View source for List of Russian explorers

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{| class="wikitable floatright"
|+ Russian explorers
| {{image array|perrow=4|width=70|height=85
| image1 = Yermak.PNG|alt1=Yermak|caption1 = {{bgcolor|#dfffdf|[[Yermak Timofeyevich|Yermak]]}}
| image2 = Semyon Dezhnyov by Brodsky.jpg|alt2=Dezhnyov|caption2 = {{bgcolor|#DFDFFF|[[Dezhnyov]]}}
| image3 = Grigory Shelikov.jpg|alt3=Shelikhov|caption3 = {{bgcolor|#DFDFFF|[[G. Shelikhov|Shelikhov]]}}
| image4 = AJKrusenstern.JPG|alt4=Krusenstern|caption4 = {{bgcolor|#DFDFFF|[[I. Kruzenshtern|Kruzenstern]]}}
| image5 = Yuriy Lisyansky portrait by Vladimir Borovikovsky.jpg|alt5=Lisyansky|caption5 = {{bgcolor|#DFDFFF|[[Lisyansky]]}}
| image6 = Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen.jpg|alt6=Bellingshausen|caption6 = {{bgcolor|#ffdfff|[[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen|Bellingshausen]]}}
| image7 = Lazarevpetrovich.jpg|alt7=Lazarev|caption7 = {{bgcolor|#ffdfff|[[M. Lazarev|Lazarev]]}}
| image8 = Otto von Kotzebue.jpg|alt8=Kotzebue|caption8 = {{bgcolor|#DFDFFF|[[O. Kotzebue|Kotzebue]]}}
| image9 = Врангель Фердинанд Петрович.jpg|alt9=Wrangel|caption9 = {{bgcolor|#F0F8FF|[[F. Wrangel|Wrangel]]}}
| image10 = Litke.jpg|alt10=Litke|caption10 = {{bgcolor|#DFDFFF|[[F. Litke|Litke]]}}
| image11 = Middendorff1.jpg|alt11=Middendorff|caption11 = {{bgcolor|#dfffdf|[[Middendorff]]}}
| image12 = Nikolay Przhevalsky photoportrait and signature.jpg|alt12=Przewalski|caption12 = {{bgcolor|#FFFFD0|[[Przewalski]]}}
| image13 = Portrait of P. Semenov-Tien-Shansky.jpg|alt13=Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky|caption13 = {{bgcolor|#FFFFD0|[[Tyan-Shansky|Semyonov]]}}
| image14 = Miklukho-Maklai.jpg|alt14=Miklouho-Maclay|caption14 = {{bgcolor|#FFFFD0|[[Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay|Miklouho-Maclay]]}}
| image15 = SO Makarov 01.jpg|alt15=Makarov|caption15 = {{bgcolor|#F0F8FF|[[Stepan Makarov|Makarov]]}}
| image16 = Eduard Toll.jpg|alt16=Toll|caption16 = {{bgcolor|#F0F8FF|[[E. Toll|Toll]]}}
| image17 = Kozlov 01.jpg|alt17=Kozlov|caption17 = {{bgcolor|#FFFFD0|[[Pyotr Kozlov|Kozlov]]}}
| image18 =|alt18=Urvantsev|caption18 = {{bgcolor|#F0F8FF|[[Urvantsev]]}}
| image19= Georgy Ushakov.jpg|alt19=Ushakov|caption19 = {{bgcolor|#F0F8FF|[[G. Ushakov|Ushakov]]}}
| image20 = Gagarin in Sweden.jpg|alt20=Gagarin|caption20 = {{bgcolor|#FFFFFF|[[Gagarin]]}}
| image21 = Leonov Alexei.png|alt21=Leonov|caption21 = {{bgcolor|#FFFFFF|[[Alexei Leonov|Leonov]]}}
| image22 = RIAN archive 612748 Valentina Tereshkova.jpg|alt22=Tereshkova|caption22 = {{bgcolor|#FFFFFF|[[Valentina Tereshkova|Tereshkova]]}}
| image23 = Chilingarov Arh.jpg|alt23=Chilingarov|caption23 = {{bgcolor|#F0F8FF|[[Chilingarov]]}}
}}
|}

The history of [[exploration]] by citizens or subjects of the [[Russia|Russian Federation]], the [[Soviet Union]], the [[Russian Empire]], the [[Tsardom of Russia]] and other Russian predecessor states forms a significant part of the [[history of Russia]] as well as the [[human history|history of the world]]. At {{convert|17075400|km2|sqmi|-1}}, Russia is the [[list of countries and dependencies by area|largest country in the world]], covering more than a ninth of [[Earth]]'s landmass. In the times of the Soviet Union and the Russian Empire, the country's share in the world's landmass reached 1/6. Most of these territories were first discovered by Russian explorers (if indigenous peoples of inhabited territories are not counted). Contiguous exploration in [[Eurasia]] and the building of overseas colonies in [[Russian America]] were some of the primary factors in Russian territorial expansion.

Apart from their discoveries in [[Alaska]], [[Central Asia]], [[Siberia]], and the [[Far North (Russia)|northern areas]] surrounding the [[North Pole]], Russian [[list of explorers|explorers]] have made significant contributions to the exploration of the [[Antarctic]], [[Arctic]], and the [[list of islands in the Pacific Ocean|Pacific islands]], as well as [[deep-sea exploration|deep-sea]] and [[space exploration|space]] explorations.

{{TOC right|limit=4|width=20em}}

==Alphabetical list==
;Areas primarily explored:
{|
|{{legend2|#dfffdf|[[Siberia]]/the [[Far East]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA|text={{asterisk}}}}||{{legend2|#DFDFFF|[[Alaska]]/[[North Pacific]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA|text=^}}||{{legend2|#FFF8E7|[[Europe]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA|text=~}}||{{legend2|#FFE8D5|[[Tropics]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA|text={{†}}}}
|-
|{{legend2|#F0F8FF|[[Arctic]]/the [[Far North (Russia)|Far North]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA|text={{‡}}}}||{{legend2|#ffdfff|[[Antarctic]]/[[Oceania|South Pacific]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA|text=§}}||{{legend2|#FFFFD0|[[Central Asia]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA|text=!}}||{{legend2|#FFFFFF|[[Space]]|border=1px solid #AAAAAA|text=$}}
|}

{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}__NOTOC__

===A===
{|class="wikitable"
|-
!scope="col" width=18%|Portrait
!scope="col" width=22%|Person
!scope="col" width=60%|Achievements
!scope="col"|Image
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Albanov2.jpg|100px|alt=Albanov]]
|'''[[Valerian Albanov]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1881–1919)<br>Russian Navy lieutenant
|Albanov was one of the only two survivors of the ill-fated 1912–14 [[Brusilov expedition]], the other being [[Alexander Konrad]]. They left the ice-bound ship ''St. Anna'' and by ski, sledge, and kayak crossed the [[Kara Sea]], reached [[Franz Josef Land]] and were finally rescued by [[Georgy Sedov]]'s ''Saint Phocas''. The data about ice drift of ''St. Anna'', provided by Albanov, helped [[Vladimir Vize]] to calculate the coordinates of previously unknown [[Vize Island]].<ref name=alb>{{cite book|title=In the Land of White Death|last=Albanov|first=Valerian|year=2001|publisher=Modern Library|isbn=0-679-78361-X|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/inlandofwhitedea00vale}} Viewed 2011-12-23.</ref><br><br>{{small|Either Albanov or Konrad is a prototype for a hero in the novel ''[[The Two Captains]]'' by [[Veniamin Kaverin]].}}
|align=center|[[File:S S Yacht Blencathra.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=St. Anna ship|[[Svyataya Anna|St. Anna]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Pyotr Anjou.jpeg|100px|alt=Anjou]]
|'''[[Pyotr Anjou]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1796–1869)<br>Russian admiral, hero of the [[Battle of Navarino]]
|In 1820, as a lieutenant, Anjou described the coastline and the islands of [[Eastern Siberia]] between the [[Olenyok River|Olenek]] and [[Indigirka]] rivers and mapped the [[New Siberian Islands]]. In 1825–26 he participated in describing the northeastern coast of the [[Caspian Sea]] and the western coast of the [[Aral Sea]].<ref name=rbd>[[Russian Biographical Dictionary]]</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Anjou Islands]].}}
|align=center|[[File:New Siberian Islands map.png|120px|thumb|center|alt=New Siberia|[[New Siberian Islands]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" aligh=center|
|'''[[Danila Antsiferov]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(?–1712)<br>[[Siberian Cossack]] [[ataman]]
|Danila Antsiferov was elected Cossack ataman on [[Kamchatka]] after the death of [[Vladimir Atlasov]]. He was one of the first Russians to visit the [[Kuril Islands]] and describe them in writing, including [[Shumshu]] and [[Paramushir Island]].<ref name=bse>[[Great Soviet Encyclopedia]]</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Antsiferov Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Paramushir, Atlasov, Shumshu - Landsat 7.jpg|80px|thumb|center|alt=Paramushir, Atlasov and Shumshu Islands|[[Paramushir]], [[Atlasov Island|Atlasov]] and [[Shumshu Island]]s]]
|-style="background:#fff8e7;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:AnuchinDN.jpg|100px|alt=Anuchin]]
|'''[[Dmitry Anuchin]]'''{{†}}<br>(1843–1923)<br>geographer, anthropologist, ethnographer, archaeologist
|In 1880 Anuchin researched [[Valday Hills]] and [[Lake Seliger]]. In 1894–95, joining the expedition of [[Alexei Tillo]], he again studied Valday. Anuchin finally determined the location of the source of the [[Volga River]], the largest [[European river]]. He published a major work about the relief of [[European Russia]] and founded the Geography Museum at [[Moscow State University]].<ref name=dsb>[[Dictionary of Scientific Biography]]</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Anuchin crater]] (Moon), [[Anuchin Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Исток Волги 20.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=The source of the Volga|The source of the [[Volga River]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:VK Arsenyev.jpg|100px|alt=Arsenyev]]
|'''[[Vladimir Arsenyev]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1872–1930)<br>military topographer, writer
|Arsenyev wrote a number of popular books about his journeys to the [[Ussuri]] basin in 1902–07, where he was accompanied by [[Dersu Uzala]], a native [[Nani people|Nanai]] hunter. Arsenyev was the first to describe numerous species of [[Siberia]]n flora; he produced some 60 works on the geography, wildlife and ethnography of the regions he traveled to. In 1975, the joint Japanese-Soviet movie ''[[Dersu Uzala (1975 film)|Dersu Uzala]]'' by [[Akira Kurosawa]] won an [[Academy Award]] for the [[Academy Award for Best Foreign Language Film|Best Foreign Language Film]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.msun.ru/Vector/www/Krivsh/Arsenev.htm|title=Vladimir Klavdievich Arsenyev and his heritage|last1=Krivshenko|first1=Sergey|access-date=2011-12-23}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Arsenyev (town)]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Dersuuzala.jpg|80px|thumb|center|alt=Dersu Uzala|[[Dersu Uzala]], photo by Arsenyev]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center| 
|'''[[Vladimir Atlasov]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1661/64–1711)<br>Siberian Cossack ataman
|Atlasov established the first permanent Russian settlements on [[Kamchatka Peninsula]] and led its colonisation. He was the first to present a detailed description of the region's nature and people, and also accounted on the lands near Kamchatka – [[Chukchi Peninsula|Chukotka]] and Japan. Atlasov brought [[Dembei]], a shipwrecked Japanese merchant, to Moscow, where he conducted the first [[Japanese language education in Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamlib.ru/resourses/atlasov.htm|title=Russian historians about Vladimir Atlasov|last1=Tolkacheva|first1=N|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-23|archive-date=2012-08-27|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120827162609/http://www.kamlib.ru/resourses/atlasov.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Atlasov Island]], [[Atlasov volcano]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Kamchatka peninsula topo.jpg|80px|thumb|center|alt=Kamchatka|Topography of [[Kamchatka]]]]
|}

===B===
{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-style="background:#ccc;"
!scope="col" width=18%|Portrait
!scope="col" width=22%|Person
!scope="col" width=60%|Achievements
!scope="col"|Image
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Бабушкин Михаил Сергеевич.jpg|140px|alt=Mikhail Babushkin]]
|'''[[Mikhail Babushkin]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1893–1938)<br>military and polar aviator, [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]
|Babushkin took part in an expedition to rescue [[Umberto Nobile]] in 1928, and in the rescue of the {{SS|Chelyuskin}} crew in 1933. He performed the flights to the first drifting ice station ''[[North Pole-1]]'' in 1937. In 1937–38 he participated in a search for [[Sigizmund Levanevsky]].<ref name=bse/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Babushkinsky District (Moscow)]], [[Babushkinskaya (Moscow Metro)]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Пароход Челюскин.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Chelyuskin|{{SS|Chelyuskin}} sinking]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Badigin Konstantin Sergeevich.jpg|140px|alt=Konstantin Badigin]]
|'''[[Konstantin Badygin]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1910–1984)<br>Soviet Navy captain, writer, scientist, Hero of the USSR<br><br>{{small|(Badygin left, [[icebreaker Sedov|''Sedov'']]'s mechanic D.G. Trofimov right)}}
|In 1938 Badygin became the captain of the ice-captured [[icebreaker Sedov]], turned into a kind of [[drifting ice station]]. Most of the crew was evacuated, but 15 sailors and scientists, including [[Vladimir Vize]], stayed aboard and carried out valuable scientific research in the course of 812 days. After drifting from [[New Siberian Islands]] across the [[North Pole]], they were finally freed between [[Greenland]] and [[Svalbard]] by [[Sibir (1937 icebreaker)|icebreaker Joseph Stalin]] in 1940.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.whoi.edu/beaufortgyre/history/history_soviet.html|title=Early Soviet Exploration of Arctic|publisher=Whoi.edu|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:G SedovMarka.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Icebreaker Sedov|[[Icebreaker Sedov]]]]
|-style="background:#fff8e7;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Karl Ernst von Baer 2.jpg|110px|alt=Baer]]
|'''[[Karl Ernst von Baer]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1792–1876)<br>naturalist, a founder of [[embryology]]
|In 1830–40 Baer researched [[Arctic]] meteorology. He was interested in the northern part of Russia and explored [[Novaya Zemlya]] in 1837 collecting specimens. Other travels led him to the [[Caspian Sea]], [[Sápmi (area)|Lapland]], and [[North Cape, Norway]]. After his explorations of the [[Volga River]] he formulated the geological ''[[Baer's law]]'', stating that in the [[Northern Hemisphere]] [[erosion]] occurs mostly on the right banks of rivers, and in the [[Southern Hemisphere]] on the left banks. Baer was one of the founders of the [[Russian Geographical Society]] in 1845, and also a co-founder and the first President of the [[Russian Entomological Society]].<ref name=dsb/>
|align=center|[[File:Rgolibrary.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Library of the Russian Geographical Society|Library of the [[Russian Geographical Society]] in 1916]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Colonel General Georgy Baydukov.jpg|120px|alt=Baidukov]]
|'''[[Georgiy Baidukov]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1904–1994)<br>military and test pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union<br><br>{{small|('''Baidukov''', Chkalov and Belyakov in 1937)}}
|Baidukov was involved in a number of Soviet ultralong flights. In 1936 [[Valery Chkalov]], Baidukov and [[Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov|A.V.Belyakov]] on [[ANT-25]] flew 9,374&nbsp;km from Moscow through the [[North Pole]] to follow-up [[Chkalov Island]] in [[Okhotsk Sea]], which took 56 h 20&nbsp;min. In 1937, also on ANT-25, the same crew flew 8,504&nbsp;km from Moscow through the North Pole to [[Vancouver, Washington]], which was the first transpolar flight between Europe and North America by airplane, rather than [[dirigible]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=404|title=Байдуков Георгий Филиппович|trans-title=Baydukov Georgy Filippovich|publisher=Герои страны|access-date=2011-12-18}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Baydukov Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Chkalov1w.png|120px|center|thumb|alt=Chkalov and Baydukov Islands|[[Chkalov Island|Chkalov]] and [[Baydukov Island]]s]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Baranov Alexandr.jpg|110px|alt=Baranov]]
|'''[[Alexander Andreyevich Baranov|Alexander Baranov]]'''^<br>(1746–1819)<br>merchant, colonial administrator
|Baranov was hired to head the [[Shelikhov-Golikov Company]], which in 1799 was transformed into the [[Russian-American Company]]. Thus Baranov became the first governor of [[Russian America]] and held this post in 1799–1818. He explored the coast areas of northwestern North America, helped [[Russian Orthodox]] missionaries and improved relations with [[Alaska]] natives. He established trade with China, [[Hawaii]] and also with [[California]], where he founded [[Fort Ross]].<ref name=baranov>{{cite book|title=Lord of Alaska – Baranov and the Russian Adventure|last=Chevigny|first=Hector|id=2331138|year=1951|publisher=Binfords & Mort|location=Portland, Oregon}} Viewed 2011-12-23.</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Baranof Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Fort Ross inside.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Fort Ross|[[Fort Ross]] in [[California]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Nikifor Begichev bust.jpg|100px|alt=Begichev]]
|'''[[Nikifor Begichev]]'''{{‡}}<br> (1874–1927)<br>Russian Navy officer<br><br>{{small|([[forensic]] facial reconstruction)}}
|Begichev was the bosun of the ship ''[[Zarya (polar ship)|Zarya]]'', carrying [[Eduard Toll]]'s expedition in 1900–03. In 1922, at the request of Norway, Begichev led a Soviet expedition in search of the lost crew members of [[Roald Amundsen]]'s 1918 expedition on the ship ''[[Maud (ship)|Maud]]'', [[Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen]], but was unsuccessful (remains were later found by [[Georgy Rybin]]). In 1923–24 Begichev explored the [[Taymyr Peninsula]] with [[Nikolay Urvantsev]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ivki.ru/kapustin/person/bigichev/bigichev.htm|title=Geographical discoveries of N.A.Begichev on Taymyr|last1=Troitsky|first1=V.A.|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-23|archive-date=2021-05-11|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210511045243/http://www.ivki.ru/kapustin/person/bigichev/bigichev.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref name=Barr2>{{cite book|title=The Last Journey of Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen|last=Barr|first=William|year=1919}} Viewed 2011-12-23.</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Bolshoy Begichev Island]], [[Maliy Begichev Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Kara sea2BB.PNG|thumb|center|120px|alt=Begichev Islands|[[Begichev Island]]s location]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Памятник Петру Бекетову в Якутске.jpg|100px|alt=Beketov]]
|'''[[Pyotr Beketov]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br> (c. 1600–c. 1661)<br>Siberian Cossack voevoda<br><br>{{small|(a monument in [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai]])}}
|Beketov, initially a [[strelets]], was appointed [[Enisei]] [[voevoda]] in Siberia after 1627. He successfully carried out the voyage to collect taxes from [[Zabaykalye]] [[Buryats]], becoming the first Russian to set foot in [[Buryatia]]. He founded the first Russian settlement there, Rybinsky [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]]. Beketov was sent to the [[Lena River]] in 1631, where in 1632 he founded [[Yakutsk]], a startpoint of further Russian expeditions eastward, southward and northward. He sent his Cossacks to explore the [[Aldan River|Aldan]] and [[Kolyma river]]s, to found new fortresses, and to collect taxes. In 1652 he launched another voyage to Buryatia, and in 1653 Beketov's Cossacks founded follow-up [[Chita, Zabaykalsky Krai|Chita]] and then future [[Nerchinsk]] in 1654.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://oldchita.megalink.ru/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20021011145110/http://www.oldchita.megalink.ru/|url-status=dead|archive-date=2002-10-11|title=History of Chita|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-23}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Y-ostrog.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=A tower of Yakutsky ostrog|A tower of [[Yakutsk]]y [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]].]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Alexander Cherkassky Bekovich.jpg|100px|alt=Bekovich-Cherkassky]]
|'''[[Alexander Bekovich-Cherkassky]]'''!<br>(?–1717)<br>Russian Army officer
|Bekovich-Cherkassky, a [[Circassia]]n Muslim converted to Christianity, was made by [[Tsar]] [[Peter the Great]] the leader of the first Russian military expeditions into [[Central Asia]] in 1714–17, with the aim of conquering the [[Khanate of Khiva]] and the golden sands of the [[Oxus]] River. Bekovich received these orders in [[Astrakhan]], where he was engaged in preparing the first Russian map of the [[Caspian Sea]]. He commanded a preliminary expedition to Turkmenistan and set up the forts in [[Krasnovodsk]] and Alexandrovsk. In 1717 he won the battle against Khivan Khan, but was tricked into separating his men, betrayed by the Khan, defeated and killed.<ref>{{cite book|title=Central Asia, 130 Years of Russian Dominance|first=Edward|last=Allworth|publisher=Duke University Press|year=1994|isbn=978-0-8223-1521-6|page=9}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Caspianseamap.png|120px|center|thumb|alt=Caspian Sea|The [[Caucasus]], [[Caspian Sea]] and [[Turkmenistan]]]]
|-style="background:#ffdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Admiral Faddey Faddeyevich Bellingshausen.jpg|100px|alt=Bellingshausen]]
|'''[[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]]'''§<br>(1778–1852)<br>Russian admiral, circumnavigator, cartographer
|Bellingshausen took part in the [[first Russian circumnavigation]] under [[Ivan Krusenstern]] on [[Nadezhda (1802 Russian ship)|''Nadezhda'']] in 1803–06. He himself led another Russian circumnavigation in 1819–21 on the sloop ''[[Vostok (sloop-of-war)|Vostok]]'', together with [[Mikhail Lazarev]] on ''[[Mirny (sloop-of-war)|Mirny]]'' – this expedition was the first to discover the continent of [[Antarctica]] on January 28, 1820 ([[New Style]]). They also discovered and named [[Peter I Island]], [[Zavodovski Island|Zavodovski]], [[Leskov Island|Leskov]] and [[Visokoi Island]]s, [[Antarctic peninsula]] mainland and [[Alexander Island]] (Alexander Coast), and made discoveries in the tropical waters of the [[Pacific]], including [[Vostok Island]].<ref name=bellingshausen>{{cite web|url=http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/persons/bell/bell_ru.html|title=Bellingshausen's biography|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120118213614/http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/persons/bell/bell_ru.html|archive-date=2012-01-18}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.south-pole.com/p0000073.htm|title=70South – information on Fabian von Bellingshausen|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-23}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Bellingshausen Island]] (Atlantic), [[Bellingshausen Sea]], [[Bellingshausen Station]], [[Motu One (Society Islands)|Bellinshausen Island]] (Pacific), [[Faddey Islands]], [[Bellingshausen Plate]], [[Bellinsgauzen crater]] (Moon), [[3659 Bellingshausen]] (minor planet).}}
|align=center|[[File:Platinum coin5318-0006R.gif|120px|center|thumb|alt=Antarctica|''[[Vostok (sloop-of-war)|Vostok]]'' and ''[[Mirny (sloop-of-war)|Mirny]]'' in [[Antarctica]]]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Берг 1920 год.jpg|100px|alt=Berg]]
|'''[[Lev Berg]]'''!<br>(1876–1950)<br>geographer, biologist
|Berg studied and determined the depth of the lakes of [[Central Asia]], including [[Balkhash Lake]] and [[Issyk Kul]]. He researched the [[ichthyology]] of Central Asia and [[European Russia]]. He developed [[Dokuchaev]]'s doctrine of [[biome]]s and [[climatology]] and was one of the founders of the Geographical Institute, now the Faculty of Geography of the [[Saint Petersburg University]]. In 1940–50 Berg was the President of the [[Soviet Geographical Society]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.britannica.com/eb/article-9078737|title=Lev Berg – article in the Encyclopædia Britannica|publisher=Britannica.com|date=1950-12-24|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:LakeBalkhash-EO.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Balkhash Lake|[[Balkhash Lake]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Vitus Bering Reconstruction (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Bering]]
|'''[[Vitus Bering]]'''^<br>(1681–1741)<br>Russian Navy captain-commander
|Returning from the [[East Indies]], Bering joined the Russian Navy in 1703. He became the main organiser of the [[Great Northern Expedition]] to explore northern Asia. In 1725, Bering went overland to [[Okhotsk]], crossed to [[Kamchatka]], and aboard ''[[Gabriel|Sv. Gavriil]]'' mapped some 3500&nbsp;km of the [[Bering Sea]] coast and passed the [[Bering Strait]] in 1728–29. Later, [[Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)|Ivan Fyodorov]] and [[Mikhail Gvozdev]] aboard the same ''Sv. Gavriil'' sighted the [[Alaska]]n shore in 1732. Having organised a major [[Second Kamchatka expedition]], Bering and [[Aleksei Chirikov]] sailed from [[Okhotsk]] in 1740 aboard ''[[St. Peter|Sv. Piotr]]'' and ''[[Paul of Tarsus|Sv. Pavel]]'', founded [[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]], and headed together to [[North America]] in 1741, until separated by storm. Bering discovered the southern coast of [[Alaska]], landed near [[Kayak Island]] and discovered the [[Aleutian Islands]]. Chirikov discovered the shores of America near [[Aleksander Archipelago]] and safely returned to Asia. Bering, however, became very ill and his ship was driven to an uninhabited follow-up [[Bering Island]] of the [[Commander Islands|Commander]] group. Bering died there, along with part of his crew. The rest built a vessel out of the wreckage of ''Sv. Piotr'' and escaped to Petropavlovsk.<ref name=britannica11>[[Encyclopædia Britannica Eleventh Edition]]</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/edens/kamchatka/bering.html|title=PBS story of Bering's expedition|publisher=Pbs.org|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://beringisland.ru/history/peoples/bering.shtm|title=Bering, Vitus|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Bering Strait]], [[Bering Sea]], [[Bering Island]], [[Bering Glacier]], [[Bering Land Bridge]], [[Beringia]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Vitus-bering-parken-2005.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=A plaque in Danish Vitus Bering Park|A plaque in [[Denmark|Danish]] Vitus Bering Park with Bering's voyages etched]][[File:1966 CPA 3446.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Commander Islands and Alaska|A postage stamp depicting the discovery of the [[Commander Islands]] and [[Alaska]].]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Yury Bilibin, Aldan - 1928.jpg|100px|alt=Bilibin]]
|'''[[Yuri Alexandrovich Bilibin|Yuri Bilibin]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1901–1952)<br>geologist
|Bilibin led the First [[Kolyma Mountains|Kolyma]] Expedition in 1928 and in 1931–1932 he organized the Second Kolyma Expedition. The result of the explorations was the discovery of gold deposits in Northeast [[Siberia]]. In 1934, together with mining engineer [[Evgeny Sergeyevich Bobin|Evgeny Bobin]] (1897–1941), Bilibin surveyed and charted the last unmapped areas of the continental [[USSR]], the [[Yudoma-Maya Highlands|Yudoma-Maya]] and the [[Aldan Highlands|Aldan]] highlands, as well as the [[Sette-Daban]], in the course of an expedition sent by the Soviet government.<ref>[http://geoman.ru/books/item/f00/s00/z0000095/st052.shtml Essays on the History of Geographical Discoveries] (in Russian)</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Bilibino|Bilibino Town]], [[Bilibino District]], [[Bilibinskite]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Бюст Билибину Ю.А.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Bilibino|Monument located in [[Bilibino]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Joseph Billings]]'''^<br>(c. 1758–1806)<br>[[Royal Navy]] and Russian Navy officer
|In 1785–95 Billings, previously an English officer who had sailed with [[Captain Cook]], led a Russian expedition in search of the [[Northeast Passage]], with [[Gavril Sarychev]] as his deputy. They made accurate maps of the [[Chukchi Peninsula]], the west coast of [[Alaska]], and the [[Aleutian Islands]]. They landed on [[Kodiak Island]], examined the area of [[Prince William Sound]] and compiled a census of the native population of the Aleutians. Billings crossed Chukotka on [[reindeer]] and made the first elaborate description of the [[Chukchi people]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biographi.ca/009004-119.01-e.php?&id_nbr=2267|title=Biography at the ''Dictionary of Canadian Biography Online''|publisher=Biographi.ca|date=2007-10-18|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Cape Billings]], [[Billings (Chukotka)]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Siberia CBL.png|120px|center|thumb|alt=Cape Billings|Location of [[Cape Billings]] in Chukotka]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Brusilov Georgy.jpg|90px|alt=Brusilov]]
|'''[[Georgy Brusilov]]'''^<br>(1884–1914?)<br>Russian Navy captain
|In 1910–11, Brusilov took part in a hydrographic expedition on the icebreakers ''[[Icebreaker Taymyr|Taymyr]]'' and ''[[Icebreaker Vaygach|Vaygach]]'' to the [[Chukchi Sea|Chukchi]] and [[East Siberian Sea]]s. In 1912–14 he led an expedition on the brig'' [[Svyataya Anna|St.Anna]]'', which aimed to travel by the [[Northern Sea Route]] from the Atlantic to the Pacific. ''St.Anna'' became icebound west of [[Yamal Peninsula]] and drifted to the [[North Pole]] in 1913. Brusilov became ill and many of the crew succumbed to scurvy. In 1914 a group led by lieutenant [[Valerian Albanov]] abandoned the ship and walked south over the drifting ice. Only Albanov and [[Alexander Konrad]] managed to reach [[Franz Joseph Land]], where they were rescued by [[Georgy Sedov]]'s ''St. Foka''. The efforts to find the ''St. Anna'' were unsuccessful.<ref name=alb/><br><br>{{small|Brusilov and his ship are among the prototypes for the novel ''[[The Two Captains]]'' by [[Veniamin Kaverin]], where the fictional ''St. Maria'' repeats the drift of ''St. Anna''.}}
|align=center|[[File:Kara Sea map.png|120px|center|thumb|alt=Kara Sea|[[Kara Sea]]]]
|-style="background:#ffe8d5;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Bulatovich.jpg|90px|alt=Bulatovich]]
|'''[[Alexander Bulatovich]]'''{{†}}<br>(1870–1919)<br>Russian Army officer, writer, hieromonk (tonsured Father Antony), [[imiaslavie]] leader, hero of [[World War I]]
|In 1897 Bulatovich was a member of the Russian mission of the [[Red Cross]] in Africa, where he became a confidant of Negus [[Menelek II of Ethiopia]] and his military aide in the war with Italy and the southern tribes. He became the first European to provide a description of the [[Kaffa Province, Ethiopia|Kaffa province]] (conquered by Menelek II with Bulatovich's help) and among the first to reach the mouth of the [[Omo River (Ethiopia)|Omo River]]. Among the places named by Bulatovich was the [[Nicholas II]] Mountain range.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ortho-rus.ru/cgi-bin/ps_file.cgi?3_4917|title=Article about Bulatovich on the site of the Russian Orthodox Church|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-23|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120204101931/http://www.ortho-rus.ru/cgi-bin/ps_file.cgi?3_4917|archive-date=2012-02-04}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.geografia.ru/emp1.html|title=Article on the site geographia.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-23}}</ref><br><br>{{small|The prototype for  grotesque Schema-Hussar Alexei Bulanovich in [[Ilf and Petrov]]'s ''[[The Twelve Chairs]]''; the hero of [[Valentin Pikul]]'s ''The Hussar on a Camel'' and Richard Seltzer's ''The Name of Hero''.}}
|align=center|[[File:Ethiopia shaded relief map 1999, CIA.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Ethiopia|[[Ethiopia]]]]
|-style="background:#ffe8d5;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Admiral Faddey Faddeyevich Bellingshausen.jpg|90px|alt=Bulatovich]]
|'''[[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen|Fabian Bellingshausen]]'''{{†}}<br>(1878–1852)<br> Russian officer of Baltic German descent in the Imperial Russian Navy, cartographer and explorer
|The discoverer of the [[Antarctica]].
In 1819 the authorities selected Bellingshausen to lead the First Russian Antarctic Expedition which was intended to explore the Southern Ocean and to find land in the proximity of the South Pole. With two ships, sloop-of-war Vostok ("East") and support vessel Mirny ("Peaceful") were led by [[Mikhail Lazarev]], the journey started from Kronstadt on 4 June 1819.
Bellingshausen and Lazarev managed to twice circumnavigate the continent. Thus they disproved Captain Cook's assertion that it was impossible to find land in the southern ice fields. The expedition also made discoveries and observations in the tropical waters of the Pacific Ocean.
|align=center|[[File:Bellingshausen-fr.svg|120px|center|thumb|alt= First Russian Antarctic Expedition 1819-1821|First Russian Antarctic Expedition 1819-1821]]
|}

===C===
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{|class="wikitable"
|-style="background:#ccc;"
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!scope="col" width=22%|Person
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!scope="col"|Image
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Cheluskin S I.JPG|120px|alt=Chelyuskin]]
|'''[[Semion Chelyuskin]]'''{{‡}}<br>(c. 1700–1764)<br>Russian Navy officer<br><br>{{small|([[Stepan Malygin|Malygin]], [[D. Ovtsyn]], '''Chelyuskin''', [[Kh. Laptev]] and [[D. Laptev]] on a commemorative coin)}}
|Chelyuskin participated in the [[Great Northern Expedition]] in 1733–43. He traveled in the groups led by [[Vasily Pronchischev]] and [[Khariton Laptev]]. In 1741 he led his own voyage from the [[Khatanga River]] to the [[Pyasina River]] by land. He explored and described the western coastline of [[Taimyr Peninsula]] and the mouths of Pyasina and [[Yenisei River]]s. In 1741–42, he traveled from [[Turukhansk]] to the mouth of the Khatanga and described the northern coastline of Taimyr from Cape Faddey in the east to the mouth of the [[Taimyra River]] in the west. Chelyuskin discovered the northern extremity of [[Asia]], [[Cape Chelyuskin]].<ref name=pronchiscev-chelyuskin>{{cite web|url=http://ivki.ru/kapustin/person/cheluskin/cheluskin.htm|title=Vasily Pronchishev and Semion Chelyuskin|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-23|archive-date=2011-11-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124205157/http://ivki.ru/kapustin/person/cheluskin/cheluskin.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Cape Chelyuskin]], [[Chelyuskin Peninsula]], [[Chelyuskin Island]], [[Chelyuskin steamship]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Kara sea2CC.PNG|thumb|center|120px|alt=Cape Chelyuskin|[[Cape Chelyuskin]], the northernmost point of [[Eurasia]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Jan Czerski.jpg|100px|alt=Chersky]]
|'''[[Ivan Chersky]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1845–1892)<br>paleontologist, geologist, geographer
|Exiled to [[Transbaikalia]] for participation in the [[January Uprising]] and pardoned only in 1883, Chersky became a self-taught scientist in [[Siberia]]. He traveled to the [[Sayan Mountains]], the [[Irkut River]] Valley and [[Lower Tunguska]]. During four expeditions in 1877–81 Chersky explored [[Selenga]] river. He explained the origin of [[Lake Baikal]], made the first geological map of its coast and described the geological structure of [[East Siberia]]. He analysed the [[tectonic]]s of Inner Asia and pioneered the [[geomorphological]] evolution theory. He collected over 2,500 ancient bones. In 1892 he explored the [[Kolyma]], [[Yana River|Yana]] and [[Indigirka River]]s and died from illness there.<ref name="Rfe">{{cite book|title=The Russian Far East: A History|last=Stephan|first=John J.|year=1994|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=978-0-8047-2701-3|page=315|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Jce4rBWjG5wC&pg=PA315 |access-date=2011-12-23}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Chersky Range]], [[Chersky (settlement)]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Selengerivermap.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Selenga watershed|[[Selenga]] watershed]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Chichagov VYa.jpg|100px|alt=Chichagov]]
|'''[[Vasili Chichagov]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1726–1809)<br>Russian admiral, victorious commander-in-chief of the [[Baltic Fleet]] in the [[Russo-Swedish War (1788–1790)]]
|In 1764–66 Chichagov led two expeditions to find the [[Northeast Passage]] between the [[Atlantic]] and the [[Pacific]] along the northern coast of [[Siberia]], a project of [[Mikhail Lomonosov]]. Although he sailed past [[Svalbard]], reached 80°26'N in 1765 and 80°30'N in 1766, and conducted valuable research, both expeditions failed to find the route.<ref>{{cite book|title=Lomonosov's Project and Chichagov's Expedition|last=Sokolov|first=A|year=1854|location=Saint Petersburg}} Viewed 2011-12-23.</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Chichagof Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Barents Sea map.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Barents and Baltic Seas|[[Barents Sea|Barents]] and [[Baltic Sea]]s, where Chichagov explored and fought]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Pjotr Alexandrowitsch Tschichatschow.jpeg|90px|alt=Chikhachyov]]
|'''[[Pyotr Chikhachyov]]'''!<br>(1808–1890)<br>naturalist, geologist
|In 1842 Chikhachyov led an expedition to the unknown territories of the Altai and [[Sayan Mountains]]. He discovered [[Kuznetsk Coal Basin]], reached the sources of the rivers [[Abakan]], [[Chu River|Chu]] and [[Chulyshman]], and entered [[Tuva]]. In 1845 he published works on the geology of [[Altai Mountains]] and [[Xinjiang]]. In 1848–63 he led eight expeditions in [[Asia Minor]], [[Armenia]], [[Kurdistan]] and [[East Thrace]]. In 1853–69 he conducted a major study of Asia Minor, while being the attaché of the Russian embassy in [[Constantinople]]. In 1878, at the age of 71, he visited Algeria and Tunis. He published many works in geography, natural history and the politics of the [[Eastern Question]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_ch/chihachev_pa.html|title=Biography of Chikhachyov|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-23}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Altay-Sayan map en.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Mountains of Central Asia|Mountains of [[Central Asia]]]][[File:Turkey topo.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Asia Minor|[[Asia Minor]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Chilingarov Arh.jpg|90px|alt=Chilingarov]]
|'''[[Artur Chilingarov]]'''{{‡}}<br>(born 1939)<br>polar scientist, [[Hero of the Soviet Union]], [[Hero of Russia]], politician
|In 1969 Chilingarov became the head of the research station "[[North Pole-19]]" and in 1971 the head of [[Bellingshausen Station]] during the 17-th [[Soviet Antarctic Expedition]]. In 1985 he successfully led the mission to rescue the research vessel ''[[Mikhail Somov]]'', which had been ice-blocked in the [[Southern Ocean]]. During the Russian [[Arktika 2007]] expedition, Chilingarov, accompanied by other explorers from different countries, descended to the seabed 13,980&nbsp;feet below the [[North Pole]] in order to plant  the [[Russian flag]] there and gather specimens of the bottom ground, using [[MIR submersible]]s. In 2008 he took part in the expedition which descended one mile to the bottom of [[Lake Baikal]] on MIRs.<ref name=chilingarov>{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=8452|title=Chilingarov at Heroes of the Country|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-23}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Mir front.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=MIR submersible|[[MIR submersible]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Tschirikow.jpg|120px|alt=Chirikov]]
|'''[[Aleksei Chirikov]]'''^<br>(1703–1748) <br>Russian Navy captain
|In 1725–30 and in 1733–43, Chirikov was [[Vitus Bering]]'s deputy during the 1st and the [[2nd Kamchatka expedition]]s. On July 15, 1741, Chirikov, the captain of ''[[Paul of Tarsus|Sv. Pavel]]'', became the first European to land on the northwestern coast of [[North America]] near [[Alexander Archipelago]]. Thereafter he discovered some of the [[Aleutian Islands]]. In 1742 Chirikov specified the location of the [[Attu Island]] during the search for Bering's lost ship. In 1746 Chirikov took part in creating the final map of the Russian discoveries in the northern [[Pacific Ocean]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beringisland.ru/history/peoples/chirikov.shtm|title=Biography of Chirikov|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-23}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Chirikof Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Alexander archipelago.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Alexander Archipelago|[[Alexander Archipelago]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Валерий Павлович Чкалов.jpg|120px|alt=Chkalov]]
|'''[[Valery Chkalov]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1904–1938)<br>military and test pilot, Hero of the Soviet Union
|Chkalov developed several new figures of [[aerobatics]]. He was involved in a number of [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] ultralong flights. In 1936 Chkalov, [[Georgiy Baidukov]] and [[Alexander Vasilyevich Belyakov|A.V.Belyakov]] on [[ANT-25]] flew 9,374&nbsp;km from [[Moscow]] through the [[North Pole]] to follow-up [[Chkalov Island]] in the [[Okhotsk Sea]], which took 56 h 20&nbsp;min. In 1937, also on ANT-25, the same crew flew 8,504&nbsp;km from Moscow through the North Pole to [[Vancouver, Washington]], which was the first transpolar flight between [[Europe]] and [[North America]] on airplane, rather than on [[dirigible]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=511|script-title=ru:Чкалов Валерий Павлович|trans-title=Chkalov Valery Pavlovich|language=ru|publisher=Герои Страны|access-date=2011-12-18}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Chkalovsk, Russia|Chkalovsk]]; [[Chkalov Island]], [[Chkalovskaya (Moscow Metro)]], [[Chkalovskaya (Saint Petersburg Metro)]].}}
|align=center|[[File:URSS ANT-25 N025 in flight.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=ANT-25|[[ANT-25]]]]
|}

===D===
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{|class="wikitable"
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|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Semyon Dezhnyov by Brodsky.jpg|110px|alt=Dezhnyov]]
|'''[[Semyon Dezhnyov]]'''^<br>(c. 1605–1672)<br>[[Siberian Cossack]] leader
|In 1643 Dezhnyov and [[Mikhail Stadukhin]] discovered the [[Kolyma River]] and founded [[Srednekolymsk]]. [[Fedot Alekseyev Popov]] organized a further expedition eastward, and Dezhnyov became a captain of one [[Koch (boat)|koch]]. In 1648 they sailed from Srednekolymsk down to the [[Arctic]] and after some time they rounded a'' '[[Cape Dezhnyov|great rocky projection]]', ''thus becoming the first to pass through the [[Bering Strait]] and to discover [[Chukchi Peninsula]] and the [[Bering Sea]]. All their kochi and most of their men (including Popov himself) were lost in storms and clashes with the natives. A small group led by Dezhnyov reached the mouth of the [[Anadyr River]] and sailed up it in 1649, having built new boats out of the wreckage. They founded [[Anadyrsk]] and were stranded there, until Stadukhin found them, coming from Kolyma by land.<ref name=rfisher>{{cite book|title=The Voyage of Semen Dezhnev in 1648|last=Fisher|first=Raymond H|year=1981|publisher=The Hakluyt Society}} Viewed 2011-12-24.</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Cape Dezhnyov]] (the easternmost cape of [[Eurasia]]).}}
|align=center|[[File:Anadyrrivermap.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Bering Strait|[[Bering Strait]] and the [[Anadyr River]]]]
|-style="background:#fff8e7;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Докучаев, Василий Васильевич.jpg|100px|alt=Dokuchaev]]
|'''[[Vasily Dokuchaev]]'''~<br>(1846–1903)<br>geographer, geologist, [[Pedology (soil study)|pedologist]]
|Dokuchaev led numerous expeditions to study the [[soil]]s and geology of [[European Russia]]. As a result of his long research of Russian soils, he founded modern [[soil science]], developed the conception of [[biome]]s and proposed ways to improve soil productivity.<ref name=rbd/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Dokuchaevsk]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Global soil regions.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Global soil regions|Global [[Soil classification|soil regions]]]]
|}

===E===
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|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Arvid Adolf Etholén.jpg|100px|alt=Etholén]]
|'''[[Arvid Adolf Etholén]]'''^<br>(1799–1876)<br>Russian Navy officer, colonial administrator
|Etolin sailed to [[Alaska]] with [[Vasily Golovnin]] on ''[[Russian frigate Kamchatka|Kamchatka]]'' and entered the service of the [[Russian-American Company]]. He was part of a group that surveyed the [[Aleutian Islands]] in 1822–24. In 1833 he explored the [[Gulf of Alaska]]. Etolin was the governor of [[Russian America]] in 1840–45, and continued to explore Alaska and the [[Bering Sea]].<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.loc.gov/rr/european/FinnsAmer/finchro.html|title=The Finns in America|author=Spiegel, Taru|publisher=The Library of Congress|access-date=2011-12-24}}
</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Etolin Island]], [[Etolin Strait]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Aleuten Lage.png|120px|thumb|center|alt=Aleutian Islands|[[Aleutian Islands]]]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Eduard Eversmann.jpg|100px|alt=Eversmann]]
|'''[[Eduard Friedrich Eversmann|Eduard Eversmann]]'''!<br>(1794–1860)<br>naturalist
|In 1820 Eversmann traveled to [[Bukhara]] disguised as a merchant and in 1825 traveled with a military expedition to [[Khiva]]. In 1828 he became a professor of [[zoology]] and [[botany]] at the [[University of Kazan]]. He wrote numerous publications and pioneered the research of the flora and fauna of the southeast steppes of Russia between the [[Volga]] and the [[Urals]].<ref>{{cite book|title=Biographies for Birdwatchers|publisher=Mearns and Mearns|isbn=978-0-12-487422-0|year=1988}} Viewed 2011-12-24.</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Eversmann's redstart]],  [[Eversmann's parnassian]], [[Eversmann's rustic]] and other species.}}
|align=center|[[File:KhivaWalls.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Walls of Itchan Kala in Khiva|Walls of [[Itchan Kala]] in [[Khiva]]]]
|}

===F===
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|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Alexei Fedchenko.jpg|100px|alt=Fedchenko]]
|'''[[Alexei Pavlovich Fedchenko|Alexei Fedchenko]]'''!<br>(1844–1873)<br>naturalist
|In 1868 Fedchenko traveled through [[Turkestan]], including [[Samarkand]], [[Panjkent]] and the upper [[Zarafshan River]] valley. In 1870 he explored the Fan Mountains south of the Zarafshan. In 1871 he reached the [[Alay Valley]] at [[Daroot-Korgan]] and explored the northern [[Pamir Mountains]] but was unable to penetrate southward. He perished on [[Mont Blanc]] while engaged in an exploring tour in France.<ref name=britannica11/><ref>{{cite book|title=Tajikistan and the High Pamirs|last=Middleton|first=Robert|author2=Thomas, Huw |year=2008|publisher=Odyssey Guides}} Viewed 2011-12-24.</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Fedchenko Glacier]], [[3195 Fedchenko]] (asteroid).}}
|align=center|[[File:Location map Pamir mhn.svg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Pamir Mountains|[[Pamir Mountains]] in [[Central Asia]]]]
|-style="background:#fff8e7;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:FersmanAE.jpg|100px|alt=Fersman]]
|'''[[Alexander Fersman]]'''~<br>(1883–1945)<br>geologist, [[geochemist]]
|Fersman founded [[geochemistry]], the science of the chemical composition of the [[Earth]]. He led numerous expeditions in [[Crimea]], [[Kola Peninsula]] and the [[Urals]]. He discovered [[copper]] and [[nickel]] in [[Monchegorsk]], [[apatite]] reserves in [[Khibiny Mountains|Khibiny]] and [[sulfur]] in [[Central Asia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.minsocam.org/msa/collectors_corner/arc/fersman.htm|title=Fersman Memorial|publisher=Minsocam.org|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Fersman Mineralogical Museum]], [[Fersman crater]] ([[Moon]]).}}
|align=center|[[File:Khibiny North Rischorr Pass 1.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Khibiny Mountains|[[Khibiny Mountains]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Ivan Fyodorov (navigator)|Ivan Fyodorov]]'''^<br>(?–1733)<br>Russian Navy officer
|Fyodorov, took part in the first [[Kamchatka]] expedition of [[Vitus Bering]] in 1725–30. In 1732 Fyodorov and geodesist [[Mikhail Gvozdev]] aboard the ''[[Gabriel|Sviatoi Gavriil]]'' (Bering's ship) sailed to [[Cape Dezhnyov]], the easternmost point of [[Asia]]. From there they sailed east and soon discovered the [[Alaska]]n mainland near the [[Cape Prince of Wales]], the westernmost point of [[North America]]. They charted the north-western coast of Alaska. By doing this, Fyodorov and Gvozdev completed the discovery of the [[Bering Strait]], started by [[Semyon Dezhnyov]] and [[Fedot Popov]] and continued by Bering. Their expedition also discovered three previously unknown islands.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ivki.ru/kapustin/person/fedorov/fedorov.htm|title=Fyodorov biography at Kapustin library|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24|archive-date=2017-06-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170618211020/http://www.ivki.ru/kapustin/person/fedorov/fedorov.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Seward peninsula.png|120px|thumb|center|alt=Cape Prince of Wales area|[[Seward Peninsula]] on [[Alaska]], where the [[Cape Prince of Wales]] is located]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Johan Hampus Furuhjelm.jpg|100px|alt=Furuhjelm]]
|'''[[Johan Hampus Furuhjelm]]'''^<br>(1821–1909)<br>Russian admiral, governor of the [[Russian Far East]], [[Taganrog]] and [[Russian America]]<br><br>{{small|(in photo with his wife Anna)}}
|In 1850 Furuhjelm became a commander of [[Sitka, Alaska|Novoarkhangelsk]] port (now [[Sitka, Alaska|Sitka]], [[Alaska]]) and in 1854 of [[Ayan, Russia|Ayan]] port. In 1858–64 he was the governor of [[Russian America]]. He improved relations with natives, once using the [[Christopher Columbus|Columbus]]-like trick of an eclipse of the moon to impress the Indians. In 1865–72 Furuhjelm served as military governor of [[Primorsky Krai]] and chief of Russian seaports on the [[Pacific]], where he contributed significantly to the development and exploration of the whole region.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.genealogia.fi/place/placeake.htm|title=Finnish Place Names – Alaska|publisher=Genealogia.fi|access-date=2011-12-14|archive-date=2020-10-20|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201020023927/http://www.genealogia.fi/place/placeake.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Mount Furuhelm]], [[Furugelm Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:1860-russian-america.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Russian America|[[Russian America]]]]
|}

===G===
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|-style="background:#FFFFFF;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Gagarin in Sweden.jpg|100px|alt=Gagarin]]
|'''[[Yury Gagarin]]'''<br> (1934–1968)<br>Soviet Air Force pilot, [[cosmonaut]], [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]
|On [[Cosmonautics Day|12 April 1961]], Gagarin became the first human to travel into space, launching into orbit aboard the [[Vostok program|Vostok 3KA-3]] ([[Vostok 1]]).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ispyspace.com/Yuri_Gagarin.html|title=Yuri Gagarin – The First to Fly|publisher=Ispyspace.com|access-date=2011-12-14|archive-date=2009-02-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202191332/http://www.ispyspace.com/Yuri_Gagarin.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Gagarin, Russia|Gagarin]] (Russia), [[Gagarin, Armenia|Gagarin]] ([[Armenia]]), [[Gagarinsky (inhabited locality)]], [[Gagarinsky District]], [[Gagarinskaya metro station (disambiguation)|Gagarinskaya metro station]], [[Gagarin (crater)|Gagarin crater]] (Moon), asteroid [[1772 Gagarin]], ''[[Kosmonavt Yuri Gagarin]]'' (ship), [[Gagarin's Start]], [[Gagarin Cosmonaut Training Center]], [[Gagarin Air Force Academy]], [[Gagarin Cup]];  [[Cosmonautics Day]] aka [[Yuri's Night]] is a yearly celebration of Gagarin's flight on 12 April.}}
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|'''[[Yakov Gakkel]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1901–1965)<br>oceanographer
|Gakkel was a director of the geography department of the [[Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute]]. He participated in numerous [[Arctic]] expeditions, including the ones on the icebreaker ''[[Sibiryakov (1909 icebreaker)|Sibiryakov]]'' in 1932 and on ''[[Chelyuskin steamship|Chelyuskin]]'' in 1934. He was the first to create a [[bathymetric]] map of the [[Arctic Ocean]].<ref name=bse/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Gakkel Ridge]].}}
|align=center|[[File:IBCAO betamap.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Arctic Ocean|[[Bathymetric]] map of the [[Arctic Ocean|Arctic]] with [[Gakkel Ridge]] on it]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Matvei Gedenschtrom]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1780–1845)<br>public servant, scientist
|Gedenschtrom was sent to serve in [[Siberia]] for his connection with a [[smuggling]] affair at [[Tallinn]] [[customs]]. In 1809–10 together with [[Yakov Sannikov]] he led the [[cartographic]] expedition to the [[Arctic]] shores of [[Sakha Republic|Yakutia]]. They explored and named the [[New Siberian Islands]] (earlier discovered by [[Yakov Permyakov]]). This expedition established a theory about the existence of the legendary [[Sannikov Land]] somewhere northwest of [[Kotelny Island]]. Gedenschtrom discovered the presence of [[Siberian polynya]] (patches of open water at the edge of the [[drifting ice]] and continental [[fast ice]]). He charted the coastline between the [[Yana (river)|Yana]] and [[Kolyma River]]s. He made numerous trips across [[Sakha Republic|Yakutia]] and the areas east of [[Lake Baikal]].<ref name=rbd/>
|align=center|[[File:New Siberian Islands map.png|120px|thumb|center|alt=New Siberia|[[New Siberian Islands]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Georgi Johann Gottlied 1729–1802.jpg|90px|alt=Georgi]]
|'''[[Johann Gottlieb Georgi]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1729–1802)<br>geographer, naturalist, ethnographer, physician, chemist
|Georgi accompanied both [[Johan Peter Falk]] and [[Peter Simon Pallas]] on their respective journeys through [[European Russia]] and [[Siberia]]. In 1772 he mapped [[Lake Baikal]] and was the first to describe [[omul]] fish, as well as other fauna and flora of the Baikal region. He amassed a large collection of minerals and in 1776–80 published the first comprehensive work on the ethnography of the [[indigenous peoples of Russia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rulex.ru/01041005.htm|title=Biography of Georgi|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Dahlia|Georgia]] flower.}}
|align=center|[[File:Thymallus baikalensis, Baikal-Museum, Listvyanka, Irkutsk Oblast, Russia - 20080405.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Omul fish|[[Omul]] in an aquarium in the [[Lake Baikal|Baikal]]-Museum in [[Listvyanka, Irkutsk Oblast|Listvyanka]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Gmelin Johann Georg 1709-1755.jpg|90px|alt=Gmelin]]
|'''[[Johann Georg Gmelin]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1709–1755)<br>naturalist, botanist, geographer
|In 1733–43 Gmelin participated in the [[Great Northern Expedition]] and made a number of journeys through [[Siberia]], covering more than 34,000&nbsp;km in total. He discovered that the [[Caspian Sea]] lies below sea level. He published two major works about his travels in Russia and the flora of Siberia, and described more than 500 previously unknown plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/30144|title=Gmelins family|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Gmelina]] and [[Larix gmelinii]] plant genera.}}
|align=center|[[File:Flowering at Canopy I IMG 3456.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Gmelina plant|''[[Gmelina arborea]]'']]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:GolovninB&W.jpg|100px|alt=Golovnin]]
|'''[[Vasily Golovnin]]'''^<br>(1776–1831)<br>Russian admiral, circumnavigator
|Golovnin made two [[circumnavigation]]s on the sloop ''Diana'' (1807–09) and the frigate ''[[Russian frigate Kamchatka|Kamchatka]]'' (1817–19). In 1811 he described and mapped part of the [[Kuril Islands]]. At that time he was taken prisoner for two years by the Japanese. He described his years in captivity, life in Japan, and his voyages around the world in books. Later he was the general [[quartermaster]] of the Russian Navy and supervised the building of the first Russian [[steamship]]s. He tutored [[Fyodor Litke]], [[Ferdinand Wrangel]] and other seafarers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://persones.ru/biography-14873.html|title=Vasily Golovnin at persones.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Golovin, Alaska]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Golovninmap.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Golovnin's circumnavigations|Golovnin's [[circumnavigation]]s]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Bronislaw Grabczewski.jpg|100px|alt=Gromchevsky]]
|'''[[Bronislav Gromchevsky]]'''!<br>(1855–1926)<br>Russian Army officer
|Gromchevsky participated in the Russian conquest of [[Central Asia]] and led reconnaissance expeditions in the surrounding regions. In 1885–86 he explored [[Kashgar]] and [[Tian Shan]]. In 1888–89 he explored the [[Pamirs]], [[Kafiristan]], [[Kashmir]] and northwestern [[Tibet]] and went as far as [[British India]]. He is regarded as the Russian counterpart to the British military-explorer [[Francis Younghusband]]. The two [[Great Game]] rivals famously met in 1889 when they were exploring the [[Hunza Valley]]. In 1900 Gromchevsky explored North Eastern China.<ref name=britannica11/><ref>{{cite book|title=The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia|last=Hopkirk|first=Peter|author-link = Peter Hopkirk|year=1992|publisher=Kodansha International|isbn=1-56836-022-3|title-link=The Great Game: The Struggle for Empire in Central Asia}} Viewed 2011-12-24.</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Kashmir region 2004.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Kashmir region|[[Kashmir]] region]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:GrumGrshmailo.jpg|100px|alt=Grigory Grum-Grshimailo]]
|'''[[Grigory Grum-Grshimailo]]'''!<br>(1860–1936)<br>zoologist, entomologist, ethnographer, geographer
|In 1884 Grum-Grshimailo started his first Pamir expedition on which he explored the [[Alai Mountains]] and reached as far as [[Karakul (Tajikistan)|Lake Karakul]]. In 1885–87 he traveled extensively through [[Central Asia]], reaching the [[Silk Road]], [[Lake Chatyr-Kul]] and [[Kashgar]]. In 1889–90 he discovered the [[Ayding Lake]], the [[Table of elevation extremes by country|second lowest land point]] on Earth, at 130&nbsp;m below sea level. He obtained two [[Przewalski's horse]]s, over 1000 bird specimens and tens of thousands of insects during his 8600&nbsp;km long travels. In 1903 he explored [[Mongolia]] and [[Tuva]] and later traveled in the [[Far East]].<ref name=bse/><ref name=britannica11/>
|align=center|[[File:Aydingkol1.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Stele at the Ayding Lake|Stele at the [[Ayding Lake]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Mikhail Gvozdev]]'''^<br>(1700/04–after 1759)<br>military [[geodesist]]
|Gvozdev took part in the 1st [[Kamchatka]] expedition of [[Vitus Bering]]. In 1732 together with [[Ivan Fedorov (navigator)|Ivan Fedorov]] aboard ''Sviatoi Gavriil'' (Bering's ship) they reached [[Dezhnev Cape]] (the easternmost point of [[Asia]]), sailed east and soon discovered the [[Alaska]]n mainland near the [[Cape Prince of Wales]] (the westernmost point of [[North America]]). They charted that part of the Alaskan coast and discovered three new islands. Thus they completed the discovery of the [[Bering Strait]], once started by [[Semyon Dezhnyov]] and [[Fedot Popov]] and continued by Bering. Subsequently, in 1741–42 Gvozdev participated in the [[Great Northern Expedition]] and mapped most of the western and southern shores of the [[Okhotsk Sea]], and the eastern shore of [[Sakhalin]].<ref name=gvozdev>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamchatsky-krai.ru/lichnosti/biografii/gvozdev.htm|title=Gvozdev biography at the Kamchatka Krai site|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Sea of Okhotsk map with state labels.png|120px|thumb|center|alt=Sea of Okhotsk, Kamchatka, Alaska|[[Sea of Okhotsk]], [[Kamchatka]], [[Alaska]] in the [[North Pacific]]]]
|}

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!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Gagemester.jpg|90px|alt=Hagemeister]]
|'''[[Ludwig von Hagemeister]]'''^<br>(1780–1833)<br>Russian Navy captain, colonial administrator, circumnavigator
|After taking part in the [[Napoleonic Wars]], in 1806–07 Hagemeister journeyed to [[Alaska]] as captain of the ''[[Russian warship Neva|Neva]]'' (former ship of [[Lisyansky]]). In 1808–09, he explored the shores of Alaska and the waters of the [[North Pacific]]. In 1812–15 he supervised the building of the first [[tall ship]]s to sail on [[Lake Baikal]]. In 1816–19 he made a circumnavigation on ''Kutuzov'', with a stop in Alaska, where he was a governor of [[Russian America]] in 1818–19. In 1828–29, Hagemeister made his second circumnavigation aboard ''Krotky''. Among other islands, he surveyed the [[Kwajalein|Menshikov Atoll (Kwajalein)]] in the [[Marshall Islands]] group.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npacific.ru/np/library/encicl/4/0013.htm|title=Hagemeister biography|language=ru|publisher=Npacific.ru|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Hagemeister Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Mapgagenmester.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Hagemeister's circumnavigations|Hagemeister's [[circumnavigation]]s]]
|}

===I===
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|'''[[Kurbat Ivanov]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(?–1666)<br>[[Siberian Cossack]] [[voevoda]]
|In 1642, on the basis of explorations made by [[Ivan Moskvitin]], Ivanov made the earliest known map of the [[Russian Far East]]. In 1643 with a group of Cossacks he sailed up the [[Lena River]] from Verkholensky [[Ostrog (fortress)|ostrog]], having decided to check the rumors of a large body of water to the south. They crossed the [[Baikal Mountains]] by foot, descended down the [[Sarma River]], discovered [[Lake Baikal]] and visited its [[Olkhon Island]]. Ivanov made the first chart and description of [[Lake Baikal|Baikal]]. In 1659–65 Ivanov was the next head of [[Anadyrsk]]y ostrog after [[Semyon Dezhnyov]]. In 1660 he sailed from [[Anadyr Bay]] to [[Cape Dezhnyov]]. He is credited with the creation of the early map of [[Chukchi Peninsula|Chukotka]] and the [[Bering Strait]], which was the first to show on paper (schematically) the yet undiscovered [[Wrangel Island]], both [[Diomede Islands]] and [[Alaska]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/enc_biography/43700/%D0%98%D0%B2%D0%B0%D0%BD%D0%BE%D0%B2|title=Ivanov, Kurbat|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbaikal.ru/rus/region/history.html|title=The Path of Explorers|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111115174244/http://www.sbaikal.ru/rus/region/history.html|archive-date=2011-11-15}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Lena watershed.png|center|120px|thumb|alt=Lena River and Lake Baikal|[[Lena River]] and [[Lake Baikal]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Gerasim Izmailov]]'''^<br>(c. 1745–after 1795)<br>Russian Navy officer
|In 1771 Izmailov was caught up in the [[Benevsky mutiny]] while serving on [[Kamchatka]]. After an attempt to break away from the mutineers he was marooned on [[Simushir]], an uninhabited isle in the [[Kurils]]. For a year he lived like [[Robinson Crusoe]] before being rescued, tried on charges of mutiny and cleared. From 1775 he created the first detailed map of the [[Aleutian Islands]]. In 1778 he met with Captain [[James Cook]] in [[Unalaska]]. In 1783–85 Izmaylov and [[Grigory Shelikhov]] founded the first permanent Russian settlement in [[North America]] on [[Kodiak Island]]. In 1789 Izmaylov became the first to explore and map the [[Kenai Peninsula]]. Later he helped [[Alexander Andreyevich Baranov]] to fight off the [[Tlingit people|Tlingit]] natives and saved the lost crew of a Russian ship from [[Saint Paul Island, Alaska]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npacific.ru/np/library/encicl/9/0010.htm|title=Biographical Dictionary of the Russian Far East and Russian America|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Mapa Hipsometryczna-Aleuty i Rów Aleucki.png|120px|thumb|center|alt=Aleutian Islands|[[Aleutian Islands]]]]
|}

===J===
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|-style="background:#ffe8d5;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Yunker vv.jpg|100px|alt=Junker]]
|'''[[Wilhelm Junker]]'''{{†}}<br>(1840–1892)<br>physician, ethnographer
|Born into the rich family of a [[Moscow]] banker, Junker traveled a lot. He carried out a major exploration of [[Eastern Africa|Eastern]] and [[Equatorial Africa]] in 1875–86, with [[Khartoum]] and then [[Lado, Sudan|Lado]] as bases for his expeditions. He researched [[African peoples]], including the [[Zande people]] from Niam-Niam, and collected plant and animal specimens. He explored the [[Congo-Nile Divide]], where he established the identity of the [[Uele River|Uele]] and [[Ubangi River|Ubangi]] rivers. The [[Mahdi]]st uprising prevented his return to Europe through the [[Sudan]], and in 1884–86 he went south, traveled through [[Uganda]] and [[Tabora]], reached [[Zanzibar]] and finally returned to [[St. Petersburg]].<ref name=britannica11/>
|align=center|[[File:CongoLualaba watershed topo.png|120px|center|thumb|alt=Congo basin|[[Congo River]] basin]]
|}

===K===
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|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Otto Kalvitsa.jpg|100px|alt=Kalvitsa]]
|'''[[Otto Kalvitsa]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1888–1930)<br>aviator, polar explorer
|Finnish-born aviator who is one of the pioneers of the Soviet [[Arctic aviation]]. He explored the waters of [[Matochkin Strait]] between the [[Severny Island|Severny]] and [[Yuzhny Island]]s of [[Novaya Zemlya]] in order to survey ship routes for the [[Northeast passage]]. Kalvitsa also participated [[Georgy Ushakov]]'s expedition to the [[Wrangel Island]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Кальвица (Кальвиц) Отто Артурович|author=Avetisov, Georgy|publisher=Арктическая топонимика|url=http://www.gpavet.narod.ru/Names1/kalvits.htm|language=ru|access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Kalvitsa]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Matochkin Strait.svg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Matochkin Strait|Location of the [[Matochkin Strait]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Chabarovsk - monument voor Jerofej Chabarov.jpg|100px|alt=Khabarov monument]]
|'''[[Yerofey Khabarov]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1603–after 1671)<br>[[Siberian Cossack]] leader
|A manager for the merchants [[Stroganovs]], Khabarov went to Siberia and in 1641 founded [[saltworks]] on the [[Lena River]]. In 1649–50 he became the second Russian to explore the [[Amur river]] (after [[Vassili Poyarkov]]). Through the [[Olyokma]], [[Tungur]] and [[Shilka River]]s he reached Amur ([[Transbaikal|Dauria]]), returned to [[Yakutsk]] and then back to Amur with a larger force, where he engaged in the [[Russian-Manchu border conflicts]]. He built winter quarters at [[Albazin]], then sailed down the Amur and found Achansk, which preceded the present-day [[Khabarovsk]], defeating or evading large armies of Daurian [[Manchu]] [[China|Chinese]] and [[Koreans]] on his way. He charted the Amur in his ''Draft of the Amur river''.<ref name="dymytryshyn">{{cite book|title=Russia's Conquest of Siberia, 1558–1700: A Documentary Record|last=Dmytryshyn|first=Basil|year=1985|publisher=The Press of the Oregon Historical Society|isbn=0-87595-148-1}} Viewed 2011-12-24.</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Khabarovsk]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Amurrivermap.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Amur basin|[[Amur River]] basin]]
|-style="background:#ffdfff;"
!scope="row"|[[File:Maria Klenova.jpg|120px|alt=Klenova]]
|'''[[Maria Klenova]]'''§<br>(1898–1976)<br>marine geologist
|Klenova was one of the founders of [[marine geology]]. She began her career in 1925 aboard the [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] research vessel ''Persey'' in the [[Barents Sea]], visiting [[Novaya Zemlya]], [[Spitsbergen]] and [[Franz Josef Land]]. In 1933 Klenova made the first complete seabed map of the Barents Sea. Her later work included the research of seabed geology in the [[Atlantic]] and the Antarctic, and in the [[Caspian sea|Caspian]] and [[White Sea]]s. She was one of the earliest women explorers of the [[Antarctic]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Sixteenth Meeting of the GEBCO Subcommittee on Undersea Feature Names|publisher=International Hydrographic Organization|url=http://www.gebco.net/about_us/meetings_and_minutes/documents/gebco_scufn_16_report.pdf|access-date=2007-11-15}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Barents Sea in Bloom.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Barents Sea|[[Barents Sea]] as seen from space]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Kolchak 2.jpg|90px|alt=Kolchak]]
|'''[[Aleksandr Kolchak]]'''^<br>(1874–1920)<br>[[Russian admiral]], hero of  the [[Russo-Japanese War]], [[World War I]], [[Russian Civil War]], one of the leaders of the [[White movement]]
|Kolchak joined the expedition of [[Eduard Toll]] on the ship ''[[Zarya (polar ship)|Zarya]]'' in 1900 as a hydrologist. He took part in two further [[Arctic]] expeditions and explored the shores of [[Taymyr Peninsula]]. He was nicknamed "Kolchak the Polar". He published a number of important works on [[Arctic ice]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.info/biograf/bio_k/kolchak_pasha.html|script-title=ru:Александр Васильевич Колчак|trans-title=Aleksandr Vasilyevich Kolchak|language=ru|publisher=Hrono.info|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Kolchak Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Kara sea2TA.PNG|120px|center|thumb|alt=Kolchak Island|[[Kolchak Island]] in the [[Kara Sea]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:NNKolomeitsev.jpg|100px|alt=Kolomeitsev]]
|'''[[Nikolai Kolomeitsev]]'''^<br>(1867–1944)<br>Russian admiral, hero of the [[Russo-Japanese War]]
|After several expeditions in the [[Arctic]], Kolomeitsev became a commander of [[Eduard Toll]]'s ship ''[[Zarya (polar ship)|Zarya]]'' during the ''Russian Polar Expedition'' in 1900. They aimed to explore the area north of the [[New Siberian Islands]] and to find [[Sannikov Land]]. There was a disagreement between Kolomeitsev and Toll over the treatment of the crew, and finally [[Fyodor Matisen]] was made captain, while Kolomeitsev was sent with [[Stepan Rastorguyev]] to organize coal depots and carry the post to the mainland. They made a number of discoveries on the 800&nbsp;km long sledge trip over [[Taymyr Peninsula]].<ref name=Barr>{{cite book|title=Baron Eduard von Toll's Last Expedition: The Russian Polar Expedition, 1900–1903|last=Barr|first=William|year=1980}} Viewed 2011-12-24.</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Kolomeitsev Islands]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Russian schooner Zarya, 1910.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Zarya ship|Polar ship ''[[Zarya (polar ship)|Zarya]]'']]
|-style="background:#ffdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Fyodor Konyukhov 3.jpg|100px|alt=Konyukhov]]
|'''[[Fyodor Konyukhov]]'''§<br>(born 1951)<br>yacht captain, traveler, painter, writer, [[Ukrainian Orthodox Church (Moscow Patriarchate)|Orthodox]] priest
|Konyukhov made more than 40 unique trips and climbs expressing his vision of the world in more than 3000 paintings and 9 books. He set a record for crossing the [[Atlantic]] on a single row-boat in 46 days. He also crossed 800&nbsp;km in a record 15 days and 22&nbsp;hours during a Trans-[[Greenland]] dog sleigh ride. He was the first Russian to complete the [[Three Poles Challenge]] and [[Explorers Grand Slam]]. He is the first and so far the only person in the world to have reached the five extreme [[Geographical pole|Poles]] of the planet: [[North Pole]] (3 times), [[South Pole]], the [[Pole of inaccessibility]] in the [[Arctic Ocean]], [[Mount Everest]] ([[Alpinist]]s pole) and [[Cape Horn]] ([[Yachtsmen]] pole). He set a record for the solo yacht circumnavigation of [[Antarctica]] in 2008 (102 days).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://konyukhov.ru/eng/biografia/index.shtml|title=Biography at Konyukhov's official site|publisher=Konyukhov.ru|access-date=2011-12-14|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119174919/http://konyukhov.ru/eng/biografia/index.shtml|archive-date=2011-11-19|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.antarcticacup.com/|title=Antarctica Cup site|publisher=Antarcticacup.com|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Seven+Summits+Elevation+World+Map.png|120px|center|thumb|alt=The Seven Summits|The [[Seven Summits]] on an elevation world map]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Korzhenevskiy N L.jpg|110px]]
|'''[[Nikolai Korzhenevskiy]]'''!<br>(1879–1958)<br>Russian Army officer, geographer, glaciologist
|In 1903–28 Korzhenevskiy organized 11 expeditions to explore the [[Pamir Mountains]]. He discovered a number of glaciers and the highest peaks in the [[Pamirs]], including [[Peak Korzhenevskaya]] which he named after his wife Evgeniya. He discovered and named [[Academy of Sciences Range]] (in honor of the [[Academy of Sciences of the USSR]]) and made a catalogue of all the glaciers in [[Central Asia]], having discovered 70 of them himself.<ref name=bse/>
|align=center|[[File:Peak Korzhenevskoi Pamir from Borodkina ridge at sunset.jpg|90px|thumb|center|[[Peak Korzhenevskaya]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Otto von Kotzebue - Forschungsreisender.jpg|100px|alt=Kotzebue]]
|'''[[Otto von Kotzebue]]'''^<br> (1787–1846)<br>Russian Navy captain, circumnavigator
|Kotzebue accompanied [[Ivan Krusenstern]] on the [[first Russian circumnavigation]] in 1803–06. On the brig ''[[Rurik]]'' he led another Russian circumnavigation in 1815–18. He discovered the Romanzov Islands, Rurik Islands and [[Tikehau|Krusenstern Islands]] in the [[Pacific]], then moved towards [[Alaska]] and discovered and named [[Kotzebue Sound]] and [[Cape Krusenstern]]. Returning south he discovered the [[Mejit Island|New Year Island]]. In 1823–26 he made another world cruise on the sloop "Enterprise" making more discoveries.<ref name=britannica11/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Kotzebue Sound]], [[Kotzebue, Alaska]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Kozebuemap.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Kotzebue's circumnavigations|Kotzebue's [[circumnavigation]]s]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Kozlov 01.jpg|100px|alt=Kozlov]]
|'''[[Pyotr Kozlov]]'''!<br>(1863–1935)<br>Russian Army officer
|Kozlov started traveling in [[Central Asia]] with [[Nikolai Przhevalsky]], and after the death of his mentor he continued his work. From 1899 to 1901 he explored the upper reaches of the [[Yellow River]], [[Yangtze]], and [[Mekong]] rivers. He rivaled [[Sven Hedin]] and [[Aurel Stein]] as the foremost researcher of [[Xinjiang]] at the historical peak of the [[Great Game]]. In 1907 he visited the [[Dalai Lama]] in [[Ulan Bator|Urga]]. In 1907–09, Kozlov explored the [[Gobi Desert]] and discovered the remains of the ancient [[Tangut people|Tangut]] city of [[Khara-Khoto]]. He excavated the site and uncovered no less than 2,000 books in the [[Tangut language]]. In 1923–26 he explored [[Mongolia]] and [[Tibet]] and discovered an unprecedented number of [[Xiongnu]] royal burials at [[Noin-Ula]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.orientalstudies.ru/eng/index.php?option=com_personalities&Itemid=74&person=29|title=Pyotr Kuzmich Kozlov|publisher=[[Institute of Oriental Studies of the Russian Academy of Sciences]]|access-date=2011-12-23}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Mahasthamaprapta.jpg|thumb|center|70px|alt=A silk painting from Khara-Khoto|A [[silk]] painting from [[Khara-Khoto]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Stepan Krasheninnikov.jpg|100px|alt=Krasheninnikov]]
|'''[[Stepan Krasheninnikov]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br> (1711–1755)<br>naturalist, geographer
|Krashennikov was a classmate of [[Mikhail Lomonosov]]. Krashennikov traveled in [[Siberia]] in 1733–36 and then on Kamchatka Peninsula in 1737–41, during the [[Second Kamchatka Expedition]]. He gave the first full description of [[Kamchatka]] in his book ''An Account of the Land of Kamchatka'', with detailed reports of the plants and animals of the region, and also the language and culture of the indigenous [[Itelmen]] and [[Koryaks]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beringisland.ru/history/peoples/krasheninnikov.shtm|title=Krasheninnikov's biography|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120707151333/http://beringisland.ru/history/peoples/krasheninnikov.shtm|archive-date=2012-07-07}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Krascheninnikovia]] and other species.}}
|align=center|[[File:Der Berg Kamtschatka (aus Krascheninnikow, Opisanie Zemli Kamcatki).jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Volcano drawing by Krasheninnikov|''[[Volcanoes of Kamchatka|Fire-breathing mountain on Kamchatka]]'' from Krasheninnikov's book]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Pyotr Krenitsyn]]'''^<br>(1728–1770)<br>Russian Navy captain
|In 1766–70 Krenitsyn led the "secret" expedition to the [[North Pacific]] together with [[Mikhail Levashov (sailor)|Mikhail Levashov]], as ordered by [[Catherine the Great]]. They explored the [[Aleutian Islands]] and part of the [[Alaska]]n shore, discovering good haven in [[Unalaska]] and many features of the Alaskan coast. Krenitsyn died by drowning in the [[Kamchatka River]]. On the basis of his explorations the first general map of the [[Aleutian Islands]] was created.<ref name=rbd/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Krenitzin Islands]].}}
|align=center|[[File:USA Alaska location map.svg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Alaska and the Aleutians|[[Alaska]] and the [[Aleutian Islands]]]]
|-style="background:#FFFFFF;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Sergei Konstantinovich Krikalev.jpg|100px|alt=Krikalev]]
|'''[[Sergei Krikalyov]]'''$<br>(born 1958)<br>[[cosmonaut]] and [[mechanical engineer]], [[Hero of the Soviet Union]], [[Hero of Russia]]
|Krikalyov spent a record 803 days 9&nbsp;hours and 39&nbsp;minutes in [[space]] during his six spaceflights. As a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] cosmonaut he traveled into space and back aboard ''[[Soyuz TM-7]]'' in 1988 and then launched aboard ''[[Soyuz TM-12]]'' in 1991, both times working on the Soviet [[space station]] ''[[Mir]]''. ''"The last Citizen of the [[USSR]]"'', Krikalev landed back on [[Earth]] aboard [[Soyuz TM-13]] in 1992 to turn into a Russian cosmonaut. He became the first Russian to travel on an American [[Space Shuttle]] during the [[STS-60]] mission to ''[[Mir]]'' in 1994, and then he made another Shuttle flight [[STS-88]], which was the first Shuttle mission to the [[International Space Station]]. He again traveled to [[ISS]] on [[Soyuz TM-31]] in 2000 and returned on [[STS-102]] in 2001. Again he traveled to ISS and back on [[Soyuz TMA-6]] in 2005.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/krikalev.html|title=NASA biography of S. Krikalyov|publisher=jsc.nasa.gov|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Mir on 12 June 1998edit1.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Mir space station|[[Mir]] [[space station]].]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Peter Kropotkin circa 1900.jpg|100px|alt=Kropotkin]]
|'''[[Pyotr Kropotkin]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1842–1921)<br>Russian Army officer, geographer, zoologist, [[anarchist]] revolutionary
|While serving in [[Siberia]], in 1864 Kropotkin led a survey expedition crossing North [[Manchuria]] from [[Transbaikalia]] to the [[Amur River]]. Subsequently, he took part in the expedition which proceeded up the [[Sungari River]] into central Manchuria, yielding valuable geographic results. In 1871 he explored the glacial deposits of [[Finland]] and Sweden. He published several important works on the geography of Asia.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/BOOKS/KROPOTKIN/INTRO.HTM|script-title=ru:Петр Кропоткин|trans-title=Pyotr Kropotkin|language=ru|author=N.M. Pirumova|access-date=2011-12-23|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930235206/http://vivovoco.rsl.ru/VV/BOOKS/KROPOTKIN/INTRO.HTM|archive-date=2007-09-30|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Kropotkin, Krasnodar Krai]], [[Kropotkinskaya]] ([[Moscow Metro]]).}}
|align=center|[[File:Stielers Handatlas 1891 62 NE.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Manchuria|[[Manchuria]], 1892]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Kruzenshtern I F.jpg|100px|alt=Krusenstern]]
|'''[[Adam Johann von Krusenstern]]'''^<br>(1770–1846)<br>[[Russian admiral]], circumnavigator, geographer
|In 1803–06, under the patronage of [[Alexander I of Russia]] and [[Nikolai Rumyantsev]], Krusenstern led the [[first Russian circumnavigation]] of the world aboard the [[Nadezhda (1802 Russian ship)|''Nadezhda'']] together with [[Yuri Lisianski]] on ''[[Neva (Russian warship)|Neva]]''. The purpose of the expedition was to establish trade with China and Japan, and examine [[California]] for a possible colony. They sailed from [[Kronshtadt]], rounded [[Cape Horn]], and reached the northern [[Pacific]], making a number of discoveries. Krusenstern made an atlas of the Pacific, receiving an honorary membership in the [[Russian Academy of Science]]s for the work.<ref name=bse/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Adam Johann von Krusenstern|Krusenstern Islands]], [[Cape Krusenstern]], [[Kruzenshtern (ship)]], [[Krusenstern (crater)]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Карта плавання.gif|120px|center|thumb|alt=A coin dedicated to the First Russian Circumnavigation|A coin dedicated to the [[first Russian circumnavigation]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Aleksandr kuchin.PNG|100px|alt=Kuchin]]
|'''[[Alexander Kuchin]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1888–1913?)<br>Russian Navy captain, oceanographer
|Kuchin's life was bound with Norway: he started as a seaman on a Norwegian ship, created a ''Small Russian-Norwegian dictionary'', studied [[oceanography]] from [[Bjorn Helland-Hansen]], conducted oceanographic studies during [[Amundsen's South Pole Expedition]] on the ''[[Fram (ship)|Fram]]'', when he became the first Russian to set foot on the land of [[Antarctica]], and married Aslaug Poulson, a Norwegian. In 1912–13 he was the captain of [[Vladimir Rusanov]]'s expedition to [[Svalbard]] on their ship ''[[Hercules (ship)|Hercules]]''. After the successful research of the coal reserves on Svalbard, without consultation with the Russian authorities they made an incredibly rash attempt to pass via the [[Northern Sea Route]], and were lost in the [[Kara Sea]]. Relics of the ''Herkules'' were found near the [[Kolosovykh Islands]].<ref>{{cite journal
  | last = Barr
  | first = William
  | author-link = William Barr (Arctic historian)
  | year = 1985
  | title = Aleksandr Stepanovich Kuchin: The Russian who went South with Amundsen
  | journal = Polar Record
  | volume = 22
  | issue = 139
  | pages = 401–412
  | publisher = Cambridge University Press
  | doi = 10.1017/S0032247400005647
  | bibcode = 1985PoRec..22..401B
 | s2cid = 131293842
 }}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Sv-map.png|120px|center|thumb|alt=Svalbard|[[Svalbard]]]]
|}

===L===
{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-style="background:#ccc;"
!scope="col" width=18%|Portrait
!scope="col" width=22%|Person
!scope="col" width=60%|Achievements
!scope="col"|Image
|-style="background:#ffe8d5;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Grigori-langsdorff.jpg|100px|alt=Langsdorf]]
|'''[[Georg von Langsdorff]]'''{{†}}<br>(1774–1852)<br>physician, naturalist, consul general of Russia in [[Rio de Janeiro]]
|Langsdorf participated as a naturalist and physician in the [[first Russian circumnavigation]] in 1803–05. Independently, he explored the [[Aleutians]], [[Sitka, Alaska|Sitka]] and [[Kodiak Island]]s in 1805–07. In 1813 he became [[consul (representative)|consul]] general of Russia in [[Rio de Janeiro]], [[Brazil]]. There he explored the flora, fauna and geography of the province of [[Minas Gerais]] with French naturalist [[Augustin Saint-Hilaire]] in 1813–20. In 1821–22 he led an exploratory and scientific expedition from [[São Paulo]] to [[Pará]] in the [[Amazon Rainforest]] via a fluvial route, accompanied by an international team of scientists. In 1826–29 he led a 6000&nbsp;km long expedition from [[Porto Feliz]] to the [[Amazon River]] and back emassing huge scientific collections now deposited in [[Kunstkamera]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://reports.travel.ru/reports/2002/180702.html|title=Still Amazing Amazonia|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202014626/http://reports.travel.ru/reports/2002/180702.html|archive-date=2017-02-02|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Brazil State MinasGerais.svg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Minas Gerais province in Brazil|[[Minas Gerais]] province in [[Brazil]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:RR5111-0030R С.И.Челюскин.gif|120px|alt=D.Laptev on a commemorative coin]]
|'''[[Dmitry Laptev]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1701–1771)<br>Russian admiral<br><br>{{small|([[S. Malygin|Malygin]], [[Ovtsyn]], [[S. Chelyuskin|Chelyuskin]], Kh.Laptev and '''D.Laptev''' on a commemorative coin)}}
|A cousin of Khariton Laptev, Dmitry Laptev led one of the parties of the [[Great Northern Expedition]] in 1739–42. He described the sea coastline from the mouth of the [[Lena River]] to the Cape Bolshoy Baranov east of the mouth of the [[Kolyma River]], the basin and the mouth of the [[Anadyr River]], and the land route from the Anadyr fortress to the [[Penzhin Bay]]. In 1741–42, Laptev surveyed the [[Bolshoy Anyuy River]].<ref name=laptevs>{{cite web|url=http://vluki.library.ru/region/famous_people/laptev.php|title=The Cousins Dmitry Yakovlevich and Khariton Prokofyevich Laptev|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Laptev Sea]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Laptev Sea map.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Laptev Sea|[[Laptev Sea]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:RR5111-0030R С.И.Челюскин.gif|120px|alt=Kh.Laptev on a commemorative coin]]
|'''[[Khariton Laptev]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1700–1763)<br>Russian Navy officer<br><br>{{small|([[Stepan Malygin|Malygin]], [[Ovtsyn]], [[S. Chelyuskin|Chelyuskin]], '''Kh.Laptev''' and D.Laptev on a commemorative coin)}}
|A cousin of Dmitry Laptev, Khariton Laptev led one of the parties of the [[Great Northern Expedition]] in 1739–42. Together with [[Semion Chelyuskin]], N. Chekin, and G. Medvedev, Laptev described the [[Taimyr Peninsula]] from the mouth of the [[Khatanga River]] to the mouth of the [[Pyasina]] river and discovered several islands. He participated in the creation of the ''"General Map of the [[Siberia]]n and [[Kamchatka]] Coast"''.<ref name=laptevs/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Laptev Sea]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Kara sea2TY.PNG|thumb|center|120px|alt=Taimyr Peninsula|[[Taimyr Peninsula]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Adam Kirillovich Laksman.jpg|100px|alt=A.Laxman]]
|'''[[Adam Laxman]]'''^<br>(1766–1806?)<br>Russian Army officer, diplomat
|Son of [[Kirill Laxman]], Adam Laxman led a diplomatic mission to Japan in 1791–92, with the aim to return [[Daikokuya Kōdayū]] and another Japanese castaway in exchange for trade concessions from [[Tokugawa shogunate]]. He made valuable observations, but returned to Russia essentially empty-handed, though he possibly obtained the first official Japanese documents granting very limited permission to trade, to a nation other than China or the Netherlands.<ref>{{cite book|title=Early Russo-Japanese Relations|last=Lensen|first=Alexander George|date=November 1950|publisher=The Far Eastern Quarterly, vol.10, no.1|pages=2–37, n.b. 17–22}} Viewed 2011-12-24.</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Daikokoya Kodayu - Landkarte von Japan.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Map of Japan by Daikokuya Kōdayū|Map of Japan by [[Daikokuya Kōdayū]] in [[Japanese language|Japanese]] and [[Russian language|Russian]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Kirill Laxman]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1737–1796)<br>clergyman, naturalist
|Kirill Laxman became a priest first in [[St. Petersburg]] and then in the [[Siberia]]n town of [[Barnaul]]. In 1764–68 he explored Siberia, reaching [[Irkutsk]], [[Lake Baikal|Baikal]], [[Kiakhta]] and the border with China and researching the Siberian flora and fauna. In 1782 he founded the oldest museum in Siberia in Irkutsk, where he had settled earlier and was a business partner of [[A. A. Baranov|Alexander Baranov]] (the future governor of [[Russian America]]). Laxman was engaged in attempts to establish relationships between Russia and Japan. He brought [[Daikokuya Kōdayū]], a Japanese castaway, to the court of empress [[Catherine the Great]].<ref name=bse/>
|align=center|
|-style="background:#ffdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Михаил Петрович Лазарев.jpg|100px|alt=Lazarev]]
|'''[[Mikhail Lazarev]]'''§<br>(1788–1851)<br>admiral, circumnavigator, hero of the [[Battle of Navarino]], commander of the [[Russian Black Sea Fleet]], tutor of admirals and war heroes [[Nakhimov]], [[Vladimir Alexeyevich Kornilov|V. Kornilov]] and [[V. Istomin]]
|Lazarev thrice circumnavigated the globe. He led the 1813–16 [[circumnavigation]] aboard the vessel ''[[Suvorov]]'' and discovered [[Suvorov Atoll]]. He commanded ''[[Mirny (sloop-of-war)|Mirny]]'', the second ship in the Russian circumnavigation of 1819–1821 under the leadership of [[Fabian Gottlieb von Bellingshausen]] aboard ''[[Vostok (sloop-of-war)|Vostok]]'' – this expedition was the first to discover the continent of [[Antarctica]] on January 28, 1820 ([[New Style]]). They also discovered and named [[Peter I Island]], [[Zavodovski Island|Zavodovski]], [[Leskov Island|Leskov]] and [[Visokoi Island]]s, the [[Antarctic Peninsula]] mainland and [[Alexander Island]] (Alexander Coast), and made some discoveries in the tropical waters of the [[Pacific]]. In 1822–25 Lazarev sailed around the globe for the third time on his frigate ''Kreyser''.<br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Lazarev Bay]], [[Lazarev atoll]], [[Lazarevskoye]] (settlement), [[Novolazarevskaya Station]], [[Lazarev Mountains, Antarctica|Lazarev Mountains]], [[Lazarev Ice Shelf]], [[Lazarev Trough]], [[3660 Lazarev]] (minor planet).}}
|align=center|[[File:Lazarevmap1.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Lazarev's world cruise on Suvorov|Lazarev's [[world cruise]] on ''Suvorov'']][[File:Location Antarctica.svg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Antarctica|[[Antarctica]]]]
|-style="background:#FFFFFF;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Leonov Alexei.png|100px|alt=Leonov]]
|'''[[Alexei Leonov]]'''<br>(1934–2019)<br>[[cosmonaut]] and Soviet Air Force general, twice a [[Hero of the Soviet Union]], painter, writer
|On March 18, 1965, connected to the spacecraft [[Voskhod 2]] by a 5.35&nbsp;meter tether, Leonov became the first person to make a spacewalk, or [[extra-vehicular activity]]. He was in open space for 12&nbsp;min 9 sec. At the end of the spacewalk, Leonov's [[spacesuit]] had inflated in the vacuum to the point where he could not reenter the airlock. He opened a valve to allow some of the suit's pressure to bleed off, and was barely able to get back inside the capsule, where his companion [[Pavel Belyayev]] assisted him. Subsequently, Leonov made a second spaceflight on the [[Soyuz 19]], a part of the [[Apollo–Soyuz Test Project]] in 1975. Thus Leonov participated in the first joint flight of the U.S. and Soviet [[space program]]s. He published several books and albums of paintings, some of which he created in space.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Scott|first=David|author-link=David Scott|author2=Alexei Leonov |others=with Christine Toomey|title=Two Sides of the Moon: Our Story of the Cold War Space Race|year=2006|publisher=St. Martin's Griffin|isbn=978-0-312-30866-7}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: a fictional spaceship in [[Arthur C. Clarke]]'s book ''[[2010: Odyssey Two]]'', which was dedicated to Leonov.}}
|align=center|
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Mikhail Levashov (sailor)|Mikhail Levashov]]'''^<br>(c. 1738–1774/76)<br>Russian Navy officer
|In 1766–70 Levashov was second-in-command in the "secret" expedition to the [[North Pacific]] led by [[Pyotr Krenitsyn]], as ordered by [[Catherine the Great]]. They explored the [[Aleutian Islands]] and part of the [[Alaska]]n shore, discovering good haven in [[Unalaska]] and many features of the [[Alaska]]n coast. Levashov also explored and described the [[Commander Islands]]. On the basis of their explorations the first general map of the Aleutian Islands was created.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_l/levashov_mih.html|title=Levashov's Biography|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Commander Islands Map - Russian.png|120px|center|thumb|alt=Kamchatka and the Commander Islands|[[Kamchatka]] and the [[Commander Islands]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Yuriy Lisyansky portrait by Vladimir Borovikovsky.jpg|100px|alt=Lisyansky]]
|'''[[Yuri Lisyansky]]'''^<br>(1773–1837)<br>Russian Navy officer, circumnavigator
|In 1803–06 Lisyansky, aboard the ''[[Neva (Russian warship)|Neva]]'', together with [[Ivan Krusenstern]] on the [[Nadezhda (1802 Russian ship)|''Nadezhda'']], led the [[first Russian circumnavigation]] of the world. The purpose of the expedition was to establish trade with China and Japan and to examine [[California]] for a possible colony. The ships split near [[Hawaii]] and Lisyanski headed to [[Russian Alaska]], where the ''Neva'' became essential in defeating the [[Tlingit people|Tlingit]] in the [[Battle of Sitka]]. Lisyansky was the first to describe the [[Hawaiian monk seal]] on the island which now bears his name. He met Krusenstern again in [[Macau]], but they soon separated. Eventually, Lisyansky was the first to return to [[Kronstadt]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.krugosvet.ru/enc/istoriya/LISYANSKI_YURI_FEDOROVICH.html|title=Biography of Lisyansky|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Lisianski Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Russian Sloop-of-War Neva.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Neva ship|''[[Neva (Russian warship)|Neva]]'' in [[Kodiak, Alaska|Kodiak]]]][[File:Lisianski1.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Lisianski Island|[[Lisianski Island]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Litkefp.jpeg|120px|alt=Litke]]
|'''[[Friedrich von Lütke]]'''^<br>(1797–1882)<br>Russian admiral, circumnavigator
|Litke took part in [[Vasily Golovnin]]'s [[world cruise]] on the ship ''[[Kamchatka]]'' in 1817–19. In 1821–24, Litke explored the coastline of [[Novaya Zemlya]], the [[White Sea]], and the eastern [[Barents Sea]]. In 1826–29, he led the circumnavigation on the ship ''[[Russian battleship Admiral Senyavin|Senyavin]]'' and accompanied Mikhail Staniukovich on the sloop ''Moller''. During this voyage they explored the [[Bering Sea]] (including the [[Pribilof Islands]], [[St. Matthew Island]] and the [[Commander Islands]]), the [[Bonin Islands]] off Japan, and the [[Caroline Islands|Carolines]], discovering 12 new islands. Litke was a co-founder and the president of the [[Russian Geographic Society]] in 1845–50 and 1857–72. He was the president of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]] in 1864–82, and occupied a number of major military and state offices.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qwercus.narod.ru/lithke_bio.htm|title=Biography of Litke|author=Orlov, B.P.|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Cape Lutke, Alaska]], [[Litke Strait]], [[Icebreaker Feodor Litke]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Litkemap.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Litke's voyage on Senyavin|Litke's voyage on ''Senyavin'']][[File:Cape Promontory Cape Lutkes, Alaska. Cape Lutkes is part of the Aleutian Islands.JPG|thumb|center|120px|alt=Cape Lutke|[[Cape Lutke]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Fyodor Luzhin]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(?–1727)<br>cartographer, geodesist
|In 1719–1721, together with [[Ivan Yevreinov]], Luzhin made the first instrumental mapping of [[Kamchatka]] and the first map of the [[Kuril Islands]] during the "secret expedition", as ordered by [[Peter the Great]]. In 1723–24 he made surveys of different parts of [[East Siberia]] near [[Irkutsk]]. In 1725–27, Luzhin participated in the first Kamchatka Expedition led by [[Vitus Bering]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npacific.ru/np/library/encicl/12/0011.htm|title=Biography of Luzhin|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Luzhin Strait]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Kuril islands.png|120px|center|thumb|alt=Kuril Islands|[[Kuril Islands]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Ivan Lyakhov]]'''{{‡}}<br>(?–c. 1800)<br>merchant
|Lyakhov, a merchant, investigated the [[New Siberian Islands]] in three expeditions on [[dogsled]]s in 1770, 1773–74 and 1775. He hoped to find [[mammoth]] ivory there as he believed the islands were mainly formed by a substratum of bones and tusks of mammoths. He explored the follow-up [[Lyakhovsky Islands]], crossed the [[Sannikov Strait]] and discovered [[Kotelny Island]].<ref>{{cite book|title=The Ivory Islands in the Arctic Ocean|last=Whitley|first=D. Gath|year=1910|publisher=Journal of the Philosophical Society of Great Britain XII}} Viewed 2011-12-24.</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Lyakhovsky Islands]].}}
|align=center|[[File:New Siberian Islands map.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=New Siberia|[[New Siberian Islands]]]]
|-style="background:#ffe8d5;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:NF-40(Vladimir Lysenko).jpg|125px|]]
|'''[[Vladimir Lysenko]]'''{{†}}<br> (born 1955)<br>traveler, scientist, circumnavigator
|Dr. Vladimir Lysenko had three globe [[circumnavigation]]s: (1) in a car (1997–2002), crossed 62 countries; (2) on a bicycle, crossed 29 countries; (3) along the [[equator]], from west to east, deviating no more than two degrees of latitude from the Equator – starting in Libreville (Gabon), Vladimir had successfully crossed (in a car, a motor boat, a yacht, a ship, a kayak, a bicycle, and by foot) [[Africa]], [[Indian Ocean]], [[Indonesia]], [[Pacific Ocean]], [[South America]] and [[Atlantic Ocean]] with finish in Libreville in 2012. He also completed project titled "From Earth's Bowels to Stratosphere". Vladimir rafted on rivers in 63 countries. He visited all 195 UN member and observer states.<ref>{{cite web|url= http://skr2.ru/|title=Союз Кругосветчиков России|trans-title=Union of Russian Around-the-World Travellers site|language=ru}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=http://www.vvv.ru/papers/textview.php3?paper=685|title=Владимир Лысенко. Вокруг света по экватору|trans-title=Round-the-World Tour Along the Equator by Vladimir Lysenko|agency=Extreme portal VVV.RU|language=ru}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:V.Lysenko's circumnavigations.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Lysenko's circumnavigations|Lysenko's [[circumnavigation]]s]]
|}

===M===
{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-style="background:#ccc;"
!scope="col" width=18%|Portrait
!scope="col" width=22%|Person
!scope="col" width=60%|Achievements
!scope="col"|Image
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:SO Makarov 01.jpg|90px|alt=Makarov]]
|'''[[Stepan Makarov]]'''{{‡}}<br> (1849–1904)<br>Russian admiral, oceanographer, naval engineer and inventor, hero of the [[Russo-Turkish War (1877–1878)]] and [[Russo-Japanese War]], commander of the [[Russian Pacific Fleet]]
|Makarov built and captained the world's first [[torpedo boat tender]] ''[[Velikiy Knyaz Konstantin (ship)|Velikiy Knyaz Konstantin]]''. He was the first in the world to successfully launch torpedoes (against the [[Turkey|Turkish]] armed ship ''Intibah'' in 1877). He was one of the developers of the Russian [[Flag semaphore]] system and [[insubmersibility]] theory. Makarov directed two round-the-world oceanographic expeditions on the [[corvette Vityaz]] in 1886–89 and in 1894–96. He built and commanded ''[[Icebreaker Yermak|Yermak]]'', the world's first true [[icebreaker]], which was able to ride over and crash [[pack ice]]. ''Yermak'' was tested in two [[Arctic]] expeditions in 1899 and in 1901. Admiral Makarov was killed in action during the 1904–05 war with Japan after his battleship [[Russian battleship Petropavlovsk (1894)|''Petropavlovsk'']] struck a [[naval mine]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peoples.ru/military/admiral/makarov/|title=Makarov's Biography at peoples.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Makarov (town)]], [[Admiral Makarov State Maritime Academy]], [[Admiral Makarov National University of Shipbuilding]], [[Russian cruiser Admiral Makarov (1906)]], [[Icebreaker Admiral Makarov]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Vityaz'1883-1893.jpg|thumb|120px|center|alt=Corvette Vityaz|[[Corvette Vityaz]]]][[File:Yermak icebreaker.jpg|thumb|120px|center|alt=Icebreaker Yermak|[[Icebreaker Yermak]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:RR5111-0030R С.И.Челюскин.gif|120px|alt=Malygin on a commemorative coin]]
|'''[[Stepan Malygin]]'''{{‡}}<br>(?–1764)<br>Russian Navy captain, navigator, cartographer<br><br>{{small|('''Malygin''', [[Ovtsyn]], [[S. Chelyuskin|Chelyuskin]], [[Kh. Laptev]] and [[D. Laptev]] on a commemorative coin)}}
|Malygin was the first to write a manual on [[navigation]] in the [[Russian language]] in 1733. In early 1736, he was appointed leader of the western unit of the [[Great Northern Expedition]]. In 1736–37, two boats ''Perviy'' (First) and ''Vtoroy'' (Second) under the command of Malygin and A. Skuratov undertook a voyage from the [[Dolgiy Island]] in the [[Barents Sea]] to the mouth of the [[Ob River]]. During this trip, Malygin for the first time described and mapped the part of the [[Russian Arctic]] coastline between the [[Pechora River|Pechora]] and [[Ob River]]s.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polarmuseum.ru/bio/polarex/bio_smal/bio_smal.htm|title=Malygin's Biography at polarmuseum.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227143017/http://www.polarmuseum.ru/bio/polarex/bio_smal/bio_smal.htm|archive-date=2012-02-27}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Malygin Strait]], [[Icebreaker Malygin (1912)]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Bely Island.PNG|thumb|110px|center|alt=Bely Island and Malygin Strait|[[Bely Island]] and [[Malygin Strait]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Фёдор Андреевич Матисен.jpg|alt=Matisen|100px]]
|'''[[Fyodor Matisen]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1872–1921)<br>Russian Navy officer, hydrographer
|Matisen replaced [[Nikolai Kolomeitsev]] as commander of [[Eduard Toll]]'s ''[[Zarya (polar ship)|Zarya]]'' during the ''Russian Polar Expedition'' in 1900–03. He was the first to make a thorough geographical survey of the [[Nordenskiöld Archipelago]], exploring it on [[dogsled]] and discovering and naming 40 of its islands. Subsequently, Toll and Matisen led ''Zarya'' across the [[Laptev Sea]] to the [[New Siberian Islands]]. The ship was trapped in fast ice, and Toll and three companions went in search of the elusive [[Sannikov Land]] on foot and kayaks, and were lost. When ''Zarya'' became able to set sail, Matisen made for the [[Lena River]] delta.<ref name=Barr/>
|align=center|[[File:Nordenshelda2w.PNG|thumb|120px|center|alt=Nordenskiöld Archipelago|[[Nordenskiöld Archipelago]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Matyushkin 01.jpg|100px|alt=Matyushkin]]
|'''[[Fyodor Matyushkin]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1799–1872)<br>Russian admiral, circumnavigator
|Matyushkin studied in [[Tsarskoselsky College]] together with [[Alexander Pushkin]]. He participated in [[Vassili Golovnin]]'s [[world cruise]] aboard the ''[[Kamchatka]]'' in 1817–19. In 1820–24 he took part in [[Ferdinand Wrangel]]'s [[Arctic]] expedition to the [[East Siberian Sea]] and the [[Chukchi Sea]]. They explored and mapped the [[Medvyezhi Islands]]. Following this survey, Matyushkin on his own explored a vast [[tundra]] area east of the [[Kolyma River]]. In 1825–27, he joined Wrangel in his world cruise aboard ''Krotky''.<ref name=rbd/>
|align=center|[[File:Larix gmelinii0.jpg|thumb|100px|center|alt=Kolyma nature|[[Kolyma]] region nature]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Middendorff1.jpg|100px|alt=Middendorf]]
|'''[[Alexander Middendorf]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1815–1894)<br>zoologist, botanist, geographer, [[hippologist]]. agriculturalist
|In 1840 Middendorf took part in [[Karl Baer]]'s expedition to the [[Kola Peninsula]] and [[Sápmi|Lapland]]. In 1843–45 he pioneered the scientific exploration of the [[Taimyr Peninsula]] and discovered the [[Putorana Plateau]] on [[Central Siberian Plateau]]. Then he traveled along the coast of the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] and entered the lower [[Amur River]] valley. He studied the ethnography of Siberian peoples, and the climate, animals and plants of Siberia. He was a founder of [[permafrost]] science and the Vice President of the [[Russian Geographical Society]]. He determined the southern border of the [[permafrost]] and explained the high [[sinuosity]] of the northern boundary of the [[taiga]] zone. In 1870 he accompanied [[Grand Duke Alexei Alexandrovich]] to [[Novaya Zemlya]] and discovered the [[North Cape, Norway|North Cape sea current]] (a part of the [[Norwegian Current]]). In 1870 he also explored the [[Baraba steppe]], and in 1878 he travelled in [[Fergana Valley]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_m/middendorf.html|title=Middendorff's biography at hrono.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Middendorff Bay]], [[Middendorff's grasshopper warbler]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Location Putoran Mountains.PNG|thumb|120px|center|[[Putorana Plateau]] location]][[File:Circum-Arctic Map of Permafrost and Ground Ice Conditions.png|thumb|120px|center|alt=Permafrost in the North Hemisphere|[[Permafrost]] in the [[North Hemisphere]]]]
|-style="background:#ffe8d5;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Miklukho-Maklai.jpg|100px|alt=Miklouho-Maclay]]
|'''[[Nicholas Miklouho-Maclay]]'''{{†}}<br>(1846–1888)<br>[[ethnologist]], [[anthropologist]], biologist
|Miklouho-Maclay visited north-eastern [[New Guinea]], the [[Philippines]], [[Indonesia]] and [[Melanesia]] on a number of occasions starting in 1870, and for a long time he lived amongst the native [[Oceania]]n tribes, studying their way of life and customs. One of the earliest followers of [[Charles Darwin]], he was among the first to refute the then prevailing view that the different '[[Race (classification of human beings)|races]]' of mankind belonged to different species. He arrived in [[Sydney]] in 1878 and organised a zoological centre known as the ''Marine Biological Station'', the first marine biological research institute in Australia. He married a daughter of the [[Premier of New South Wales]], [[John Robertson (New South Wales Premier)|John Robertson]], and returned to Russia. Being in poor health after the trip he died, and left his skull to the St. Petersburg Military and Medical Academy.<ref>{{cite book|title=Commemorating N.N. Miklukho-Maclay (Recent Russian publications), in Perspectives on the Bird's Head of Irian Jaya, Indonesia: Proceedings of the Conference|last=Ogloblin|first=A. K.|year=1998|isbn=978-90-420-0644-7|pages=487–502|publisher=Rodopi |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=sIsIpnAjT9YC}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Macleay Museum]], [[N. N. Miklukho-Maklai Institute of Ethnology and Anthropology]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Newguinea topo.png|120px|thumb|center|alt=Papua New Guinea|[[Papua New Guinea]]]][[File:Stamp of Ukraine s111.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Maklay among the Papuans|Maklay among the [[Indigenous people of New Guinea|Papuans]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Stamp of Moldova - 1998 - Colnect 762530 - Nicolai Milescu.jpeg|140px|alt=Milescu]]
|'''[[Nicolae Milescu]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1636–1708)<br>writer, scientist, traveler, geographer, diplomat
|In 1671 Milescu went from [[Moldavia]] to Russia, where he became a diplomat. He wrote the first arithmetics textbook in the [[Russian language]], ''Arithmologion''. He led the Russian diplomatic mission to China in 1675–78, for the first time among Russian ambassadors travelling to [[Beijing]] through [[East Siberia]] rather than through [[Mongolia]]. After his assistant Ignatiy Milovanov (sent beforehand) Milescu was the first known European to cross the [[Amur River]] from the north and reach Beijing by that route. Milescu made the first detailed description of [[Lake Baikal]] and all the rivers feeding the lake, and he was the first to point out Baikal's unfathomable depth. His travel notes also contain valuable descriptions of major Siberian rivers and the first ever [[orographic]] scheme of East Siberia.<ref name=milescu>{{cite book|title=Nikolai Gavrilovich Milescu-Spathari|last=Ursul|first=D.T.|year=1980|publisher=Mysl|location=Moscow}} Viewed 2011-12-24.</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Spafarii trip stamp.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Milescue's route to China|Milescue and his route from [[Moscow]] to China]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Fyodor Minin]]'''{{‡}}<br>(c. 1709–after 1742)<br>Russian Navy officer
|In the 1730s, Minin participated in the [[Great Northern Expedition]]. In 1736, he joined the unit led by [[Dmitry Ovtsyn]]. In 1738 together with Dmitry Sterlegov he led the group that charted the [[Arctic]] coastline east of the [[Yenisei]] river for some 250&nbsp;km. In 1738–42, Minin made several vain attempts to sail around the [[Taimyr Peninsula]]. He also mapped and described [[Dikson Island]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.polarmuseum.ru/bio/polarex/bio_min/bio_min.htm|title=Minin's Biography|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120227143013/http://www.polarmuseum.ru/bio/polarex/bio_min/bio_min.htm|archive-date=2012-02-27}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Minina Skerries]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Kara seaMS.PNG|thumb|120px|center|alt=Minina Skerries|Location of the [[Minina Skerries]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Ivan Moskvitin]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(?–after 1645)<br>[[Siberian Cossack]] leader
|Moskvitin came with ataman Dmitry Kopylov from [[Tomsk]] to [[Yakutsk]] and then to a new fort on the [[Aldan River]] in 1638. In 1639 Kopylov sent Moskvitin in command of 20 [[Tomsk]] Cossacks and 29 [[Krasnoyarsk]] Cossacks to look for silver ore to the east. Leading the party, Moskvitin became the first Russian to reach the [[Pacific Ocean]] and to discover the [[Sea of Okhotsk]], building a winter camp on its shore at the [[Ulya River]] mouth. In 1640 the Cossacks apparently sailed south, explored the south-eastern shores of the Okhotsk Sea and probably reached the mouth of the [[Amur River]]. On their way back they discovered the [[Shantar Islands]]. Based on Moskvitin's account, [[Kurbat Ivanov]] draw the first Russian map of the [[Far East]] in 1642. Moskvitin, presumably a native of [[Moscow]], personally brought the news of the discovery of the eastern ocean to his native city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_m/moskvitin_iyu.html|title=Moskvitin's biography at hrono.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Okhotsk-Japan5SHA.png|120px|thumb|center|alt=Shantar Islands|Location of the [[Shantar Islands]] in the [[Sea of Okhotsk]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Gerhard Friedrich Müller.jpg|90px|alt=Müller]]
|'''[[Gerhard Friedrich Müller]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1705–1783)<br>historian, ethnologist
|Müller came to [[St. Petersburg]] in 1725 and became a co-founder of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]. In 1733–43 he participated in the Academic Squad of the [[Great Northern Expedition]] and traveled extensively through [[Siberia]], studying its geography and peoples. Müller is considered to be one of the fathers of [[ethnography]]. He collected vernacular stories and archival documents about Russian explorers of Siberia, including [[Pyanda]], [[Fedot Popov]] and [[Semyon Dezhnyov]]. He was among the first to write a general account of Russian history based on extensive study of documentary sources. He put forth the [[Normanist theory]], a controversial accentuation of the role of Scandinavians and Germans in the [[history of Russia]].<ref>{{cite book|title=G.-F. Müller and the Imperial Russian Academy|last=Black|first=J. L.|year=1986}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Saint Petersburg Kunstkamera view from the front.jpg|122px|thumb|center|alt=Kunstkamera|[[Kunstkamera]], the first building of the [[Russian Academy of Sciences]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Nikolay-Muravyov-Amursky.png|100px|alt=Muravyov-Amursky]]
|'''[[Nikolay Muravyov-Amursky]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1809–1881)<br>Russian Army general, statesman, diplomat
|In 1847 Muravyov became the governor general of [[Eastern Siberia]]. He pursued the Russian exploration and settlement of the territories north of the [[Amur River]]. He assisted in the organisation of [[Gennady Nevelskoy]]'s expeditions, which led to the Russian presence near Amur estuary and on [[Sakhalin]]. In 1854 military troops sailed down the Amur, in 1855 the first settlers reached the river mouth, and in 1856 the city of [[Blagoveshchensk]] was founded. In 1858, Muravyov concluded the [[Treaty of Aigun]] with China, which recognised the Amur River as a border between the two countries and granted Russia easier access to the [[Pacific Ocean]]. The new territories acquired by Russia included [[Priamurye]] and most of the territories of modern [[Primorsky krai|Primorsky]] and [[Khabarovsk Krai]]s. For this achievement Muravyov was granted the title of Count Amursky. The Treaty of Aigun was confirmed and expanded the [[Convention of Peking]] of 1860, which granted Russia the right to the [[Ussuri krai]] and the south of Primorsky Krai. To defend the new lands Muravyov created the [[Amur Cossacks]] corps.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peoples.ru/state/politics/muraviev/|title=Nikolay Nikolayevich Muravyov-Amursky|author=Vladimir Barayev|year=2000|publisher= Alfavit newspaper, No. 30|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><ref name="brockhaus">[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Muravyov-Amursky Peninsula]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Ravenstein-p118-Sverbeyev-View-of-Aigun-1854.png|120px|thumb|center|alt=Muravyov's boats off Aigun|Muravyov's first expedition off [[Aigun]]]][[File:Banknote 5000 rubles (1997) front.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Monument to Muravyov on 5000 ruble banknote|Monument in [[Khabarovsk]] (5000 [[ruble]] banknote)]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:MushketovIV.jpg|110px|alt=Mushketov]]
|'''[[Ivan Mushketov]]'''!<br>(1850–1902)<br>geologist, geographer
|In 1873–79 Mushketov traveled extensively in [[Central Asia]], discovering and cataloguing mineral deposits. He produced the first geological map of [[Turkestan]] (together with S. Romanovsky). Mushketov also started observations of earthquakes in [[Kazakhstan]], organized regular observation of the glaciers of the [[Caucasus]], and researched the gold mines of the [[Urals]]. He led the team that surveyed the territory for the future [[Circum-Baikal Railway]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rulex.ru/01130602.htm|title=Mushketov's Biography|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Central Asia Physical.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Central Asia|[[Central Asia]]]]
|}

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!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Nagórski Jan.jpg|90px|alt=Nagurski]]
|'''[[Ivan Nagurski]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1888–1976)<br>engineer, Russian Navy officer, pioneer of aviation, hero of the [[First World War]] and [[Russian Civil War]]
|Nagurski was among the first pilots of the [[Russian Navy]]. In 1914 he was tasked with the difficult mission of locating the expeditions of [[Georgy Sedov]], [[Georgy Brusilov]], and [[Vladimir Rusanov]] all lost in the Russian Arctic. He flew five missions, spending more than ten hours in the air and travelling more than a thousand kilometers over land and the [[Barents Sea]] reaching as far as the [[76th parallel north]]. He did not find the expeditions, but became the first polar aviator in history. Later he performed the first ever loop with a [[flying boat]].<ref>{{cite book|author=A.B. Grigoriev|title=Альбатросы: Из истории гидроавиации (Albatroses: from the history of hydroaviation)|year=1989|publisher=Машиностроение|location=Moscow|isbn=978-5-217-00604-5|url=http://militera.lib.ru/tw/grigoryev/01.html|page=272|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20050226194124/http://militera.lib.ru/tw/grigoryev/01.html|archive-date=2005-02-26}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Nagurskoye]] airfield.}}
|align=center|[[File:1914. Nagorski farman.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Nagurski's plane in the Arctic|Nagurski's plane in the [[Arctic]] off [[Novaya Zemlya]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Русский адмирал Геннадий Иванович Невельской (Невельский).jpg|120px|alt=Nevelskoy]]
|'''[[Gennady Nevelskoy]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br> (1813–1876)<br>Russian admiral
|In 1848 Nevelskoy led the expedition in the [[Russian Far East]], exploring the area of [[Sakhalin]] and the [[Amur Liman]] (which he found possible to sail through on [[tall ship]]s). He proved that the [[Tatar Strait]] was not a gulf, but indeed a strait, connected to the [[Amur River]]'s estuary by a narrow section later called [[Nevelskoy Strait]]. Not knowing about the efforts of Japanese navigator [[Mamiya Rinzo]] who explored the same area earlier, Nevelskoy's report was taken as the first proof that Sakhalin was indeed an island. In 1850 Nevelskoy founded [[Nikolayevsk-on-Amur]], the first Russian settlement in the lower Amur region. He also founded several military posts on [[Sakhalin]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peoples.ru/military/admiral/nevelskoy/index.html|script-title=ru:Геннадий Невельской|trans-title=Gennadiy Nevelskoy|publisher=People.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-17}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Nevelskoy Strait]], [[Nevelsk]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Strait of Tartary.PNG|thumb|center|70px|alt=Nevelskoy Strait|[[Nevelskoy Strait]] is the narrowest part of [[Tatar Strait]]]]
|-style="background:#ffe8d5;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:RR5110-0018R.gif|120px|alt=Nikitin]]
|'''[[Afanasy Nikitin]]'''{{†}}<br> (?–1472)<br>merchant, writer
|In 1466, Nikitin left his hometown of [[Tver]] on a commercial trip to India. He traveled down the [[Volga River]], reached [[Derbent]], then [[Baku]] and later [[Persian Empire]] by crossing the [[Caspian Sea]], where he lived for a year. In 1469 Nikitin arrived in [[Ormus]] and then, crossing the [[Arabian Sea]], reached the sultanate of [[Bahmani]], where he lived for 3 years. On his way back, Nikitin visited the [[Africa]]n continent ([[Somalia]]), [[Muscat, Oman|Muscat]], [[Trabzon]] and in 1472 arrived at [[Feodosiya]] by crossing the [[Black Sea]]. Thus Nikitin became one of the first [[Europe]]ans to travel to and to document his visit to India. He described his trip in a narrative known as ''[[A Journey Beyond the Three Seas]]'', which is a valuable study of the 15th-century India, its social system, government, military (Nikitin witnessed war-games featuring [[war elephant]]s), its economy, religion and lifestyles.<ref name=nikitin>{{cite web|url=http://www.kamat.com/kalranga/itihas/nikitin.htm|title=Nikitin – The first Russian traveler to India|publisher=Kamat's Potpourri|author=Dr. Jyotsna Kamat|access-date=2011-12-17}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Iran-geographic map.svg|95px|thumb|center|alt=Persia|[[Persia]]]][[File:India Geographic Map.jpg|95px|thumb|center|alt=India|India]]
|}

===O===
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|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:The Soviet Union 1963 CPA 2833 stamp (Members of the Russian Academy of Science. Vladimir Obruchev (1863–1956), a Russian and Soviet geologist).jpg|110px|alt=Obruchev]]
|'''[[Vladimir Obruchev]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1863–1956)<br>geologist, geographer, science fiction author
|Having graduated from the [[Petersburg Mining Institute]] in 1886, Obruchev went to [[Siberia]]. He studied gold-mining and assisted in constructing the [[Trans-Siberian Railway|Trans-Siberian]] and [[Central Asian Railway]]s. In Central Asia he explored the [[Kara Kum]] Desert, the shores of the [[Amu Darya]] River, and the old riverbeds of the [[Uzbois]]. In 1892–94 Obruchev took part in [[Grigory Potanin]]'s expedition to [[Mongolia]] and [[North China]]. He explored the [[Transbaikal]] area, [[Dzhungaria]] and the [[Altai Mountains]]. Having spent half a century in exploring Siberia and Inner Asia, Obruchev summarized his findings in the extensive work ''The Geology of Siberia''. He studied the origins of [[loess]], the ice formation and [[permafrost]], and the [[tectonics]] of Siberia. All together, he authored over a thousand scientific works. Obruchev is also known as the author of two popular science fiction novels, ''[[Hollow Earth|Plutonia]]'' (1915) and ''[[Sannikov Land]]'' (1924). These stories, imitating the pattern of [[Arthur Conan Doyle]]'s ''[[The Lost World (Arthur Conan Doyle)|The Lost World]]'', depict in vivid detail the discovery of an isolated world of prehistoric animals in hitherto unexplored large islands in the Arctic.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://archivsf.narod.ru/persona/obruchev/obruchev.htm|script-title=ru:Обручев Владимир Афанасьевич|trans-title=Vladimir Afanasyevich Obruchev|publisher=Fantasy Archives (Архив фантастики)|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-17}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Obruchev Hills]], [[Obruchev crater]] (Moon), [[3128 Obruchev]] (asteroid), [[Obruchevsky District]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Siberian craton location.jpg|105px|thumb|center|alt=Siberian craton|[[Siberia (continent)|Siberian craton]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Dmitry Ovtsyn.jpg|100px|alt=Ovtsyn]]
|'''[[Dmitry Ovtsyn]]'''{{‡}}<br>(?–after 1757)<br>Russian Navy officer, hydrographer
|In 1737–38 Ovtsyn led one of the units of the [[Great Northern Expedition]] that charted the coastline of the [[Kara Sea]] east of the [[Ob River]], making the first hydrographic description of the large [[Gydan Peninsula]] and part of the [[Taymyr Peninsula]]. In 1741–42 Ovtsyn took part in [[Vitus Bering]]'s voyage to the shores of [[North America]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_o/ovcyn_dl.html|script-title=ru:Овцын Дмитрий Леонтьевич|trans-title=Dmitry Leontyevich Ovtsyn|publisher=Khronos (Хронос)|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-17}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Kara seaGY.PNG|120px|thumb|center|alt=Gydan Peninsula|[[Gydan Peninsula]]]]
|}

===P===
{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-style="background:#ccc;"
!scope="col" width=18%|Portrait
!scope="col" width=22%|Person
!scope="col" width=60%|Achievements
!scope="col"|Image
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Памятник Петру Кузьмичу Пахтусову - исследователю Новой Земли. - panoramio.jpg|120px|alt=Pakhtusov]]
|'''[[Pyotr Pakhtusov]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1800–1835)<br>Russian Navy officer, hydrographer<br><br>{{small|(a monument in [[Kronstadt]])}}
|A participant of the earlier explorations by [[Fyodor Litke]], Pakhtusov led two expeditions to [[Novaya Zemlya]] in 1832 and 1835. He twice wintered on the islands and took detailed meteorological observations. Together with fellow explorer and cartographer [[Avgust Tsivolko]], Pakhtusov made the first reliable maps of Novaya Zemlya's southern shores.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rulex.ru/01160187.htm|script-title=ru:Пахтусов Петр Кузьмич|trans-title=Pyotr Kuzmich Pakthusov|publisher=rulex.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-15}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Pechora sea4NZ.PNG|thumb|120px|center|alt=Novaya Zemlya|[[Novaya Zemlya]]]]
|-style="background:#fff8e7;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Pallas Peter Simon 1741-1811.png|105px|alt=Pallas]]
|'''[[Peter Simon Pallas]]'''~<br>(1741–1811)<br>naturalist, zoologist, botanist, geographer
|Born in [[Berlin]], Pallas was invited by [[Catherine the Great]] to become a professor at the [[St Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]. In 1768–74, he led an academic expedition to the [[European Russia|Central Russia]], [[Povolzhye]], the [[Caspian Sea]], the [[Urals]], and [[Siberia]], reaching as far east as [[Transbaikal]]. Pallas sent regular reports to St. Petersburg covering the topics of geology, native peoples, new plants and animals. He became a favourite of Catherine II and was provided with the specimens collected by other naturalists to compile the ''Flora Rossica'' (publ. 1784–1815) and ''Zoographica Rosso-Asiatica'' (1811–31). He also published an account of [[Johann Anton Güldenstädt]]'s travels in the Caucasus and the journals of [[Georg Wilhelm Steller]] from [[Kamchatka]] and [[Alaska]]. In 1793–94 Pallas led an expedition to southern Russia, visiting the [[Crimea]] and the [[Black Sea]], the [[Caucasus]] and the [[Dnieper]]. He discovered and described a large number of new species and amassed a vast natural history collection.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.free-time.ru/razdels/!anzikl/p_3.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080504134532/http://free-time.ru/razdels/%21anzikl/p_3.html |archive-date=4 May 2008 |script-title=ru:Паллас Петр Симон |trans-title=Peter Simon Pallas |publisher=free-time.ru |language=ru |access-date=2011-12-15 |url-status=dead }}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[pallasite]] (meteorite type), [[Pallasovka (town)]], [[asteroid]] [[21087 Petsimpallas]], [[Pallas's cat]], [[Pallas's squirrel]], [[Pallas's gull]] and other species.}}
|align=center|[[File:Krasnojarsk meteorite old.jpg|thumb|120px|center|alt=Krasnojarsk meteorite|''[[Krasnojarsk (meteorite)|Krasnojarsk]]'', the first known [[pallasite]] meteorite]] [[File:Pallas cat.JPG|thumb|120px|center|alt=Pallas's cat|[[Pallas's cat]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center| 
|'''[[Ivan Papanin]]'''{{‡}}<br> (1894–1986)<br>Soviet admiral, scientist, twice a [[Hero of the Soviet Union]]
|In 1931 Papanin took part in the expedition on [[icebreaker]] ''[[Icebreaker Malygin (1912)|Malygin]]'' to [[Franz Josef Land]], where in 1932–33 he was the chief of a polar expedition on the [[Hooker Island]]. In 1934–35 he was the head of a polar station on [[Cape Chelyuskin]]. In 1937–38 he was the head of the [[drifting ice station]] [[North Pole-1]], the world's first expedition of its kind. Together with [[Ernst Krenkel]], [[Yevgeny Konstantinovich Fyodorov|Yevgeny Fyodorov]] and [[Pyotr Shirshov]] he landed on the Arctic drifting ice-floes in an airplane flown by [[Mikhail Vodopyanov]]. For 234 days the team carried out a wide range of scientific observations in the near-polar zone, until taken back. In 1939–46 Papanin became the head of the [[Glavsevmorput]], an establishment that oversaw operations on the [[Northern Sea Route]]. In 1940 he organized the expedition that rescued the ice-trapped [[icebreaker Sedov]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/papanin_id.php|script-title=ru:Иван Дмитриевич Папанин|trans-title=Ivan Dmitriyevich Papanin|publisher=Khronos (Хронос)|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-15}}</ref>
|align=center|
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Maksim Perfilyev]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(?–after 1638)<br>[[Siberian Cossack]] leader
|In 1618–19 Perfilyev became a co-founder of [[Yeniseysk]]y ostrog, the first Russian fortress on the central [[Yenisey River]] and a major standpoint for further expeditions eastward. In 1618–27 Perfilyev made several journeys on the [[Angara River|Angara]], [[Ilim River|Ilim]], [[Lena River|Lena]] and [[Vitim River|Vitim]] rivers, and built several new [[ostrogs]]. In 1631 he founded [[Bratsk]]y ostrog (follow-up Bratsk). In 1638 he became the first Russian to set foot in [[Transbaikalia]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vsp.ru/show_article.php?id=37293|script-title=ru:Из рода Перфильевых|trans-title=From the Perfilyevs family|language=ru|publisher=vsp.ru|access-date=2011-12-17|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100505141438/http://www.vsp.ru/show_article.php?id=37293|archive-date=2010-05-05}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sbaikal.ru/eng/region/index.htm|title=Northern Baikal area|publisher=Northern Baikal area|access-date=2011-12-15}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Yeniseirivermap.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Yenisey basin|[[Yenisey]] basin]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Yakov Permyakov]]'''{{‡}}<br> (?–1712)<br>Siberian Cossack, seafarer, merchant
|In 1710, while sailing from the Lena River to the [[Kolyma River]], Permyakov discovered the [[Medvezhyi Islands]], siting them from afar. In 1712, Permyakov and his companion [[Merkury Vagin]] crossed the [[Yana Bay]] from the mouth of the Yana over the ice and explored [[Bolshoy Lyakhovsky]] island, the southernmost of the [[New Siberian Islands]], thus initiating the exploration of the archipelago. On their way back Permyakov and Vagin were murdered by mutineering expedition members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://qwercus.narod.ru/vise_1948.htm|title=Визе В.Ю. Русские полярные мореходы XVII-XIX вв.|trans-title=Vladimir Yulyevich Vize's Russian polar seafarers of 17th-19th Centuries|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-15}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Medvezhy.PNG|thumb|center|120px|alt=Medvyezhi Islands|[[Medvyezhi Islands]]]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Ivan Petlin]]'''!<br> (?–after 1619)<br>Siberian Cossack, diplomat
|Petlin was the first Russian to reach China on an official diplomatic mission in 1618–19. His expedition may have been the second European expedition to reach China from the west by an overland route (after that of [[Bento de Góis]]) since the fall of the [[Yuan Dynasty]]. Together with Andrey Mundov and 10 other men, Petlin went south up the [[Ob River]], crossed the [[Abakan Range]], went south to [[Tuva]] and rounding [[Uvs Nuur]] reached the court of the [[Altan Khan of the Khotgoid]]. Then they passed through Mongolia to the [[Great Wall of China]] and [[Beijing]]. He was not allowed to see the [[Wanli Emperor]] because of not bringing proper tribute. He brought back a letter in Chinese inviting Russians to open trade, but no one in Russia was able to read it until 1675. An account of Petlin's expedition was translated into English and published in [[Samuel Purchas]]'s ''Pilgrims'' in 1625, and then translated into other European languages.<ref name=petlin>{{cite book|title=Russia and China: Their Diplomatic Relations to 1728|last=Mancall|first=Mark|year=1971}} Viewed 2011-12-24.</ref><ref name=dymytryshyn/>
|align=center|[[File:Russia China Locator.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Russia and China on a world map|Petlin's expedition established [[Russia-China relations]]]]
|-style="background:#FFFFFF;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Valery Polyakov.jpg|110px|alt=Polyakov]]
|'''[[Valeri Polyakov]]'''$<br>(born 1942)<br>cosmonaut and physician, Hero of the Soviet Union, [[Hero of Russia]]
|Polyakov holds the world record for the longest continuous spaceflight in history, 437 days 18&nbsp;hours (more than 14 months), which he spent aboard ''[[Soyuz TM-18]]'', ''[[Mir]]'' [[space station]] and ''[[Soyuz TM-20]]'' in 1994–95. With his earlier expedition to ''Mir'' on ''[[Soyuz TM-6]]'' and back on ''[[Soyuz TM-7]]'' in 1988–89, his combined space experience is more than 22 months.<ref>{{cite web|last=Schwirtz|first=Michael|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2009/03/31/science/space/31mars.html|title=Staying Put on Earth, Taking a Step to Mars|location=Moscow|work=[[The New York Times]]|date=2009-03-30|access-date=2011-12-15}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Mir as seen from Discovery during STS-63.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Mir space station with Soyuz TM-20|''[[Mir]]''  [[space station|SS]] with [[Soyuz TM-20]] at the top]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:RR5217-0027R.gif|120px|alt=Popov]]
|'''[[Fedot Popov]]'''^<br>(?–1648/54)<br>merchant
|An agent of [[Moscow]] merchant Alexey Usov, Fedot Popov came to [[Srednekolymsk]] in Siberia in 1645. There he organized an expedition eastward, and brought in [[Semyon Dezhnev]]. In 1648 they sailed down to the Arctic and became the first to pass through the [[Bering Strait]] and to discover [[Chukchi Peninsula]] and the [[Bering Sea]]. All their [[koch (boat)|kochi]] and most of their men (including Popov himself) were lost in storms and clashes with the natives. A small group led by Dezhnyov reached the [[Anadyr River]]. In 1653–54, while fighting with [[Koryaks]] near [[Anadyrsk]], Dezhnyov captured Popov's [[Yakuts|Yakut]] wife, who confirmed him dead. When [[Vladimir Atlasov]] came to conquer Kamchatka in 1697, he heard from the locals about a certain ''Fedotov'', who had lived with his men near [[Kamchatka River]] and had married local women – so the ''Fedotov legend'' appeared. [[G. F. Müller]] thought Fedotov was Fedot's son, while [[Stepan Krasheninnikov]] thought he was Fedot himself, thus deeming Popov to be the possible discoverer of [[Kamchatka]].<ref name=rfisher/>
|align=center|[[File:Kitchen-21-Russia-Chukotka-2823.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Route of Popov and Dezhnyov on the 1773 map|1773 map of [[Chukchi Peninsula]], showing the 1648 route of Popov and Dezhnyov]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Posyet.jpg|105px|alt=Posyet]]
|'''[[Konstantin Posyet]]'''^<br>(1819–1899)<br>Russian admiral, military writer, statesman, diplomat
|In 1852–54, Posyet journeyed on the frigate ''Pallada'' to Japan under the command of admirals [[Yevfimy Putyatin]] and [[Ivan Unkovsky]]. Accompanied also by novelist [[Ivan Goncharov]] and inventor [[Alexander Mozhaisky]], Posyet explored and mapped the northern coastline of the [[Sea of Japan]], including the follow-up [[Possiet Bay]]. In 1856 he carried to Japan the news of the ratification of the [[Treaty of Shimoda]]. Possiet's journeys and published observations made him an expert on Japan in Russia. Having become Minister of Ways and Communications, he negotiated the [[Treaty of Saint Petersburg (1875)]] with [[Enomoto Takeaki]], which brought the entire [[Sakhalin Island]] into the Russian fold. He prepared the construction of the [[Trans-Siberian Railway]] and was a leading advocate for the restoration of the white-blue-red [[flag of Russia]] in 1896.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://funeral-spb.narod.ru/necropols/novodev/tombs/poset/poset.html|script-title=ru:Посьет Константин Николаевич (1819–1899)|trans-title=Konstanting Nikolayevich Posyet|publisher=narod.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-15}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Possiet Bay]], [[Posyet]] port.}}
|align=center|[[File:Furugelm sat.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Possiet Bay|[[Possiet Bay]]]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Potanin.jpg|110px|alt=Potanin]]
|'''[[Grigory Potanin]]'''!<br>(1835–1920)<br>geographer, ethnographer, botanist
|Potanin traveled extensively through [[Siberia]], studying its nature and peoples, once accompanied by [[Nikolai Yadrintsev]]. In 1876 and 1879 Potanin led two expeditions into Mongolia. In 1884–86 Potanin explored Northern China and [[Tibet]], returning to Russia through the [[Qilian Mountains]] and Mongolia. He encountered the [[Salar people]] and made other ethnographic and geographic discoveries, including the first account of the East and West [[Uighur language]]s. In 1989 Potanin became one of the founders of [[Tomsk University]], the first university in [[Asian Russia]]. In 1892–93 he again explored Northern China and [[Sichuan]] accompanied by geologist [[Vladimir Obruchev]]. Before reaching Tibet, Potanin was forced to turn back because of the illness and death of his wife Alexandra, who was the first woman member of the [[Russian Geographical Society]]. In 1899 Potanin travelled to [[Greater Khingan]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/potanin_gn.phpk|script-title=ru:Потанин Григорий Николаевич|trans-title=Potanin Grigory Nikolayevich|publisher=Khronos (Хронос)|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-17}}{{Dead link|date=March 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Potanin Glacier]], [[9915 Potanin]] (asteroid).}}
|align=center|[[File:Tibet Karte Topograpisch.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Tibetan Plateau|[[Tibetan Plateau]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:RR5216-0032R.gif|120px|alt=Poyarkov]]
|'''[[Vassili Poyarkov]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br> (?–after 1668) <br>Siberian Cossack ataman
|In 1643, Poyarkov was sent with 133 men from [[Yakutsk]] to explore the new lands south of [[Stanovoy Ridge]]. He reached the upper [[Zeya River]] in the country of the [[Daur people]], who were paying tribute to the [[Manchu]] Chinese. After wintering, in 1644 Poyarkov pushed down the Zeya and became  the first Russian to reach the [[Amur River]]. He descended to the [[Nivkh people]] country and discovered the mouth of the Amur River from land. Since his Cossacks provoked the enmity of the locals they passed, Poyarkov chose a different way back. They built boats and in 1645 sailed along the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] coast to the [[Ulia River]] and spent the next winter in the huts that had been built by explorer [[Ivan Moskvitin]] six years earlier. In 1646 they returned to Yakutsk.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/pojarkov_vd.php|script-title=ru:Василий Данилович Поярков|trans-title=Vassili Danilovich Poyarkov|publisher=Khronos (Хронос)|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-15}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Amurrivermap.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Amur basin|[[Amur River]] basin]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Gavriil Pribylov]]'''^<br>(?–1796)<br>navigator
|Pribylov, commanding the ship ''St. George'', led an expedition funded jointly by [[Grigory Shelikhov]] and [[Pavel Lebedev-Lastochkin]] with an aim to find the lucrative breeding grounds of fur seals, long sought by Siberian merchants. He discovered [[St. George Island (Alaska)|St. George Island]] in the [[Bering Sea]] in 1786, by following the sounds of barking [[northern fur seal]]s and possibly hinted by [[Aleut people]]. A year later in 1787, Pribylov discovered [[Saint Paul Island (Alaska)|St. Paul Island]] to the north of St. George.<ref>{{cite book|last=Black|first=Lydia|title=Russians in Alaska, 1732–1867|location=pg. 104|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NSRxrDm0JYYC&pg=PA102 |isbn=9781889963044|year=2004}}
</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Pribilof Islands]].}}
|align=center|[[File:PribilofIslands.jpg|thumb|center|110px|alt=Pribilof Islands|[[Pribilof Islands]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Pronchishchev Vasili.jpg|90px|alt=Pronchishchev]]
|'''[[Vasili Pronchishchev]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1702–1736)<br>Russian Navy officer<br><br>{{small|([[forensic]] facial reconstruction)}}
|In 1735–36 Pronchishchev led one of the units of the [[Great Northern Expedition]] that discovered and mapped more than 500&nbsp;miles of the Arctic shore to the west of the mouth of the [[Lena River]]. He took his wife [[Maria Pronchishcheva]] with him aboard the sloop ''Yakutsk''. Despite the difficulties, they reached [[Taymyr Peninsula]] in 1736, having discovered the follow-up [[Faddey Islands]], [[Komsomolskoy Pravdy Islands]], [[Saint Peter Islands]], and the east [[Byrranga Mountains]] on Taymyr. Pronchishchev and his wife died from illness on the way back and were buried at the mouth of the [[Olenek River]]<ref name=pronchiscev-chelyuskin/>
|align=center|[[File:Kara sea2KP.PNG|120px|thumb|center|alt=Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands|Location of the [[Komsomolskaya Pravda Islands]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Pronchischeva Maria.jpg|90px|alt=Pronchischeva]]
|'''[[Maria Pronchishcheva]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1710–1736)<br>first female Arctic explorer<br><br>{{small|(forensic facial reconstruction)}}
|Maria Pronchishcheva (or Tatiana according to some sources) accompanied her husband [[Vasili Pronchishchev]] in 1735–36, during the Great Northern Expedition, when they explored the coastline west of the mouth of the Lena River, making many discoveries. She is considered to be the first known female explorer of the [[Arctic]]. Maria died from illness on the way back, only 14 days after the death of her husband Vasili.<ref name=pronchiscev-chelyuskin/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Maria Pronchishcheva Bay]]}}
|align=center|[[File:Kara sea2MP.PNG|120px|thumb|center|alt=Maria Pronchishcheva Bay|Location of [[Maria Pronchishcheva Bay]]]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Nikolay Przhevalsky photoportrait and signature.jpg|100px|alt=Przhevalsky]]
|'''[[Nikolai Przhevalsky]]'''!<br> (1839–1888)<br>Russian Army general, geographer, naturalist
|In 1867–69 Przhevalsky led an expedition to the basin of the [[Ussuri River]]. Subsequently, he made four major journeys to largely unknown parts of [[Central Asia]], in total covering more than 40,000&nbsp;km in length. In 1870–73 he crossed the [[Gobi]] desert to [[Beijing]], explored the upper [[Yangtze River]], and crossed into Tibet, surveying over 18,000&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup> and collecting some 5,000 plant species, 1,000 birds, 3,000 insects, 70 reptiles and the skins of 130 different mammals. In 1876–77, travelling through southern [[Xinjiang]] and the [[Tian Shan range]], he visited Lake [[Lop Nor]]. In 1879–80 he traveled via [[Hami City]] and the [[Qaidam]] basin to Lake [[Koko Nor]]. Passing over [[Tian Shan]] into Tibet, he was 260&nbsp;km from [[Lhasa]] before being turned back by Tibetan officials. In 1883–85 Przhevalsky traveled across Gobi to [[Alashan, Kyrgyzstan|Alashan]] and Tian Shan, then back to Koko Nor, and westwards to Lake [[Issyk Kul]]. His journeys opened a new era for the study of the geography, fauna and flora of Central Asia. He was the first to report on the wild population of [[Bactrian camel]]s, to describe the [[Przewalski's gazelle]] and the [[Przewalski's horse]] (the only extant [[wild horse]]).<ref name="brockhaus"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/przevalski_nm.php|script-title=ru:Николай Михайлович Пржевальский|trans-title=Nikolai Mikhailovich Przhevalsky|publisher=Khronos (Хронос)|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-15}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Przewalski's gazelle]], [[Przewalski's horse]], [[Przhevalsk]] ([[Kyrgyzstan]]), [[Przhevalskoye]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Przewalski's Horse at The Wilds.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Przewalski's horse|[[Przewalski's horse]]]][[File:Памятник Пржевальскому в Александровском саду 2.jpg|thumb|center|100px|alt=Monument to Przhevalsky|Monument in [[St. Petersburg]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Putyatin.jpg|100px|alt=Putyatin]]
|'''[[Yevfimy Putyatin]]'''^<br>(1803–1883)<br>Russian admiral, diplomat
|In 1822–25 Putyatin sailed with [[Mikhail Lazarev]] around the world aboard the ''[[Suvorov]]''. Later he led diplomatic missions to [[Iran]] and the [[Caucasus]]. Together with Admiral [[Ivan Unkovsky]] he led a scientific round-the-world expedition on the frigate ''Pallada'' to Japan in 1852–55. This expedition contributed many important discoveries in oceanography. One of the results achieved was the [[Treaty of Shimoda]] with Japan. In 1857–58 Putyatin twice traveled to both Japan and China and explored [[Peter the Great Gulf]], [[Russky Island]], the [[Eastern Bosphorus]] and other features of the Russian shores of the [[Sea of Japan]].<ref name=rbd/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://hrono.ru/biograf/bio_p/putyatin_e.php/ |script-title=ru:Ефим Васильевич Путятин|trans-title=Yefim Vasilyevich Putyatin|publisher=Khronos (Хронос)|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-17}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Bay of Peter the Great.png|120px|thumb|center|alt=Peter the Great Gulf|[[Peter the Great Gulf]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Demid Pyanda]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(?–after 1637)<br>Siberian Cossack ataman
|Coming from [[Mangazeya]], Demid Pyanda was a hunter for Siberian furs. Starting his long journey from [[Turukhansk]], in three and a half years from 1620 to 1624 Pyanda passed a total of 8000&nbsp;km of hitherto unknown large Siberian rivers. He explored some 2300&nbsp;km of [[Lower Tunguska]] (Nizhnyaya Tunguska in the Russian language) and, having reached the upper part of Tunguska, he discovered the great Siberian [[river Lena]] and explored some 2400&nbsp;km of its length. When doing this, he became the first Russian to reach [[Sakha Republic|Yakutia]] and meet the [[Yakuts]]. He returned up Lena until it became too rocky and shallow, and by land reached [[Angara]]. On his way, Pyanda became the first Russian to meet the [[Buryats]]. He built new boats and explored some 1400&nbsp;km of the Angara, finally discovering that the Angara (a Buryat name) and the [[Upper Tunguska]] (Verkhnyaya Tunguska, as known by Russians) are one and the same river.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.randewy.ru/karta/geogr24.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090210092239/http://randewy.ru/karta/geogr24.html|archive-date=10 February 2009|script-title=ru:Открытие Русскими Средней и Восточной Сибири|trans-title=The discovery of Central and Eastern Siberia by Russians|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-15}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Siberiariverroutemap.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Siberian river routes|[[Siberian river routes]]]]
|}

===R===
{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-style="background:#ccc;"
!scope="col" width=18%|Portrait
!scope="col" width=22%|Person
!scope="col" width=60%|Achievements
!scope="col"|Image
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Семён Ульянович Ремезов на скульптуре «Сибирские картографы» в Тюмени.jpg|120px|alt=Remezov]]
|'''[[Semyon Remezov]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(c. 1642–after 1720)<br>cartographer, geographer, historian<br><br>{{small|(a monument in the [[Tobolsk Kremlin]])}}
|In 1683–1710 Remezov described and mapped the Tobolsk region, where he was born. He wrote the ''[[Remezov Chronicle]]'', one of the earliest historical accounts of Siberia and its exploration, a part of the [[Siberian Chronicles]]. In 1699–1701 he created the ''Chart book of Siberia'', the first large format cartographic atlas of Siberia. In total, he made more than 200 charts and maps of eastern Russian regions.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mmedia.nsu.ru/remezov/vbook/obj8/title.htm|script-title=ru:История Сибирская|trans-title=Siberian History|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-14|archive-date=2012-03-01|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120301161443/http://www.mmedia.nsu.ru/remezov/vbook/obj8/title.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:IstSib005 3.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=A drawing from the Remezov Chronicle|''[[Siberian peoples]]'', [[Remezov Chronicle]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Rezanov np.jpg|100px|alt=Rezanov]]
|'''[[Nikolai Rezanov]]'''^<br>(1764–1807)<br>statesman, diplomat
|Rezanov was one of the founders of the [[Russian-American Company]] in 1799, based on the earlier [[Shelikhov-Golikov Company]]. In 1803–06, he was made an ambassador to Japan by [[Alexander I of Russia]], and co-led the [[first Russian circumnavigation]] of the world, aboard the [[Nadezhda (1802 Russian ship)|''Nadezhda'']] under the captaincy of [[Ivan Krusenstern]]. Rezanov was in command as far as [[Kamchatka]]. After his embassy to Japan failed, he was made an inspector of [[Russian America|Russian colonies in America]]. In 1806 he managed to open trade with [[Spanish California]], conclude a treaty, and become engaged with [[Concepción Argüello]], the daughter of the comandante of [[San Francisco]]. Rezanov died in Siberia, however, on a journey back to St. Petersburg while carrying the treaty to the capital.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://rezanov.kkr.ru/biogr.htm|title=О Резанове...|trans-title=About Rezanov...|publisher=Learning Centre for Children (Детский образовательный центр)|access-date=2011-12-14|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120111013247/http://rezanov.kkr.ru/biogr.htm|archive-date=2012-01-11}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Rezanov's love affair with [[Concepción Argüello]] inspired a ballad by the San Francisco author, [[Francis Bret Harte]], and a 1937 novel, ''Rezánov and Doña Concha'', by another SF author, [[Gertrude Atherton]], as well as a very successful 1979 Russian [[rock opera]] ''[[Juno and Avos (opera)|Juno and Avos]]'' by the composer [[Alexei Rybnikov]] and the poet [[Andrey Voznesensky]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Trading post at Old Sitka (1).jpg|100px|center|thumb|alt=Russian trading post in Sitka, Alaska|A replica of Russian trading post in [[Sitka, Alaska]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Voin Rimsky-Korsakov.jpg|100px|alt=Rimsky-Korsakov]]
|'''[[Voin Rimsky-Korsakov]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br> (1822–1871)<br>Russian Navy officer, hydroghafer and geographer
|An elder brother of [[Nikolai Rimsky-Korsakov]] (the composer and conductor), in the 1850s and 1860s Voin Rimsky-Korsakov explored the area of the [[Sea of Japan]] near [[Ussuri Krai]], including [[Sakhalin Island]], the [[Amur Liman]] and the [[Strait of Tartary]]. Later he also surveyed the shores of [[Kamchatka]] and the [[Kuril Islands]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=111812|script-title=ru:Римский-Корсаков Воин Андреевич|trans-title=Voin Andreyevich Rimsky-Korsakov|publisher=biographija.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Rimsky-Korsakov Archipelago]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Rimskogo-Korsakova archipelago.png|100px|thumb|center|alt=Rimsky-Korsakov Archipelago|[[Rimsky-Korsakov Archipelago]]]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:N Roerich.jpg|100px|alt=Roerich]]
|'''[[Nicholas Roerich]]'''!<br> (1874–1947)<br>painter, philosopher, archeologist, writer, public figure, traveler
|Roerich emigrated to the U. S. after the [[Russian Revolution]]. By the sale of his paintings and writings, and the gains from the activity of his cultural and enlightener organizations, Roerich was able to collect the finance and lead a major expedition to Central Asia in 1924–28, in which his family, including his wife [[Helena Roerich]], participated. The expedition went through [[Sikkim]], [[Kashmir]], [[Ladakh]], [[Xinjiang]], Siberia, Altai, [[Mongolia]], [[Tibet]], and unstudied areas of the [[Himalayas]]. Archeological and ethnographical investigations were conducted, dozens of new mountain peaks and passes were marked on maps, rare manuscripts were found, and some of the best series of Roerich's paintings were created. In 1934–35 Roerich conducted an expedition in [[Inner Mongolia]], [[Manchuria]] and China, collecting nearly 300 species of xerophytes, herbs, manuscripts and archeological relics. Roerich was an author and initiator of an international pact for the protection of artistic and academic institutions and historical  sites ([[Roerich’s Pact]], 1935) and  a founder of an international movement for the defence of culture. He created about 7,000 paintings and founded a number of scientific and cultural institutions in the U. S., Europe and India.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icr.su/eng|publisher=International Centre of the Roerichs|title=International Centre of the Roerichs|location=Moscow|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.icr.su/rus/evolution/cae/index.php|author=L.V.Shaposhnikova|title=Центрально-Азиатская экспедиция – Путешествие Н.К. Рериха|trans-title=Along the path of Central-Asian Expedition of N. Roerich.|location=Moscow|publisher=International Centre of the Roerichs|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Roerich’s Pact]], [[4426 Roerich]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Altai. Peaks and passes named in honor of the family Roerich.jpeg|thumb|120px|center|alt=Peaks and passes named after the Roerichs in the Altai|Peaks and passes named after the [[Roerichs]] in the [[Altai Mountains]]]][[File:Urusvati base.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Institute of Himalayan studies founded by the Roerichs|Institute of [[Himalayas|Himalayan]] studies "Urusvati", founded by the Roerichs]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Alexander Newski.jpg|90px|alt=Alexander Nevsky]]
|'''[[Alexander Nevsky]]'''! {{small|([[Rurikid]])}}<br>(1220–1263)<br>Grand [[Prince of Novgorod]] and [[Vladimir-Suzdal|Vladimir]], national hero and [[patron saint]] of Russia
|Prince Alexander Yaroslavich Nevsky traveled to the [[Mongolian Empire|Mongolian]] capital [[Karakorum]] in Central Asia, between 1247 and 1249, accompanied by his brother [[Andrey Yaroslavich]]. They were summoned there by the [[Genghisid]] [[Khan (title)|Khans]] who had conquered [[Rus' (region)|Rus']] a few years before. Unlike their father [[Yaroslav II of Vladimir]], who had come into Karakorum in 1245–46 and was poisoned by the Mongols, Alexander and Andrey were able to get back to Rus', confirmed in power by their new overlords. Russian princes were among the first known Europeans to travel so far into Asia, making their journey around the same time as the [[Italia]]n monk [[Plano Carpini]] traveled to Mongolia.<ref name=nevsky>{{cite web|url=http://www.pereslavl.info/page-id-8.html|script-title=ru:Александр Невский|trans-title=Alexander Nevsky|language=ru|publisher=pereslavl.info|access-date=2011-12-14|archive-date=2011-07-21|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721231337/http://www.pereslavl.info/page-id-8.html|url-status=dead}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Order of Alexander Nevsky]], numerous [[Alexander Nevsky Cathedral (disambiguation)|Alexander Nevsky Cathedral]]s, churches, monasteries.}}
|align=center|
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:VA Rusanov.jpg|100px|alt=Rusanov]]
|'''[[Vladimir Rusanov]]'''{{‡}}<br> (1875–1913?)<br>geologist
|In 1909–11 Rusanov carried out explorations in the [[Novaya Zemlya]] archipelago. In 1912 he commanded a government expedition to [[Svalbard]] to investigate its coal reserves. They sailed on the small ship ''[[Herkules (motor schooner)|Herkules]]'' under Captain [[Alexander Kuchin]], [[Amundsen's South Pole expedition]] navigator. Concluding the work, part of the expedition returned to Russia, while the rest, without consultation with the authorities, set off with Rusanov in an incredibly rash attempt at reaching the Pacific via the [[Northern Sea Route]], and disappeared in the [[Kara Sea]]. The relics of the expedition were found in 1937 in the [[Kolosovykh Islands]]. Soviet coal mining on Svalbard began in 1932.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cprm.gov.br/33IGC/1343811.html|title=Vladimir Alexandrovich Rusanov – famous investigator of Arctics|publisher=Cprm.gov.br|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://museum.ru/M635|title=Webpage of Rusanov's museum in Oryol|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Rusanov and his expedition are among the prototypes for the novel ''[[The Two Captains]]'' by [[Veniamin Kaverin]], where the search proceedings for fictional captain Tatarinov resemble the search for Rusanov.}}
|align=center|[[File:Hercules schooner Rusanov.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Hercules ship|''[[Hercules]]'' schooner]]
|}

===S===
{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-style="background:#ccc;"
!scope="col" width=18%|Portrait
!scope="col" width=22%|Person
!scope="col" width=60%|Achievements
!scope="col"|Image
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Anatoly Sagalevich.jpg|120px|alt=Sagalevich]]
|'''[[Anatoly Sagalevich]]'''{{‡}}<br>(born 1938)<br>oceanographer, submersible pilot, Hero of Russia<br><br>{{small|(right in photo with [[Vladimir Putin]])}}
|From 1979 Sagalevich has been the head of the Deepwater Submersibles Laboratory at the [[Shirshov Institute of Oceanology]]. He took part in the construction of the Pisces VIII, Pisces IX and [[MIR submersible|MIR]] [[Deep Submergence Vehicle]]s and completed more than 300 submersions as the chief pilot of DSVs. He piloted MIRs during expeditions to {{RMS|Titanic}}, [[German battleship Bismarck]], Soviet and Russian submarines ''[[K-278 Komsomolets]]'' and ''[[K-141 Kursk]]'', and [[Japanese submarine I-52 (1943)|Japanese submarine ''I-52'']]. Sagalevich holds the world record for the deepest fresh water dive at 1637&nbsp;m in [[Lake Baikal]] aboard a Pisces in 1990. On August 2, 2007, he was the pilot of the MIR-1 DSV that reached the seabed at the [[North Pole]] during the [[Arktika 2007]] expedition.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=8706|script-title=ru:Сагалевич Анатолий Михайлович|trans-title=Sagalevich Anatoly Mikhaylovich|language=ru|publisher=Герои Страны|access-date=2011-12-17}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:The Soviet Union 1990 CPA 6263 stamp (Deep-diving manned submersibles. Mir).jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=MIR submersible|[[MIR submersible]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Rudolf Samoylovich.jpg|100px|alt=Samoylovich]]
|'''[[Rudolf Samoylovich]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1881–1940?)<br>geographer
|In 1912 Samoylovich took part in [[Vladimir Rusanov]]'s geological expedition to [[Spitsbergen]]. He was one of the initiators and the first director of the [[Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute]]. In 1928 he was the head of the rescue party on the [[Krasin (1916 icebreaker)|''Krasin'']] icebreaker, that saved most of the crew of the ''[[Airship Italia]]'' of [[Umberto Nobile]]. He participated in the polar flight of [[LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin]] in 1931 and headed expeditions on the icebreakers ''Vladimir Rusanov'' (1932), ''[[Georgy Sedov (icebreaker)|Georgy Sedov]]'' (1934), and [[Sadko (1913 icebreaker)|''Sadko'']] (1936 and 1937–38).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aari.nw.ru/docs/dates/samaylovich.html|script-title=ru:Рудольф Лазаревич Самойлович – выдающийся полярный исследователь и патриот|trans-title=Rudolf Lazarevich Samoylovich, eminent polar explorer and patriot|language=ru|publisher=[[AARI]]|access-date=2011-12-17}}</ref>
|align=center|<!-- Deleted image removed: [[File:Krasin ice.PNG|120px|center|thumb|alt=Icebreaker Krasin|Icebreaker [[Krasin (1916 icebreaker)|''Krasin'']] among the ice floes in the Arctic]] -->
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Yakov Sannikov]]'''{{‡}}<br> (1780–after 1812)<br>merchant
|Exploring the [[New Siberian Islands]], in 1800 Sannikov discovered and charted [[Stolbovoy Island]], and then [[Faddeyevsky Island]] in 1805. In 1809–1810, he took part in the expedition led by [[Matvei Gedenschtrom]]. He discovered [[Bunge Land]] and suggested that there was a vast land north of [[Kotelny Island]], thus introducing a theory about the existence of the legendary [[Sannikov Land]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.peoples.ru/science/travellers/yakov_sannikov/index.html|publisher=Peoples.ru|script-title=ru:Яков Санников – Биография|trans-title=Yakov Sannikov – Biography|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Sannikov Land]], [[Sannikov Strait]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Siberia DL.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=De Long Islands and the deemed Sannikov Land location|[[De Long Islands]], beyond which the [[Sannikov Land]] was deemed to exist]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Gavriil Sarychev.jpg|110px|alt=Sarychev]]
|'''[[Gavriil Sarychev]]'''^<br>(1763–1831)<br>Russian admiral, cartographer
|In 1785–94 Sarychev took part in the expedition sponsored by [[Catherine the Great]] and led by [[Joseph Billings]]. Commanding the ship ''Slava Rossii'' (Glory of Russia), he mapped the coastline of the [[Sea of Okhotsk]] from [[Okhotsk]] to [[Aldoma]] and many of the [[Aleutian Islands]] (especially [[Unalaska]]). He also described the [[Pribilof Islands]], [[St. Matthew Island]], [[St. Lawrence Island]], [[Diomede Islands|Gvozdev]], and [[King Island, Alaska|King Island]]. He was in charge of hydrographic research in Russia from 1808 and led the compilation of the ''Atlas of the Northern Part of the [[Pacific Ocean]]'' in 1826.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.npacific.ru/np/library/encicl/18/0031.htm|script-title=ru:Сарычев Гавриил Андреевич|trans-title=Gavril Andreyevich Sarychev|publisher=Npacific.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Sarychev Peak]], [[Cape Sarichef Airport]], [[Sarichef Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Unalaska church.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Russian Orthodox Church in Unalaska|Russian Orthodox [[Church of the Holy Ascension]], [[Unalaska]]]]
|-style="background:#FFFFFF;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:1983 CPA 5375 (1) (Савицкая).jpg|100px|alt=Savitskaya]]
|'''[[Svetlana Savitskaya]]'''<br> (born 1948)<br>female cosmonaut, aviator, twice a Hero of the Soviet Union, politician<br><br>{{small|(Savitskaya with her 1982 crew fellows [[Leonid Popov|Popov]] and [[Aleksandr Serebrov|Serebrov]])}}
|Savitskaya was the second woman in space (after [[Valentina Tereshkova]]) and the first woman to conduct an [[extra-vehicular activity]]. She achieved this during the two successful expeditions to the [[Salyut 7]] space station in 1982 and 1984, making her spacewalk on July 25, 1984.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/energia/text/savitskaya.htm?reload_coolmenus|script-title=ru:Светлана Евгеньевна Савицкая|trans-title=Svetlana Eugenievna Savitskaya|publisher=Astronaut.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Model of Salyut-7 with two Soyuz spacecrafts.JPEG|120px|thumb|center|alt=Salyut 7 scale model|Model of [[Salyut 7]] with two [[Soyuz spacecraft]], [[All-Russia Exhibition Centre|VDNKh]], Moscow]]
|-style="background:#ffe8d5;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Shanz.jpg|90px|alt=Schantz]]
|'''[[Johan Eberhard von Schantz]]'''{{†}}<br>(1802–1880)<br>admiral, ship designer, explorer
|Finnish-born admiral of the [[Russian Imperial Navy]] who circumnavigated the globe as the commander of the Imperial Navy ship ''America'' in 1834–1836. He rediscovered the [[Wotho Atoll]], originally discovered by the Spanish expedition of [[Ruy López de Villalobos]] in the 1540s.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://kansallisbiografia.fi/kenraalit/henkilo/352|title=von Schantz, Johan Eberhard|publisher=National Biography of Finlandlanguage=Finnish|access-date=2017-11-10}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: Schantz Islands (now [[Wotho Atoll]]).}}
|align=center|[[File:Atoll de Wotho.png|120px|center|thumb|alt=Wotho|[[Wotho Atoll]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Otto Schmidt.jpg|100px|alt=]]
|'''[[Otto Schmidt]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1891–1956)<br>mathematician, astronomer, geophysicist, statesman, Hero of the Soviet Union
|In 1932–39 Schmidt was the head of the [[Chief Directorate of the Northern Sea Route]]. In 1929–30, travelling on the [[icebreaker Sedov]], he established the first research station on [[Franz Josef Land]], explored the northwestern [[Kara Sea]] and western [[Severnaya Zemlya]], discovering a few islands. In 1932 his expedition on the icebreaker ''[[Sibiryakov (1909 icebreaker)|Sibiryakov]]'' with [[Captain Vladimir Voronin]] made the first non-stop voyage through the [[Northern Sea Route]] from [[Arkhangelsk]] to the [[Pacific]] without wintering. In 1933–34 Schmidt and Voronin led the voyage on the [[steamship Cheliuskin]], that resulted in the loss of the ship and evacuation of the crew. In 1937 Schmidt supervised an airborne expedition that established the first ever [[drift-ice station]], ''[[North Pole-1]]''.<ref name=shmidt>{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=806|script-title=ru:Шмидт Отто Юльевич|trans-title=Otto Yulyevich Schmidt|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[2108 Otto Schmidt]] (minor planet).}}
|align=center|[[File:Northernsearoute.PNG|120px|center|thumb|alt=Northern Sea Route|[[Northern Sea Route]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Leopold von Schrenck.jpg|100px|alt=Schrenck]]
|'''[[Leopold von Schrenck]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1826–1894)<br>zoologist, geographer, ethnographer
|Schrenck explored the fauna of the [[Russian Far East]], in [[Amurland]] between 1853 and 1854, and on [[Sakhalin]] in 1854–55, discovering a number of animals. Later he turned to the study of the [[native peoples of Russia]]. He coined the term ''[[Paleo-Asiatic]] peoples'' and was a director of the [[Peter the Great Museum of Anthropology and Ethnography]] in [[St Petersburg]].<ref name="brockhaus"/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Amur sturgeon]], [[Manchurian black water snake]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Schrenki.JPG|thumb|center|120px|alt=Manchurian black water snake|[[Manchurian black water snake]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Sedow georgy.jpg|100px|alt=Sedov]]
|'''[[Georgy Sedov]]'''{{‡}}<br> (1877–1914)<br>Russian Navy captain
|In 1909 Sedov led the expedition that described the mouth of the [[Kolyma River]]. In 1910 he explored the Krestovaya Bay on [[Novaya Zemlya]]. He suggested an expedition to the [[North Pole]] and found private sponsors. In 1912 Sedov's ship ''"Svyatoy Muchenik Foka" (Saint Martyr Foka)'' sailed north but had to stay for the winter near Novaya Zemlya because of impassable ice. ''Sv. Foka'' reached [[Franz Josef Land]] then, but had to stop for another winter due to lack of coal. In early 1914, Sedov, sick with scurvy, set off with two companions for the North Pole with the draft dogs. Sedov died near [[Rudolf Island]] and was buried there, at Cape Auk. On the way back, at Franz Josef Land, the ''Sv. Foka'' rescued the two survivors of the [[Brusilov expedition]], [[Valerian Albanov]] and [[Alexander Konrad]].<ref name="bse"/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Icebreaker Sedov]], [[Georgy Sedov|Sedov]] (sailing ship). He and his last expedition are among the prototypes for the novel ''[[The Two Captains]]'' by [[Veniamin Kaverin]], where the fictional captain Tatarinov has Sedov-like appearance and shares his passion for Arctic exploration.}}
|align=center|[[File:1912. Sedov Foka Arkhangelsk.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Sedov amid the crew of St. Foka|Sedov amid the crew of ''St. Foka'']][[File:Kara sea ZFJ.PNG|120px|center|thumb|alt=Franz Josef Land|[[Franz Josef Land]]]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Portrait of P. Semenov-Tien-Shansky.jpg|100px|alt=Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky]]
|'''[[Pyotr Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky]]'''!<br>(1827–1914)<br>geographer, statistician, entomologist
|In 1856–57 Semyonov passed through the [[Altay Mountains]], visited the [[Issyk Kul]] and came to the then largely unknown [[Tian Shan Mountains]]. He was the first European to see the peak of [[Khan Tengri]]. He disproved [[Alexander Humboldt]]'s earlier claims about Tian Shan's supposed volcanic origins. In 1858, he published the first systematic description of the Tian Shan. Half a century later [[Nicholas II of Russia]] authorized him to add the epithet "Tian-Shansky" to his last name. For many years Semyonov served as chairman of Russia's Central Committee for Statistics, where he organized the first [[Russian Empire Census]] held in 1897. Semyonov amassed a large collection of the old Dutch masters, which now belongs to the [[Hermitage Museum]], and an insect collection of c. 700,000 specimens. He was a member of 53 learned societies and headed the [[Russian Geographical Society]] for 40 years from 1873 until his death, using this position to encourage the exploration of inland [[Asia]], notably by [[Nikolai Przhevalsky]] and [[Pyotr Kozlov]].<ref name="bse"/><ref name="brockhaus"/><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=116294|script-title=ru:Семенов-Тян-Шанский Петр Петрович|trans-title=Semyonov-Tyan-Shansky Pyotr Petrovich|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Seidenstrasse GMT Ausschnitt Zentralasien.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Tian Shan|[[Tian Shan]] and the [[Silk Road]]]][[File:Peak of Khan Tengri at sunset.jpg|100px|thumb|center|alt=Khan Tengri|[[Khan Tengri]]]]
|-style="background:#ffe8d5;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Сенкевич Колотило Хейердал.JPEG|100px|alt=Senkevich]]
|'''[[Yuri Senkevich]]'''{{†}}<br>(1937–2003)<br>physician, scientist, traveler, TV anchorman
|Senkevich participated in the [[12th Soviet Antarctic expedition]] at [[Vostok station]] in 1966–67. In 1969 he sailed with [[Thor Heyerdahl]] on the ''Ra'' [[papyrus]] boat, and later on the ''[[Ra II]]'' across the Atlantic Ocean in 1970. He also sailed with Heyerdahl on another [[Reed (plant)|reed]] boat the ''[[Tigris (boat)|Tigris]]'' across the [[Indian Ocean]] in 1978. In 1973–2003, Senkevich was a host of the ''"Travelers' Club"'' show on [[Soviet Television]] for a record 30 years, making it into the [[Guinness Book of Records]]. He visited more than 200 countries as a journalist and TV anchorman.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.astronaut.ru/as_rusia/imbp/text/senkevitch.htm?reload_coolmenus|script-title=ru:Юрий Александрович Сенкевич|trans-title=Yuri Aleksandrovich Senkevitch|language=ru|publisher=Космическая Энциклопедия AstroNote|access-date=2011-12-17}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:RaII.InMuseum.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Ra II boat|Ra II boat in the [[Thor Heyerdahl]] [[Kon-Tiki Museum]]]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Severtzov ru WP.jpg|100px|alt=Severtzov]]
|'''[[Nikolai Severtzov]]'''!<br>(1827–1885)<br>naturalist
|In 1857–58, on an expedition to [[Syr Darya]] in Central Asia, Severtzov was captured by [[Khanate of Kokand|Kokand]] bandits and severely wounded. He was freed after a month by the Russian military and continued his studies. In 1865–68 he explored the [[Tian Shan]] and Lake [[Issyk Kul]]. In 1877–78 he explored the unknown areas of the [[Pamir Mountains]] following a route close to the current [[Pamir Highway]] as far as Lake Yashil Kul on the Ghunt River. Severtzov wrote a major study of [[Turkestan]] zoology called ''Vertical and horizontal distribution of Turkestan wildlife'' (1873), which included the first description of a number of animals.<ref name="brockhaus"/>
|align=center|[[File:Argali.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Argali|[[Argali]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Grigory Shelikov.jpg|110px|alt=Shelikhov]]
|'''[[Grigory Shelikhov]]'''^<br> (1747–1795)<br>seafarer, merchant
|Shelikhov organized commercial trips of merchant ships to the [[Kuril Islands]] and the [[Aleutian Islands]] starting in 1775. Together with Ivan Golikov, he founded the precursor of the [[Russian-American Company]] (the name appeared in 1799 after Shelikhov's death). In 1783–86, he led an expedition to the shores of [[Russian America]], during which he founded the first permanent Russian settlement in [[North America]] in [[Three Saints Bay]] on [[Kodiak Island]]. In 1790 he hired [[A. A. Baranov|Alexander Baranov]] to manage fur enterprise in America.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://to-name.ru/biography/grigorij-shelihov.htm|script-title=ru:Григорий Иванович Шелихов – биография|trans-title=Grigory Ivanovich Shelikov|publisher=Tajna Imeni|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><br><br>{{small| Named in honor: [[Shelikhov Bay]], [[Shelikhov Strait]], [[Shelekhov]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Shelikhov settlement.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Shelikhov's settlement on Kodiak|The settlement of Shelikhov on [[Kodiak Island|Kodiak]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Pyotr Petrovich Shirshov (1).jpg|100px|alt=Shirshov]]
|'''[[Pyotr Shirshov]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1905–1953)<br>oceanographer, [[hydrobiologist]], statesman, Hero of the Soviet Union
|Shirshov participated in numerous Arctic expeditions, including the ones on the icebreaker ''[[Sibiryakov (1909 icebreaker)|Sibiryakov]]'' (1932) and [[steamship Chelyuskin]] (1934). He was among the crew of the [[drifting ice station]] ''[[North Pole-1]]'' in 1937–38. In 1942–48, Shirshov was a Maritime Minister of the Soviet Union. In 1946–53, he became the founder and the first director of the [[Institute of Oceanology of the Soviet Academy of Sciences]]. He wrote numerous works about plankton in the polar regions and proved that there is life in the high latitudes of the [[Arctic Ocean]].<ref name=bse/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Shirshov Institute of Oceanology]]}}
|align=center|[[File:Arctic Ocean - en.png|120px|center|thumb|alt=Arctic Ocean|[[Arctic Ocean]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Глеб Семёнович Шишмарёв.jpg|100px|alt=Shishmaryov]]
|'''[[Gleb Shishmaryov]]'''^<br> (1781–1835)<br>Russian Navy officer, circumnavigator
|In 1815–18 Shishmaryov accompanied [[Otto von Kotzebue]] on his circumnavigation on ''Rurik'', including the visit to [[Alaska]], when they discovered the [[Shishmaref Inlet]]. In 1820 he returned to Alaska accompanied by Lt. [[Ensign Mikhail Vasiliev|Mikhail Vasiliev]]. They explored the coast of Alaska from [[Kotzebue Sound]] to [[Icy Cape, Alaska|Icy Cape]] and later from [[Norton Sound]] to Cape Newenham. [[St. Lawrence Island]] was mapped on the return voyage.<ref name="rbd"/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Shishmaref, Alaska]], [[Shishmaref Inlet]].}}
|align=center|[[File:AKMap-doton-Savoonga.png|120px|thumb|center|alt=St. Lawrence Island|[[St. Lawrence Island]] near [[Alaska]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Shkot n y.jpg|100px|alt=Shkot]]
|'''[[Nikolay Shkot]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1829–1870)<br>Russian Navy officer
|After being wounded in the [[Siege of Sevastopol (1854–1855)]], Shkot served in the Far East. In 1856–63 he explored [[Sakhalin]], the [[Moneron Island]] and the coast of [[Primorsky Krai]] in the area of [[Peter the Great Gulf]] and [[Nakhodka Bay]], making a number of discoveries. He founded a hydrographic post in what is now modern [[Nakhodka]], and was one of the founders of [[Vladivostok]] in 1860.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgpb.ru/cd/primor/first/shkot.htm|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723190339/http://www.pgpb.ru/cd/primor/first/shkot.htm|archive-date=23 July 2011|script-title=ru:Шкот Николай Яковлевич|trans-title=Nikolay Yakovlevich Shkot|publisher=Public Library of Primorsky Krai (Приморская Краевая Публичная Библиотека)|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Shkot Island]], [[Shkotovo]] (village), [[Shkotovka River]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Rusia - Vladivostok - Ussuriisk - Najodka.PNG|thumb|center|120px|alt=Vladivostok and Nakhodka location|[[Vladivostok]] and [[Nakhodka]] in the [[Russian Far East]]]]
|-style="background:#fff8e7;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Shokalsky.jpg|100px|alt=Shokalsky]]
|'''[[Yuly Shokalsky]]'''~<br>(1856–1940)<br>Russian Navy officer, oceanographer, meteorologist, cartographer, geographer
|In 1897–1901 Shokalsky researched [[Lake Ladoga]]. From 1907 he supervised all oceanographic works in Russia. He coined the term ''[[World Ocean]]''. In 1919 he headed the commission that set up [[time zones in Russia]]. In 1918–31 he was the head of the [[Russian Geographical Society]] and contributed widely to [[Arctic]] exploration at this post.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://geo.1september.ru/article.php?ID=200302907|script-title=ru:Ю.М. Шокальский|trans-title=Y.M. Shokalsky|work=geo.1september.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Shokalsky Strait]], [[Shokalskogo Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Russian Empire Map.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=A map of Russia by Shokalsky|A map of the [[Russian Empire]] by Shokalsky]]
|-style="background:#FFFFFF;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Anatoly Solovyev portraitlike.jpeg|100px|alt=Solovyev]]
|'''[[Anatoly Solovyev]]'''<br>(born 1948)<br>cosmonaut, aviator, Hero of the Soviet Union
|Solovyev holds the [[List of cumulative spacewalk records|world record]] for the number of [[spacewalk]]s (16), and accumulated time spent spacewalking (over 82&nbsp;hours), which he performed during his five spaceflights. In 1988 he traveled on ''[[Soyuz TM-5]]'' to the ''[[Mir]]'' [[space station]] and back on ''[[Soyuz TM-4]]''. In 1990 he again traveled to ''Mir'' and back on ''[[Soyuz TM-9]]'', and in 1990 made a similar journey on ''[[Soyuz TM-15]]''. In 1995 he got to ''Mir'' on Space Shuttle ''[[STS-71]]'' and went back on ''[[Soyuz TM-21]]'', and in 1997–98 again traveled to ''Mir'' and back on ''[[Soyuz TM-26]]''.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia|url=http://www.astronautix.com/astros/solovyov.htm|title=Solovyev web page|access-date=January 12, 2009|last=Wade|first=Mark|year=2008|encyclopedia=Encyclopedia Astronautica|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081225220521/http://www.astronautix.com/astros/solovyov.htm|archive-date=December 25, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/Bios/htmlbios/solovyev.html|title=NASA Biography of Anatoly Solovyev|publisher=Jsc.nasa.gov|access-date=2011-12-14}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:SolovyevEVA.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Solovyev on a spacewalk|Solovyev on a [[spacewalk]]]]
|-style="background:#ffdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:2000. Марка России 0558 hi (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Somov]]
|'''[[Mikhail Somov]]'''§<br>(1908–1973)<br>geographer, oceanologist, Hero of the Soviet Union
|In 1950–51, Somov headed the second [[drifting ice station]], ''North Pole-2''. In 1955–57, he became the leader of the [[1st Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] on the icebreakers ''[[Ob River|Ob]]'' and ''[[Lena River|Lena]]''. The expedition established the first Soviet Antarctic station, [[Mirny Station|Mirny]], performed some observations and reconnaissance, and researched the oceanography of the [[Indian Ocean]]. Somov was also the first Soviet delegate to the international Scientific Committee for Antarctic Research.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/persons/somov/somov_ru.html|title=Somov's Biography at aari.nw.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-12-24|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111124205749/http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/persons/somov/somov_ru.html|archive-date=2011-11-24}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[3334 Somov]] (minor planet).}}
|align=center|[[File:LakeVostok-Location.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Vostok Station|[[Vostok Station]] in [[Antarctica]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Mikhail Stadukhin]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(?–1666)<br>[[Siberian Cossack]] leader
|In 1643, accompanied by [[Semyon Dezhnyov]], Stadukhin led a group of Cossacks from  [[Indigirka]] to the east by the Arctic coast. They discovered the [[Kolyma River]] and founded [[Srednekolymsk]] there. In 1649 he followed by sea the traces of Dezhnyov's and [[Fedot Popov]]'s expedition to the east, which started earlier in 1648 (and reached the [[Bering Strait]]). He learned from the captive natives that two of Dezhnyov's [[koch (boat)|kochi]] had been wrecked and the crews killed by the natives. Later Stadukhin found the connection of the Kolyma watershed to that of the [[Anadyr River|Anadyr]] and thus explored the land way to the [[Chukchi Peninsula]], where he found Dezhnyov in 1650. In 1651 Stadukhin set off south and discovered the [[Penzhin Bay]] of the northern [[Okhotsk Sea]]. He also may have explored the western shores of [[Kamchatka]].<ref name=rfisher/>
|align=center|[[File:Kolymarivermap.png|120px|center|thumb|alt=Kolyma River|[[Kolyma River]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Georg Wilhelm Steller]]'''^<br>(1709–1746)<br>botanist, zoologist, physician
|In 1734 Steller moved from [[Bavaria]] to work at the [[Saint Petersburg Academy of Sciences]]. He traveled trough Siberia, researching its nature, and in 1740 reached [[Okhotsk]] and [[Kamchatka]]. He joined [[Vitus Bering]] on the voyage to [[North America]]. The expedition landed in [[Alaska]] at [[Kayak Island]] in 1741, staying only long enough to take on fresh water. During this time Steller became the first European naturalist to describe a number of North American plants and animals, including the [[Steller's jay]]. On the return journey the expedition was shipwrecked on [[Bering Island]]. Here Bering died, and almost half of the crew perished from scurvy. Despite the hardships, Steller studied the flora and fauna of the island in great detail. He collected the only existing detailed observations of the now extinct [[Steller sea cow]], a large [[sirenian]] mammal. In the spring the crew constructed a new vessel and returned to Kamchatka, where Steller continued his research. He died on the journey to [[St. Petersburg]], but his journals were published by [[Peter Simon Pallas]] and were later used by other explorers, including [[Captain Cook]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://beringisland.ru/history/peoples/steller.shtm |title=Steller's Biography at beringisland.ru |language=ru |access-date=2011-12-24 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100213144221/http://beringisland.ru/history/peoples/steller.shtm |archive-date=February 13, 2010 }} </ref><br><br>{{small|Naned in honor: [[Steller's sea lion]], [[Steller's eider]], [[Steller's sea ape]], [[Steller's sea eagle]], [[Steller sea cow]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Stellers jay - natures pics.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Steller's jay|[[Steller's jay]]]][[File:Extanstellersseacowea.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Steller's sea cow|Extinct [[Steller's sea cow]] drawn by Steller]]
|}

===T===
{{compact ToC|side=yes|top=yes|num=yes}}
{|class="wikitable"
|-style="background:#ccc;"
!scope="col" width=18%|Portrait
!scope="col" width=22%|Person
!scope="col" width=60%|Achievements
!scope="col"|Image
|-style="background:#FFFFFF;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:RIAN archive 66514 Valentina Nikolayeva-Tereshkova.jpg|100px|alt=Tereshkova]]
|'''[[Valentina Tereshkova]]'''$<br>(born 1937)<br>cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union, major general, politician
|Aboard [[Vostok 6]] on 16 June 1963 Tereshkova became the first woman as well as the first civilian to travel into space. On this mission, lasting almost three days in space, she performed various tests on herself to collect data on the reaction of the female body to spaceflight. She took photographs of the horizon, which were used to identify [[aerosol]] layers in the [[Earth atmosphere]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.adm.yar.ru/english/section.aspx?section_id=74 |title=Biography of Tereshkova |access-date=2011-04-19 |publisher=Administration of the Yaroslavl Region |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110423074712/http://www.adm.yar.ru/english/section.aspx?section_id=74 |archive-date=2011-04-23 }}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Tereshkova crater]] (Moon). [[1671 Chaika]] (minor planet, after Tereshkova's [[call sign]]).}}
|align=center|[[File:The Soviet Union 1963 CPA 2886 stamp (Second 'Team' Manned Space Flight. Valentina Tereshkova and the 'Vostok 6' spacecraft) large resolution.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Vostok 6 and Tereshkova|[[Vostok 6]] and Tereshkova]]
|-style="background:#fff8e7;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Tillo Alexej Andreevitch.jpg|130px|alt=Tillo]]
|'''[[Aleksey Tillo]]'''~<br>(1839–1900)<br>geographer, cartographer, land surveyor, lieutenant general of the Russian Army
|Tillo created the first correct [[Cartographic relief depiction|relief map]] of [[European Russia]] in 1889. He coined the term ''[[Central Russian Upland]]''. He measured the length of the main [[Russian rivers]] and the level difference of the [[Caspian Sea]] and the [[Sea of Aral]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/index.html|script-title=ru:Тилло Алексей Андреевич|trans-title=Aleksey Andreyevich Tillo|publisher=Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary|access-date=2011-04-19|language=ru}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Tillo Islands]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Lagekarte Mittelrussische Platte.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Central Russian Upland|[[Central Russian Upland]] location]]
|-style="background:#FFFFFF;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Gherman Titov.JPG|120px|alt=Titov]]
|'''[[Gherman Titov]]'''$<br>(1935–2000)<br>cosmonaut, Hero of the Soviet Union
|Aboard [[Vostok 2]] on August 6, 1961, Titov became the second man to orbit the Earth, the first to do it multiple times (a total of 17), the first to spend more than a day in space, and the first person to drive a spaceship manually. He also was the first person to sleep in space and to suffer from [[space sickness]]. He made the first manual photographs from orbit, thus setting a record for [[space photography]]. A month short of 26 years old at launch, he remains the youngest person to orbit the Earth.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=638|publisher=Герои Страны|script-title=ru:Титов Герман Степанович |trans-title=Gherman Stepanovich Titov|access-date=2011-04-19|language=ru}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Titov (crater)]] (Moon).}}
|align=center|
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Eduard Toll.jpg|100px|alt=Toll]]
|'''[[Eduard Toll]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1858–1902)<br>zoologist, paleontologist, geologist
|In 1885–86, Baron Toll took part in an expedition to the [[New Siberian Islands]] led by [[Alexander Bunge]]. In 1893 Toll led an academic expedition to [[Sakha Republic|Yakutia]] and explored the region between the lower [[Lena River|Lena]] and [[Khatanga River]]s, the basins of the [[Yana River|Yana]], [[Indigirka]], and [[Kolyma River]]s, the plateau between the [[Anabar River|Anabar]] and [[Popigay River]]s, and the [[Vasily Pronchischev]] mountain ridge (named by Toll) between the [[Olenek River]] and the Anabar. In 1899, Toll took part in a voyage of the [[icebreaker Yermak]] to [[Spitsbergen]], led by [[Stepan Makarov]]. In 1900–02, Toll led an expedition on the ship ''[[Zarya (polar ship)|Zarya]]'' to find the legendary [[Sannikov Land]]. Due to severe ice conditions the expedition was forced to spend two winters in the [[Arctic]]. Toll traveled to [[Bennett Island]] by sledge and kayak with three companions, and they were lost. In 1903 the search led by [[Mikhail Brusnev]] and [[Aleksandr Kolchak]] brought out the diaries and the collections of Toll's party.<ref name=Barr/>
|align=center|[[File:Carte-Sakha.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Yakutia|[[Yakutia]]]]
|-style="background:#ffdfff;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Yevgeny Tolstikov]]'''§<br>(1913–1987)<br>geographer, Hero of the Soviet Union
|In 1954 Tolstikov was the head of the [[drifting ice station]] North Pole-3 in the [[Arctic]]. In 1957–59 he led the [[3rd Soviet Antarctic Expedition]] and founded the [[Sovetskaya (Antarctic Research Station)|Sovetskaya]] and [[Pole of Inaccessibility Antarctic station]]s. The expedition discovered the [[Gamburtsev Mountain Range]] and other features of [[Antarctica]] relief under the ice. Tolstikov was the chief editor of the general atlas of the [[Antarctic]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.warheroes.ru/hero/hero.asp?Hero_id=4737|access-date=2011-04-19|publisher=Герои Страны|script-title=ru:Толстиков Евгений Иванович |trans-title=Yevgeny Ivanovich Tolstikov|language=ru}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[3357 Tolstikov]] (minor planet).}}
|align=center|[[File:Southern Pole of Inaccessibility Henry Cookson team n2i.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Pole of inaccessibility Antarctic station|The [[Pole of Inaccessibility Antarctic station]]]]
|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Graf f tolstoy.jpg|100px|alt=F.Tolstoy]]
|'''[[Fyodor Ivanovich Tolstoy]]'''^<br>(1782–1846)<br>nobleman, adventurer
|A count from the [[Tolstoy family]], Fyodor Tolstoy was known for his unusual temper, gambling and passion for duels. In 1803 he took part in the [[first Russian circumnavigation]] on [[Nadezhda (1802 Russian ship)|''Nadezhda'']], captained by [[Ivan Krusenstern]]. However, multiple quarrels with the crew and very bad behaviour, including successfully teaching a pet [[orangutan]] to cover the captain's longbook in ink, caused Tolstoy to be abandoned on a stop in [[Kamchatka]] with the aforementioned ape, whose later fate is unknown. On a different ship Tolstoy managed to get into [[Sitka, Alaska]], where he spent several months among [[Alaskan natives]] of the [[Tlingit people|Tlingit]] tribe and acquired multiple tattoos. Finally he returned to [[St. Petersburg]] via Kamchatka and Siberia. His voyage to North America earned him the nickname ''the American'' and a legendary celebrity due to the tales and gossip of his adventures.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://magazines.russ.ru/slovo/2004/43/vv4.html|publisher=Русский журнал|script-title=ru:Ф.И. ТОЛСТОЙ – АМЕРИКАНЕЦ |trans-title=F.I. Tolstoy – American|language=ru|access-date=2011-04-19}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Tolstoy served as a prototype for a number of characters in Russian literature, including the duellist Zaretsky in ''[[Eugene Onegin]]'' by [[Aleksandr Pushkin]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Pongo pygmaeus (orangutang).jpg|100px|thumb|center|alt=An orangutan|An [[orangutan]]]]
|-style="background:#ffdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:2000. Марка России 0560 hi (cropped).jpg|100px|alt=Tryoshnikov]]
|'''[[Alexey Tryoshnikov]]'''§<br>(1914–1991)<br>geographer, oceanologist
|Tryoshnikov participated in the 1948 Soviet expedition to the North Pole. In 1954–55, he headed the [[drifting ice station]] North Pole-3 in the [[Arctic]]. In 1956–58 he led the [[2nd Soviet Antarctic Expedition|2nd]] and in 1967–69 the [[13th Soviet Antarctic Expedition]], founding the [[Bellingshausen Station]]. He took part in the creation of the general atlas of the [[Antarctic]] and was the main editor of the atlas of the Arctic. He was the president of the [[Soviet Geographical Society]] in 1977–91 and the director of the [[Arctic and Antarctic Research Institute]] in 1960–81.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/persons/treshnikov/treshnikov_ru.html|work=aari.nw.ru|script-title=ru:Алексей Федорович Трешников (1914–1991)|trans-title=Alexey Fedorovich Tryoshnikov|access-date=2011-04-19|language=ru|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110928095902/http://www.aari.nw.ru/projects/Antarctic/persons/treshnikov/treshnikov_ru.html|archive-date=2011-09-28}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[3339 Treshnikov]] (minor planet).}}
|align=center|[[File:Antarctica 6400px from Blue Marble.jpg|120px|center|thumb|alt=Antarctica|[[Antarctica]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Cywolka, August.JPG|100px|alt=Tsivolko]]
|'''[[Avgust Tsivolko]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1810–1839)<br>Russian Navy officer, hydrographer
|In 1832–34 Tsivolko made the first reliable maps of [[Novaya Zemlya]]'s southern shores together with [[Pyotr Pakhtusov]], and was the first to map the [[Matochkin Strait]] between the two main islands of the archipelago. In 1837 he commanded the schooner ''Krotov'' during [[Karl Baer]]'s expedition to Novaya Zemlya. In 1838 he died from scurvy while mapping the northern and northeastern shores of Novaya Zemlya.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.rulex.ru/01230064.htm|script-title=ru:Циволька Август Карлович |trans-title=Avgust Karlovich Tsivolko|language=ru|publisher=Rulex|access-date=2011-04-19}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Matochkin Strait.svg|thumb|80px|center|alt=Matochkin Strait|[[Matochkin Strait]] in [[Novaya Zemlya]]]]
|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Цыбиков Гомбожаб.jpg|100px|alt=Tsybikov]]
|'''[[Gombojab Tsybikov]]'''!<br>(1873–1930)<br>anthropologist, ethnographer, statesmen
|A native [[Buryats|Buryat]], Tsybikov traveled to [[Tibet]] in a group of Buryat and [[Kalmyk people|Kalmyk]] [[Buddhist]] pilgrims in 1899–1902. He became the first photographer of Tibet, taking pictures in secret. These pictures were widely celebrated throughout the world, printed by the ''[[National Geographic (magazine)|National Geographic]]'' in the U. S. In 1904 Tsybikov presented his pictures to [[Thubten Gyatso, 13th Dalai Lama|Dalai Lama]] in [[Ulan Bator|Urga]], [[Mongolia]]. He published his travelogue with many valuable translations from [[Standard Tibetan|Tibetan]] included.<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xku_Ik6E96MC&pg=PA1199 |editor=Jennifer Speake|editor-link=Jennifer Speake|publisher=Fitzroy Dearborn|title=Literature of Travel and Exploration: An Encyclopedia|isbn=978-1-57958-440-5|pages=1199–1201|year=2003}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Potala-from-behind 07-2005.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Potala Palace, Tibet|[[Potala Palace]] in [[Lhasa]], [[Tibet]]]]
|}

===U===
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{|class="wikitable"
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|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Unkovskiy.jpg|100px|alt=Unkovsky]]
|'''[[Ivan Unkovsky]]'''^<br>(1822–1886)<br>Russian admiral
|Unkovsky led an expedition on the frigate ''Pallada'', together with Admiral [[Yevfimy Putyatin]], through the [[Atlantic Ocean|Atlantic]], [[Indian Ocean|Indian]] and [[Pacific Ocean]]s to Japan in 1852–55. This expedition contributed many important discoveries in [[oceanography]]. Described in the book by [[Ivan Goncharov]], who also sailed on the ''Pallada'', it was a dangerous voyage since it coincided in time with the [[Crimean War]] between Russia and the [[France|Franco]]-[[United Kingdom|British]] alliance. One of the results achieved was the [[Treaty of Shimoda]] with Japan.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pgpb.ru/cd/primor/first/ynk.htm|work=pgpb.ru|script-title=ru:Унковский Иван Семенович|trans-title=Ivan Semenovich Unkovsky|language=ru|access-date=2011-04-06|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110723190439/http://www.pgpb.ru/cd/primor/first/ynk.htm|archive-date=2011-07-23}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:FrigatePallada.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Frigate Pallada|Frigate ''[[Athena|Pallada]]'']]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center| 
|'''[[Nikolay Urvantsev]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1893–1985)<br>geologist
|Urvantsev was among the discoverers of a coal basin and a copper-nickel ore region in [[Norilsk]] in 1919–22 and was among the founders of Norilsk town. In 1922 he found evidence of the disappeared [[Roald Amundsen]]'s 1918 Arctic expedition crew members [[Peter Tessem and Paul Knutsen]] on the [[Kara Sea]] shore. In 1930–32 Urvantsev and [[Georgy Ushakov]] explored and completely mapped the [[Severnaya Zemlya]] and established that it was an archipelago, discovering a number or major islands. Urvantsev also explored [[Taymyr Peninsula]] and the [[Central Siberian Plateau]]. In 1933–34 aboard the [[Steamer Pravda]] Urvantsev led the first Arctic [[oil exploration]] expedition.<ref name=bse/><ref name=Barr2/>
|align=center|[[File:Severnaya Zemlya.svg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Severnaya Zemlya|[[Severnaya Zemlya]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Georgy Ushakov.jpg|100px|alt=Ushakov]]
|'''[[Georgy Ushakov]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1901–1963)<br>geographer
|In 1926 Ushakov founded the first Soviet settlement on [[Wrangel Island]]. In 1930–32 Ushakov and [[Nikolay Urvantsev]] explored and completely mapped the Severnaya Zemlya and established that it was an archipelago, the last one on Earth to be explored. In 1935–36 Ushakov led the first Soviet high-latitude expedition on the [[Sadko (1913 icebreaker)|icebreaker ''Sadko'']], examining the last unexplored areas in the northern [[Kara Sea]] and discovering [[Ushakov Island]], the last unknown island in the [[Russian Arctic]] outside any archipelago. Ushakov died in Moscow, but was buried in Severnaya Zemlya.<ref name=ushakov>{{cite web|url=http://www.skypole.ru/ushakov/biogr_e.htm |work=skypole.ru |title=G.A.Ushakov's biography |access-date=2011-04-06 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110725172917/http://www.skypole.ru/ushakov/biogr_e.htm |archive-date=2011-07-25 }}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Kara seaUV.PNG|thumb|center|120px|alt=Ushakov Island|[[Ushakov Island]] location]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row"|
|'''[[Tatyana Ustinova]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br>(1913–2009)<br>geologist
|In 1940 Ustinova came to [[Kronotsky Nature Reserve]] in [[Kamchatka]]. In 1941, with the help of the local guide Anysyfor Krupenin, she discovered the [[Valley of Geysers]], the second largest concentration of geysers in the world. She researched the geysers until 1946 and gave names to the most notable of them. She requested in a testament that her ashes were to be buried in the Valley of Geysers.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kronoki.ru/territory/reserve/history/faces/86|publisher=ФГУ Кроноцкий заповедник|script-title=ru:Татьяна Устинова|trans-title=Tatyana Ustinova|language=ru|access-date=2011-04-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912191341/http://www.kronoki.ru/territory/reserve/history/faces/86|archive-date=2017-09-12|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Valley of the Geysers.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Valley of Geysers|[[Valley of Geysers]] in [[Kamchatka]]]]
|}

===V===
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|'''[[Merkury Vagin]]'''{{‡}}<br> (?–1712)<br>[[Siberian Cossack]], seafarer, merchant
|In 1712, Vagin and his companion [[Yakov Permyakov]] crossed the [[Yana Bay]] over the ice and explored [[Bolshoy Lyakhovsky]] island (sited two years earlier by Permyakov), spotting [[Maly Lyakhovsky]] island from there. Thus they initiated the exploration of the large [[New Siberia]]n archipelago. On the way back they were murdered by mutineering expedition members.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=14908|script-title=ru:Вагин Меркурий |trans-title=Merkury Vagin|publisher=biografija.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-04-06}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:NewSiberianIslands.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=New Siberia|[[New Siberian Islands]] location]]
|-style="background:#ffe8d5;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Nikolai Vavilov NYWTS.jpg|100px|alt=Vavilov]]
|'''[[Nikolai Vavilov]]'''{{†}}<br> (1887–1943)<br>botanist and geneticist
|In 1924–35 Vavilov was the director of the [[Institute of Plant Industry]]. He organized a series of botanical-agronomic expeditions, collected seeds from every corner of the globe, and created the world's largest collection of plant seeds in [[Leningrad]]. As a result of his explorations he identified the [[Vavilov Center|centres of origin]] of main cultivated plants.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_we/vavilov_ni.php|script-title=ru:Биографический указатель |work=hrono.ru|access-date=2011-04-06|language=ru}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Vavilov Institute of Plant Industry]], [[Vavilovian mimicry]]; [[2862 Vavilov]] (minor planet), [[Vavilov crater]] (Moon) (named also after Vavilov's brother, physicist [[Sergey Vavilov]]).}}
|align=center|[[File:Vavilov-center.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Vavilov Centers|[[Vavilov Center]]s: the origin of cultivated plants]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Boris Andreyevich Vilkitsky2.jpg|100px|alt=Vilkitsky]]
|'''[[Boris Vilkitsky]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1885–1961)<br>Russian Navy captain, hydrographer
|In 1913–15 Vilkitsky led the [[Arctic]] hydrographic expedition on the icebreakers [[Icebreaker Taymyr|''Taimyr'']] and [[Icebreaker Vaygach|''Vaigach'']], exploring parts of the [[Northern Sea Route]]. In 1913, the expedition discovered [[Severnaya Zemlya]], the last archipelago on Earth to be explored. [[Vilkitsky Island]] was also discovered, as well as [[Maly Taymyr]] and [[Starokadomsky Island]]s. In 1914–15, another Vilkitsky's expedition made the first through voyage from [[Vladivostok]] to [[Arkhangelsk]], discovered [[Zhokhova Island]] and described the southern coast of Severnaya Zemlya.<ref name=vilkitsky>{{cite web|url=http://www.hrono.ru/biograf/bio_we/vilkicky.html|script-title=ru:Биографический указатель |work=hrono.ru|access-date=2011-04-06|language=ru}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Vilkitsky Strait]], [[Vilkitsky Island (Kara Sea)]], [[Vilkitsky Island (East Siberian Sea)]]}}
|align=center|[[File:Kara sea2SZ.PNG|thumb|center|120px|alt=Severnaya Zemlya|[[Severnaya Zemlya]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Визе, выпускник Царскосельской Николаевской гимназии 1904 года.jpg|100px|alt=Vize]]
|'''[[Vladimir Vize]]'''{{‡}}<br>(1886–1954)<br>oceanographer
|In 1912–14 Vize took part in [[Georgiy Sedov]]'s expedition to [[Novaya Zemlya]] and [[Franz Josef Land]]. In 1924 he studied the drift of [[Georgy Brusilov]]'s ill-fated ship [[Svyataya Anna|''St. Anna'']], trapped on pack ice. As a result of this study he predicted the location of the yet unseen [[Vize Island]], based on the analysis of ice movement in the [[Kara Sea]]. He took part in the first successful crossing of the Northern Sea Route in a single navigation on the icebreaker ''[[Sibiryakov (1909 icebreaker)|Sibiryakov]]'' in 1932. In 1938–40 he conducted scientific research on the ice-captured [[icebreaker Sedov]], turned into a [[drifting ice station]].<ref name="bse"/><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Vize Island]]}}
|align=center|[[File:Kara seaVZ.PNG|120px|thumb|center|alt=Vize Island|[[Vize Island]] in the [[Kara Sea]]]]
|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Vladimir Voronin 1930s.jpg|100px|alt=Voronin]]
|'''[[Vladimir Voronin (captain)|Vladimir Voronin]]'''{{‡}}<br> (1890–1952)<br>Soviet Navy captain
|In 1932 Voronin commanded the expedition of the icebreaker ''[[Sibiryakov (1909 icebreaker)|Sibiryakov]]'' which made the first successful crossing of the [[Northern Sea Route]] in a single navigation without wintering, in 65 days from [[Archangelsk]] to [[Yokohama]] in Japan. In 1933–34 he commanded the [[Chelyuskin steamship]] with the scientific expedition of [[Otto Schmidt]] aboard. The ship became ice-bound in the [[Chukchi Sea]], but almost all the crew was rescued by planes from their camp on the ice.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.biografija.ru/show_bio.aspx?id=19688|script-title=ru:Воронин Владимир Иванович|trans-title=Vladimir Ivanovich Voronin|publisher=biografija.ru|language=ru|access-date=2011-04-06}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Voronina Island]].}}
|align=center|[[File:A Sibirykov.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Icebreaker Sibiryakov|Icebreaker ''[[Sibiryakov (1909 icebreaker)|Sibiryakov]]'']]
|}

===W===
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|-style="background:#ccc;"
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|-style="background:#f0f8ff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Врангель Фердинанд Петрович.jpg|100px|alt=Wrangel]]
|'''[[Ferdinand von Wrangel]]'''{{‡}}<br> (1797–1870)<br>Russian admiral, colonial administrator
|Ferdinand Wrangel took part in [[Vasily Golovnin]]'s world cruise on the ship ''[[Kamchatka]]'' in 1817–19. In 1820–24 Wrangel sailed north of the [[Kolyma River]] and established that there was an open sea, not dry land, as was previously thought. Together with [[Fyodor Matyushkin]] and P. Kuzmin, he described the [[Medvyezhi Islands]] and the [[Arctic]] coastline from the [[Indigirka River]] to the [[Kolyuchinskaya Bay]]. After noticing swarms of birds flying north and questioning the native population, he determined that there must be an undiscovered island in the [[Arctic Ocean]]. Even though his search for it was unsuccessful the island was later named [[Wrangel Island]]. Wrangel led the circumnavigation on the ship ''Krotky'' in 1825–27. He was the governor of [[Russian America]] in 1829–35, the president of the [[Russian-American Company]] in 1840–49 and the [[Heads of military of Imperial Russia#Ministry of Sea Forces|Minister of the Navy]] in 1855–57. In 1845 he became one of the founders of the [[Russian Geographic Society]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/index.html|publisher=Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary|script-title=ru:Врангель, Фердинанд Петрович |trans-title=Ferdinand Petrovich Wrangel|access-date=2011-04-05|language=ru}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Wrangel Island]] ([[Chukchi Sea]]), [[Wrangell Island]] in [[Alexander Archipelago]]; [[Wrangell, Alaska]]; [[Wrangell Narrows]] [[Cape Wrangell]], [[Mount Wrangell]].}}
|align=center|[[File:Medvyezhi map.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Medvyezhi Islands|[[Medvyezhi Islands]] location]][[File:Siberia WR.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Wrangel Island|[[Wrangel Island]] in the Arctic]]
|}

===Y===
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|-style="background:#ffffd0;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Ядринцев Николай Михайлович.jpg|100px|alt=Yadrintsev]]
|'''[[Nikolai Yadrintsev]]'''!<br>(1842–1894)<br>public figure, archaeologist, [[turkologist]]
|In 1889 Yadrintsev located the remains of the medieval city Hara-Balgas and [[Genghis Khan]]'s capital [[Karakorum]] in [[Mongolia]]. In the valley of the [[Orkhon River]] he discovered the [[Orkhon script]] of the ancient [[Türks]] on two petroglyphic monuments with runiform writing, later decoded by the Danish scientist [[Vilhelm Thomsen]]. In 1891 Yadrintsev together with [[Vasily Radlov]] found more monuments of Türkic runiform writing.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.altaiinter.info/project/culture/Researchers/Personnels/Jadrincev/jadr01.htm|work=altaiinter.info|title=Yadrintsev's biography|language=ru|access-date=2011-04-05|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071213021229/http://www.altaiinter.info/project/culture/Researchers/Personnels/Jadrincev/jadr01.htm|archive-date=2007-12-13|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Karakorum - Tortue Sud.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=A stone turtle in Karakorum|A stone turtle in [[Karakorum]], [[Mongolia]]]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Yermak Timofeyevich.jpg|100px|alt=Yermak]]
|'''[[Yermak Timofeyevich]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br> (1532/42–1585)<br>Cossack ataman, folk hero
|Around 1577, the merchants [[Stroganovs]], who were the main colonisers of the [[Urals]], hired Yermak to protect their lands from attacks by the Siberian [[Khan (title)|Khan]] [[Kuchum]]. The Russians planned to attack Kuchum in his own land, and in 1581 Yermak penetrated into Siberia. After a few victories over the khan's army, Yermak's Cossacks defeated Kuchum's main forces on the [[Irtysh River]] in a 3-day [[Battle of Chuvash Cape]] in 1582, forcing them to retreat to the steppes. Thus Yermak [[Conquest of the Khanate of Siberia|captured]] the [[Siberia Khanate]], including its capital [[Qashliq]] near modern [[Tobolsk]]. Kuchum was still strong and suddenly attacked Yermak in 1585 in the dead of night, killing most of his people. Yermak was wounded and tried to swim across the Wagay River ([[Irtysh]]'s tributary), but drowned under the weight of his own [[chain mail]] armor. The Cossacks had to withdraw from Siberia completely, but thanks to Yermak's having explored the main river routes of [[West Siberian Plain]], the Russians successfully recaptured all Yermak's conquests just a few years later.<ref name="yermak">{{cite web|url=http://ring-siberia.ru/ermak|publisher={{lang|ru|Кольцо Сибири}}|title=Yermak. The Conquest of Siberia|access-date=2011-04-05|language=ru|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110826055156/http://ring-siberia.ru/ermak|archive-date=2011-08-26}}</ref><br><br>{{small|Named in honor: [[Icebreaker Yermak]], [[Yermak Stone]].}}
|align=center|[[File:YermakLubok.jpg|thumb|center|120px|alt=Yermak on a lubok print|''Yermak Timofeyevich the Conqueror of Siberia'', [[lubok]]]][[File:Ob watershed.png|thumb|center|120px|alt=Ob'-Irtysh basin|[[Ob']]-[[Irtysh]] basin]]
|}

===Z===
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|-style="background:#dfdfff;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Lavrenty Zagoskin.jpg|100px|alt=Zagoskin]]
|'''[[Lavrenty Zagoskin]]'''^<br>(1808–1890)<br>Russian Navy officer, naturalist
|Commissioned by the [[Russian America Company]], in 1842–44 Zagoskin traveled extensively in Alaska, covering more than 3300&nbsp;miles. He explored and mapped the [[Yukon River|Yukon]], [[Kuskokwim River|Kuskokwim]], [[Innoko River|Innoko]] and [[Koyukuk River]]s, and researched the native peoples and nature of the region. He published the first detailed description of the inner areas of [[Alaska]].<ref>{{cite book|author=Henry N.|year=1967|title=Lieutenant Zagoskin's Travels in Russian America|publisher=University Of Toronto Press|asin=B000J00FME}} Viewed 2011-04-05.</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Yukon watershed.png|120px|thumb|center|alt=Yukon basin|[[Yukon River]] basin]]
|-style="background:#dfffdf;"
!scope="row" align=center|[[File:Василий Степанович Завойко.jpg|100px|alt=Zavoyko]]
|'''[[Vasily Zavoyko]]'''<nowiki>*</nowiki><br> (1809–1898)<br>Russian admiral
|In 1835–38 Zavoyko twice circumnavigated the globe. After 1840, during his service for the Russian-American Company in the [[Okhotsk Sea]], Zavoyko explored the estuary of the [[Amur River]]. His reports led to further expeditions and ultimately the incorporation of [[Primorsky Krai]] into Russia. In 1854, at the time of [[Crimean War]], Zavoyko led the successful defence of [[Kamchatka]] during the [[Siege of Petropavlovsk]]. He repelled the superior allied British-French forces and even captured the [[Union Jack]]. In 1855, making his way through the frozen seas and successfully avoiding the large enemy fleet, he supervised the transfer of the [[Russian Pacific Fleet]] from Petropavlovsk to [[Nikolayevsk-on-Amur]].<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.vehi.net/brokgauz/index.html|publisher=[[Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary]]|script-title=ru:Завойко |trans-title=Savoyko|language=ru|access-date=2011-04-05}}</ref>
|align=center|[[File:Petropavlovsk center port.jpg|120px|thumb|center|alt=Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky|[[Petropavlovsk-Kamchatsky]]]]
|}

==See also==
{{portal|Russia|Siberia|Biography}}
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* [[1966 Soviet submarine global circumnavigation]]
* [[Arctic policy of Russia]]
* [[:Category:Russian explorers]]
* [[First Russian circumnavigation]]
* [[Geography of Russia]]
* [[Great Northern Expedition]]
* [[List of cosmonauts]]
* [[List of explorers]]
* [[Northern Sea Route]]
* [[Russian Geographical Society]]
* [[Siberian River Routes]]
* [[Soviet Antarctic Expedition]]s
* [[Soviet space program]]
{{div col end}}

==References==
{{reflist|colwidth=30em}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Explorers from Russia}}

{{Exploration|state=collapsed}}
{{Lists of Russians|state=uncollapsed}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Russian explorers}}

[[Category:Russian explorers| ]]
[[Category:Lists of Russian people by occupation|Explorers]]
[[Category:Lists of explorers]]