Scotland|Áed]]
  from: 878 till: 889 color:al text:[[Giric of Scotland|Giric]]
  from: 878 till: 889 color:al text:[[Eochaid of Scotland|Eochaid]]
  from: 889 till: 900 color:al text:[[Donald II of Scotland|Donald II]]
  from: 900 till: 943 color:al text:[[Constantine II of Scotland|Constantine II]]
  from: 943 till: 954 color:al text:[[Malcolm I of Scotland|Malcolm I]]
  from: 954 till: 962 color:al text:[[Indulf of Scotland|Indulf]]
  from: 962 till: 967 color:al text:[[Dub of Scotland|Dub]]
  from: 967 till: 971 color:al text:[[Cuilén of Scotland|Cuilén]]
  from: 973 till: 977 color:al text:[[Amlaíb of Scotland|Amlaíb]]
  from: 977 till: 995 color:al text:[[Kenneth II of Scotland|Kenneth II]]
  from: 995 till: 997 color:al text:[[Constantine III of Scotland|Constantine III]]
  from: 997 till: 1005 color:al text:[[Kenneth III of Scotland|Kenneth III]]
  from: 1005 till: 1034 color:al text:[[Malcolm II of Scotland|Malcolm II]]

  from: 1034 till: 1040 color:du text:[[Duncan I of Scotland|Duncan I]]
  from: 1040 till: 1057 color:du text:[[Macbeth of Scotland|Macbeth]]
  from: 1057 till: 1058 color:du text:[[Lulach of Scotland|Lulach]]
  from: 1058 till: 1093 color:du text:[[Malcolm III of Scotland|Malcolm III]]
  from: 1093 till: 1097 color:du text:[[Donald III of Scotland|Donald III]]
  from: 1094 till: 1094 color:du text:[[Duncan II of Scotland|Duncan II]]
  from: 1097 till: 1107 color:du text:[[Edgar of Scotland|Edgar]]
  from: 1107 till: 1124 color:du text:[[Alexander I of Scotland|Alexander I]]
  from: 1124 till: 1153 color:du text:[[David I of Scotland|David I]]
  from: 1153 till: 1165 color:du text:[[Malcolm IV of Scotland|Malcolm IV]]
  from: 1165 till: 1214 color:du text:[[William I of Scotland|William I]]
  from: 1214 till: 1249 color:du text:[[Alexander II of Scotland|Alexander II]]
  from: 1249 till: 1286 color:du text:[[Alexander III of Scotland|Alexander III]]

  from: 1286 till: 1290 color:fa text:[[Margaret, Maid of Norway]]

  from: 1292 till: 1296 color:ba text:[[John Balliol]]

  from: 1306 till: 1329 color:br text:[[Robert I of Scotland|Robert I]]
  from: 1329 till: 1371 color:br text:[[David II of Scotland|David II]]

  from: 1371 till: 1390 color:sw text:[[Robert II of Scotland|Robert II]]
  from: 1390 till: 1406 color:sw text:[[Robert III of Scotland|Robert III]]
  from: 1406 till: 1437 color:sw text:[[James I of Scotland|James I]]
  from: 1437 till: 1460 color:sw text:[[James II of Scotland|James II]]
  from: 1460 till: 1488 color:sw text:[[James III of Scotland|James III]]
  from: 1488 till: 1513 color:sw text:[[James IV of Scotland|James IV]]
  from: 1513 till: 1542 color:sw text:[[James V of Scotland|James V]]
  from: 1542 till: 1567 color:sw text:[[Mary, Queen of Scots|Mary I]]

  from: 1567 till: 1625 color:su text:[[James VI and I|James VI]]
  from: 1625 till: 1649 color:su text:[[Charles I of England|Charles I]]
  from: 1649 till: 1651 color:su text:[[Charles II of England|Charles II]]

  from: 1653 till: 1658 color:cw text:[[Oliver Cromwell]]
  from: 1658 till: 1659 color:cw text:[[Richard Cromwell]]

  from: 1660 till: 1685 color:su text:[[Charles II of England|Charles II]] (restored)
  from: 1685 till: 1689 color:su text:[[James II of England|James VII]]
  from: 1689 till: 1694 color:su text:[[Mary II of England|Mary II]]
  from: 1689 till: 1702 color:su text:[[William III of England|William II]]
  from: 1702 till: 1707 color:su text:[[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]]

  barset:skip
</timeline>

==Coronation oath==
The Scottish coronation oath sworn by [[James VI]], [[Charles I of England|Charles I]], and [[Charles II of England|Charles II]] and approved by the [[Parliament of Scotland]] in 1567:

<blockquote>I, N.N., promise faithfully, in the presence of the eternal, my God, that I, enduring the whole Course of my Life, shall serve the same Eternal, my God, to the utmost of my Power, accordingly as he required in his most Holy Word, revealed and contained in the New and [[Old Testament]]; and according to the same Word shall maintain the true Religion of Jesus Christ, the preaching of his Holy Word, and due and right administration of his [[Sacrament]]s, now received and practised within this Realm; and shall abolish and oppose all false Religion contrary to the same; and shall rule the People committed to my Charge, according to the Will and Command of God, revealed in his foresaid Word, and according to the lovable Laws and Constitutions received in this Realm, in no way repugnant to the said Word of the Eternal, my God; and shall procure to my utmost to the [[Kirk (word)|Kirk]] of God and whole Christian people true and perfect Peace in all times coming; the Rights and Rents, with all just privileges of the Crown of Scotland, I shall preserve and keep inviolate, neither shall I transfer nor alienate the same; I shall forbid and repress in all Estates and all Degrees theft, Oppression and all kind of Wrong; in all Judgements, I shall command and procure that Justice and Equity be kept to all creatures without exception, as he be merciful to me and you that is the Lord and Father of all Mercies; and out of all my lands and empire I shall be careful to root out all [[Heresy]] and Enemies to the true Worship of God, that shall be convicted by the true Kirk of God of the foresaid Crimes; and these Things above-written I faithfully affirm by my solemn Oath.</blockquote>

The coronation oath sworn by [[William III of England|William II]], [[Mary II]] and [[Anne, Queen of Great Britain|Anne]] was approved by the Parliament of Scotland on 18 April 1689.<ref>[http://www.rps.ac.uk/search.php?action=fetch_chunk_frame&fn=william_and_mary_trans&id=id20401&query=&type=trans&variants=&fragment=t1689_3_130_d6_trans Scottish Parliament Project].</ref> The oath was as follows:

<blockquote>WE William and Mary, King and Queen of Scotland, faithfully promise and swear, by this our solemn Oath, in presence of the Eternal God, that during the whole Course of our Life we will serve the same Eternal God, to the uttermost of our Power, according as he has required in his most Holy Word, revealed and contained in the New and Old Testament; and according to the same Word shall maintain the true Religion of Christ Jesus, the preaching of his Holy Word, and the due and right Ministration of the Sacraments, now received and preached within the Realm of Scotland; and shall abolish and gainstand all false Religion contrary to the same, and shall rule the People committed to our Charge, according to the Will and Command of God, revealed in his aforesaid Word, and according to the laudable Laws and Constitutions received in this Realm, no ways repugnant to the said Word of the Eternal God; and shall procure, to the utmost of our power, to the Kirk of God, and whole Christian People, true and perfect Peace in all time coming. That we shall preserve and keep inviolated the Rights and Rents, with all just Privileges of the Crown of Scotland, neither shall we transfer nor alienate the same; that we shall forbid and repress in all Estates and Degrees, Reif, Oppression and all kind of Wrong. And we shall command and procure, that Justice and Equity in all Judgments be kept to all Persons without exception, us the Lord and Father of all Mercies shall be merciful to us. And we shall be careful to root out all Heretics and Enemies to the true Worship of God, that shall be convicted by the true Kirk of God, of the aforesaid Crimes, out of our Lands and Empire of Scotland. And we faithfully affirm the Things above-written by our solemn Oath.</blockquote>

{{History of Scotland}}

==See also==
{{Colbegin}}
*[[Scottish monarchs' family tree]]
*[[Palace of Holyroodhouse]] – The principal residence of the King of Scots.
*[[Duke of Rothesay]] – The title of the heir apparent to the Scottish throne.
*[[Grace (style)|His Grace]] – The style of address used by the King of Scots.
*[[List of Scottish consorts]]
*[[Lord High Commissioner to the Parliament of Scotland]]
*[[Lists of monarchs in the British Isles]]
*[[List of monarchs of the British Isles by cause of death]]
*[[Burial places of British royalty]]
{{Colend}}

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|2}}

==Bibliography==
*[[Alan Orr Anderson|Anderson, Alan Orr]], ''Early Sources of Scottish History: AD 500–1286'', 2 Vols (Edinburgh, 1922).
*{{Citation |last=Broun |first=Dauvit |author-link=Dauvit Broun |title=Scottish Independence and the Idea of Britain. From the Picts to Alexander III. |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2007 |isbn=978-0-7486-2360-0 }}
* {{Cite book |first=Archibald Alexander McBeth |last=Duncan |author-link=Archie Duncan (historian) |title=The Kingship of the Scots, 842–1292: Succession and Independence |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |year=2002 |isbn=0748616268}}
*Hudson, Benjamin T., ''Kings of Celtic Scotland'' (Westport, 1994).
* {{Cite book |first=Richard |last=Oram |author-link=Richard Oram |title=The Canmores: Kings & Queens of the Scots, 1040–1290 |publisher=Tempus |year=2002 |isbn=0752423258 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/canmoreskingsque0000oram}}
* {{Cite journal |first=Norman |last=Reid |date=1982 |title=Margaret, "Maid of Norway" and Scottish Queenship |journal=Reading Medieval Studies |volume=8 |pages=75–96 |url=https://www.reading.ac.uk/gcms/-/media/project/functions/research/graduate-centre-for-medieval-studies/documents/rms198204-n-reid-margaret-maid-of-norway-and-scottish-queenship.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220911044335/https://www.reading.ac.uk/gcms/-/media/project/functions/research/graduate-centre-for-medieval-studies/documents/rms198204-n-reid-margaret-maid-of-norway-and-scottish-queenship.pdf |archive-date=2022-09-11 |url-status=live}}
*[[William Forbes Skene|Skene, W. F.]] (ed.), ''Chronicles of the Picts, Chronicles of the Scots and other Early Memorials of Scottish History'' (Edinburgh, 1867)

==External links==
*[http://www.englishmonarchs.co.uk/scottish_kings.htm Scottish Monarchs]
*[http://www.britroyals.com/scots.asp?id=kenneth1 British Royal Family History – Kings and Queens of Scotland]

{{Pictish and Scottish Monarchs}}
{{British monarchs}}
{{Kingdom of Scotland}}
{{Scotland topics}}

{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Scottish monarchs| 01]]
[[Category:Scottish monarchy|.Scottish monarchs]]
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