View source for List of African-American inventors and scientists

{{Short description|None}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=September 2019}}
{{History of science and technology in the United States}}
This '''list of African-American inventors and scientists''' documents many of the African-Americans who have invented a multitude of items or made discoveries in the course of their lives. These have ranged from practical everyday devices to applications and scientific discoveries in diverse fields, including physics, biology, math, and medicine.

== History ==
African-Americans have been the victims of oppression, discrimination and persecution throughout American history, with an impact on African-American innovation according to a 2014 study by economist [[Lisa D. Cook]], which linked violence towards African-Americans and lack of legal protections over the period from 1870 to 1940 with lowered innovation.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Cook|first=Lisa D.|date=2014-06-01|title=Violence and economic activity: evidence from African-American patents, 1870–1940|journal=Journal of Economic Growth|volume=19|issue=2|pages=221–257|doi=10.1007/s10887-014-9102-z|s2cid=153971489|issn=1573-7020}}</ref> Despite this, many black innovators have been responsible for a large number of major inventions.

Among the earliest was [[George Washington Carver]], whose reputation was based on his [[research]] into and promotion of alternative crops to cotton, which aided in nutrition for farm families. He wanted poor farmers to grow alternative crops both as a source of their own food and as a source of other products to improve their way of life. The most popular of his 44 practical bulletins for farmers contained 105 food recipes using peanuts.<ref name="105ways">Carver, George Washington. 1916. [http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/fruit-nut/carver-peanut/ "How to Grow the Peanut and 105 Ways of Preparing it for Human Consumption"] {{Webarchive|url=https://tgjcvy
//web.archive.org/web/20121213082146/http://aggie-horticulture.tamu.edu/fruit-nut/carver-peanut/ |date=December 13, 2012 }}, Tuskegee Institute Experimental Station Bulletin 31.</ref> He also developed and promoted about 100 products made from peanuts that were useful for the house and farm. He received numerous honors for his work, including the [[Spingarn Medal]] of the [[NAACP]].

A later renowned scientist was [[Percy Lavon Julian]], a research chemist and a pioneer in the [[chemical synthesis]] of medicinal [[medication|drugs]] from plants. He was the first to synthesize the natural product [[physostigmine]], and a pioneer in the industrial large-scale chemical synthesis of the human hormones, [[steroids]], [[progesterone]], and [[testosterone]], from [[plant sterols]] such as [[stigmasterol]] and sitosterol. His work would lay the foundation for the steroid drug industry's production of [[cortisone]], other [[corticosteroid]]s, and [[combined oral contraceptive pill|birth control pills]].<ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-06-01|title=Percy Lavon Julian|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/percy-lavon-julian|access-date=2020-08-03|website=Science History Institute}}</ref>

A contemporary example of a modern-day inventor is [[Lonnie Johnson (inventor)|Lonnie George Johnson]], an engineer. Johnson invented the [[Super Soaker]] water gun, which was the top-selling toy in the United States from 1991 to 1992. In 1980 Johnson formed his own law firm and licensed the Super Soaker water gun to [[Larami]] Corporation. Two years later, the Super Soaker generated over $200&nbsp;million in retail sales and became the best selling toy in North America. Larami Corporation was eventually purchased by [[Hasbro]], the second largest toy manufacturer in the world. Over the years, Super Soaker sales have totaled close to one billion dollars. Johnson reinvested a majority of his earnings from the Super Soaker into research and development for his energy technology companies – "It's who I am, it's what I do."<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thelifefiles.com/2010/09/22/meet-lonnie-johnson-he-made-millions-selling-water-guns/|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100924060921/http://www.thelifefiles.com/2010/09/22/meet-lonnie-johnson-he-made-millions-selling-water-guns/|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 24, 2010|title=Interview with CNBC's ''How I Made my Millions''|website=The Life Files |access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref> As of 2019, Johnson holds over 120 patents, with more pending, and is the author of several publications on spacecraft power systems.<ref>{{Cite web|title=Lonnie George Johnson|url=https://www.nsbp.org/nsbp-news/bhm-physics-profiles/2019-honorees/130-lonnie-george-johnson#:~:text=Lonnie%20George%20Johnson%20(born%20October,every%20year%20since%20its%20release.|access-date=2020-08-03|website=www.nsbp.org}}</ref><ref>Roche, Timothy. [https://web.archive.org/web/20101122072405/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998696,00.html Soaking In Success], ''[[Time (magazine)|Time]]'', December 4, 2000.</ref><ref name="inventorsdigest.com">[http://www.inventorsdigest.com/?page_id=168 Products Created by Independent Inventors] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101231143711/http://www.inventorsdigest.com/?page_id=168 |date=December 31, 2010}}, April 2, 2009, ''Inventors Digest''.</ref>

== List ==
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 |African-American Inventor
 | Michael D Isom
 |  1961-
Field Supervisor, Business owner, Inventor, writer, web designer and entrepreneur
 |'The Better Golfer Aide', U.S.Patent Number Des 503,448S March 29, 2005, 'See the Second Date' U.S. Copyright number PAu 4-0-40-217 ', September 3, 2020, 'Life is Traffic Jam' U.S. Copyright number PAu 4-006-041 January 30, 2020, '30 Minutes of WOW' U.S. Copyright number PAu4-022-403 May 19, 2020
 | United States Patent Office, The Unites States Copyright office
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<!--ADD NAMES IN ALPHABETICAL ORDER-->
{| class="wikitable sortable"
! Name
! Years
! Occupations
! Inventions / accomplishments
! References
|-
| [[Rodney Adkins|Adkins, Rodney]]
| 1958–
| Electrical engineer
| First African-American to serve as a senior vice president at IBM, helped develop IBM ThinkPad
|
|-
| [[George Edward Alcorn Jr.|Alcorn, George Edward Jr.]]
| 1940–
| [[Physicist]], inventor
| Invented a method of fabricating an imaging [[X-ray spectrometer]]
|<ref name="alcorn">{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbennett.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130116081600/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbennett.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=January 16, 2013|title=George Edward Alcorn, Jr.|publisher=[[About.com]]|access-date=February 27, 2008}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |url=http://www.post-gazette.com/lifestyle/20020220kids0220p9.asp |title=Alcorn exceled in missile research |access-date=February 27, 2008 |quote=George Edward Alcorn Jr. attended Occidental College in Los Angeles where he earned eight letters in basketball and football and was an honors student studying physics. He received his bachelor's degree in 1962 and a master's in nuclear physics from Howard University a year later. He attended Occidental College in Los Angeles where he earned eight letters in basketball and football and was an honors student studying physics. He received his bachelor's degree in 1962 and a master's in nuclear physics from Howard University a year later. |work=[[Pittsburgh Post-Gazette]] |date=February 20, 2002}}</ref>
|-
| [[Archie Alexander|Alexander, Archie]]
| 1888–1958
| Civil engineer
| Responsible for the construction of many roads and bridges, including the [[Whitehurst Freeway]], the [[Tidal Basin]] Bridge, and an extension to the [[Baltimore-Washington Parkway]].
|
|-
| [[Virgie Ammons|Ammons, Virgie]]
| December 29, 1908 – July 12, 2000
| Inventor
| Filed the fireplace throat damper patent on August 6, 1974.
|<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.thoughtco.com/virgie-ammons-inventor-4075613 |title=The Virgie Ammons Fireplace Tool Keeps Heat from Escaping the Chimney}}</ref>
|-
| [[Harold Amos|Amos, Harold]]
| 1918–2003
| [[Microbiologist]]
| First African-American department chair at [[Harvard Medical School]]
|<ref name="latimes">{{cite web|url=https://www.latimes.com/archives/la-xpm-2003-mar-08-me-passings8.2-story.html |title=Dr. Harold Amos, 84; Mentor to Aspiring Minority Physicians |access-date=March 11, 2011 |date=March 8, 2003 |work=Los Angeles Times}}</ref>
|-
| [[James J. Andrews (mathematician)|Andrews, James J.]]
| 1930–1998
| Mathematician
| Put forth the [[Andrews–Curtis conjecture]] in [[group theory]] with [[Morton L. Curtis]], still unsolved
|<ref>{{Citation|last1=Andrews |first1=J. J. |last2=Curtis |first2=M. L. |title=Free groups and handlebodies |doi=10.2307/2033843 |mr=0173241 |year=1965 |journal=Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society |volume=16 |pages=192–195 |jstor=2033843 |issue=2|doi-access=free}}.</ref>
|-
| [[Leonard C. Bailey|Bailey, Leonard C.]]
| 1825–1918
| Inventor
| {{plainlist|[[camp bed|Collapsible, folding bed]]
*<small>(For the cabinet folding bed, forerunner to the "Murphy bed", patented by [[Sarah E. Goode]] in 1885, see her entry at ''Goode'', this page.)</small>}}
|<ref name="Google Patents">{{cite patent|country=US|number=RE11830|title=Folding Bed|inventor-last=Bailey|inventor-first=Leonard|issue-date=June 12, 1900}}</ref><ref>{{citation |last1=Bailey |first1=Leonard C. |title=Folding bed: Specification forming part of Reissued Letters Patent No. 11,830, dated June 12, 1900. Reissued June 2, 1900 |date=June 2, 1900 |publisher=United States Patent Office |location=Washington, District of Columbia |url=https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/fd/d3/4f/a4af2eeef70bed/USRE11830.pdf |access-date=20 March 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220320061612/https://patentimages.storage.googleapis.com/fd/d3/4f/a4af2eeef70bed/USRE11830.pdf |archive-date=20 March 2022 |orig-date=Original No. 629,286, dated July 18, 1899; Application for reissue filed March 5, 1900, Serial No. 7,418 |via=Google patents}}</ref>
|-
| [[Alice Augusta Ball|Ball, Alice Augusta]]
| 1892–1916
| [[Chemist]]
| Developed a technique to make [[chaulmoogra]] oil injectable and absorbable, for the first effective treatment of [[Hansen's disease]] (leprosy)
|<ref name="NW Hawaii Times">{{cite news|last=Mendheim|first=Beverly|title=Lost and Found: Alice Augusta Ball, an Extraordinary Woman of Hawai'i Nei|url=http://www.northwesthawaiitimes.com/hnsept07.htm|access-date=May 20, 2013|newspaper=Northwest Hawaii Times|date=September 2007|archive-date=October 6, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141006095537/http://www.northwesthawaiitimes.com/hnsept07.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Benjamin Banneker|Banneker, Benjamin]]
| 1731–1806
| [[Almanac]] author; [[Surveying|surveyor]]; farmer
| Constructed wooden clock; [[astronomer]]; assisted in the survey of the original boundaries of the District of Columbia; authored a series of [[almanac]]s and [[ephemeris|ephemerides]]; [[Natural history|naturalist]]: recorded observations on emergences of [[periodical cicada]]s and on the behavior of [[honey bee]]s.
|<ref>{{cite book|last=Bedini|first=Silvio A.|author-link=Silvio Bedini|url=https://archive.org/details/lifeofbenjaminba00bedi/page/n7|year=1999|title=The Life of Benjamin Banneker: The First African-American Man of Science|edition=2nd|location=Baltimore|publisher=Maryland Historical Society|isbn=0-938420-59-3|oclc=894558859|lccn=98022848|access-date=September 11, 2019|via=[[Internet Archive]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Augustin Banyaga|Banyaga, Augustin]]
| 1947–
| Mathematician
| Work on [[diffeomorphism]]s and [[symplectomorphism]]s
|<ref>[http://www.ias.edu/people/cos/frontpage?page=8 Institute for Advanced Study: A Community of Scholars] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130106144422/http://www.ias.edu/people/cos/frontpage?page=8 |date=January 6, 2013}}</ref>
|-
| [[Janet Emerson Bashen|Bashen, Janet]]
| 1957–
| Inventor, entrepreneur, professional consultant
| First African-American woman to receive a patent for a web-based software invention, LinkLine, an [[Equal Employment Opportunity]] case management and tracking software
|<ref>[https://archive.today/20120709071403/http://inventors.about.com/od/blackinventors/a/bashen.htm Janet Emerson Bashen], Retrieved from About.com website March 14, 2011.</ref>
|-
| [[Patricia Bath|Bath, Patricia]]
| 1942–2019
| [[Ophthalmologist]]
| First African-American female physician to receive a patent for a medical invention; inventions relate to [[cataract]] surgery and include the Laserphaco Probe, which revolutionized the industry in the 1980s, and an ultrasound technique for treatment
|<ref>{{cite book| last=Henderson| first=Susan K.| title=African-American Inventors III| date=March 1, 1998| publisher=Capstone Press| isbn=978-1-56065-698-2| page=[https://archive.org/details/africanamericani00hend/page/12 12]| url=https://archive.org/details/africanamericani00hend/page/12}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal| title=Modern Black Inventors| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=AbUDAAAAMBAJ| access-date=February 25, 2011| volume=101| date=February 4, 2002| journal=[[Jet (magazine)|Jet]]| page=55| issn=0021-5996| number=7}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| last=Lambert| first=Laura| title=Inventors and Inventions| date=September 1, 2007| publisher=Marshall Cavendish| isbn=978-0-7614-7763-1| page=72}}</ref>
|-
| [[Andrew Jackson Beard|Beard, Andrew]]
| 1849–1921
| Farmer, [[carpenter]], [[blacksmith]], [[railroad worker]], businessman, inventor
| [[Janney coupler]] improvements; invented the car device #594,059 dated November 23, 1897; rotary engine patent #478,271 dated July 5, 1892
|<ref>{{cite web| url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbeard.htm| archive-url=https://archive.today/20120713044542/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbeard.htm| url-status=dead| archive-date=July 13, 2012| title=Andrew Beard (1849–1921)| work=About.com: Inventors| last=Bellis| first=Mary| year=2008| access-date=February 14, 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Earl S. Bell|Bell, Earl S.]]
| 1977–
| Inventor, entrepreneur, architect, industrial designer
| Invented chair with sliding skin (2004) and the quantitative display apparatus (2005)
|<ref>[https://archive.today/20120709051748/http://inventors.about.com/od/blackinventors/a/black_historyB_2.htm Earl S. Bell], Retrieved from About.com website June 6, 2011.</ref><ref>[http://appft1.uspto.gov/netacgi/nph-Parser?Sect1=PTO2&Sect2=HITOFF&p=1&u=%2Fnetahtml%2FPTO%2Fsearch-bool.html&r=2&f=G&l=50&co1=AND&d=PG01&s1=%22bell+earl+s%22.IN.&OS=IN/%22bell+earl+s%22&RS=IN/%22bell+earl+s%22 Earl S. Bell], Retrieved from uspto.gov website June 6, 2011.</ref>
<ref>[http://atlantapost.com/2011/01/10/contemporary-african-americans-inventors/7/ Earl S. Bell], Retrieved from atlantapost.com website June 6, 2011.</ref>
|-
| [[Miriam Benjamin|Benjamin, Miriam]]
| 1861–1947
| Inventor, educator
| Invented "Gong and Signal Chair for Hotels"; second African-American woman to receive a patent
|<ref>Bellis, Mary. [https://archive.today/20120714024433/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blbenjamin.htm Inventors: Miriam Benjamin], Retrieved from About.com website, February 17, 2011.</ref>
|-
| [[Leonidas Berry|Berry, Leonidas]]
| 1902–1995
| [[Gastroenterologist]]
| [[Gastroscope]] pioneer
|<ref name="uchicago">{{cite web|url=http://magazine.uchicago.edu/9604/9604BOBDeaths.html|title=Deaths, University of Chicago Magazine, April 96|website=magazine.uchicago.edu|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Albert Turner Bharucha-Reid|Bharucha-Reid, Albert T.]]
| 1927–1985
| Mathematician, statistician
| [[Probability theory]] and [[Markov chain]] theorist
|<ref name="autogenerated1">Williams, Scott W. (2008). [http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/PEEPS/bharucha-reid_a_t.html "Mathematicians of the African Diaspora: Albert Turner Bharucha-Reid"]. The Mathematics Department of the State University of New York at Buffalo. Retrieved November 25, 2012.</ref>
|-
| [[Keith Black (surgeon)|Black, Keith]]
| 1957–
| [[Neurosurgeon]]
| [[Brain tumor]] surgery and research
|<ref name="book">{{cite book| author = Keith Black| author2 = Arnold Mann| title = Brain Surgeon: A Doctor's Inspiring Encounters with Mortality and Miracles| date = March 25, 2009| publisher = Grand Central Life & Style| isbn = 978-0-446-58109-7| url = https://archive.org/details/brainsurgeondoct00blac}}</ref><ref name="TIME97">Michael D. Lemonick, [https://web.archive.org/web/20000826212008/http://www.time.com/time/reports/heroes/tumor.html "The Tumor War"], ''Time'', ''Heroes of Medicine'' special edition, Fall 1997 (retrieved May 15, 2009).</ref>
|-
| [[David Blackwell|Blackwell, David]]
| 1919–2010
| Mathematician, statistician
| First proposed the [[Blackwell channel]] model used in [[coding theory]] and [[information theory]]; one of the [[eponym]]s of the [[Rao–Blackwell theorem]], which is a process that significantly improves crude statistical [[estimator]]s
|<ref name="UIAA">{{cite news|last=Cattau |first=Daniel |title=David Blackwell 'Superstar' |work =Illinois Alumni |pages=32–34 |publisher=University of Illinois Alumni Association |date=July 2009}}</ref>
|-
| [[Henry Blair (inventor)|Blair, Henry]]
| 1807–1860
| Inventor
| Second black inventor to issue a patent; invented seed planter and cotton planter.
|<ref>[http://library.thinkquest.org/3337/blair.html Maryland's African American Heritage: Henry Blair] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110728105254/http://library.thinkquest.org/3337/blair.html |date=July 28, 2011}}, ThinkQuest.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://inventors.about.com/od/blackinventors/a/Henry_Blair.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120709193849/http://inventors.about.com/od/blackinventors/a/Henry_Blair.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 9, 2012|title=African American Inventors You Should Know: Henry Blair|website=about.com|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Kwabena Boahen|Boahen, Kwabena]]
| 1964–
| [[Bioengineer]]
| [[Silicon retina]] able to process images in the same manner as a living retina
|<ref name=Stanford>[http://bioengineering.stanford.edu/faculty/boahen.html Kwabena Boahen, PhD, Associate Professor of Bioengineering] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100616064723/http://bioengineering.stanford.edu/faculty/boahen.html |date=June 16, 2010}}, Stanford Bioengineering, Stanford School of Medicine, 2013.</ref><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20090201195147/http://www-03.ibm.com/press/us/en/pressrelease/26123.wss IBM Seeks to Build the Computer of the Future Based on Insights from the Brain: IBM Awarded DARPA Funding for Cognitive Computing Collaboration], IBM Alden, November 20, 2008.</ref>
|-
| [[Sarah Boone|Boone, Sarah]]
| 1832–1905
| Inventor
| [[Ironing board]] allowing sleeves of women's garments to be ironed more easily
|<ref>[http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/sarah-boone.html Sarah Boone] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818095748/http://blackinventor.com/pages/sarah-boone.html |date=August 18, 2013}}, The Black Inventor On-Line Museum. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US473653A/en|title=Ironing-board|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://historywoman.weebly.com/1/post/2013/03/sarah-boone-7th-march-1878.html|title=Sarah Boone, 7th March 1878 ?|website=The History Woman|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Edward Bouchet|Bouchet, Edward]]
| 1852–1918
| [[Physicist]]
| First African-American to receive a PhD in any subject; received physics doctorate from [[Yale University]] in 1876
|
|-
| [[James E. Bowman|Bowman, James]]
| 1923–2011
| Physician
| Pathologist and geneticist; Professor Emeritus [[Pritzker School of Medicine]]; first tenured African-American professor at the University of Chicago Division of Biological Sciences
|<ref name="Terry">{{cite web|access-date=August 23, 2008 |url=https://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-072708-jarrett,0,1640738.story |last=Terry |first=Don |title=Insider has Obama's ear: What's she telling him? |work=Chicago Tribune |date=July 27, 2008 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080729102408/http://www.chicagotribune.com/news/politics/chi-072708-jarrett,0,1640738.story |archive-date=July 29, 2008}}</ref><ref name="BowmanSociety">{{cite web|access-date=March 15, 2009 |url=http://pritzker.bsd.uchicago.edu/about/news/pritzkerpulse/2005spring/bowman.shtml |title=The Bowman Society |work=Pritzker Pulse |date=Spring 2005 |publisher=Pritzker School of Medicine, University of Chicago |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080724084205/http://pritzker.bsd.uchicago.edu/about/news/pritzkerpulse/2005spring/bowman.shtml |archive-date=July 24, 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Otis Boykin|Boykin, Otis]]
| 1920–1982
| Inventor, engineer
| Artificial heart pacemaker control unit
|<ref name="DOE">[[United States Department of Energy|U.S. Department of Energy]]. [http://www.africanafrican.com/negroartist/writings/BLACK%20CONTRIBUTORS/BLACK%20CONTRIBUTORS_Page_08.jpg Black Contributors to Science and Energy Technology (Biographical sketch: Otis Boykin)], U.S. Department Of Energy, Office of Public Affairs, U.S.Government Printing Office, Washington, D.C., 1979, pp. 8–9, DOE/OPA-0035(79)</ref><ref>[http://wayback.archive-it.org/all/20120427184842/http://inventors.about.com/od/bstartinventors/a/Otis_Boykin.htm Mary Bellis, "Otis Boykin"], About.com Guide.</ref><ref name="DallasMorningStar-1982.03.18">"Inventor of Heart Stimulator Honored at Memorial Service." ''Dallas Morning News'', March 18, 1982, p.&nbsp;88.</ref>
|-
| [[St. Elmo Brady|Brady, St. Elmo]]
| 1884–1966
| [[Chemist]]
| Published three scholarly abstracts in ''Science''; collaborated on a paper published in the ''Journal of Industrial and Engineering Chemistry''
|<ref>[http://chemistry.uiuc.edu/bios/brady.html University of Illinois biography] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060903230903/http://www.chemistry.uiuc.edu/bios/brady.html |date=September 3, 2006}}, University of Illinois.</ref>
|-
| [[Horace Signor Brannon|Brannon, Horace Signor]]
| 1884–1970
| [[Physician]]
| World War I veteran, military physician who served in the [[93rd Infantry Division (United States)|93rd Infantry Division]]
|<ref>{{cite book |last1=Buckley |first1=Joann H. |last2=Fisher |first2=W. Douglas |date=2016 |title=African American Doctors of World War I: The Lives of 104 Volunteers |location=Jefferson |publisher=McFarland & Company, Inc. |pages=42–44|isbn=978-1-4766-6315-9}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://nkaa.uky.edu/nkaa/items/show/1897 |title=Louisville National Medical College |website=Notable Kentucky African Americans Database |publisher= University of Kentucky Libraries |access-date=December 12, 2023}}</ref>
|-
| [[Herman Branson|Branson, Herman]]
| 1914–1995
| [[Physicist]], educator
| Protein structure research
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.pnas.org/misc/classics1.shtml|title=PNAS Classics – Protein Structure|website=pnas.org|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last1=Einseberg |first1=David |year=2003 |title=The discovery of the alpha-helix and beta-sheet, the principal structural features of proteins |journal=PNAS |volume=100 |issue=20 |pages=11207–11210 |doi=10.1073/pnas.2034522100 |pmid=12966187 |pmc=208735 |bibcode=2003PNAS..10011207E| doi-access=free}}</ref>
|-
| Brooks, Charles
| 1865– ?
| Inventor
| [[Street sweeper]] truck and a type of paper punch
|<ref>{{cite patent|title=Street Sweeper |country=US |number=558719 |issue-date=1896-04-21}}</ref><ref>{{cite patent |title=Punch |country=US |number=507672 |issue-date=1893-10-31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Helton|first=Daniel|date=2018-03-25|title=Charles B. Brooks (1865–?) •|url=https://www.blackpast.org/african-american-history/brooks-charles-b-1865/|access-date=2020-08-03}}</ref>
|-
| Brown, Henry
| 1832– ?
| Inventor
| Invented [[fire safe]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/henrybrown|title=Henry Brown|publisher=blackinventor.com|access-date=February 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930204933/http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/henrybrown|archive-date=September 30, 2011|url-status=dead}}{{cite web|url=http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/henrybrown|title=Henry Brown|publisher=blackinventor.com|access-date=February 6, 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110930204933/http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/henrybrown|archive-date=September 30, 2011|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Oscar E.Brown|Brown, Oscar E.]]
|18xx– ?
|Inventor
|Received a patent for an improved [[horseshoe]]<ref>{{Cite web| title = The History of Horseshoes| work = Inventors – About.com| access-date = February 26, 2015| url = http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blhorseshoe.htm| archive-url = https://archive.today/20130101212606/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/blhorseshoe.htm| url-status = dead| archive-date = January 1, 2013}}</ref>
|-
|[[Marie Van Brittan Brown|Brown, Marie Van Brittan]]
|1922–1999
|Inventor
|Invented the home security system
|<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|url=https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/smart-living/11-african-american-inventors-who-changed-the-world/ss-BBIMZ3w|title=11 African American Inventors Who Changed the World|publisher=MSN|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180810174456/https://www.msn.com/en-us/lifestyle/smart-living/11-african-american-inventors-who-changed-the-world/ss-BBIMZ3w|archive-date=August 10, 2018|access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Burr, John Albert
| 18xx– ?
| Inventor
| [[Rotary-blade lawn mower]] patent
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Bellis|first=Mary|title=John Albert Burr|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_John_Albert_Burr.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20130724033618/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_John_Albert_Burr.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 24, 2013|work=About.com|access-date=July 22, 2013}}</ref>
|-
|Cannon, Thomas C.
|1943–
|Inventor
|Led a group of engineers who developed the Tactical Optical Fiber Connector (TOFC), the first fiber optic connector deployed under battlefield conditions, and the ST Connector that helped make fiber optic communications affordable.
|
|-
| [[William Warrick Cardozo|Cardozo, William Warrick]]
| 1905–1962
| [[Pediatrician]]
| [[Sickle cell anemia]] studies; in October 1937 he published "Immunologic Studies in Sickle Cell Anemia" in the ''[[Archives of Internal Medicine]]''; many of the findings are still valid today
|
|-
| [[Ben Carson|Carson, Ben]]
| 1951–
| [[Pediatrics|Pediatric]] [[neurosurgeon]]
| [[Pediatrics|Pediatric]] [[Neurosurgeon|neurosurgery]] at [[Johns Hopkins University]]; first surgeon to successfully separate [[craniopagus twins]]
|<ref name="faqs">{{cite web|url=http://www.faqs.org/health/bios/63/Benjamin-S-Carson.html |title=Benjamin S. Carson Biography (1951–)|website=faqs.org|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[George Robert Carruthers|Carruthers, George]]
| (1931–2020)
|[[Astrophysics|Astrophysicist]]
|Invented ultraviolet camera/spectrograph, which was used by NASA when it launched Apollo 16 in 1972
|<ref name=":0" />
|-
| [[George Washington Carver|Carver, George Washington]]
| 1865–1943
| [[Botanical]] researcher
| Discovered hundreds of uses for previously useless vegetables and fruits, principally the [[George Washington Carver#Reputed inventions|peanut]]
|<ref name="time_article1">{{cite magazine
|title=Black Leonardo Book
|date=November 24, 1941
|magazine=[[Time (magazine)|Time]]
|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801330,00.html
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930090502/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,801330,00.html
|url-status=dead
|archive-date=September 30, 2007
|access-date=August 10, 2008}}</ref><ref>Harlan, Volume 5, p. 481</ref><ref name="Special_History_Study">[https://web.archive.org/web/20060616092214/http://www.nps.gov/applications/parks/gwca/ppdocuments/Special%20History%20Study.pdf Special History Study] from the [[National Park Service]] website</ref><ref>[http://www.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/gwc/friends/friends8.html The legacy of George Washington Carver-Friends & Colleagues (Henry Wallace)] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090415211140/http://www.lib.iastate.edu/spcl/gwc/friends/friends8.html |date=April 15, 2009}}</ref>
|-
|[[Edward Marion Augustus Chandler|Chandler, Edward Marion Augustus]]
|1887–1973
|Chemist
|2nd African-American to obtain a PhD in chemistry in US and part of the founding faculty of Roosevelt College (now [[Roosevelt University]])
|<ref>{{Cite book|last=University|first=Laura Mills and Lynn Y. Weiner on behalf of Roosevelt|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=d20bBAAAQBAJ&q=Roosevelt+University+edward+chandler&pg=PA9|title=Roosevelt University|date=2014|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|isbn=978-1-4671-1247-5}}</ref>
|-
| [[Charles W. Chappelle|Chappelle, Charles W.]]
| 1872–1941
| Electrician, construction, international businessman, and aviation pioneer
| Designed long-distance flight airplane; the only African-American to invent and display the airplane at the 1911 First Industrial Air Show held in conjunction with the Auto Show at Grand Central Palace in Manhattan in New York City; president of the African Union Company, Inc.
|<ref>"A Successful Negro Aviator. Charles Ward Chappelle Invents and Aeroplane Which Attacks Attention." News/Opinion, ''Savannah Tribune'', Page 1, February 11, 1911. Savannah, Georgia</ref><ref>"Mr. C.W. Chappelle: The Man, His Life, His Work And His Aspirations." ''The Gold Coast Nation''. Page 3. June 28, 1919. Ghana.</ref><ref>The Crises: ''A Record of the Darker Races'', "Social Uplift" (page 7), published by the National Association of Colored People (NAACP), May 11, 1911 in New York City.</ref>
|-
| [[Emmett Chappelle|Chappelle, Emmett]]
| 1925–2019
| Scientist and researcher
| Valuable contributions to several fields: medicine, [[biology]], [[food science]], and [[astrochemistry]]
|
|-
|[[Karen Chin|Chin, Karen]]
|
|[[Paleontologist]]
|Considered one of the world's leading experts in [[coprolites]]
|
|-
| [[Kenneth B. Clark|Clark, Kenneth B.]]
| 1917–1983
| [[Psychologist]]
| First Black president of the American Psychological Association
|<ref>Bio. True Story, "Kenneth Bancroft Clark Biography." Accessed December 7, 2012. [https://web.archive.org/web/20120923083949/http://www.biography.com/people/kenneth-bancroft-clark-9249475].</ref>
|-
| [[Mamie Phipps Clark|Clark, Mamie Phipps]]
| 1914–2005
| [[Psychologist]]
|Conducted 1940s experiments using dolls to study children's attitudes about race
|
|-
|[[Lloyd Miller Cooke|Cooke, Lloyd Miller]] 
|1916–2001
|Researcher, industrial chemist
|Specialized in cellulose and carbohydrate chemistry; awarded the [[William Procter Prize for Scientific Achievement]] (1971)
|<ref name="Spangenburg-2014">{{Cite book |last=Spangenburg |first=Ray |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XSOZ8kF5ynEC&pg=PA47 |title=African Americans in Science, Math, and Invention |last2=Moser |first2=Diane |last3=Long |first3=Douglas |date=May 14, 2014 |publisher=[[Infobase]] |isbn=978-1-4381-0774-5 |pages=47–48 |language=en |via=[[Google Books]]}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |date=January 25, 1971 |title=People |url=https://pubs.acs.org/doi/abs/10.1021/cen-v049n004.p054 |journal=Chemical & Engineering News Archive |volume=49 |issue=4 |pages=54–57 |doi=10.1021/cen-v049n004.p054 |issn=0009-2347|doi-access=free |url-access=subscription }}</ref>
|-
| [[David Crosthwait|Crosthwait, David Jr.]]
| 1892–1976
| [[Researcher|Research engineer]]
| Heating, [[ventilation (architecture)|ventilation]], and [[air conditioning]]; received some 40 US patents relating to [[HVAC]] systems
|
|-
| [[Nick Curtis|Curtis, James H. "Nick"]]
| 1935–
| Researcher, chemist (electronics/specialty chemicals)
| Organic ionogen for aluminum electrolytic capacitors, cationic dialdehyde polysaccharides for wet strength paper and others, US Patent Office US Pat #3609467 US Pat #3547423 and others
|
|-
| [[John Dabiri|Dabiri, John]]
| 1980–
| [[Biophysicist]]
| Expert on [[jellyfish]] [[hydrodynamics]] and designer of a vertical-axis [[wind farm]] adapted from [[Shoaling and schooling|schooling fish]]
|
|-
| [[Marie Maynard Daly|Daly, Marie Maynard]]
| 1921–2003
| [[Biochemist]]
| First black American woman with a PhD in chemistry
|
|-
| Chuck Davis|Davis, Chuck
| ? -2017
| [[Inventor]] and electrical engineer
| Inventor of the pROSHI [[neurofeedback]] device.
|<ref>{{Cite web|date=September 5, 2017|title=On my Professional Partnership with Chuck Davis|url=https://news.eeginfo.com/on-my-professional-partnership-with-chuck-davis/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210309191218/https://news.eeginfo.com/on-my-professional-partnership-with-chuck-davis/|website=eeginfo.com|archive-date=March 9, 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|title=Proshi website|url=https://roshi.com/about-2/|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210228131422/https://roshi.com/about-2/|archive-date=2021-02-28}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mark Dean (computer scientist)|Dean, Mark]]
| 1957–
| [[Computer scientist]]
| Led the team that developed the [[Industry Standard Architecture|ISA]] bus, and led the design team responsible for creating the first one-[[gigahertz]] [[computer processor]] chip
|<ref>{{cite news|first=Frank |last=McCoy |title=He refined the desktop PC. Now he wants to kill it |date=December 26, 1999 |url=https://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/000103/archive_034033.htm |work=[[U.S. News & World Report]] |access-date=August 12, 2011 |quote=A year later, Dean led a team that built a 1,000-megahertz chip [...] |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121020094411/http://www.usnews.com/usnews/culture/articles/000103/archive_034033.htm |archive-date=October 20, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/IBM-PC-thirtieth-anniversary/ |title=Thirty years later, the personal computer's obsolete, IBM PC designer says |access-date=August 12, 2011 |last=Angel |first=Jonathan |date=August 10, 2011 |publisher=Linux for Devices |archive-url=https://archive.today/20120904035652/http://www.linuxfordevices.com/c/a/News/IBM-PC-thirtieth-anniversary/ |archive-date=September 4, 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|first=Mark |last=Dean |title=IBM Leads the Way in the Post-PC Era |date=August 12, 2011 |url=http://asmarterplanet.com/blog/2011/08/ibm-leads-the-way-in-the-post-pc-era.html |work=A Smarter Planet |access-date=August 12, 2011 |quote=I recently traded in my PC for a tablet computer [...]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Charles R. Drew|Drew, Charles]]
| 1904–1950
| Medical researcher
| Developed improved techniques for blood storage
|
|-
| [[Annie Easley|Easley, Annie]]
| 1933–2011<ref name="obits.cleveland.com">{{cite web|url=http://obits.cleveland.com/obituaries/cleveland/obituary.aspx?n=annie-jean-easley&pid=152269470|title=Annie Jean Easley's Obituary |website=The Plain Dealer|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>
| [[Computer scientist]]
| Work at the [[Lewis Research Center]] of the [[National Aeronautics and Space Administration]] and its predecessor, the [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics]]
|<ref name="obits.cleveland.com" /><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.jsc.nasa.gov/history/oral_histories/NASA_HQ/Herstory/EasleyAJ/AJE_8-21-01.pdf|title=Interview code OHI0026830|website=nasa.gov|date=February 11, 2015 |access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Clarence Ellis (computer scientist)|Ellis, Clarence "Skip"]]
| 1943–2014
| [[Computer scientist]]
| First African-American with a PhD in [[computer science]]; software inventor including OfficeTalk at [[PARC (company)|Xerox PARC]]
|<ref>[http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/computer-science/ellis_clarencea.html Skip Ellis]. Retrieved from Computer Scientists of the African Diaspora website March 6, 2012.</ref><ref>[http://express.howstuffworks.com/ep-ellis.htm Skip Ellis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121025125811/http://express.howstuffworks.com/ep-ellis.htm |date=October 25, 2012}}, Retrieved from howstuffworks Extraordinary People website, March 6, 2012.</ref>
|-
| [[Bisi Ezerioha|Ezerioha, Bisi]]
| 1972–
| [[Automotive engineer]]
| Drag racing engineer and driver
|
|-
| [[Lloyd Noel Ferguson|Ferguson, Lloyd Noel]]
| 1918–2011
| [[Chemist]], educator
| Chemistry doctorate, first received (1943, [[University of California, Berkeley]])
|<ref>{{citation|url=http://www.insightnews.com/news/8333-lloyd-ferguson-a-pioneering-african-american-professorchemist-from-cal-state-la-has-died|newspaper=Insight News|date=December 28, 2011|title=Lloyd Ferguson, a pioneering African American professor/chemist from Cal State L.A., has died|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924035237/http://www.insightnews.com/news/8333-lloyd-ferguson-a-pioneering-african-american-professorchemist-from-cal-state-la-has-died|archive-date=September 24, 2015}}</ref><ref name="jce">{{cite web|url=http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEWWW/Features/eChemists/Bios/Ferguson.html |title=Biographical Snapshots of Famous Women and Minority Chemists |work=Journal of Chemical Education |page=Lloyd Noel Ferguson |access-date=January 17, 2011}}.</ref><ref name="daas">{{citation|last1=Kessler|first1=J. H.|last2=Kidd|first2=J. S.|last3=Kidd|first3=R. A.|last4=Morin|first4=K. H.|title=Distinguished African American Scientists of the 20th Century|publisher=Oryx Press|location=Phoenix, AZ|year=1996|pages=[https://archive.org/details/distinguishedafr00kess/page/94 94–99]|isbn=978-0-89774-955-8|url=https://archive.org/details/distinguishedafr00kess/page/94}}.</ref>
|-
| [[Brian Fox (computer programmer)|Fox, Brian J.]]
| 1959–
| [[Computer scientist]], programmer, technologist
| Original author of [[Bash (Unix shell)|bash]], and developer of the first [[online banking]] website in the US.
| <ref name="UCSB">{{Cite web |url=https://engineering.ucsb.edu/events/681 |title=A Bash with Brian Fox: GNU Software and Entrepreneurship |website=engineering.UCSB.edu |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111119010346/https://engineering.ucsb.edu/events/681 |archive-date=2011-11-19}}</ref>
|-
| [[Roland G. Fryer Jr.|Fryer, Roland G. Jr.]]
| 1977–
| Economist, [[social scientist]], statistician
| Inequality studies
|
|-
| [[Sylvester James Gates|Gates, Sylvester James]]
| 1950–
| [[Theoretical physicist]]
| Work on [[supersymmetry]], [[supergravity]], and [[superstring theory]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.newsdesk.umd.edu/scitech/print.cfm?articleID=1882 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090727084635/http://www.newsdesk.umd.edu/scitech/print.cfm?articleID=1882 |url-status=dead |archive-date=July 27, 2009 |title=UMD PCAST announcement |access-date=April 30, 2009 |publisher=[[University of Maryland]]}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://arxiv.org/find/hep-th/1/AND+au:+gates+ti:+lesson/0/1/0/all/0/1 |title=Superspace|last=Gates|first=S. James |author2=M. T. Grisaru |author3=M. Rocek |author4=W. Siegel |year=1983|publisher=[[American Institute of Physics]]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Juan E. Gilbert|Gilbert, Juan E.]]
| 1969–
| [[Computer scientist]]
| Awarded the first Presidential Endowed Chair at [[Clemson University]] in honor of his accomplishments
|
|-
|[[Mack Gipson|Gipson, Mack]]
|1931–1995
|[[Geologist]]
|First Black man to receive a Ph.D. in Geology
|
|-
| [[Sarah E. Goode|Goode, Sarah E.]]
| 1855–1905
| Inventor
| Folding "cabinet-bed", forerunner of the [[Murphy bed]]; first African-American woman to receive a patent in the United States
|<ref name="Goode">{{cite web|year=2011 |title=Sarah Goode |work=Inventors |publisher=The Black Inventor On-Line Museum |url=http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/sarah-goode.html |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref><ref name="Csup">{{cite web|title=Sarah E. Goode |work=Inventors |url=http://www.csupomona.edu/~plin/inventors/goode.html |access-date=November 13, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{citation |title=Patent 322177: Improvement in Cabinet Beds – Folding Beds – Sarah E. Goode |url=https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7560384 |via=National Archives |id=National Archives ID: 7560384; Record Group 241 |date=July 14, 1885 |publisher=Records of the Patent and Trademark Office, 1836–1978 |access-date=March 20, 2022 |archive-date=September 12, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170912055931/https://catalog.archives.gov/id/7560384 |url-status=dead }}. Full patent image (12 pages)</ref>
|-
| [[George Franklin Grant|Grant, George F.]]
| 1846–1910
| Dentist, professor
| The first African-American professor at [[Harvard]], [[Boston]] dentist, and inventor of a wooden [[golf tee]].
|<ref name="vrabel">{{cite book|last1=Vrabel|first1=Jim|title=When in Boston: A Time Line & Almanac|url=https://archive.org/details/wheninbostontime00jimv|url-access=registration|publisher=Northeastern University Press|date=2004|isbn=978-1-55553-621-3|page=[https://archive.org/details/wheninbostontime00jimv/page/238 238]}}</ref>
|-
| [[Joseph L. Graves|Graves, Joseph L.]]
| 1955–
| [[Evolutionary biologist]]
|
|<ref>[http://www.wolfmanproductions.com/graves.html Dr. Joseph L. Graves, Jr.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120206120027/http://www.wolfmanproductions.com/graves.html |date=February 6, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|last=Graves |first=Joseph L |url=http://www.heartland.org/pdf/12721n.pdf |title=The Biological Case Against Race |work=American Outlook |date=January 1, 2002 |access-date=November 15, 2006 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061115040049/http://www.heartland.org/pdf/12721n.pdf |archive-date=November 15, 2006}}</ref><ref>[http://www.minority.unc.edu/institute/2006/spkrbios/JosephGraves.cfm Joseph L. Graves, Jr., Ph.D.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070622203700/http://www.minority.unc.edu/institute/2006/spkrbios/JosephGraves.cfm |date=June 22, 2007}}</ref>
|-
|[[Lisa Green (linguist)|Green, Lisa]]
|
|[[Linguistics|Linguist]]
|Specializes in syntax and the study of African-American English
|
|-
| [[Kevin Greenaugh|Greenaugh, Kevin]]
| 1956–2023
| [[Nuclear engineer]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.engr.umd.edu/news/news_story.php?id=258 |title=Alumni Honored at Black Engineer Gala News and Current Events, A. James Clark School of Engineering, University of Maryland |publisher=School of Engineering, University of Maryland |date=February 20, 2006 |access-date=March 28, 2009}}</ref>
|-
| [[Bessie Blount Griffin|Griffin, Bessie Blount]]
| 1914–2009
| [[Physical therapist]], inventor
| [[amputation|Amputee]] self-feeding device
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.csupomona.edu/~plin/inventors/blount.html |title=Bessie Blount Griffin |publisher=csupomona.edu |access-date=January 5, 2010 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090301140918/http://www.csupomona.edu/~plin/inventors/blount.html |archive-date=March 1, 2009}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.lva.virginia.gov/public/vawomen/2006/pasthonorees.htm |title=Virginia Women in History Past Honorees |publisher=Library of Virginia |access-date=January 5, 2010}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lloyd Hall|Hall, Lloyd]]
| 1894–1971
| [[Chemist]]
|
|-
| [[Ken R. Harewood|Harewood, Ken R.]]
|
| [[Molecular biology|Molecular biologist]]
| [[GlaxoSmithKline]] Distinguished Professor and Director of the [[North Carolina Central University]] (NCCU) Julius L. Chambers Biomedical/[[Biotechnology]] [[Research institute]] and recognized for his work in the fields of [[Cancer research|cancer biology]] and [[Chemotherapy|cancer drug discovery]].
|<ref>[https://www.proquest.com/abicomplete/docview/398621610/A81D91B50C304107PQ/9 DURHAM -- Julius Chambers has only begun to make his case for North Carolina Central University]. Wall Street Journal, Eastern edition; New York, N.Y. 28 Jan 1998: S1.</ref><ref>Stancill, Jane. ''[https://www.proquest.com/abicomplete/docview/463415186/A81D91B50C304107PQ/8 Durham, N.C., University Strikes Grant Gold.]'' Knight Ridder Tribune Business News, Oct 16 2002, p. 1. ProQuest. Web. 16 Dec. 2021 .</ref>
|-
|[[Solomon Harper|Harper, Solomon]]
|1895–1980
|Inventor
|Invented first electrically heated hair roller and 28 other inventions
|<ref>{{citation |author1=((MSRC Staff)) |title=HARPER, Solomon |url=https://dh.howard.edu/cgi/viewcontent.cgi?article=1086&context=finaid_manu |work=Manuscript Division Finding Aids |publisher=Howard University |issue=87 |date=2015}}</ref>
|-
| [[James Andrew Harris|Harris, James A.]]
| 1932–2000
|Radiochemist
| Co-discovered [[Rutherfordium]] (element 104) and [[Dubnium]] (element 105) at [[Lawrence Livermore Laboratory]]
|<ref>{{cite web|title=James A. Harris |website=Biographical Snapshots of Famous Women and Minority Chemists |url=http://jchemed.chem.wisc.edu/JCEWWW/features/echemists/Bios/Harris.html |publisher=Journal of Chemical Education |access-date=May 27, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Walter Lincoln Hawkins|Hawkins, Walter Lincoln]]
| 1911–1992
| Scientist
| Inventor at [[Bell Laboratories]]
|<ref>McMurray, Emily, ed. ''Notable Twentieth-Century Scientists''. Gale Research, Inc.: Detroit, 1995.</ref>
|-
| [[John E. Hodge|Hodge, John E.]]
| 1914–1996
| [[Chemist]]
|
|-
| [[Kerrie Holley|Holley, Kerrie]]
| 1954–
| [[Computer scientist]]
| IBM's 1st black Distinguished Engineer and 2nd black [[IBM Fellow]]. Inventor of several software engineering techniques including system and methods for locating mobile devices using location and presence information
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://patents.google.com/?inventor=kerrie+holley&oq=kerrie+holley/|title=Google Patent Search for Kerrie Holley}}</ref>
|-
| [[John Jackson Jr. (inventor)|Jackson, John W. Jr.]]
|1953–2007
|[[Electrical engineer]], [[inventor]], [[activist]]
|Co-inventor of imaging x-ray spectrometer. NASA engineer. United States of America Army Civilian Engineer.
|
|-
|[[Joseph N. Jackson]]
|
|Innovator and inventor.
|Inventor of the programmable TV remote control
|<ref>{{cite news |last1=Coard |first1=Michael |title=He's called the “Black Thomas Edison” but he's the real Granville Woods |url=https://www.phillytrib.com/commentary/michaelcoard/hes-called-the-black-thomas-edison-but-hes-the-real-granville-woods/article_7637891b-e721-5783-9f39-6003a780be3a.html |work=[[The Philadelphia Tribune]] |date=April 19, 2024 |quote=Remote Control/TV Programmable- Joseph N. Jackson 1978}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |last1=Sye |first1=Robert |title=Inventor Files $85 Million Lawsuit Against Japanese Firms |work=[[Los Angeles Sentinel]] |date=December 31, 1992 |page=B6 |id={{ProQuest|369360507}}}}</ref>
|-
| [[Mary Jackson (engineer)|Jackson, Mary]]
| 1921–2005
| Mathematician, Aerospace engineer
| NASA's first black female engineer
|
|-
|[[Shirley Ann Jackson|Jackson, Shirley]]
|1946–
|Physicist
| Distinguished and pioneering scientific career, achieving several "firsts" as a woman and as an African-American<ref>{{Cite web|title=The Remarkable Career of Shirley Ann Jackson|url=https://www.technologyreview.com/2017/12/19/146775/the-remarkable-career-of-shirley-ann-jackson/|access-date=2021-07-06|website=MIT Technology Review}}</ref>
|-
|[[William M. Jackson (chemist)|Jackson, William]]
|1936–
|Laser chemist/photochemist, cometary astrochemist at Howard University and UC Davis
|Research to unravel the key photochemical sinks of important molecules in planetary atmospheres, in our and other solar systems, around stars, and the interstellar medium.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://chemistry.ucdavis.edu/people/william-jackson|title=UC Davis Department of Chemistry
|date=September 12, 2017
|publisher=chemistry.ucdavis.edu
|access-date=August 13, 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Erich Jarvis|Jarvis, Erich]]
| 1965–
| Neurobiologist
| [[Duke University]] [[Neuroscientist|neuroscience]] bird songs studies
|<ref>[http://www.dukemagazine.duke.edu/dukemag/issues/070802/depupd.html Singing In The Brain] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007063444/http://www.dukemagazine.duke.edu/dukemag/issues/070802/depupd.html |date=October 7, 2008}}, ''Duke Magazine'', November–December 2001.</ref><ref>[http://www.dukemednews.duke.edu/news/article.php?id=9272 ''Duke News''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070609215129/http://www.dukemednews.duke.edu/news/article.php?id=9272 |date=June 9, 2007}}.</ref><ref>[http://www.dukehealth.org/HealthLibrary/News/10333 Erich Jarvis Named Howard Hughes Investigator] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080921214308/http://www.dukehealth.org/HealthLibrary/News/10333 |date=September 21, 2008}}, ''Duke Medicine News & Communications''. Retrieved from Dukehealth.org.</ref>
|-
|[[Roland Jefferson|Jefferson, Roland]]
|1923–2020
|Botanist
|First African-American botanist to work at the [[United States National Arboretum]]; played important role in the preservation of Washington, D.C.'s famous flowering cherry trees.
|<ref>{{Cite web |last=Thiele |first=Amber |date=2006 |title=Roland Maurice Jefferson Collection |url=https://www.nal.usda.gov/collections/special-collections/roland-maurice-jefferson-collection |access-date=2022-08-08 |website=United States National Agricultural Library}}</ref>
|-
|[[Thomas L. Jennings|Jennings, Thomas L.]]
|1791–1856
|Inventor
|First African-American to be granted a patent (for a dry cleaning process called dry scouring)
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.inventorsdigest.com/articles/diversity-innovation-african-americans-impact-forever-reaching/|title=Diversity in Innovation: African-Americans' Impact is Forever Reaching – Inventors Digest|date=March 21, 2018|work=Inventors Digest|access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| Johnson, Isaac
| 18xx– ?
| Inventor
| Held patent for improvements to the bicycle frame, specifically so it could be taken apart for compact storage
|<ref>[https://patents.google.com/patent/US634823 Bicycle Frame, Patent number: 634823, Filing date: April 6, 1898, Issue date: October 10, 1899], United States Patent Office.</ref>
|-
| [[Katherine Johnson|Johnson, Katherine]]
| 1918–2020
| Physicist, mathematician
| Made contributions to the United States' aeronautics and space programs with the early application of digital electronic computers at NASA.
|
|-
| [[Lonnie Johnson (inventor)|Johnson, Lonnie]]
| 1949–
|Mechanical engineer, [[Nuclear engineering|nuclear engineer]], inventor
| Invented [[Super Soaker]] while researching thermal energy transfer engines; worked with [[NASA]]; holder of over 80 patents
|<ref name="inventorsdigest.com" /><ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20101122072405/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,998696,00.html Soaking In Success], By Timothy Roche, December 4, 2000, ''Time''.</ref><ref>[https://www.theatlantic.com/magazine/archive/2010/11/shooting-for-the-sun/8268/1/ Shooting for the Sun], By Logan Ward, October 2010, The Atlantic</ref><ref>[http://www.rexresearch.com/johnsonjtec/johnson-th.htm Lonni Johnson – Thermo-Electric Generator – articles, patent], The Rex Research Civilization Kit.</ref>
|-
| [[Frederick McKinley Jones|Jones, Frederick McKinley]]
| 1893–1961
| Inventor
| Invented refrigerated truck systems
|<ref>{{cite book|first=Rebecca |last=Goodman |first2=Barrett J. |last2=Brunsman |title=This Day in Ohio History |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3IJtVP9WnXEC&pg=PA214 |date=February 28, 2005| publisher=Emmis Books| isbn=978-1-57860-191-2| page=214}}</ref>
|-
| [[Percy Lavon Julian|Julian, Percy]]
| 1899–1975
| [[Chemist]]
| First to synthesize the natural product [[physostigmine]]; earned 130 chemical patents; lauded for humanitarian achievements
|<ref name="pbs.org">{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/aso/databank/entries/bmjuli.html|title=A Science Odyssey: People and Discoveries: Percy Julian|website=pbs.org|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Profile">{{cite web|title=Percy Lavon Julian|date=June 2016|url=https://www.sciencehistory.org/historical-profile/percy-lavon-julian|publisher=Science History Institute |access-date=March 21, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.ars.usda.gov/research/publications/publication/?seqNo115=215771|title=Giants of the Past: Percy Lavon Julian (1899–1975) A Forgotten Pioneer in Soy|publisher=United States Department of Agriculture|access-date=February 18, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/history/Julian/index.htm |title=Percy Lavon Julian (1899–1975) |publisher=Lipid Library |access-date=February 18, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415001340/http://lipidlibrary.aocs.org/history/Julian/index.htm |archive-date=April 15, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ernest Everett Just|Just, Ernest]]
| 1883–1941
| Woods Hole Marine Biology Institute [[biologist]]
| Provided basic and initial descriptions of the structure–function–property relationship of the plasma membrane of biological cells
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.dartmouth.edu/~dartlife/archives/18-6/just.html |title=Expansive Vision, Ahead of His Time: Dartmouth celebrates biologist E. E. Just, Class of 1907 |access-date=January 28, 2009 |last=Kelsey |first=Elizabeth |work=Dartmouth Life |publisher=[[Dartmouth College]]}}</ref><ref name=Manning>{{cite book|last=Manning|first=Kenneth R.|title=Black Apollo of science : the life of Ernest Everett Just|year=1984|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-19-503498-1|url=https://archive.org/details/blackapolloofsci00kenn}}</ref><ref name=Lee>{{cite journal|last=Lee|first=Edward|title=Ernest Everett Just|journal=Blacfax|date=March 2006|pages=15–16}}</ref>
|-
| [[Rick Kittles|Kittles, Rick]]
| 1967–
| [[Geneticist]]
| Work in tracing the ancestry of African-Americans via [[Genealogical DNA test|DNA testing]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.salon.com/health/feature/2000/05/12/roots/index.html|title=Flesh and blood and DNA|last=Allen|first=Arthur|date=May 12, 2000|work=Salon|access-date=May 13, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.pbs.org/wnet/aalives/science_dna2.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060912233414/http://www.pbs.org/wnet/aalives/science_dna2.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=September 12, 2006|title=''African American Lives 2'', PBS.|website=pbs.org|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Samuel L. Kountz|Kountz, Samuel L.]]
| 1930–1981
| Transplant surgeon, researcher
| Organ transplantation pioneer, particularly renal transplant research and surgery; author or co-author of 172 articles in scientific publications
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://med.stanford.edu/gensurg/education/kountz.html|title=Samuel L. Kountz Diversity Fellowship – General Surgery |publisher=Stanford Medicine|access-date=April 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170613124012/http://med.stanford.edu/gensurg/education/kountz.html|archive-date=June 13, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|pmc=2537148 |pmid=359824 |volume=70 |title=The black surgeon in the twentieth century: a tribute to Samuel L. Kountz, MD |journal=J Natl Med Assoc |pages=683–84 |last1=Organ |first1=CH Jr |year=1978 |issue=9}}</ref><ref>[http://www.encyclopediaofarkansas.net/encyclopedia/entry-detail.aspx?entryID=18 – Encyclopedia of Arkansas]</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1981/12/24/obituaries/dr-samuel-kountz-51-dies-leader-in-transplant-surgery.html|title=Dr. Samuel Kountz, 51, Dies; Leader in Transplant Surgery|first=Lawrence K.|last=Altman|newspaper=The New York Times|date=December 24, 1981|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Adrian Land|Land, Adrian]]
|
| [[Microbiologist]]
| Researcher on [[Streptococcus pneumoniae]] and [[Staphylococcus aureus]]
|<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Land |first1=Adrian D. |last2=Hogan |first2=Patrick |last3=Fritz |first3=Stephanie |last4=Levin |first4=Petra Anne |date=2015-06-22 |title=Phenotypic Variation Is Almost Entirely Independent of the Host-Pathogen Relationship in Clinical Isolates of S. aureus |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=10 |issue=6 |pages=e0129670 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0129670 |issn=1932-6203 |pmc=4476556 |pmid=26098551 |bibcode=2015PLoSO..1029670L |doi-access=free }}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Land |first1=Adrian D. |last2=Winkler |first2=Malcolm E. |date=August 2011 |title=The requirement for pneumococcal MreC and MreD is relieved by inactivation of the gene encoding PBP1a |journal=Journal of Bacteriology |volume=193 |issue=16 |pages=4166–4179 |doi=10.1128/JB.05245-11 |issn=1098-5530 |pmc=3147673 |pmid=21685290}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Land |first1=Adrian D. |last2=Tsui |first2=Ho-Ching T. |last3=Kocaoglu |first3=Ozden |last4=Vella |first4=Stephen A. |last5=Shaw |first5=Sidney L. |last6=Keen |first6=Susan K. |last7=Sham |first7=Lok-To |last8=Carlson |first8=Erin E. |last9=Winkler |first9=Malcolm E. |date=Dec 2013 |title=Requirement of essential Pbp2x and GpsB for septal ring closure in Streptococcus pneumoniae D39: Essential role of GpsB in pneumococcal division |journal=Molecular Microbiology |language=en |volume=90 |issue=5 |pages=939–955 |doi=10.1111/mmi.12408 |pmc=4120849 |pmid=24118410}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lewis Howard Latimer|Latimer, Lewis]]
| 1848–1928
| Inventor, draftsman, expert witness
| Worked as a draftsman for both Alexander Graham Bell and Thomas Edison; invented the more durable [https://lemelson.mit.edu/resources/lewis-latimer filament], which made the incandescent light bulb last long enough to be useful; became a member of Edison's Pioneers and served as an expert witness in many light bulb litigation lawsuits; said to have invented the water closet.
|<ref name="Fouché">{{cite book|first=Rayvon |last=Fouché |title=Black Inventors in the Age of Segregation: Granville T. Woods, Lewis H. Latimer, & Shelby J. Davidson| year=2003| publisher=JHU Press| isbn=978-0-8018-7319-5| url=https://archive.org/details/blackinventorsin00rayv}}</ref><ref name="clarke230">{{cite book|last=Clarke| first=John Henrik| title=Blacks in Science: Ancient and Modern| year=1983| publisher=Transaction| location=Piscataway, NJ| isbn=978-0-87855-941-1| pages=[https://archive.org/details/blacksinsciencea00vans/page/230 230–233]| editor=Ivan Van Sertima| url=https://archive.org/details/blacksinsciencea00vans/page/230}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nps.gov/edis/learn/kidsyouth/the-gifted-men-who-worked-for-edison.htm |title=Lewis Howard Latimer |access-date=June 10, 2007 |publisher=[[National Park Service]]}}</ref><ref>[http://www.invent.org/2006Induction/historical2006.asp List of 2006 NIHF inductees] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080513143652/http://www.invent.org/2006Induction/historical2006.asp |date=May 13, 2008}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jerry Lawson (engineer)|Lawson, Jerry]]
| 1940–2011
| [[Computer engineer]]
| Designer of [[Fairchild Channel F]], the first programmable [[ROM cartridge]]-based [[video game console]]
|<ref name="channel_f">[http://classicgames.about.com/od/classicvideogames101/p/FairchildChannelFProfile.htm "Fairchild Channel F – The First ROM Cartridge Console"] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101123014249/http://classicgames.about.com/od/classicvideogames101/p/FairchildChannelFProfile.htm |date=November 23, 2010 }}. About.com.</ref><ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2011/04/14/technology/personaltech/14lawson.html |work=The New York Times |first=Bruce |last=Weber |title=Gerald A. Lawson, Video Game Pioneer, Dies at 70 |date=April 13, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Raphael Carl Lee|Lee, Raphael Carl]]
| 1949–
| Surgeon, [[Biomedical engineering|biomedical engineer]]
| Professor at [[Pritzker School of Medicine]]; discovered ways to improve injury repair mechanisms of living cells; holds patents related to scar treatment therapies, tissue engineered ligaments, brain trauma therapies, and protective garments
|<ref>{{cite web |author1=((The University of Chicago Medicine)) |title=About Raphael C. Lee, MD, ScD, DSc (Hon) |url=https://www.uchicagomedicine.org/find-a-physician/physician/raphael-c-lee |publisher=The University of Chicago Medicine |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=((American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering)) |author1-link=American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering |title=Pierre Galletti Award – AIMBE |url=https://aimbe.org/awards/pierre-galletti-award/ |website=aimbe.org |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=((Pritzker School of Molecular Engineering)) |title=Fellows: Raphael Lee |url=https://pme.uchicago.edu/fellows/people/raphael-lee |website=pme.uchicago.edu |publisher=The University of Chicago}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Department of Surgery – Faculty – Raphael Lee, MD |date=2008|url=http://surgicalresearch.bsd.uchicago.edu/faculty/lee/ |publisher=University of Chicago |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120304004237/http://surgicalresearch.bsd.uchicago.edu/faculty/lee/|archive-date=March 4, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |author1=((Patents.Justia.com)) |title=Raphael C. Lee Inventions, Patents and Patent Applications |url=https://patents.justia.com/inventor/raphael-c-lee |website=Justia Patents Search |access-date=21 March 2022}}</ref>
|-
| [[Beebe Steven Lynk|Lynk, Beebe Steven]]
| 1872–1948
| [[Chemist]]
| Teacher at West Tennessee University
|
|-
|[[Mary Eliza Mahoney|Mahoney, Mary]]
|1845–1926
| Nurse
| First African-American to study and work as a professionally trained nurse in the United States<ref>{{cite web|last1=Mahoney|first1=Mary|title=Mary Eliza|url=https://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/partners/early/e_pioneers_mahoney.html|website=American Experience, PBS|access-date=September 3, 2017|archive-date=March 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170310112345/http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/amex/partners/early/e_pioneers_mahoney.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
|[[Thomas J. Martin|Martin, Thomas J.]]
|1842–1872
| Inventor
| Awarded a patent in 1872 for improvements to the [[fire extinguisher]]
|<ref>{{Cite web |title=Black History Month {{!}} Caltrans |url=https://dot.ca.gov/caltrans-near-me/district-4/d4-popular-links/forward-issue-3/black-history-month |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=dot.ca.gov |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite patent|number=US125063A|title=Improvement in fire-extinguishers|gdate=1872-03-26|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US125063A/en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=ionedchandler |date=2013-03-26 |title=Thomas J. Martin Patents Improved Fire Extinguisher On This Day In 1872 |url=https://newsone.com/2308276/thomas-j-martin-inventor-of-the-fire-extinguisher/ |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=NewsOne |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Alumna Publishes First Coloring Book About African-American Inventors {{!}} Alabama State University |url=https://www.alasu.edu/alumna-publishes-first-coloring-book-about-african-american-inventors |access-date=2023-10-01 |website=www.alasu.edu}}</ref>
|-
| [[Henry Cecil McBay|McBay, Henry]]
| 1914–1995
| [[Chemist]]
| His discoveries allowed chemists around the world to create inexpensive peroxide compounds
|<ref>Brown, Mitchell, [www.lib.lsu.edu/lib/chem/display/henry mcbay.html "Faces of Science: African-Americans in the Sciences,"] 1996.</ref><ref>Kessler, James H., J.S. Kidd, Renee A. Kidd, and Katherine A. Morin. ''Distinguished African-American Scientists of the 20th Century''. Oryx Press: Phoenix, AZ, 1996.</ref>
|-
| [[Elijah McCoy|McCoy, Elijah]]
| 1844–1929
| Inventor
| Invented the automatic lubricator for steam engines, McCoy learned a great deal of his skills from a mechanical apprenticeship when he was age fifteen.<!-- There were a number of others already in use. -->
|<ref name=NotReal>{{cite web |url=http://www33.brinkster.com/iiiii/mccoy/ |title=The not-so-real McCoy |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110517111621/http://www33.brinkster.com/iiiii/mccoy/ |archive-date=May 17, 2011}}</ref><ref name="MIT">{{cite web |url=http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/mccoy.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20030823125258/http://web.mit.edu/invent/iow/mccoy.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=2003-08-23 |title=Elijah McCoy, Inventor of the Week |publisher=[[Jerome H. Lemelson|Lemelson]]-[[Massachusetts Institute of Technology|MIT]] Program |date=May 1996|access-date=August 18, 2011}}</ref>
|-
|[[James McLurkin|McLurkin, James]]
|1972–
|[[Roboticist]]
|
|<ref>[http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/ilives/lecture02.html Article outlining McLurkin's "Innovative Lives" presentation for the Smithsonian's Lemelson Center] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080704052509/http://invention.smithsonian.org/centerpieces/ilives/lecture02.html |date=July 4, 2008}}</ref>
<!--

NOTE: Removed [[Ronald McNair|McNair, Ronald]], an astronaut killed during mission STS-51-L in the Space Shuttle Challenger Disaster. This article is not a list of astronauts, but a listing of inventors and scientists. McNair was a professional astronaut, but he was neither an inventor or scientist. Kindly do not add him into the article again. Thank you.

-->
|-
|[[Ronald McNair|McNair, Ronald]]
|1950–1986
|Astronaut and Physicist
|Specialized in chemical and high-pressure laser physics
|
|-
|[[John McWhorter|McWhorter, John]]
|1965–
|[[Linguist]]
|Specializes in the study of [[creole language]] formation
|
|-
|[[Thomas Mensah (engineer)|Mensah, Thomas]]
|1950–2024
|Inventor
|
|-
|[[Alexander Miles|Miles, Alexander]]
|1838–1918
|Inventor
|Invented electric [[elevator]] doors that automatically open and close
|<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://thegrio.com/2015/10/11/on-this-day-in-1887-alexander-miles-patents-electric-elevator/|title=On this day in 1887: Alexander Miles patents electric elevator |date=October 11, 2015|work=theGrio|access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ben Montgomery|Montgomery, Benjamin]]
| 1819–1877
| Inventor
| Designed a steam operated propeller to provide propulsion to boats in shallow water
|
|-
| [[Willie Hobbs Moore|Moore, Willie Hobbs]]
| 1934–1994
| Physicist
| First African-American woman to earn a PhD in physics (University of Michigan Ann Arbor 1972) on vibrational analysis of secondary chlorides
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.math.buffalo.edu/mad/physics/moore_williehobbs.html|title=Willie Hobbs Moore, first African American Woman Physicist|publisher=Department of Mathematics, University at Buffalo |access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Garrett Morgan|Morgan, Garrett]]
|1877–1963
|Inventor
|Invented an early version of a [[gas mask]] called a [[smoke hood]], and created the first traffic light that included a third "warning" position which is standard today. Morgan also developed a chemical that was used in hair products for hair-straightening.
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/garrett-morgan-9414691|title=Garrett Morgan|website=Biography|access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|title=African American Inventors|last=Currie|first=Stephen|publisher=Lucent Books|year=2010|isbn=978-1-4205-0121-6|pages=64–67}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jerome Nriagu|Nriagu, Jerome]]
| 1944–
| [[Geochemist]]
| Studies toxic metals in the environment; supporter of the [[Decline of the Roman Empire#Lead poisoning|lead poisoning thesis]] of the decline of the [[Roman Empire]]
|
|-
| [[Alice H. Parker|Parker, Alice H.]]
| 1895–1920
| Inventor
| Furnace for Central Heating
|
|-
| [[Arlie Petters|Petters, Arlie]]
| 1964–
| [[Physicist]]
| Work on the [[mathematical physics]] of [[gravitational lensing]]
|
|-
| [[Hildrus Poindexter|Poindexter, Hildrus]]
| 1901–1987
| [[Bacteriologist]], [[epidemiologist]]
| Work on the [[epidemiology]] of [[tropical disease]]s, including [[malaria]]
|
|-
| [[Lloyd Quarterman|Quarterman, Lloyd Albert]]
| 1918–1982
| Scientist, fluoride chemist
| Manhattan Project, worked with Albert Einstein and Enrico Fermi
|
|-
| [[Earl W. Renfroe|Renfroe, Earl]]
| 1907–2000
| [[Orthodontist]]
|
|<ref>Bike, William S. "Essays on Earl Renfroe" [https://www.amazon.com/Essays-Earl-Renfroe-Man-Firsts/dp/0971045909]. UIC College of Dentistry Press, 2001.</ref><ref>Janega, James. [https://www.chicagotribune.com/2000/11/23/dr-earl-renfroe-sr-93-pioneering-orthodontist/ "Dr. Earl Renfroe Sr., 93, Pioneering Orthodontist".]''Chicago Tribune''. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130525170357/http://articles.chicagotribune.com/2000-11-23/news/0011230214_1_orthodontics-african-american-dental |date=May 25, 2013 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Norbert Rillieux|Rillieux, Norbert]]
| 1806–1894
| Engineer, inventor
| Inventor of the multiple-effect evaporator
|<ref>[http://www.inventions-license.com/view_inventor.php?id=89 Norbert Rillieux, invention of the multiple-effect evaporator] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160406150848/http://www.inventions-license.com/view_inventor.php?id=89 |date=April 6, 2016}}, Inventions-license.com. Retrieved December 4, 2012.</ref>
|-
| [[Larry Robinson (chemist)|Robinson, Larry]]
| 1957–
| [[Environmental chemist]]
| Investigated possible role of [[arsenic]] in the death of [[Zachary Taylor]]; interim president of [[Florida A&M University]]
|
|-
| Ross, Archia
| Turn of 20th century
| Inventor
| A runner for [[stoop (architecture)|stoops]] (1896), bag closure device (1898), a wrinkle-preventing trouser stretcher (1899), a garment-hanger (1903), and a holder for [[broom]]s and like articles.
|<ref name="Office1897">{{cite book |title=Official Gazette of the United States Patent Office |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l18bAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA736 |year=1897|publisher=U.S. Patent Office |page=736}}</ref><ref name="bag closure">{{cite web|url=https://patents.google.com/patent/US605343|title=Bag closure device|publisher=U. S. Patent Office|via=Google patents|date=June 7, 1898|access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name="trouser stretcher">{{Citation|title=Trousers support or stretcher|work=U.S. Patents and Trademark Office |via=Free Patents Online|date=August 23, 1899|url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/0638068.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name="garment-hanger">{{Citation|title=Garment-hanger|work=U.S. Patents and Trademark Office |via=Free Patents Online|date=March 17, 1903|url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/0723031.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref><ref name="broom holder">{{Citation|title=Holder for brooms and like articles|work=U.S. Patents and Trademark Office |via=Free Patents Online|date=March 18, 1913|url=http://www.freepatentsonline.com/1053747.pdf|access-date=May 28, 2018}}</ref>
|-
| [[Jesse Russell|Russell, Jesse]]
| 1948–
| Engineer, inventor
| [[Wireless communications]] engineer
|
|-
| [[William Chester Ruth|Ruth, William Chester]]
| 1882–1971
| Inventor, machinist
| Combination baler feeder, self-lifting farm elevator
|<ref name="Inventor from Ercildoun">{{Cite web |last=Bomberger |first=Bruce |date=Spring 2020 |title=The Inventor from Ercildoun: William Chester Ruth |url=https://paheritage.wpengine.com/article/inventor-from-ercildoun/ |access-date=2023-06-02 |website=Pennsylvania Heritage Magazine}}</ref>
|-
| Sammons, Walter
|1890–1973
| Inventor
| Patent for [[hot comb]]
|<ref>{{cite web|last=Bellis|first=Mary|title=Walter Sammons|url=http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Walter_Sammons.htm|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120710152648/http://inventors.about.com/library/inventors/bl_Walter_Sammons.htm|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 10, 2012|access-date=May 27, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Window Snyder|Snyder, Window]]
| 1976–
| [[Computer engineer]]
| Security engineer at [[Microsoft]], [[Mozilla]], and [[Apple Inc.|Apple]]
|
|-
| [[Thomas Sowell|Sowell, Thomas]]
| 1930–
| Economist, [[social scientist]]
| Economist, social theorist and political philosopher
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.townhall.com/columnists/thomassowell/ts20030108.shtml |title=Townhall.com |publisher=Townhall.com |access-date=April 6, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.townhall.com/columnists/thomassowell/ts20030109.shtml |title=Townhall.com |publisher=Townhall.com |access-date=April 6, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|first=Larry D. |last=Nachman |url=http://www.commentarymagazine.com/article/a-conflict-of-visions-by-thomas-sowell/ |title=''A Conflict of Visions'', by Thomas Sowell |magazine=[[Commentary (magazine)|Commentary]] |date=March 1987}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell010036.php3 |title=Thomas Sowell |website=Jewish World Review |access-date=March 12, 2010 |archive-date=March 27, 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190327171127/http://jewishworldreview.com/cols/sowell010036.php3 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
|-
| [[Claude Steele|Steele, Claude]]
| 1946–
| [[Psychologist]], [[social scientist]]
| [[Stereotype threat]] studies
|
|-
| [[Lee Stiff|Stiff, Lee]]
| 1941–
| Mathematician
| President of the [[National Council of Teachers of Mathematics]] from 2000 to 2002
|<ref>[http://www.nctm.org/about/content.aspx?id=852 NCTM past presidents]. Retrieved March 20, 2011. {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141219013811/http://www.nctm.org/about/content.aspx?id=852 |date=December 19, 2014 }}</ref>
|-
| [[Lewis Temple|Temple, Lewis]]
| 1800–1854
| Inventor, [[blacksmith]], [[Abolitionism in the United States|abolitionist]]
| Inventor of the toggling whaling harpoon head
|<ref name="BIOM">[http://www.blackinventor.com/pages/lewis-temple.html Lewis Temple] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130818101520/http://blackinventor.com/pages/lewis-temple.html |date=August 18, 2013}}, Black Inventor Online Museum. Retrieved December 6, 2012.</ref>
|-
| [[Valerie Thomas|Thomas, Valerie]]
| 1943–
| [[Data analyst]] and [[inventor]]
| Invented the [[illusion transmitter]]
|<ref>{{US patent reference|number=973886|issue-date= October 21, 1980|inventor= Valerie L. Thomas| title= Illusion Transmitter}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=A Face Behind Landsat Images: Meet Dr. Valerie L. Thomas « Landsat Science |date=February 28, 2019 |url=https://landsat.gsfc.nasa.gov/a-face-behind-landsat-images-meet-dr-valerie-l-thomas/ |access-date=10 June 2020}}</ref>
|-
| [[Vivien Thomas|Thomas, Vivien]]
| 1910–1985
| [[Surgical technician]]
| Blue baby syndrome treatment in the 1940s
|<ref>(1985) ''Pioneering Research in Surgical Shock and Cardiovascular Surgery: Vivien Thomas and His Work with Alfred Blalock'', University of Pennsylvania Press, pp. 9–13. {{ISBN|0-8122-7989-1}}.</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/dome/0301/close_up.cfm |title=Almost a Miracle |publisher=Hopkinsmedicine.org |access-date=March 8, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120302102051/http://www.hopkinsmedicine.org/dome/0301/close_up.cfm |archive-date=March 2, 2012}}</ref><ref>[http://www.oah.org/activities/awards/barnouw/winners.html OAH Award Winners] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090603010229/http://www.oah.org/activities/awards/barnouw/winners.html |date=June 3, 2009}}, OAH Erik Barnouw Award Winners</ref>
|-
| [[Charles Henry Turner (zoologist)|Turner, Charles Henry]]
| 1867–1923
| [[Zoologist]]
| First person to prove that insects can hear and can distinguish pitch, that cockroaches can learn by trial and error, and that honeybees can see color; first African-American to receive a PhD from the [[University of Chicago]]
|<ref>{{cite journal|last=Abramson|first=Charles I.|year=2009|title=A study in inspiration: Charles Henry Turner (1867–1923) and the investigation of insect behavior|journal=[[Annual Review of Entomology]]|volume=54|pages=343–59| issn=0066-4170| pmid=18817509|doi=10.1146/annurev.ento.54.110807.090502}}</ref>
|-
| [[Tyree, G. Bernadette]]
| 19xx–
| [[Biochemist]] {{citation needed|date=April 2013}}
| Program Director, Division of Musculoskeletal Diseases, at National Institute of Arthritis and Musculoskeletal and Skin Diseases, National Institutes of Health
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.niams.nih.gov/About_Us/Phone_Directory/individual_page.asp|title=Directory of phone and e-mail for all staff|last=Branch|first=Danny Heise, Scientific Information Technology|website=niams.nih.gov|access-date=February 9, 2017}}</ref>
|-
| [[Neil deGrasse Tyson|Tyson, Neil deGrasse]]
| 1958–
| [[Astronomer]]
| Researcher and popular educator in astronomy and the sciences
|<ref name="PSM">{{cite web| title= Symposium Awards| publisher= National Space Symposium| access-date= October 25, 2010| url= http://www.nationalspacesymposium.org/about/awards/douglas-s-morrow-public-outreach-award| archive-date= April 3, 2012| archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120403210748/http://www.nationalspacesymposium.org/about/awards/douglas-s-morrow-public-outreach-award| url-status= usurped}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/professors/professor_detail.aspx?pid=257 |title=Neil deGrasse Tyson |work=The Great Courses |access-date=June 13, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130320231400/http://www.thegreatcourses.com/tgc/professors/professor_detail.aspx?pid=257 |archive-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Blum|first=Matt|title=Cosmos Will Get a Sequel Hosted by Neil deGrasse Tyson|url=https://www.wired.com/geekdad/2011/08/cosmos-to-get-a-sequel-hosted-by-neil-degrasse-tyson/|access-date=August 5, 2011|newspaper=Wired|date=August 5, 2011}}</ref>
|-
| [[Powtawche Valerino|Valerino, Powtawche]]
| 1980–
| Engineer
| Worked for [[Jet Propulsion Laboratory|JPL]] and [[NASA]] at [[Langley Research Center]]
|
|-
| [[Dorothy Vaughan|Vaughan, Dorothy]]
| 1910–2008
| Mathematician
| Worked for [[National Advisory Committee for Aeronautics|NACA]] and [[NASA]] at [[Langley Research Center]]
|
|-
| [[Arthur B. C. Walker Jr.|Walker, Arthur B. C. Jr.]]
| 1936–2001
| [[Astronomer]]
| Developed [[normal incidence]] [[multilayer optics|multilayer]] XUV [[telescopes]] to photograph the [[solar corona]]
|<ref name=nytimes_20010509>{{cite news|first=James |last=Glanz |url=https://www.nytimes.com/2001/05/09/us/arthur-walker-64-scientist-and-mentor-dies.html |title=Arthur Walker, 64, Scientist and Mentor, Dies |newspaper=[[The New York Times]] |date=May 9, 2001}}</ref><ref name="stanford-report_2001004">Dawn Levy, [http://news.stanford.edu/news/2000/october4/walkerprofile-104.html Art Walker : 'favorite sun' of solar physics], ''Stanford Report'' (October 4, 2000).</ref><ref name=stanford-report_20010502>Dawn Levy, [http://news.stanford.edu/news/2001/may2/walkerobit-52.html Solar physicist Art Walker dies at 64; pioneer in X-ray optics], ''Stanford Report'' (May 2, 2001).</ref>
|-
| [[Madam C. J. Walker|Walker, C. J.]]
| 1867–1919
| Inventor
| Created black cosmetic products
|<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.biography.com/people/madam-cj-walker-9522174|title=Madam C.J. Walker|website=Biography|access-date=April 23, 2018}}</ref>
|-
|[[Dawn Ward (chemist)|Ward, Dawn N.]]
|1973–
|[[Organic chemistry]]
|Creates compounds to treat [[Hepatitis C]]
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Dr. Dawn Ward – Ingenuity Project|url=http://www.ingenuityproject.org/dawn-ward/|access-date=2020-07-17|publisher=Ingenuity Project}}</ref>
|-
| [[Warren M. Washington|Washington, Warren M.]]
|1936–
| [[Atmospheric scientist]]
| Former chair of the [[National Science Board]]
|<ref>[http://www.cisl.ucar.edu/news/02/features/0510.washington.html NCAR's Warren Washington elected chair of National Science Board] May 10, 2002.</ref><ref>[http://www.ucar.edu/library/collections/washington/ Warren M. Washington Collection] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124064007/http://www.ucar.edu/library/collections/washington/ |date=November 24, 2010}}, National Center for Atmospheric Research.</ref><ref>[http://www2.ucar.edu/news/2890/warren-washington-receives-national-medal-science Warren Washington Receives National Science Medal], [[National Center for Atmospheric Research]], University Corporation for Atmospheric Research, October 15, 2010.</ref><ref>[http://sites.nationalacademies.org/PGA/cwsem/PGA_045077 Warren M. Washington: Senior Scientist & Head of the Climate Change Research Section, Climate and Global Dynamics Division, The National Center for Atmospheric Research], [[National Academy of Sciences]].</ref>
|-
| [[James West (inventor)|West, James E.]]
| 1931–
| [[Acoustician]], inventor
| Co-developed the [[Electret microphone|foil electret microphone]]
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://gazette.jhu.edu/2010/05/10/james-b-west-of-wse-receives-benjamin-franklin-medal/ |title=James B. West of WSE receives Benjamin Franklin Medal : Johns Hopkins University – The Gazette |publisher=Gazette.jhu.edu |date=May 10, 2010 |access-date=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.huffingtonpost.com/ian-moss/americas-diversity-can-pr_b_469787.html |title=Ian Moss: America's Diversity Can Provide Prosperity |work=HuffPost |date=April 21, 2010 |access-date=March 9, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/150.html |title=Invent Now &#124; Inventor Profile |publisher=Invent.org |date=February 10, 1931 |access-date=March 9, 2012 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120215021322/http://www.invent.org/hall_of_fame/150.html |archive-date=February 15, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Lisa White (geologist)|White, Lisa]]
|
|[[Paleontologist]]
|Geologist and Director of Education and Outreach at the University of California Museum of Paleontology
|
|-
| [[J. Ernest Wilkins Jr.|Wilkins, J. Ernest Jr.]]
| 1923–2011
| Mathematician, engineer, [[nuclear scientist]]
| Entered [[University of Chicago]] at age 13; PhD at 19; worked on the [[Manhattan Project]]; wrote more than 100 scientific papers; helped recruit minorities into the sciences
|<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/wilkins.html|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080707013552/http://www.ieee.org/web/aboutus/history_center/biography/wilkins.html|url-status=dead|archive-date=July 7, 2008|title=Services Update|website=[[IEEE]]|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name="UC">{{cite web|url=http://www-news.uchicago.edu/releases/07/070227.wilkins.shtml|title=University of Chicago to commemorate accomplishments of mathematics alumnus J. Ernest Wilkins Jr.|website=www-news.uchicago.edu|access-date=April 2, 2018}}</ref><ref name="CBB">Zerbonia, Ralph G. (contrib. by Alic, Margaret) (2005) [https://books.google.com/books?ei=5LfxSezpMZHGzASv0KyVCw Contemporary Black Biography], Gale Research Inc, 2005, Vol.49 (Original from the [[University of Michigan]]), Digitized September 17, 2008, {{ISBN|0-7876-6731-5}}, {{ISBN|978-0-7876-6731-3}}, (biography viewable via [http://www.answers.com/topic/j-ernest-wilkins-jr Answers.com]);</ref>
|-
| [[Daniel Hale Williams|Williams, Daniel]]
| 1856–1931
| Surgeon
| The first black person on record to have successfully performed pericardium (the sac surrounding the heart) surgery to repair a wound.
|<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Beatty|first=William K.|date=1971-08-01|title=Daniel Hale Williams: Innovative Surgeon, Educator, and Hospital Administrator|url=https://journal.chestnet.org/article/S0012-3692(15)36225-5/abstract|journal=Chest|volume=60|issue=2|pages=175–182|doi=10.1378/chest.60.2.175|issn=0012-3692|pmid=4937039|url-access=subscription}}</ref>
|-
|[[Marguerite Williams|Williams, Marguerite Thomas]]
|1895–1991
|[[Geologist]]
|First black person to receive a Ph.D. in Geology
|
|-
| [[Scott W. Williams|Williams, Scott W.]]
| 1943–
| Mathematician
|
|<ref>{{Cite web|title=Scott W.Williams {{!}} Mathematical Association of America|url=https://www.maa.org/scott-wwilliams|access-date=2020-08-03|website=www.maa.org}}</ref>
|-
| [[Walter E. Williams|Williams, Walter E.]]
| 1936–2020
| Economist, [[social scientist]]
|
|<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cato-at-liberty.org/happy-birthday-walter-williams/ |title=Happy Birthday Walter Williams |work=Cato at Liberty |date=March 31, 2011}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.fee.org/the_freeman/detail/capitalism-and-the-common-man |title=Capitalism and the Common Man |last=Williams |first=Walter |date=August 25, 1997 |access-date=March 20, 2013}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/the-pursuit-of-happiness-economics-for-the-citizen/ |first=Walter |last=Williams |work=The Freeman |title=The Pursuit of Happiness – Economics for the Citizen |access-date=December 6, 2010 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101124002820/http://www.thefreemanonline.org/columns/the-pursuit-of-happiness-economics-for-the-citizen/ |archive-date=November 24, 2010 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Granville Woods|Woods, Granville]]
| 1856–1910
| Inventor
| Invented the synchronous multiplex railway telegraph
|<ref>Bellis, Mary. [https://archive.today/20130116060734/http://inventors.about.com/od/wstartinventors/a/GranvilleTWoods.htm Granville T. Woods, 1856–1910].</ref>
|-
| [[Jane C. Wright|Wright, Jane C.]]
| 1919–2013
| Cancer research and surgeon
| Noted for her contributions to chemotherapy and for pioneering the use of the drug [[methotrexate]] to treat breast cancer and skin cancer
|
|-
| [[Louis T. Wright|Wright, Louis T.]]
| 1891–1952
| Surgeon
| Led team that first used [[Chlortetracycline|Aureomycin]] as a treatment on humans
|<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=EFgB5O1OMrMC&pg=PA464 Kwame Anthony Appiah, Henry Louis Gates – ''Africana: Civil Rights: An A-to-Z Reference of the Movement that Changed America'']</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://northbysouth.kenyon.edu/1998/health/wright.htm |title=Kenyon College |publisher=Northbysouth.kenyon.edu |access-date=February 1, 2012}}</ref><ref>{{cite magazine|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882266,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101125060354/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,882266,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=November 25, 2010 |title=Medicine: Negro Fellow |magazine=Time |date=October 29, 1934 |access-date=February 1, 2012}}</ref>
|-
| [[Ivan Yaeger|Yaeger, Ivan]]
| 1967–
| Inventor
| Inventor of the Yaeger Prosthetic Arm
|
|-
| [[Roger Arliner Young|Young, Roger Arliner]]
| 1899–1964
| [[Zoologist]]
| First African-American woman to receive a doctorate degree in zoology
|<ref name=WomeninScience>{{cite book |first1=Merry |last1=Maisel |first2=Laura |last2=Smart |name-list-style=amp |chapter-url=http://www.sdsc.edu/ScienceWomen/young.html |chapter=Lifelong Struggle of a Zoologist |title=Women in Science: A selection of sixteen significant contributors |publisher=The San Diego Supercomputer Center |year=1997}}</ref><ref>{{cite journal|last=Young |first=R.A.|year=1924|title=On the Excretory Apparatus in ''Paramecium''|journal=Science|volume=60|issue=1550|pages=244|doi=10.1126/science.60.1550.244|pmid=17814573|jstor=1649643|bibcode=1924Sci....60..244Y}}</ref>
|}

== See also ==
{{Div col|colwidth=40em}}
* [[Lists of African Americans]]
* [[List of inventors]]
* [[History of United States patent law]]
* [[Lemelson–MIT Prize]]
* [[NASA spinoff]]
* [[National Inventors Hall of Fame]]
* [[Science and technology in the United States]]
* [[Technological and industrial history of the United States]]
* [[Timeline of United States discoveries]]
* [[Timeline of United States inventions]]
* [[United States patent law]]
* [[United States Patent and Trademark Office]]
* [[Yankee ingenuity]]
* [[African-American women in computer science]]
* [[African-American women in medicine]]
* [[List of African-American women in STEM fields]]
* [[List of African-American mathematicians]]
* [[List of African scientists, inventors, and scholars]]
* [[African-American dance]]
* [[Asian Americans in science and technology]]
{{Div col end}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}
202     US3609467  US3547423

== External links ==
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170111073610/https://webfiles.uci.edu/mcbrown/display/faces.html The Faces of Science: African Americans in the Sciences]
* [http://www.blackinventor.com/ The Black Inventor Online Museum]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20170111082356/http://www.littleafrica.com/resources/inventors.htm LittleAfrica.com website]
* [http://www.fraknoi.com/wp-content/uploads/2020/07/Fraknoi-Black-Lives-in-Astronomy.pdf  Black Lives in Astronomy: Guide to Black Astronomers]
* [https://www.plethorist.com/top-black-inventions/ Top List of Black Inventions That Changed The World]

{{Inventions}}
{{African American topics}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:African-American Inventors And Scientists}}
[[Category:African-American inventors| ]]
[[Category:African-American scientists| Inventors]]
[[Category:Lists of African-American people|Inventors]]
[[Category:Lists of inventors]]