View source for Linimo

{{Short description|Maglev automated people mover in Nagoya, Japan}}
{{Infobox rail line
| box_width                       = 
| name                            = Linimo
| other_name                      = Aichi Rapid Transit Tobu Kyuryo Line
| native_name                     = リニモ<br />愛知高速交通東部丘陵線
| native_name_lang                = ja
| color                           = 
| logo                            = [[File:Linimo logo.svg|250px|class=skin-invert]]
| logo_width                      = 
| logo_alt                        = 
| image                           = Linimo-2.jpg
| image_width                     = 
| image_alt                       = 
| caption                         = 
| type                            = [[Rapid transit]]
| system                          = 
| status                          = 
| locale                          = [[Aichi Prefecture]], [[Japan]]
| start                           = {{STN|Fujigaoka|x|Aichi}}
| end                             = {{STN|Yakusa|x}}
| stations                        = 9
| routes                          = 
| daily_ridership                 = 16,500
| ridership2                      = 
| open                            = {{Start date|2005|03|06|df=y}}
| close                           = 
| owner                           = Aichi Rapid Transit Co., Ltd.{{efn|Ownership structure:<br>
[[Aichi Prefecture|Aichi Prefectural Government]] 57.19%<br>
[[Nagakute]] Municipal Government 15.45%<br>
[[Nagoya]] Municipal Government 14.70%<br>
[[Meitetsu]] 2.48%<br>
[[Development Bank of Japan]] 1.44%<br>
[[Nippon Sharyo]] 0.68%<br>
[[Toshiba]] Infrastructure Systems & Solutions 0.60%<br>
Kyosan Electric Mfg. Co. 0.53%<br>
[[Toyota]] 0.49%}}
| operator                        = 
| character                       = 
| depot                           = 
| stock                           = Aichi Rapid Transit 100 series
| linelength                      = {{convert|8.9|km|abbr=on}}
| tracklength                     = 
| tracks                          = 2
| gauge                           = 
| old_gauge                       = 
| load_gauge                      = 
| minradius                       = {{convert|75|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
| racksystem                      = 
| routenumber                     = 
| linenumber                      = 
| electrification                 = {{1,500 V DC}} [[Third rail]]
| speed                           = {{convert|100|km/h|abbr=on}}
| elevation                       = 
| website                         = {{Official|1=https://www.linimo.jp/language/en/index.php}}
| map                             = {{Linimo RDT}}
| map_name                        = Route diagram
| map_state                       = hide
}}

{{nihongo|'''Linimo'''|リニモ|Rinimo}}, formally the {{nihongo|'''Aichi Rapid Transit Tobu Kyuryo Line'''|愛知高速交通東部丘陵線|Aichi Kōsoku Kōtsū Tōbu Kyūryō-sen}} is a [[magnetic levitation train]] line in [[Aichi Prefecture]], Japan, near the city of [[Nagoya]]. While primarily built to serve the [[Expo 2005]] fair site, the line has since operated to serve the local community.

Linimo is owned and operated by the {{nihongo|'''Aichi Rapid Transit Company, Ltd.'''|愛知高速交通株式会社|Aichi Kōsoku Kōtsū kabushiki-gaisha}} and is the first commercial maglev in Japan to use the [[High Speed Surface Transport]] (HSST) type technology.<ref name="Yasudaetal">{{cite conference|last1= Yasuda|first1= Yoshihide|last2= Fujino|first2= Masaaki|last3= Tanaka|first3= Masao|last4= Ishimoto|first4= Syunzo|url= http://www.maglev.ir/eng/documents/papers/conferences/maglev2004/topic1/IMT_CP_M2004_T1_10.pdf |title= The first HSST maglev commercial train in Japan|book-title= Proceedings of the 18th international conference on magnetically levitated systems and linear drives (MAGLEV 2004)|date= 2004|access-date= 2016-04-29}}</ref> It is also the world's first uncrewed commercial urban maglev.<ref>[http://japanese.yonhapnews.co.kr/Locality/2016/02/02/3000000000AJP20160202002800882.HTML 韓国独自技術で開発 仁川空港リニアが3日開通]</ref> Linimo was the fourth overall commercial urban maglev operated in the world, predated by the [[Maglev#Birmingham, United Kingdom, 1984–1995|Birmingham Maglev]] (1984–1995), the [[M-Bahn|Berlin M-Bahn]] (1989–1991) and the [[Shanghai Maglev Train|Shanghai Maglev]] (opened in 2004).

==Specifications==
The [[linear motor]] magnetic-levitated train has a top speed of {{convert|100|km/h}}, floating {{convert|8|mm}} above the track when in motion, and is intended as an alternative to conventional [[rapid transit|metro]] systems, not [[high-speed rail|high-speed operation]]. The line has nine stations and is {{convert|8.9|km}} long, with a minimum operating radius of {{convert|75|m}} and a maximum gradient of 6%. The line uses [[automatic train control]] (ATC) and [[automatic train operation]] (ATO).<ref name="Yasudaetal" /> Construction of the track cost ¥60 billion (US$575 million) while the Linimo trains themselves, built by [[Nippon Sharyo]], cost ¥40.5 billion (US$380 million).<ref name="IRJ">{{cite web|url=http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_5_44/ai_n6054072 |title=Nagoya builds Maglev Metro |publisher=International Railway Journal |date=May 2004 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070129162842/http://www.findarticles.com/p/articles/mi_m0BQQ/is_5_44/ai_n6054072 |archive-date=2007-01-29 }}</ref> The construction cost came to roughly $65 million per km without rolling stock.

==Rolling stock==
The trains for the line were designed by the [[Chubu HSST Development Corporation]], which also operated a test track in Nagoya.<ref name="Yasudaetal" /> They were built by [[Nippon Sharyo]], cost ¥40.5 billion (US$380 million).<ref name="IRJ" /> The trains are fixed 3-car train sets (Mc1+M+Mc2). The end cars (Mc Car) are {{convert|14.0|m|ftin}} long and the middle car (M Car) {{convert|13.5|m|ftin}}, giving a total train set length of {{convert|43.3|m|ftin}}.<ref name="Yasudaetal" /> The cars are {{convert|2.6|m|ftin}} wide. The Mc car has a capacity of 34 seated and 46 standing, and the M car 36 seated and 48 standing, for a total capacity per train set of 244.<ref name="Yasudaetal" /> The cars have a [[semi-monocoque]] construction of welded aluminum, with two emergency doors at each car end and two {{convert|1200|mm|in|adj=on}} doors per side.<ref name="Yasudaetal" />

=== 100 Series formations ===
The line operates eight three-car sets which are formed as follows.<ref>{{Cite book |title=私鉄車両編成表2021 |date=16 July 2021 |publisher=Kotsu Shimbunsha |isbn=9784330032214 |location=Japan |pages=103 |language=ja |trans-title=Private Railway Vehicle Organization Table 2021}}</ref>
{| class="wikitable"
!Car No.
!1
!2
!3
|-
!Designation
|Mc1
|M
|Mc2
|-
!Numbering
|1x1
|1x2
|1x3
|}

==Technical and financial difficulties==
{{update|section|date=October 2017}}
Being the first commercial implementation of a new type of transport system, the line suffered a number of highly publicized technical breakdowns during the Expo, with far higher demand during peak hours than the line's carrying capacity of 4,000 [[pphpd|passengers per direction per hour]]. On March 19, 2005, the train stopped departing when it detected an overload of passengers, but this was immediately corrected when a later inspection revealed that the weight-detecting sensors were oversensitive.  The line also has to be shut down for safety reasons when wind speed exceeds {{Convert|25|m/s|mph|abbr=on}}, a relatively common occurrence in the area.

During the Expo, the line carried an average of 31,000 passengers per day, but ridership dropped to only 12,000 in the first six months after the Expo, and the line lost over ¥3 billion in 2006.  While ridership gradually increased to 16,500 passengers per day in 2008,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.linimo.jp/kaisya/riyousyasu/riyousyasu.pdf |title=Linimo(リニモ)愛知高速交通株式会社 |access-date=2011-03-24 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120203015719/http://www.linimo.jp/kaisya/riyousyasu/riyousyasu.pdf |archive-date=2012-02-03 |url-status=dead }}</ref> the line still made a financial loss of ¥2.1 billion in fiscal year 2009.<ref>{{Cite web | url=http://www.linimo.jp/kaisya/kessann/21_kessann_koukoku.pdf |title = Linimo(リニモ)愛知高速交通株式会社}}</ref>
In 2016, the line started turning a profit, making a net profit of ¥83.4 million that year. <ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.linimo.jp/profile/doc/2018020711555450_24.pdf |title=平成30年度決算公告 |access-date=2020-04-07}}</ref>

==History==
The {{ill|Aichi Rapid Transit Corporation|ja|愛知高速交通}} gained permission to build the line on October 3, 2001.<ref>国土交通省鉄道局監修『鉄道要覧』平成18年度版、電気車研究会・鉄道図書刊行会、p.245</ref> The nickname of the line, "Linimo" was revealed on November 2002. The names of the stations were decided in December 2003, and the entire line opened to the public on March 6, 2005.<ref>{{Cite web |title=リニモとは |url=https://www.linimo.jp/linimo/2018021414360822.html |access-date=2024-10-17 |website=www.linimo.jp}}</ref> After the end of the 2005 expo, both [[Yakusa Station]] and [[Aichikyūhaku-kinen-kōen Station]] were renamed into their current name, from their name during the expo, Expo Station and Expo-Yakusa.
==Stations==
{| class="wikitable" 
|-
!No.
!Icon
!Name
!Japanese
!Distance (km)
!Transfers
!colspan="2" |Location
|-
| '''L01'''
|[[File:LS-L01.svg|frameless|25x25px]]
|{{STN|Fujigaoka|x|Aichi}}
| 藤が丘
|style="text-align:right;"|0.0
|[[Nagoya Municipal Subway]] [[Higashiyama Line]] (H22)
|[[Meito-ku, Nagoya]]
|rowspan="9"|[[Aichi Prefecture]]
|-
| '''L02'''
|[[File:LS-L02.svg|frameless|25x25px]]
|{{STN|Hanamizuki-dōri|x}}
| はなみずき通
|style="text-align:right;"|1.4
|&nbsp;
|rowspan="6"|[[Nagakute, Aichi|Nagakute]]
|-
| '''L03'''
|[[File:LS-L03.svg|frameless|25x25px]]
|{{STN|Irigaike-kōen|x}}
| 杁ヶ池公園
|style="text-align:right;"|2.3
|&nbsp;
|-
| '''L04'''
|[[File:LS-L04.svg|frameless|25x25px]]
|{{STN|Nagakute Kosenjō|x}}
| 長久手古戦場
|style="text-align:right;"|3.4
|&nbsp;
|-
| '''L05'''
|[[File:LS-L05.svg|frameless|25x25px]]
|{{STN|Geidai-dōri|x}}
| 芸大通
|style="text-align:right;"|4.5
|&nbsp;
|-
| '''L06'''
|[[File:LS-L06.svg|frameless|25x25px]]
|{{STN|Kōen-nishi|x}}
| 公園西
|style="text-align:right;"|6.0
|&nbsp;
|-
| '''L07'''
|[[File:LS-L07.svg|frameless|25x25px]]
|{{STN|Aichikyūhaku-kinen-kōen|x}} ("[[Expo 2005|Expo]] Memorial Park")<ref group="Note">Formerly named Bampaku Kaijo Station ("Expo Site")</ref>
| 愛・地球博記念公園
|style="text-align:right;"|7.0
|&nbsp;
|-
| '''L08'''
|[[File:LS-L08.svg|frameless|25x25px]]
|{{STN|Toji-shiryokan-minami|x}}
| 陶磁資料館南
|style="text-align:right;"|8.0
|&nbsp;
|rowspan="2"|[[Toyota, Aichi|Toyota]]
|-
| '''L09'''
|[[File:LS-L09.svg|frameless|25x25px]]
|{{STN|Yakusa|x}}<ref group="Note">Formerly named Bampaku Yakusa Station</ref>
| 八草
|style="text-align:right;"|8.9
|[[Aichi Loop Line]] (18)
|}

;Footnotes
{{Reflist|group="Note"}}

==Cancelled plan in Taiwan==
In 2006, there was a plan to use the system for the Xinyi LRT, a proposed line in [[Xinyi District, Taipei|Xinyi, Taipei]], Taiwan.<ref>[http://www.iot.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=148969&ctNode=1066 磁浮捷運 開進信義商圈?] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003143700/http://www.iot.gov.tw/ct.asp?xItem=148969&ctNode=1066 |date=2011-10-03 }} (Will manglev metro expand the commercial zone of Xinyi?), a report on [[China Times]], June 23, 2006. The news was cited on the Institute of Transportation official website, [[Ministry of Transportation and Communications (Republic of China)|Ministry of Transportation and Communications]], the [[Republic of China]], retrieved on November 12, 2008. {{in lang|zh}}</ref> The line was cancelled in 2007.<ref>[http://www.iot.gov.tw/english/ct.asp?xItem=180816&ctNode=1066 信義區輕軌捷運 市府否決] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003143748/http://www.iot.gov.tw/english/ct.asp?xItem=180816&ctNode=1066 |date=2011-10-03 }} (The city council rejects Xinyi LRT), a report on [[China Times]], August 9, 2007. The news was cited on the Institute of Transportation official website, [[Ministry of Transportation and Communications (Republic of China)|Ministry of Transportation and Communications]], the [[Republic of China]], retrieved on November 12, 2008. {{in lang|zh}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Expo 2005]]
* [[High Speed Surface Transport]]

==References==
{{Notelist}}
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Commons category|Linimo}}
* {{Official website|http://www.linimo.jp/en/}} (in Japanese)
* {{Official website|http://www.linimo.jp/language/en/index.php}} (in English)
* [https://www.maglevboard.net/en/visuals/photos/271-linimo-urban-maglev-cn The International Maglevboard]

{{Nagoya transit}}
{{Maglev}}
{{Rapid transit in Asia}}
{{Coord missing|Aichi Prefecture}}
{{Automated trains and fixed-guideway transit}}
[[Category:People mover systems in Japan]]
[[Category:Driverless Maglev]]
[[Category:Public transport in Japan]]
[[Category:Magnetic propulsion devices]]
[[Category:Rail transport in Aichi Prefecture]]
[[Category:Railway lines opened in 2005]]