View source for Limerick Generating Station

{{Short description|Nuclear power plant in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania,  US}}
{{more citations needed|date=July 2008}}

{{Infobox power station
| name = Limerick Generating Station
| name_official = 
| image = LimerickPowerPlant.JPG
| image_size = 
| image_caption = NRC image of Limerick Generating Station, Units 1 & 2.
| image_alt = 
| coordinates = {{coord|40|13|36|N|75|35|14|W|region:US-PA_type:landmark|display=inline,title}}
| country = United States
| location = [[Limerick Township, Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Limerick Township]], [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery County]], [[Pennsylvania]]
| status = O
| construction_began = {{start date|1974|6|19}}
| commissioned = Unit 1: February 1, 1986<br/>Unit 2: January 8, 1990
| decommissioned = 
| cost = $7.246 billion (2007 USD, Unit 1 only)<ref>{{cite web|title=EIA - State Nuclear Profiles|url=https://www.eia.gov/nuclear/state/archive/2010/pennsylvania/|website=www.eia.gov|access-date=3 October 2017|language=en}}</ref>
| owner = [[Constellation Energy]]
| operator = [[Constellation Energy]]
<!------------------------- NUCLEAR POWER STATIONS -->| np_reactor_type = BWR
| np_reactor_supplier = [[General Electric]]
| np_fuel_type = 
| np_fuel_supplier = 
| ps_cogeneration = 
| ps_cooling_source = [[Schuylkill River]]
| ps_cooling_towers = 2 × [[Natural Draft]]
<!------------------------- GENERAL -->| ps_units_operational = 1 × 1130 MW<br/>1 × 1134 MW
| ps_units_manu_model = [[GE BWR|BWR-4]] (Mark II Containment)
| ps_units_uc = 
| ps_units_planned = 
| ps_units_cancelled = 
| ps_units_decommissioned = 
| ps_thermal_capacity = 2 × 3515 MW<sub>th</sub>
| ps_heating_capacity = 
| ps_electrical_capacity = 2264
| ps_electrical_cap_fac = 93.77% (2017)<br/>90.85% (lifetime)
| ps_storage_capacity = 
| ps_annual_generation = 19,309 GWh (2021)
| website = [https://www.constellationenergy.com/our-company/locations/location-sites/limerick-generating-station.html Limerick Generating Station]
| extra = 
}}
The '''Limerick Generating Station''' is a [[nuclear power plant]] located next to the [[Schuylkill River]] in [[Limerick Township, Pennsylvania|Limerick Township]], [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery County]], [[Pennsylvania]], approximately {{convert|29|miles|km}} northwest of [[Center City Philadelphia|Center City]], [[Philadelphia]]. The facility has two [[General Electric]] [[boiling water reactor]] (BWR) units, cooled by natural draft cooling towers. According to its owner, [[Constellation Energy]], the two units are capable of producing 2,317 megawatts of power, which combined would provide electricity to around 2 million households. Constellation owns and operates this facility following their separation from [[Exelon Corporation]] in 2022. With the exception of refueling outages, Limerick Generating Station continuously operates at 100% power. The plant is connected to the grid, and transmits power, via multiple 500kv transmission lines.

Limerick is a [[black start]] plant, meaning it does not require grid power for stator excitation. For critical standby power, Limerick depends on eight [[Fairbanks Morse 38 8-1/8 diesel engine]] generator sets that each deliver 3000 kilowatts of power and are capable of achieving rated speed within ten seconds of start.

The cooling towers for the Limerick Generating Station can be seen for miles away in parts of Montgomery, [[Chester County, Pennsylvania|Chester]], and [[Berks County, Pennsylvania|Berks]] counties, and can be seen from the top of the tallest buildings in Philadelphia, including the [[One Liberty Observation Deck]] at [[Liberty Place]].

On the first monday of the month a 30-second-long test is run on sirens within a 10 mile radius of the plant. These monthly tests are low-volume "growls" compared to the high, undulating whine of the sirens in full use. On the first mondays of June and December the sirens are tested at their standard warning volume for 3 minutes.

==History==
[[File:Limerick Generating Station (2024).jpg|thumb|Limerick's cooling towers seen from the [[Philadelphia Premium Outlets]].]]
In 1969, the [[Philadelphia Electric Company]] (now PECO Energy, a subsidiary of [[Exelon]]) announced plans to build a nuclear power plant on a site along the [[Schuylkill River]] in [[Limerick Township, Pennsylvania|Limerick Township]], [[Montgomery County, Pennsylvania|Montgomery County]], approximately 30 miles northwest of [[Center City, Philadelphia]]. Community protests by the Keystone Alliance and other delays pushed the start of construction by the [[Bechtel]] Power Corporation to June 1974.

Limerick Unit 1 first attained [[Critical mass|criticality]] (began producing nuclear power, at limited capacity) on December 22, 1984 and was certified for commercial operation on February 1, 1986.

Limerick Unit 2 attained criticality on August 1, 1989, and commercial operation began on January 8, 1990.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.exeloncorp.com/powerplants/limerick/Pages/profile.aspx|title=Locations - Energy plants and facilities - Exelon|website=www.ExelonCorp.com|access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref>

On July 27, 1994, an F3 [[tornado]] struck the area surrounding the Limerick Generating Station. The tornado narrowly missed the station by two miles, but caused considerable damage to a nearby housing development in Limerick Township.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Cano |first=Will |date=2022-07-27 |title=When Limerick Township became 'Tornado Alley' in 1994 |url=https://www.pottsmerc.com/2022/07/27/when-limerick-township-became-tornado-alley-in-1994/ |access-date=2024-01-28 |website=The Mercury |language=en-US}}</ref>

President [[George W. Bush]] visited the Limerick Generating Station in May 2006 to discuss [[nuclear power]] and its role in the [[Advanced Energy Initiative]], which he announced at the [[2006 State of the Union Address]]. He toured the facility, including a trip to the control room of the plant.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2006/05/text/20060524-5.html|title=President Discusses Energy During Visit to Nuclear Generating Station in Pennsylvania (Text Only)|website=GeorgeWBush-WhiteHouse.Archives.gov|access-date=May 8, 2017}}</ref>

On October 20, 2014, the [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] (NRC) granted extensions for Limerick Units 1 and 2 for another 20 years. The units are now licensed to operate until 2044 and 2049 respectively.<ref>[http://pbadupws.nrc.gov/docs/ML1429/ML14293A264.pdf ''NRC Renews Operating Licenses of Limerick Nuclear Plant for an Additional 20 Years'']. U. S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission, October 20, 2014. Retrieved October 28, 2014.</ref>

Unit 2 of the station was scrammed from 100% power to a shutdown on June 1, 2016, at 9&nbsp;am. The reactor was shut down due to an electrical fault, causing the recirculation pumps to stop. The steam bypass valves that lead to the main condenser were opened and Limerick went through a normal hot shutdown process.<ref>{{cite web|title=NRC: Event Notification: MANUAL REACTOR SCRAM DUE TO UNEXPECTED CORE FLOW CHANGE|url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/event-status/event/2016/20160602en.html#en51968|website=NRC: Event Notification Report for June 2, 2016|access-date=February 18, 2017}}</ref>

== Electricity production ==
{| class="wikitable"
|+'''Generation ('''[[Kilowatt-hour|MWh]]''') of Limerick Generation Station'''<ref>{{Cite web |title=Electricity Data Browser |url=https://www.eia.gov/electricity/data/browser/#/plant/6105/?freq=M&pin= |access-date=2023-01-07 |website=www.eia.gov}}</ref>
!Year
!Jan
!Feb
!Mar
!Apr
!May
!Jun
!Jul
!Aug
!Sep
!Oct
!Nov
!Dec
!Annual (Total)
|-
!2001
|<small>1,720,999</small>
|<small>1,421,555</small>
|<small>1,571,281</small>
|<small>1,146,121</small>
|<small>1,714,981</small>
|<small>1,585,203</small>
|<small>1,707,221</small>
|<small>1,694,826</small>
|<small>1,654,876</small>
|<small>1,735,777</small>
|<small>1,680,970</small>
|<small>1,742,643</small>
!19,376,453
|-
!2002
|<small>1,723,068</small>
|<small>1,482,757</small>
|<small>1,142,347</small>
|<small>1,668,793</small>
|<small>1,554,140</small>
|<small>1,646,067</small>
|<small>1,567,800</small>
|<small>1,691,587</small>
|<small>1,639,388</small>
|<small>1,735,382</small>
|<small>1,691,178</small>
|<small>1,753,837</small>
!19,296,344
|-
!2003
|<small>1,753,254</small>
|<small>1,550,234</small>
|<small>1,130,516</small>
|<small>1,519,321</small>
|<small>1,714,769</small>
|<small>1,653,453</small>
|<small>1,696,881</small>
|<small>1,607,028</small>
|<small>1,624,447</small>
|<small>1,731,500</small>
|<small>1,674,951</small>
|<small>1,743,910</small>
!19,400,264
|-
!2004
|<small>1,722,720</small>
|<small>1,537,566</small>
|<small>1,168,932</small>
|<small>1,668,300</small>
|<small>1,671,600</small>
|<small>1,556,407</small>
|<small>1,683,613</small>
|<small>1,685,008</small>
|<small>1,567,029</small>
|<small>1,709,787</small>
|<small>1,660,675</small>
|<small>1,717,900</small>
!19,349,537
|-
!2005
|<small>1,716,885</small>
|<small>1,362,085</small>
|<small>1,004,085</small>
|<small>1,664,188</small>
|<small>1,677,581</small>
|<small>1,626,264</small>
|<small>1,608,325</small>
|<small>1,669,489</small>
|<small>1,609,470</small>
|<small>1,555,876</small>
|<small>1,667,420</small>
|<small>1,744,182</small>
!18,905,850
|-
!2006
|<small>1,667,901</small>
|<small>1,430,630</small>
|<small>1,140,055</small>
|<small>1,661,763</small>
|<small>1,592,421</small>
|<small>1,619,325</small>
|<small>1,668,413</small>
|<small>1,673,366</small>
|<small>1,629,221</small>
|<small>1,718,027</small>
|<small>1,665,166</small>
|<small>1,730,896</small>
!19,197,184
|-
!2007
|<small>1,730,497</small>
|<small>1,556,952</small>
|<small>1,096,433</small>
|<small>1,316,275</small>
|<small>1,684,085</small>
|<small>1,628,014</small>
|<small>1,675,750</small>
|<small>1,634,390</small>
|<small>1,625,974</small>
|<small>1,697,270</small>
|<small>1,674,801</small>
|<small>1,733,093</small>
!19,053,534
|-
!2008
|<small>1,709,982</small>
|<small>1,188,953</small>
|<small>1,065,283</small>
|<small>1,649,544</small>
|<small>1,744,775</small>
|<small>1,619,733</small>
|<small>1,667,984</small>
|<small>1,681,787</small>
|<small>1,609,184</small>
|<small>1,702,975</small>
|<small>1,673,330</small>
|<small>1,733,732</small>
!19,047,262
|-
!2009
|<small>1,731,717</small>
|<small>1,531,939</small>
|<small>1,396,490</small>
|<small>1,282,135</small>
|<small>1,692,512</small>
|<small>1,630,879</small>
|<small>1,678,051</small>
|<small>1,666,118</small>
|<small>1,607,336</small>
|<small>1,711,319</small>
|<small>1,666,889</small>
|<small>1,735,461</small>
!19,330,846
|-
!2010
|<small>1,717,455</small>
|<small>1,540,997</small>
|<small>1,329,570</small>
|<small>1,268,375</small>
|<small>1,680,777</small>
|<small>1,460,188</small>
|<small>1,635,055</small>
|<small>1,659,289</small>
|<small>1,584,617</small>
|<small>1,673,967</small>
|<small>1,666,693</small>
|<small>1,709,091</small>
!18,926,074
|-
!2011
|<small>1,716,769</small>
|<small>1,440,129</small>
|<small>1,427,642</small>
|<small>957,152</small>
|<small>1,596,256</small>
|<small>1,481,722</small>
|<small>1,667,199</small>
|<small>1,689,269</small>
|<small>1,626,067</small>
|<small>1,729,101</small>
|<small>1,684,638</small>
|<small>1,446,559</small>
!18,462,503
|-
!2012
|<small>1,743,758</small>
|<small>1,328,701</small>
|<small>1,071,712</small>
|<small>1,611,667</small>
|<small>1,405,686</small>
|<small>1,522,218</small>
|<small>1,314,452</small>
|<small>1,674,950</small>
|<small>1,475,259</small>
|<small>1,672,235</small>
|<small>1,633,409</small>
|<small>1,701,569</small>
!18,155,616
|-
!2013
|<small>1,751,458</small>
|<small>1,576,669</small>
|<small>1,522,770</small>
|<small>1,127,577</small>
|<small>1,704,240</small>
|<small>1,648,213</small>
|<small>1,680,800</small>
|<small>1,701,413</small>
|<small>1,651,900</small>
|<small>1,730,161</small>
|<small>1,698,595</small>
|<small>1,748,269</small>
!19,542,065
|-
!2014
|<small>1,761,978</small>
|<small>1,584,692</small>
|<small>987,324</small>
|<small>1,183,600</small>
|<small>1,695,842</small>
|<small>1,651,260</small>
|<small>1,697,166</small>
|<small>1,703,843</small>
|<small>1,624,208</small>
|<small>1,731,219</small>
|<small>1,699,199</small>
|<small>1,756,913</small>
!19,077,244
|-
!2015
|<small>1,751,913</small>
|<small>1,461,440</small>
|<small>1,622,446</small>
|<small>1,091,120</small>
|<small>1,437,584</small>
|<small>1,645,722</small>
|<small>1,689,443</small>
|<small>1,695,036</small>
|<small>1,628,634</small>
|<small>1,723,941</small>
|<small>1,686,885</small>
|<small>1,497,213</small>
!18,931,377
|-
!2016
|<small>1,753,510</small>
|<small>1,607,138</small>
|<small>1,352,635</small>
|<small>1,213,874</small>
|<small>1,709,628</small>
|<small>1,582,149</small>
|<small>1,684,955</small>
|<small>1,680,157</small>
|<small>1,643,223</small>
|<small>1,727,511</small>
|<small>1,689,950</small>
|<small>1,750,645</small>
!19,395,375
|-
!2017
|<small>1,741,930</small>
|<small>1,558,680</small>
|<small>1,672,939</small>
|<small>1,197,273</small>
|<small>956,769</small>
|<small>1,649,145</small>
|<small>1,676,523</small>
|<small>1,594,619</small>
|<small>1,651,728</small>
|<small>1,409,430</small>
|<small>1,693,432</small>
|<small>1,750,489</small>
!18,552,957
|-
!2018
|<small>1,737,890</small>
|<small>1,517,844</small>
|<small>1,465,309</small>
|<small>1,151,564</small>
|<small>1,691,798</small>
|<small>1,617,941</small>
|<small>1,694,980</small>
|<small>1,680,943</small>
|<small>1,640,875</small>
|<small>1,730,111</small>
|<small>1,699,359</small>
|<small>1,710,012</small>
!19,338,626
|-
!2019
|<small>1,754,824</small>
|<small>1,570,155</small>
|<small>1,675,109</small>
|<small>1,153,115</small>
|<small>1,511,770</small>
|<small>1,511,990</small>
|<small>1,690,451</small>
|<small>1,699,453</small>
|<small>1,625,116</small>
|<small>1,728,335</small>
|<small>1,686,400</small>
|<small>1,738,876</small>
!19,345,594
|-
!2020
|<small>1,718,927</small>
|<small>1,529,354</small>
|<small>1,444,047</small>
|<small>1,318,997</small>
|<small>1,728,841</small>
|<small>1,637,515</small>
|<small>1,687,857</small>
|<small>1,693,885</small>
|<small>1,614,751</small>
|<small>1,730,909</small>
|<small>1,541,707</small>
|<small>1,697,974</small>
!19,344,764
|-
!2021
|<small>1,748,069</small>
|<small>1,559,537</small>
|<small>1,540,707</small>
|<small>1,357,962</small>
|<small>1,263,678</small>
|<small>1,643,516</small>
|<small>1,691,105</small>
|<small>1,690,225</small>
|<small>1,646,667</small>
|<small>1,720,568</small>
|<small>1,696,074</small>
|<small>1,751,220</small>
!19,309,328
|-
!2022
|<small>1,742,519</small>
|<small>1,546,378</small>
|<small>1,487,783</small>
|<small>1,009,362</small>
|<small>1,571,477</small>
|<small>1,650,562</small>
|<small>1,685,350</small>
|<small>1,687,841</small>
|<small>1,633,204</small>
|<small>1,729,399</small>
|<small>1,674,688</small>
|<small>1,748,593</small>
!19,167,156
|-
!2023
|<small>1,737,403</small>
|<small>1,539,868</small>
|<small>1,478,157</small>
|<small>1,447,736</small>
|<small>1,171,119</small>
|<small>1,641,193</small>
|<small>1,673,235</small>
|<small>1,688,894</small>
|<small>1,644,281</small>
|<small>1,717,282</small>
|<small>1,685,930</small>
|<small>1,668,977</small>
!19,094,075
|-
!2024
|<small>1,619,051</small>
|<small>1,613,523</small>
|<small>1,639,582</small>
|<small>1,037,263</small>
|<small>1,695,803</small>
|<small>1,631,996</small>
|<small>1,675,364</small>
|<small>1,688,287</small>
|<small>1,622,020</small>
|<small>1,723,600</small>
|<small>1,665,569</small>
|<small>1,748,284</small>
!19,360,342
|-
!2025
|<small>1,754,494</small>
|<small>1,569,604</small>
|<small>1,680,196</small>
|<small>1,437,345</small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
|<small></small>
!--
|-
|}

==Seismic risk==
The Nuclear Regulatory Commission estimates the risk of an earthquake intense enough to cause core damage to every reactor in the U.S. According to the NRC study published in August 2010, Limerick's earthquake risk was calculated at 1 in 18,868.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-03-16 |title=What are the odds? US nuke plants ranked by quake risk |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42103936 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |url=http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/NEWS/quake%20nrc%20risk%20estimates.pdf |title=Archived copy |access-date=2011-04-19 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170525170632/http://msnbcmedia.msn.com/i/msnbc/Sections/NEWS/quake%20nrc%20risk%20estimates.pdf |archive-date=2017-05-25 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Following the [[Fukushima Daiichi nuclear disaster]] in 2011, government regulators announced the plant would undergo further evaluations for seismic activity risk.<ref>[http://philadelphia.cbslocal.com/2011/03/14/american-nuclear-power-under-scrutiny-after-disaster-in-japan/ "American Nuclear Power Under Scrutiny After Disaster In Japan"], CBS Philadelphia. March 14, 2011. Accessed June 14, 2011</ref>

A quarry is located nearby which occasionally does blasting; however, this is done with the consent of plant staff.

==Surrounding population==
The [[Nuclear Regulatory Commission]] defines two emergency planning zones around nuclear power plants: a plume exposure pathway zone with a radius of {{convert|10|mi}}, concerned primarily with exposure to, and inhalation of, airborne [[radioactive contamination]], and an ingestion pathway zone of about {{convert|50|mi}}, concerned primarily with ingestion of food and liquid contaminated by radioactivity.<ref>{{cite web |title=NRC: Backgrounder on Emergency Preparedness for Nuclear Power Plants |url=https://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/emerg-plan-prep-nuc-power-bg.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20061002131207/http://www.nrc.gov/reading-rm/doc-collections/fact-sheets/emerg-plan-prep-nuc-power-bg.html |archive-date=2006-10-02 |access-date=2012-03-14}}</ref>

The 2010 U.S. population within {{convert|10|mi}} of Limerick was 252,197, an increase of 18.7 percent in a decade, according to an analysis of U.S. Census data for msnbc.com. The 2010 U.S. population within {{convert|50|mi}} was 8,027,924, an increase of 6.1 percent since 2000.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2011-04-14 |title=Nuclear neighbors: Population rises near US reactors |url=https://www.nbcnews.com/id/wbna42555888 |access-date=2024-08-16 |website=NBC News |language=en}}</ref>

Cities within 50 miles:
* Pennsylvania
** [[Philadelphia]] (28mi/45km)
** [[Allentown, Pennsylvania|Allentown]] (27mi/43km)
** [[Reading, Pennsylvania|Reading]] (19mi/31km)
* New Jersey
** [[Trenton, New Jersey|Trenton]] (Capital) (43mi/69km)
** [[Camden, New Jersey|Camden]] (32mi/52km)
* Delaware
** [[Wilmington, Delaware|Wilmington]] (33mi/53km)

==See also==
{{stack|{{Portal|Pennsylvania|Energy|Nuclear technology}}}}
* [[Nuclear power]]
* [[Fricks Locks Historic District]]
* [[List of largest power stations in the United States]]


==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Limerick Generating Station}}
*[http://www.eia.doe.gov/cneaf/nuclear/page/at_a_glance/reactors/limerick.html DoE Page]
*[http://www.nucleartourist.com/us/limerick.htm Nuclear Tourist page on this site.]
*[https://www.nrc.gov/reactors/new-reactors.html NRC page, listing new reactor applications. Includes many more than the "Future" list below.]
*[http://www.exeloncorp.com/PowerPlants/limerick/Pages/profile.aspx www.exeloncorp.com]

{{U.S. Nuclear Plants}}

[[Category:Energy infrastructure completed in 1989]]
[[Category:Nuclear power plants in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Towers in Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Buildings and structures in Montgomery County, Pennsylvania]]
[[Category:Exelon]]