View source for Liliales

{{Short description|Order of monocot flowering plants, including lilies}}
{{Automatic taxobox
| taxon = Liliales
| fossil_range = {{fossil range|120|0}}[[Early Cretaceous]]- Recent
| image = Lil candidum 01Hab Griechenland Konitsa 04 06 00.jpg
| image_caption = ''[[Lilium candidum]]''
| authority = [[Karl Julius Perleb|Perleb]] (1826){{sfn|WFO|2019}}{{sfn|APG III|2009}}
| type_species = ''[[Lilium candidum]]''
| type_species_authority = [[Carl Linnaeus|L.]]
| subdivision_ranks = Families
| subdivision = [[Alstroemeriaceae]]<br/>
[[Campynemataceae]]<br/>
[[Colchicaceae]]<br/>
[[Corsiaceae]]<br/>
[[Liliaceae]]<br/>
[[Melanthiaceae]]<br/>
[[Petermannia]]ceae<br/>
[[Philesiaceae]]<br/>
[[Ripogonaceae]]<br/>
[[Smilacaceae]]
| synonyms_ref ={{sfn|Reveal|2012}}
| synonyms = Liliiflora
}}

'''Liliales''' is an [[order (biology)|order]] of [[monocotyledon]]ous [[flowering plant]]s in the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] and [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Web]] [[List of systems of plant classification|system]], within the [[lilioid monocots]]. This order of necessity includes the [[Family (taxonomy)|family]] [[Liliaceae]]. The [[APG III system]] (2009) places this order in the [[monocot]] [[clade]]. In APG III, the family [[Luzuriagaceae]] is combined with the family [[Alstroemeriaceae]] and the family [[Petermannia]]ceae is recognized. Both the order Lililiales and the family Liliaceae have had a widely disputed history, with the [[circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] varying greatly from one taxonomist to another. Previous members of this order, which at one stage included most monocots with  conspicuous [[tepals]] and lacking [[starch]] in the [[endosperm]] are now distributed over three orders, Liliales, [[Dioscoreales]] and [[Asparagales]], using predominantly [[molecular phylogenetics]]. The newly delimited Liliales is [[monophyletic]], with ten families. Well known plants from the order include ''[[Lilium]]'' (lily), [[tulip]], the North American wildflower ''[[Trillium]]'', and [[Smilax|greenbrier]].

Thus circumscribed, this order consists mostly of [[herbaceous]] plants, but [[lianas]] and [[shrubs]] also occur. They are mostly [[perennial plant]]s, with food [[storage organs]] such as [[corm]]s or [[rhizome]]s. The family [[Corsiaceae]] is notable for being [[heterotrophic]].

The order has worldwide distribution. The larger families (with more than 100 species) are roughly confined to the [[Northern Hemisphere]], or are distributed worldwide, centering on the north. On the other hand, the smaller families (with up to 10 species) are confined to the [[Southern Hemisphere]], or sometimes just to [[Australia]] or [[South America]]. The total number of species in the order is now about 1768.

As with any [[herb]]aceous group, the [[fossil]] record of the Liliales is rather scarce. There are several species from the [[Eocene]], such as ''Petermanniopsis anglesaensis'' or ''Smilax'', but their identification is not definite. Another known fossil is ''Ripogonum scandens'' from the [[Miocene]]. Due to the scarcity of data, it seems impossible to determine precisely the age and the initial distribution of the order. It is assumed that the Liliales originate from the Lower [[Cretaceous]], over 100 million years ago. Fossil aquatic plants from the [[Cretaceous]] of northeastern Brazil and a new terrestrial species placed in the new genus ''[[Cratosmilax]]'' suggest that the first species have appeared around 120 million years ago when the continents formed Pangea, before dispersing as Asia, Africa and America.{{sfn|Flaviana et al|2014}} The initial diversification to the current families took place between 82 and 48 million years ago.{{sfn|Vinnersten|Bremer|2001}} The order consists of 10 families, 67 genera and about 1,768 species.

== Description ==

The Liliales are a diverse [[Order (biology)|order]] of predominantly [[perennial]] erect or twining [[herbaceous]] and [[vines|climbing]] plants. Climbers, such as the herbaceous ''[[Gloriosa (plant)|Gloriosa]]'' (Colchicaceae) and ''[[Bomarea]]'' (Alstroemeriaceae), are common in the Americas in [[temperate]] and [[tropical]] zones, while  most species of the subtropical and tropical genus ''[[Smilax]]'' (Smilacaceae) are herbaceous or woody climbers and comprise much of the vegetation within the Liliales range. They also include [[woody plants|woody]] [[shrubs]], which have fleshy [[plant stems|stems]] and underground [[storage organ|storage]] or [[perennating]] organs, mainly [[bulbous]] geophytes, sometimes [[rhizomatous]] or [[corm]]ous.{{sfn|Byng|2014|loc=p.&nbsp;61}} [[Leaves]] are elliptical and straplike with [[parallel venation]] or ovate with palmate veins and [[Reticulate venation|reticulate]] minor venation (Smilacaceae). In ''[[Alstroemeria]]'' and ''[[Bomarea]]'' (Alstroemeriaceae) the leaves are [[resupinate]] (twisted).{{sfn|Stevenson|Davis|Freudenstein|Hardy|2000}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}}{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}  
{{multiple image
| header    = Liliales
| align     = center
| image1    = Atlas de poche des plantes des champs, des prairies et des bois (PLATE 122) (6022597540).jpg
| caption1  = ''[[Colchicum autumnale]]'' (Colchicaceae)
| alt1      = Botanical illustration of Colchicum autumnale
| width1    = {{#expr: (150 * 379/599) round 0}}
| image2    = Tulipa humilis Lilliput bulbs.jpg
| caption2  = ''[[Tulipa humilis]]'' (Liliaceae):<br/>Bulbs
| alt2      = Bulbs of Tulipa humilis
| width2    = {{#expr: (150 * 799/599) round 0}}
}}
{{multiple image
| header    = Floral morphology
| align     = center
| image1    = Tulip Tulipa clusiana 'Lady Jane' Rock Ledge Flower 2000px.jpg
| caption1  = ''[[Tulipa clusiana]]'' (Liliaceae):<br/>Six undifferentiated [[tepals]]
| alt1      = Flower of Tulipa clusiana with six tepals
| width1    = {{#expr: (150 * 600/600) round 0}}
| image2    = Closeup of Stamen and stigma of Lilium 'Stargazer' (the 'Stargazer lily').jpg
| caption2  = ''[[Lilium]]'' (Liliaceae):<br/>[[Stigma (botany)|Stigma]], style, [[stamens]] (anthers, filaments) and [[tepals]]
| alt2      = Close up of sexual organs of a lily
| width2    ={{#expr: ( 150*800/ 400 ) round 0}}
| image3    = Anther dehiscence in Lilium.jpg
| caption3  = ''Lilium'':<br/>Extrorse [[anthers]]
| alt3      = Lily with outward opening anthers
| width3    ={{#expr: (150*  562/ 600 ) round 0}}
}}
The [[flowers]] are highly variable, ranging in size from the small green [[actinomorphic]] (radially symmetric) blooms of ''Smilax'' to the large showy ones found in ''[[Lilium]]'', ''[[Tulipa]]'' and ''[[Calochortus]]'' (Liliaceae) and ''[[Lapageria]]'' (Philesiaceae). [[Sepals]] and [[petals]] are undifferentiated from each other, and known as [[tepals]], forming a [[perianth]]. They are usually large and pointed and may be variegated in ''[[Fritillaria]]'' (Liliaceae). [[Nectaries]] may be perigonal (at base of tepals) but not septal (on [[Ovary (botany)|ovaries]]). Perigonal nectaries may be a simple secretory epidermal region at the tepal bases (''[[Lapageria]]'') or small, depressed regions fringed with hairs, often with glandular surface protuberances, at the bases of the inner tepals (''[[Calochortus]]''), while in ''[[Tricyrtis]]'' the tepals become bulbous or spur-like at the base, forming a nectar-containing sac. Ovaries may be inferior or superior, the style often long and [[Stigma (botany)|stigma]] capitate (pin headed). In a number of taxa there are three separate styles, particularly  some Melanthiaceae ''s.l.'' (e.g. ''[[Helonias]]'', ''[[Trillium]]'', ''[[Veratrum]]'') and ''[[Chionographis]]''. The outer [[integument]] epidermis of the [[seed coat]] is cellular, and the [[phytomelanin]] pigment is lacking. The inner integument is also cellular and these features are [[plesiomorphic]].{{sfn|Stevenson|Davis|Freudenstein|Hardy|2000}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}}{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}

The Liliales are characterised by ([[synapomorphies]]) the presence of nectaries at the base of the tepals (perigonal nectaries) or [[stamen]] filaments (''[[Colchicum]]'', ''[[Androcymbium]]'') most taxa but the absence of septal nectaries,{{sfn|Kubitzki|Rudall|Chase|1998}} together with [[extrorse]] (outward opening) anthers. This distinguishes them from the septal nectaries and introrse anthers that are the features of most other [[monocots]].{{sfn|Vinnersten|Bremer|2001}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}} Exceptions are some Melanthiaceae in which nectaries are absent or septal and anthers that are introrse (dehiscence directed inwards) in Campynemataceae, Colchicaceae, and some Alstroemeriaceae, Melanthiaceae, Philesiaceae, Ripogonaceae and Smilacaceae. Tepals are largely three-traced in net-veined taxa of Liliales (e.g. ''[[Clintonia]]'', ''[[Disporum]]''), distinguishing them from the single-traced Asparagales, and is associated with the presence of tepal nectaries, presumably to supply them. The presence of separate styles is also a distinguishing feature from Asparagales, where it is rare. [[Phytomelan]] is completely absent in Liliales seed coats, unlike Asparagales, which nearly all contain it.{{sfn|Givnish et al|2016}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}}

=== Phytochemistry ===

The stems contain [[fructan]]s, the plants also contain [[chelidonic acid]], [[saponins]], while some species contain [[velamen]]. The [[epicuticular wax]] is of the Convallaria type, consisting of parallel orientated platelets.{{sfn|Kubitzki|Huber|1998|loc=p.&nbsp;20}}

=== Genome ===

The order includes [[taxa]] with some of the largest [[genomes]] among [[Angiosperms]],{{sfn|Soltis et al|2003}} particularly [[Melanthiaceae]], [[Alstroemeriaceae]] and [[Liliaceae]].{{sfn|Leitch et al|2005}}

== Taxonomy ==

With 11 [[Family (taxonomy)|families]], about 67 [[genera]] and about 1,558 [[species]], Liliales is a relatively small [[angiosperm]] [[Order (biology)|order]], but a large group within the monocotyledons.{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}{{sfn|Simpson|2011}}

=== History ===

==== Origins ====

The [[botanical authority]] for Liliales is given to [[Perleb]] (1826), who grouped eleven families ([[Asparageae]], [[Pontederiaceae]], [[Asphodeleae]], [[Coronariae]],{{efn|Coronariae used ''[[sensu]]'' [[Carl Adolph Agardh|Agardh]] (1825),{{sfn|Agardh|1825}} that is corresponding to Linnaeus' Liliaceae}} [[Colchicaceae]], [[Dioscoreaceae]], [[Hypoxideae]], [[Amaryllideae]], [[Haemodoraceae]], [[Burmanniaceae]], [[Irideae]]) into an order he called Liliaceae.{{sfn|Perleb|1826}} In Perleb's system, he divided the [[vascular plants]] into seven classes, of which the [[Phanerogams|Phanerogamicae]] or seed plants he called his class IV, or Ternariae. The latter, he divided into five orders (''ordo''), including the Liliaceae.{{sfn|Perleb|1826}}

A number of later [[taxonomist]]s, such as Endlicher (1836) substitituted the term Coronarieae for this higher order, including six subordinate taxa. Endlicher divided the [[Cormophyta]] into five sections, of which Amphibrya contained eleven classes, including Coronarieae.{{sfn|Endlicher|1836}} The term Liliales was introduced by [[John Lindley|Lindley]] (1853),{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} referring to these higher orders as [[Alliance (taxonomy)|alliances]]. Lindley included four families in this alliance. Lindley called the monocots class Endogenae, with eleven alliances including Liliales.{{sfn|Lindley|1853}} Although [[George Bentham|Bentham]] (1877) restored Coronariae as one of seven [[Series (botany)|Series]] making up the [[monocotyledons]],{{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883}} it was replaced by Liliiflorae and then Liliales in subsequent publications (''see [[#famtab|Table]] for history'').{{sfn|Singh|2010|loc=p.&nbsp;312''ff''.}}

==== Phyletic systems ====

Subsequent authors, now adopting a [[phylogenetic]] (phyletic) or [[evolutionary]] approach over the natural method,{{sfn|Stuessy|2009|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC&pg=PA43 p.&nbsp;43]}} did not follow Bentham's nomenclature. [[August W. Eichler|Eichler]] (1886) used Liliiflorae for the higher order including Liliaceae, placing it as the first order (''Reihe'') in his class monocotyledons,{{sfn|Eichler|1886|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 p.&nbsp;34]}} as did [[Adolf Engler|Engler]] (1903),{{sfn|Engler|1903|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/127/mode/1up p.&nbsp;93]}} [[Lotsy]] (1911),{{sfn|Lotsy|1911}} and [[Richard Wettstein|Wettstein]] in 1924, in class Monocotyledones, subdivision Angiospermae.{{sfn|Wettstein|1924}}

[[John Hutchinson (botanist)|Hutchinson]] (1973){{sfn|Hutchinson|1973}} restored Liliales for the higher rank, an approach that has been adopted by most major classification systems onwards, reserving Liliiflorae for higher ranks. These include [[Arthur Cronquist|Cronquist]] (1981),{{sfn|Cronquist|1981}} [[Rolf Dahlgren|Dahlgren]] (1985),{{sfn|Dahlgren et al|1985}} [[Takhtajan]] (1997){{sfn|Takhtajan|1997}} as well as [[Robert Folger Thorne|Thorne]] and [[James Reveal|Reveal]] (2007).{{sfn|Thorne|Reveal|2007}}

[[Hutchinson system|Hutchinson]] (1973) derived a more elaborate hierarchy, placing order Liliales as one of 14 in division Corolliferae, one of three divisions of [[subphylum]] monocotyledons. [[Cronquist system|Cronquist]] (1981) placed the order Liliales as one of two in subclass [[Liliidae]], one of five in the class [[Liliopsida]] (monocotyledons) of division [[Magnoliophyta]] (angiosperms). [[Dahlgren system|Dahlgren]] (1985) made Liliales one of six orders in Superorder Liliiflorae, one of ten divisions of the monocots. [[Takhtajan system|Takhtajan]] (1997) had a more complex system of higher taxonomic ranks, placing Liliales as one of 15 orders within [[superorder]] [[Lilianae]], one of four within subclass [[Liliidae]]. Liliidae in turn was one of four subclasses in class [[Liliopsida]] (monocots).{{sfn|Reveal|1997}} In contrast [[Thorne system|Thorne and Reveal]] (2007) abandoned the use of monocotyledons as a distinct taxon, replacing it with 3 separate subclasses of Magnoliopsida (angiosperms), of which [[Liliidae]] consists of 3 superorders, placing Liliales in superorder [[Lilianae]].{{sfn|Thorne|Reveal|2007}}

In all these systems, Liliales (or Liliiflorae) were visualised as either a direct division of the monocots (or equivalent) or were placed in an intermediate division of the monocots, such as superorder Lilianae.{{sfn|Singh|2019|loc=pp.&nbsp;239–273}}

==== Molecular phylogenetic systems ====

The development of [[molecular phylogenetic]] methods for determining [[taxonomy (biology)|taxonomic]] [[Circumscription (taxonomy)|circumscription]] and [[phylogeny]] led to considerable revision of angiosperm classification,{{sfn|Chase et al|2000}} and establishment of Liliales as a [[monophyletic]] group.{{sfn|Fay et al|2005}}{{sfn|Petersen et al|2013}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}} It was clear by 1996, that the most useful system to date, that of Dahlgren, required urgent revision.{{sfn|Chase et al|2000}} The new classification was formalised with the creation of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Group]] (APG) system (1998–2016),{{sfn|APG I|1998}}{{sfn|APG IV|2016}} based on [[monophyletic]] [[clades]], which continued the use of Liliales as the name for the taxon.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=Zomlefer |first1=Wendy B. |last2=Whitten |first2=W. Mark |last3=Williams |first3=Norris H. |last4=Judd |first4=Walter S. |date=2006 |title=Infrageneric Phylogeny of Schoenocaulon (Liliales: Melanthiaceae) with Clarification of Cryptic Species Based on Its Sequence Data and Geographical Distribution |journal=American Journal of Botany |volume=93 |issue=8 |pages=1178–1192 |doi=10.3732/ajb.93.8.1178 |jstor=4122805 |pmid=21642183 |issn=0002-9122}}</ref>

The Angiosperm Phylogeny Group [[APG system]] (1998) established a structure of monocot classification with ten orders.{{sfn|APG I|1998}} Notable was the separation of asparagids, as suggested by Dahlgren,{{sfn|Kubitzki|Rudall|Chase|1998}} into [[Asparagales]], with other taxa placed in [[Dioscoreales]], resulting in a much reduced order.{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}}

=== Phylogeny ===

The position of Liliales within the monocots (Lilianae) is shown in the following [[cladogram]]. The monocot orders form three [[evolutionary grade|grades]], the [[alismatid monocots]], [[lilioid monocots]] and the [[commelinid monocots]] by order of branching, from early to late. These have alternatively been referred to as Alismatanae, Lilianae and Commelinanae.{{sfn|Kubitzki|Rudall|Chase|1998}} The alismatid monocots form the [[basal group]], while the remaining grades (lilioid and commelinid monocots) have been referred to as the "core monocots".{{sfn|Anderson|Janssen|2009|loc=p.&nbsp;205}} The relationship between the orders (with the exception of the two sister orders) is [[wikt:pectinate|pectinate]], that is diverging in succession from the line that leads to the commelinids.{{sfn|ps=none|Davis et al.|2013}} The lilioid monocot orders constitute a [[paraphyletic]] assemblage, that is groups with a common ancestor that do not include all direct descendants (in this case commelinids which are a [[sister group]] to Asparagales); to form a clade, all the groups joined by thick lines would need to be included. In the cladogram the numbers indicate [[crown group]] (most recent common ancestor of the sampled species of the clade of interest) [[divergence times]] in [[mya (unit)|mya]] (million years ago).{{sfn|Hertwick et al.|2015}}

{|
|{{anchor|Clad2}}'''Cladogram 1: The phylogenetic composition of the monocots'''{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}{{sfn|Stevens|2019a}}
{{barlabel|size=12|at1=5|label1=[[lilioid monocots]] 122|bar1=purple|at2=0.5|label2=[[alismatid monocots]]|bar2=green|style=font-size:100%;line-height:125%;width:400px;|cladogram=
{{clade
| align=center
|label1= [[Lilianae]] ''sensu'' Chase & Reveal (monocots) 131{{sfn|ps=none|Chase|Reveal|2009}}
|1={{clade
    | 1={{clade
       | 1={{clade
       |label1=
        | 1= [[Acorales]]|barbegin1=green
        | 2= {{clade
           |label1=
           | 1= [[Alismatales]]|barend1=green
          |label2=122
          | 2={{clade| thickness=3
            | 1=[[Petrosaviales]] | barbegin1=purple
            |label1=
           | 2={{clade| thickness=3
               |label1=120
               | 1={{clade| thickness=3
                  | 1=[[Dioscoreales]] 115| bar1=purple
                  | 2=[[Pandanales]] 91 | bar2=purple
                  }}
                 | 2={{clade |thickness=3
                     | 1= '''Liliales''' 121| bar1=purple
                     |label2=121
                     | 2= {{clade |thickness=3
                       | 1= [[Asparagales]] 120| barend1=purple
                        |label2=[[commelinids]] 118
                        | 2= {{clade
                          |1 = [[Arecales]]
                          |label1=
                          |2 = [[Poales]]
                          |3 = {{clade
                             | 1= [[Commelinales]]
                             | 2= [[Zingiberales]]
                             |label1=
              }}
           }}
         }}
      }}
                              }}
                         }}
              }}
        }}
      }}
    }}
}}
}}
|}

=== Biogeography and evolution ===

The [[crown group]] of Liliales has been dated to ca. 117&nbsp;[[Myr]] (million years ago) in the [[Early Cretaceous]] period of the [[Mesozoic]] era.{{sfn|Janssen|Bremer|2004}}{{sfn|Anderson|Janssen|2009|loc=p.&nbsp;205}}

=== Subdivision ===

The circumscription of Liliales has varied greatly since Perleb's original construction with 11 families in 1826.{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}} Many of these families are now considered to be in [[Asparagales]], with the remainder in [[commelinids]] and [[Dioscoreales]], as shown in this table.

{{anchor|famtab}}
{{Hidden begin|title=<big>Liliales families in progressive taxonomic schemes</big>| titlestyle = "text-align:center;"| border = 1px solid black}}
{| class="wikitable" style= "font-size: 67%"
! style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"|Perleb<br/>(1826){{sfn|Perleb|1826}} || style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"|Endlicher<br/>(1836){{sfn|Endlicher|1836}}|| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"|Lindley<br/>(1853){{sfn|Lindley|1853}} || style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"|Bentham & Hooker<br/>(1883){{sfn|Bentham|Hooker|1883}}|| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"|Eichler<br/>(1886){{sfn|Eichler|1886|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ&pg=PA6 p.&nbsp;34]}}|| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"|Engler<br/>(1903){{sfn|Engler|1903|loc=[https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/127/mode/1up p.&nbsp;93]}}|| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"|Lotsy<br/>(1911){{sfn|Lotsy|1911}}|| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"| Wettstein<br/>(1924){{sfn|Wettstein|1924}} ||style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"|Hutchinson<br/>(1973){{sfn|Hutchinson|1973}} || style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"|Cronquist<br/>(1981){{sfn|Cronquist|1981}}||style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"| Dahlgren<br/>(1985){{sfn|Dahlgren et al|1985}}||style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"|[[Takhtajan]] (1997){{sfn|Takhtajan|1997}}||style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"|Thorne & Reveal (2007){{sfn|Thorne|Reveal|2007}} ||style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #ccf"|APG IV (2016){{sfn|APG IV|2016}}
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background:#F2CEEC" |Liliaceae || style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"|Coronarieae|| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"|Liliales || style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"|Coronariae|| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"|Liliiflorae|| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"|Liliiflorae|| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"|Liliiflorae|| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"| Liliiflorae||style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"|Liliales|| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"|Liliales||style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"| Liliales||style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"|Liliales||style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"|Liliales ||style="border-right:solid black 2px;  background: #F2CEEC"|Liliales
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  |[[Asparageae]]<sup>A</sup> ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| Asparagaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px;| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  |[[Asphodeleae]]<sup>A</sup> ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Asphodelaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  |[[Colchicaceae]]||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Colchicaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Colchicaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Colchicaceae 
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  |[[Coronariae]]||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Liliaceae]]||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Liliaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Liliaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Liliaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Liliaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Liliaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Liliaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Liliaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Liliaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Liliaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Liliaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Liliaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Liliaceae
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  |[[Amaryllideae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Amaryllidaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Amaryllidaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Amaryllidaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  |[[Pontederiaceae]]<sup>c</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Pontederiaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Pontederiaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Pontederiaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Pontederiaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Pontederiaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Pontederiaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  |[[Dioscoreaceae]]<sup>D</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Dioscoreaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Dioscoreaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Dioscoreaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Dioscoreaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Dioscoreaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  |[[Hypoxideae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Hypoxidaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  |[[Haemodoraceae]]<sup>c</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Haemodoraceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Haemodoraceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Haemodoraceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Haemodoraceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Haemodoraceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|- 
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  |[[Burmanniaceae]]<sup>D</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Burmanniaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Burmanniaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  |[[Irideae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Iridaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Iridaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Iridaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Iridaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Iridaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Iridaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | [[Juncaceae]]<sup>c</sup> ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Juncaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Juncaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Juncaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Juncaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | [[Philydriae]]<sup>c</sup>  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Philydraceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Philydraceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Philydraceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | [[Melanthaceae]] ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Melanthaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Melanthaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|Melanthiaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |Melanthiaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |Melanthiaceae
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | [[Smilaceae]] ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | Smilaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Smilacaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Smilacaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Smilacaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Smilacaceae
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Gilliesiaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Gilliesiaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Roxburghiaceae]]<sup>P</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Stemonaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Stemonaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Stemonaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Stemonaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Xyrideae]]<sup>c</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Mayaceae]]<sup>c</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Commelinaceae]]<sup>c</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Rapateaceae]]<sup>c</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Rapateaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Bromeliaceae]]<sup>c</sup> ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Bromeliaceae| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Bromeliaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Velloziaceae]]<sup>P</sup>  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Vellosiaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Velloziaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Velloziaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Taccaceae]]<sup>D</sup>  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Taccaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Taccaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Taccaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Aloinaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Eriospermaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | 
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Johnsoniaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Agapanthaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Alliaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Tulipaceae]]||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Scillaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Dracaenaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Luzuriagaceae]]||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |Luzuriagaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Ophiopogonaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Lomandraceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Dasypogonaceae]]<sup>c</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Calectasiaceae]]<sup>c</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Flagellariaceae]]<sup>c</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Cyanastraceae]]<sup>c</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|Cyanastraceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|Cyanastraceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|[[Agavaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"|Agavaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Tecophilaeaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Trilliaceae]]||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |Trilliaceae ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |(in Melanthiaceae)
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Ruscaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Xanthorrhoeoideae|Xanthorrhoeaceae]]<sup>A</sup>||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Alstroemeriaceae]] ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |Alstroemeriaceae||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |Alstroemeriaceae
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Uvulariaceae]] ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |(in Colchicaceae<br/>Liliaceae)
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Calochortaceae]] ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |(in Liliaceae)
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Geosiridaceae]]<sup>A</sup> ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Medeolaceae]] ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"  |(in Liliaceae)
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Corsiaceae]]||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Corsiaceae]]
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Campynemataceae]] ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Campynemataceae]]
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Petermanniaceae]] ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Petermanniaceae]]
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Rhipogonaceae]]||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Ripogonaceae]]
|-
| style="border-right:solid black 2px;  | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |  ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px"| ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" | ||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Philesiaceae]]||style="border-right:solid black 2px" |[[Philesiaceae]]
|-
| colspan=14 | Treatment of families in modern taxonomy (APG), remaining families included in Liliales:
* A: [[Asparagales]] c:  [[commelinids]] D: [[Dioscoreales]] P: [[Pandanales]]
|}
{{hidden end}}

The availability of molecular phylogenetic methods suggested four main lineages within Liliales, and seven families;{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}} 
# Liliaceae group: Liliaceae (including some former [[Uvulariaceae]] and [[Calochortaceae]]), and Smilacaceae (including Ripogonaceae and Philesiaceae) 
# Campynemataceae
# [[File:Colchicum Persicum Baker in Behbahan, Iran IV.jpg|alt=Colchicum Persicum Baker in Behbahan|thumb|''[[Colchicum]] Persicum Baker in [[Behbahan]]'']]Colchicaceae group: Colchicaceae (including [[Petermannia]] and [[Uvularia]]), Alstroemeriaceae and Luzuriaga 
# Melanthiaceae (including [[Trilliaceae]])

The first Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification (APG I) in 1998 had the following circumscription, with 9 families, having separated Philesiaceae and Ripogonaceae from Smilacaceae:{{sfn|APG I|1998}}
* order Liliales
*: family [[Alstroemeriaceae]]
*: family [[Campynemataceae]]
*: family [[Colchicaceae]]
*: family [[Liliaceae]]
*: family [[Luzuriagaceae]]
*: family [[Melanthiaceae]]
*: family [[Philesiaceae]]
*: family [[Ripogonaceae]] 
*: family [[Smilacaceae]]

The [[APG II system]] (2003) added [[Corsiaceae]] to the Liliales,{{sfn|APG II|2003}} while [[APG III]] (2009) added [[Petermannia]]ceae and merged Luzuriagaceae into Alstroemeriaceae.{{sfn|APG III|2009}} The subsequent revision of [[APG IV]] (2016) left this unchanged, with 10 families.{{sfn|APG IV|2016}}

The exact phylogenetic relationship between the families of Liliales has been subject to revision. This cladogram shows that of the [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]] (2020):{{sfn|Stevens|2019}}{{sfn|Givnish et al|2016}}

{{Clade | style=font-size:100%;line-height:100%
|label1='''Liliales'''
|1={{Clade
   |1=[[Campynemataceae]]   
   |2=[[Corsiaceae]]
   |label3=branch with 50–80% support 
   |3={{Clade
      |1=[[Melanthiaceae]]
      |2={{Clade
         |1={{Clade
            |1=[[Liliaceae]]
            |2=[[Smilacaceae]]
            }}
         |2={{Clade
            |1=[[Philesiaceae]]
            |2=[[Ripogonaceae]]
            }}
        }}
      |label3=branch with 50–80% support
      |3={{Clade
         |1=[[Petermanniaceae]]
         |2={{Clade
            |1=[[Colchicaceae]]
            |2={{Clade
               |1=[[Alstroemeriaceae]]
               |2=[[Luzuriagaceae]]
               }}
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}
The bulk of the Liliales species are found in the family Liliaceae (16 genera, 610 species). Of the remaining nine families, three are referred to as the vine families (Ripogonaceae, Philesiaceae and Smilacaceae) and form a cluster.{{sfn|Givnish et al|2016}}

=== Families ===
{|
|[[File:CorsiaOrnata.jpg|upright|thumb|130px|left|''[[Corsia ornata]]''|alt=Flower of Corsia ornata]]

==== Corsiaceae ====
{{Main|Corsiaceae }}
The Corsiaceae (ghost-flower family) are a family of 3 [[mycoheterotrophic]] genera, lacking [[chlorophyll]], with 27 species of perennial herbaceous plants. They are found in montane forests in South America (one genus) and from southern China to northern Australia in areas with high rainfall, and among dense leaf litter. The majority of species occur in the type genus ''[[Corsia]]''. The name commemorates the Florentine plant collector Marquis Bardo Corsi Salviati (1844–1907).{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}
|} 
{{Clear}}
{|
|[[File:Campynema purple.jpg|upright|thumb|130px|left|''[[Campynema lineare]]''|alt=Flower of Campynema lineare]]

==== Campynemataceae ====
{{Main|Campynemataceae }}
The Campynemataceae (Green-mountainlily family) are a family of two genera and four species of rhizomatous herbaceous plants found in Tasmania and [[New Caledonia]]. The name is derived from the [[Ancient Greek|Greek]] words ''kampylos'' (curved) and nema (thread).{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}
|} 
{{Clear}}
{|
|[[File:Veratrum album Aubrac.JPG|upright|thumb|130px|left|''[[Veratrum album]]''|alt=Flowers of Veratrum album]]

==== Melanthiaceae ====
{{Main|Melanthiaceae }}
The Melanthiaceae (Wake Robin family) is a family of perennial herbaceous plants, whose storage organs include bulbs, rhizomes and corms (rarely, e.g. ''[[Schoenocaulon]]''). Their distribution is temperate and [[boreal climate|boreal]] Northern hemisphere, in the Americas extending south to the Andes and in Asia to the Himalayas and Taiwan. Melanthiaceae consists of 17 genera and 173 species distributed in a number of subdivisions. The largest genus is ''[[Trillium]]'' (44 species) but many genera are monotypic. A number of genera, including ''Trillium'' are used as [[Ornamental plant|garden ornamentals]], especially for woodland gardens. ''[[Paris japonica]]'' is noted for having the largest [[genome]] known to date. The family name is derived from the Greek words ''melas'' (black) and ''anthos'' (flower) in reference to the dark colour of the petals.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}
|} 
{{Clear}}
{|
|[[File:Petermannia cirrosa.png|upright|thumb|130px|left|''[[Petermannia cirrosa]]''|alt=Petermannia cirrosa vine, growing in Australia]]

==== Petermanniaceae ====
{{Main|Melanthiaceae }}
The Petermanniaceae (Petermann's vine family) consists of a single species, ''Petermannia cirrosa'', a perennial woody vine with underground rhizomes. ''Petermannia'' is restricted to Queensland and New South Wales, in temperate rainforests between Brisbane and Sydney. The family was  named for Wilhelm Ludwwig Petermann (1806–1855), director of the [[Leipzig Botanical Garden|botanical garden at Leipzig]].{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}
|}
{{Clear}}
{|
|[[File:Colchicum autumnale.jpg|upright|thumb|130px|left|''[[Colchicum autumnale]]''|alt=Colchicum autumnale flowers]]

==== Colchicaceae ====
{{Main|Colchicaceae }}
The Colchicaceae (Naked-ladies or Colchicum family) are perennial erect and climbing plants with underground corms, tubers and rhizomes. They are herbaceous with the exception of ''[[Kuntheria]]'' which has a somewhat woody stem. Their distribution is widespread including in temperate zones in North America, Europe, North Africa and the Middle east and tropical zones in Africa, Asia and Australasia. They are absent from South America. The family is of medium size with 15 genera and about 285 species. The largest genus is the type genus, ''Colchicum'', with 159spp. Although the alkaloids, which characterise them, they contain are toxic to animals and humans, Colchicine has usage medicinally and in botanical laboratories. They are also include popular garden and indoor ornamentals. These include ''[[Colchicum]]'' and ''[[Gloriosa (plant)|Gloriosa]]''. The family is named after [[Colchis]] on the eastern Black Sea.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}
|}
{{Clear}}
{|
||[[File:Alstroemeria pelegrina. Mariposa de Los Molles).JPG|upright|thumb|130px|left|''[[Alstroemeria pelegrina]]''|alt=Alstroemeria pelegrina flower]]

==== Alstroemeriaceae ====
{{Main| Alstroemerieae}}
The Alstroemeriaceae (Inca-lily family) are erect or creeping perennial (rarely annual) herbaceous plants with occasional shrubby vines, some of which have evergreen stems. They are occasionally epiphytic and form often swollen rhizomes. They are found in tropical and temperate Central and South America, as well as Australasia. There are two large genera ([[Alstroemerieae]]), the erect ''[[Alstroemeria]]'' (S America 125 spp.) and twining ''[[Bomarea]]'' (Central & S America 122 spp.) and two genera ([[Luzuriageae]]) with 2 and 4 species each, for a total of 253 species in the family. Two species are widely used for food in S America, ''[[Alstroemeria ligtu]]'' is used for a flour ([[Chuño]]) that is extracted from its roots, while the tubers of ''[[Bomarea edulis]]'' are directly consumed. ''[[Luzuriaga radicans]]'', also from S America, produces fibre used in rope making. ''Alstroemeria'' cultivars are popular ornamentals and widely used as [[cut flowers]] (Peruvian lilies). The family is named for [[Clas Alströmer|Baron Clas Alströmer]] (1736–1794), a student of Linnaeus.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}
|} 
{{Clear}}
{|
||[[File:Ripogonum scandens Ulva Island 2.JPG|upright|thumb|130px|left|''[[Ripogonum scandens]]''|alt=Developing inflorescence of Ripogonum scandens]]

==== Ripogonaceae ====
{{Main|Ripogonaceae}}
The Ripogonaceae (Supplejack family) is a family with a single genus, ''Ripogonum'', and six species. They are woody evergreen shrubs and vines arising from a horizontal rhizome, swollen at its base to form a tuber. They are confined to Eastern Australasia, with the type species, ''Ripogonum scandens'' as the sole New Zealand species. The stems have a use in basketry and building and the young shoots are edible. The name is derived from two Greek words, ''ripos'' (wicker) and ''gony'' (node) in reference to their node bearing shoots.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}
|} 
{{Clear}}
{|
||[[File:Philesia magellanica.jpg|upright|thumb|130px|left|''[[Philesia magellanica]]''|alt=Flowers of Philesia magellanic]]

==== Philesiaceae ====
{{Main|Philesiaceae}}
The Philesiaceae (Chilean-bellflower family) are a family consisting of two monotypic genera, the two species being ''[[Philesia magellanica]]'' and the similar ''[[Lapageria rosea]]''. They grow from a short woody rhizome, forming shrubs and vines respectively. They are found in the cool [[temperate forest]] of central and southern Chile, [[Magellan Straits|Magellan straits]] and adjacent Argentina, among the southern beech ([[Nothofagus]]) trees. ''Lapageria'' is the [[national flower]] of Chile and a popular ornamental with edible fruit. The name is thought to be related to the Greek word ''phileo'' (love), because of the attractiveness of its flowers.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}
|} 
{{Clear}}
{|
||[[File:Smilax aspera.jpg|upright|thumb|130px|left|''[[Smilax aspera]]''|alt=Leaves and berries of Smilax aspera]]

==== Smilacaceae ====
{{Main|Smilacaceae}}
The Smilacaceae (Catbrier family) consist of a single large genus, ''[[Smilax]]'', with about 210 species,{{sfn|Qi et al|2013}} making it the second largest family of the order, after Liliaceae. They are perennial vines, shrubs or herbaceous, sometimes woody, plants with short fibrous woody (sometimes tuberous) rhizomes. Smilacaceae are pantropical with extension into temperate zones north (N America, Mediterranean, Russian Far East) and south (Eastern Australia). A number of species have been used in traditional medicine and as foodstuffs. ''[[Smilax china]]'' was used to treat [[gout]]. ''[[Smilax aristolochiifolia|S. aristolochiifolia]]'' was used to treat [[syphilis]] (but later as sarsaparilla to flavor [[root beer]] and confectionary). The fruit of ''[[Smilax megacarpa|S. megacarpa]]'' is consumed in [[conserves]]. The young shoots of many species are also edible. The family is named after the Greek myth of the affair between the mortal Krokos (or [[Crocus (mythology)|Crocus]]) and the nymph Smilax, whose punishment was to be turned into the prickly vine ''[[Smilax aspera]]''.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}
|}
{{Clear}}
{|
||[[File:ShoshanTzachor-2-wiki-Zachi-Evenor.jpg|upright|thumb|130px|left|''[[Lilium candidum]]''|alt=Flowers of Lilium candidum]]

==== Liliaceae ====
{{Main|Liliaceae}}
The lily family, Liliaceae, are the largest Liliales family, with 15 genera and about 700 species, though much reduced from earlier circumscriptions, in four subfamilies. Of these genera, ''[[Gagea]]'' is the largest (204 spp.), but some are quite small, with ''[[Medeola]]'' being monotypic. They are perennial herbaceous plants, growing from bulbs or corms (rarely creeping rhizomes), with actinomorphic hypogynous flowers that are often coloured and patterned. They are predominantly northern temperate in distribution, with extension to subtropical areas of N Africa, India, China and [[Luzon]], but are absent from the southern hemisphere. The bulbs have been used as foodstuffs or in traditional medicine. ''[[Cardiocrinum cordatum]]'' and ''[[Erythronium japonicum]]'' are sources of starch. Many Liliaceae are important in the floriculture and horticulture industries, particularly ''[[Tulipa]]'' and ''[[Lilium]]'', but also ''[[Fritillaria]]''. Many are also important ornamentals, such as ''[[Calochortus]]'', ''[[Cardiocrinum]]'', ''[[Clintonia]]'', ''[[Erythronium]]'' and ''[[Tricyrtis]]''. The name is derived from the Latin word for lily, ''lilium'', which in turn is derived from the Greek ''leirion'', a white lily.{{sfn|Christenhusz et al|2017}}{{sfn|Byng|2014}}{{sfn|Anderson|Janssen|2009|loc=p.&nbsp;205}}
|}
{{Clear}}

== Distribution and habitat ==

Widely distributed but most commonly found in [[subtropical]] and [[temperate]] regions, especially herbaceous taxa in temperate regions of the [[Northern Hemisphere]], and subtropical regions of the Southern hemisphere, including vines.{{sfn|Rudall et al|2000}} Since many species are [[horticulture|cultivated]] they have been [[introduced species|introduced]] in many regions and consequently worldwide, and a number have subsequently escaped and [[naturalisation (biology)|naturalised]].{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}

== Uses ==
Liliales form important sources of food and [[pharmaceuticals]] as well as playing a significant role in [[horticulture]] and [[floriculture]] as [[ornamental plants]]. Pharmaceutical products include [[colchicine]] from ''[[Colchicum]]'' and ''Gloriosa'' (Colchicaceae) and [[veratrine]] and related compounds from ''[[Veratrum]]'' (Melanthiaceae) and ''[[Zigadenus]]'' (Melanthiaceae).{{sfn|Traub|Kress|2016}}

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist|20em}}

==Bibliography==
{{Refbegin|30em}}

=== Books and symposia ===

* {{cite book|last1=Byng|first1=James W.|author-link=James W. Byng|title=The Flowering Plants Handbook: A practical guide to families and genera of the world|date=2014|publisher=Plant Gateway Ltd.|isbn=978-0-9929993-1-5|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoLaBAAAQBAJ|chapter=Liliales|pages=61–69}}
* {{cite book|last1=Christenhusz|first1=Maarten J. M.|last2=Fay|first2=Michael F.|last3=Chase|first3=Mark W.|author-link1=Maarten Christenhusz|author-link2=Michael F. Fay|author-link3=Mark W. Chase|title=Plants of the World: An Illustrated Encyclopedia of Vascular Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLo7DwAAQBAJ|date=2017|publisher=[[University of Chicago Press]]|isbn=978-0-226-52292-0|chapter=Lilkiales|pages=141–150|ref={{harvid|Christenhusz et al|2017}}}}
* {{cite book|last=Simpson|first=Michael G.|title=Plant Systematics|year=2011|publisher=[[Academic Press]]|isbn=978-0-08-051404-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ia2eIPVksMMC}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurcharan|title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach|year=2010|orig-date=2004|publisher=[[CRC Press|CRC]]|isbn=978-1-57808-351-0|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=z6fMBQAAQBAJ|edition=3rd}}
* {{cite book|last=Singh|first=Gurcharan|title=Plant Systematics: An Integrated Approach|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MiGeDwAAQBAJ|date=2019|orig-date=2004|publisher=[[CRC Press]]|isbn=978-1-00-057677-1}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stevenson|first1=D. W. |last2=Davis|first2=J. I. |last3=Freudenstein|first3=J. V. |last4=Hardy|first4=C. R. |last5=Simmons|first5=M. P. |last6=Specht |first6=C. D. |display-authors=5 |editor-last=Wilson |editor-first=K. L. |editor-last2=Morrison |editor-first2=D. A. |title =Monocots: Systematics and evolution |publisher=CSIRO Publ. |year=2000 |location=Collingwood, Australia |pages=17–24 |chapter=A phylogenetic analysis of the monocotyledons based on morphological and molecular character sets, with comments on the placement of ''Acorus'' and Hydatellaceae}}
* {{cite book|last1=Stuessy|first1=Tod F.|title=Plant taxonomy: the systematic evaluation of comparative data|date=2009|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|location=New York|isbn=978-0-231-51864-2|edition=2nd|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=b9Q2EOkw7toC}}
* {{cite book|editor1-last=Wilson|editor1-first=K. L.|editor2-last=Morrison|editor2-first=D. A.|title=Monocots: Systematics and evolution (Proceedings of the Second International Conference on the Comparative Biology of the Monocotyledons, Sydney, Australia 1998)|year=2000|publisher=[[CSIRO]]|location=Collingwood, Australia|url=http://www.publish.csiro.au/pid/2424.htm|isbn=0-643-06437-0|access-date=14 January 2014}} [https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC Excerpts]

;Taxonomic systems
* {{cite book |last=Cronquist |first=A |author-link=Arthur Cronquist |title=An integrated system of classification of flowering plants |year=1981 |publisher=[[Columbia University Press]] |location=New York |url=https://archive.org/details/integratedsystem0000cron |url-access=registration |isbn=0-231-03880-1 }}
* {{cite book |last1=Dahlgren |first1=R.M. |last2=Clifford |first2=H.T. |last3=Yeo |first3=P.F. |author-link=Rolf Dahlgren |title=The families of the monocotyledons |year=1985 |publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]] |location=Berlin |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3iGndTFY0skC |isbn=978-3-642-64903-5 |ref={{harvid|Dahlgren et al|1985}} }}  [https://www.springer.com/life+sciences/plant+sciences/book/978-3-540-13655-2 ''Additional excerpts'']
* {{cite book|last=Hutchinson|first=John|author-link=John Hutchinson (botanist)|title=The families of flowering plants, arranged according to a new system based on their probable phylogeny. 2 vols|date=1973|edition=3rd|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}
* {{cite book|editor-last1=Kubitzki|editor-first1=Klaus|editor-last2=Huber|editor-first2=Herbert|editor-link1=Klaus Kubitzki|editor-link2=Herbert Huber (botanist)|title=The families and genera of vascular plants. Vol.&nbsp;3. Flowering plants. Monocotyledons: Lilianae (except Orchidaceae)|year=1998|publisher=[[Springer-Verlag]]|location=Berlin, Germany|isbn=978-3-540-64060-8|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=FyPVYzL76sMC}}, ''([https://www.springer.com/gp/book/9783540640608 additional excerpts])''
* {{cite book|last1=Takhtajan|first1=Armen Leonovich|author-link=Armen Takhtajan|title=Diversity and Classification of Flowering Plants|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pnCVQjDUfuEC|year=1997|publisher=[[Columbia University Press]]|isbn=978-0-231-10098-4}}

=== Historical sources ===

* {{cite book |last1=Agardh |first1=Carl Adolph |author-link=Carl Adolph Agardh |title=Classes Plantarum |date=1825 |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7657#/summary |chapter=XI. Liliiflorae |page=8 |location=Lund |publisher=Literis Berlingianis |language=la }}
* {{cite book|last1=Bentham|first1=G.|last2=Hooker|first2=J.D.|author-link1=George Bentham|author-link2=Joseph Dalton Hooker|title=Genera plantarum ad exemplaria imprimis in herbariis kewensibus servata definita. vol. 3|year=1883|publisher=L Reeve & Co.|location=London|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/747#/summary|chapter=Coronariae|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/186440#page/17/mode/1up|pages=ix–x|language=la}}
* {{cite book|last1=Eichler|first1=August W.|author-link=August W. Eichler|title=Syllabus der Vorlesungen über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1886|orig-date=1876|publisher=[[Borntraeger]]|location=Berlin|edition=4th|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XE0bAAAAYAAJ}}
* {{Cite book |last=Endlicher |first=Stephanus |author-link=Stephan Endlicher |title=Genera plantarum secundum ordines naturales disposita |date=1836 |publisher=Apud Fr.Beck |location=[[Vindobonae]] |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/728#/summary |chapter=Coronariae |pages=129–157 |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/14572#page/196/mode/1up |language=la }}
* {{cite book|last1=Engler|first1=Adolf|author-link=Adolf Engler|title=Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien: eine Übersicht über das gesamte Pflanzensystem mit Berücksichtigung der Medicinal- und Nutzpflanzen nebst einer Übersicht über die Florenreiche und Florengebiete der Erde zum Gebrauch bei Vorlesungen und Studien über specielle und medicinisch-pharmaceutische Botanik|date=1903|orig-date=1892|publisher=Gebrüder Borntraeger Verlag|location=Berlin|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/22956#/summary|edition=3rd|chapter=Liliiflorae|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/63778#page/127/mode/1up|pages=93–101}}, see also [[Syllabus der Pflanzenfamilien]]
* {{cite book|last=Lindley|first=John|author-link=John Lindley|title=The Vegetable Kingdom: or, The structure, classification, and uses of plants, illustrated upon the natural system|publisher=Bradbury & Evans|location=London|date=1853|orig-date=1846|edition=3rd.|url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/95459#/summary|chapter=Liliales|pages=195–206|chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/173373#page/305/mode/1up}}
* {{cite book |last1=Lotsy |first1=J. P. |title=Vorträge über botanische stammesgeschichte, gehalten an der Reichsuniversität zu Leiden. Ein lehrbuch der pflanzensystematick. III Cormophyta Siphonogamia |date=1911 |publisher=G. Fischer |location=Jena |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/33103#/summary |chapter=Liliifloren |chapter-url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/item/77531#page/723/mode/1up |pages=715–766 }}
* {{cite book| last= Perleb|first=Karl Julius|author-link=Karl Julius Perleb| year = 1826 | title = Lehrbuch der Naturgeschichte des Pflanzenreichs|page= 129| publisher = Friedrich Wagner|location= [[Freiburg|Freiburg im Breisgau]]}}
* {{cite book|first=Richard|last=Wettstein|author-link=Richard Wettstein|year=1924|edition=3rd|title=Handbuch der Systematischen Botanik 2 vols.|chapter-url=http://biolib.mpipz.mpg.de/library/authors/author_00267_de.html|chapter=Liliiflorae|page=862|access-date=11 January 2020|archive-date=18 February 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150218170153/http://biolib.mpipz.mpg.de/library/authors/author_00267_de.html}}

=== Chapters ===

* {{cite book|editor1-last=Hedges|editor1-first=S. Blair|editor2-last=Kumar|editor2-first=Sudhir|title=The Timetree of Life|date=2009|publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]|location=Oxford|isbn=978-0-19-156015-6|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9rt1c1hl49MC|last1=Anderson|first1=Cajsa Lisa|last2=Janssen|first2=Thomas|chapter=Monocots|pages=203–212}}
* {{cite book |last1=Chase |first1=Mark W. |author-link1=Mark Chase |last2=Soltis |first2=Douglas E. |author-link2=Douglas Soltis |last3=Soltis |first3=Pamela |author-link3=Pamela Soltis |last4=Rudall |first4=Paula J. |author-link4=Paula Rudall |last5=Fay |first5=Michael F. |author-link5=Michael Francis Fay |display-authors=etal |pages=3–16 |title=''"Higher-level systematics of the monocotyledons: an assessment of current knowledge and a new classification"'' |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/255708721 |date=2000 |ref={{harvid|Chase et al|2000}} }}, In {{Harvtxt|Wilson|Morrison|2000}}
* {{cite book |last1=Rudall |first1=P. J. |author-link1=Paula Rudall |last2=Stobart |first2=K. L. |last3=Hong |first3=W-P. |last4=Conran |first4=J. G. |last5=Furness |first5=C. A. |last6=Kite |first6=G. C. |last7=Chase |first7=M. W. |author-link7=Mark Chase |display-authors=5 |pages=347–359 |title=''"Consider the lilies: systematics of Liliales"'' |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YzQBUQqLS0YC&pg=PA347 |date=2000 |publisher=Csiro |ref={{harvid|Rudall et al|2000}} |isbn=978-0-643-09929-6 }}, In {{Harvtxt|Wilson|Morrison|2000}}
* {{citation |last1=Davis|first1=Jerrold I. |title=Early Events in Monocot Evolution |last2=Mcneal|first2=Joel R. |last3=Barrett|first3=Craig F. |last4=Chase|first4=Mark W. |last5=Cohen|first5=James I. |last6=Duvall|first6=Melvin R. |last7=Givnish|first7=Thomas J. |last8=Graham|first8=Sean W. |last9=Petersen|first9=Gitte |last10=Pires|first10=J. Chris |last11=Seberg|first11=Ole |last12=Stevenson|first12=Dennis W. |last13=Leebens-Mack|first13=Jim |author-link4=Mark W Chase |display-authors=5 |chapter=Contrasting patterns of support among plastid genes and genomes for major clades of the monocotyledons |pages=315–349 |doi=10.1017/CBO9781139002950.015 |isbn=978-1-139-00295-0 |ref={{harvid|Davis et al.|2013}} |year=2013 |editor1-last=Wilkin |editor1-first=Paul |editor2-last=Mayo |editor2-first=Simon J}}
* {{cite book |last1=Kubitzki |first1=K. |last2=Rudall |first2=P. J. |last3=Chase |first3=M. W. |author-link1=Klaus Kubitzki |author-link2=Paula Rudall |author-link3=Mark W. Chase |title=''"Systematics and Evolution"'' |date=1998 |pages=23–33}}, in {{harvtxt|Kubitzki|Huber|1998}}

=== Articles ===

* {{cite journal |last1=Fay |first1=Michael F. |last2=Chase |first2=Mark W. |last3=Rønsted |first3=Nina |last4=Davis |first4=Jerrold I. |display-authors=etal |author-link1=Michael F. Fay |author-link2=Mark W. Chase |author-link3=Nina Ronsted |title=Phylogenetics of Liliales: summarized evidence from combined analyses of five plastid and one mitochondrial loci |journal=[[Aliso: A Journal of Systematic and Evolutionary Botany|Aliso]] |date=December 2005 |volume=22 |pages=559–565 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228687437 |ref={{harvid|Fay et al|2005}} }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Givnish |first1=Thomas J. |last2=Zuluaga |first2=Alejandro |last3=Marques |first3=Isabel |last4=Lam |first4=Vivienne K. Y. |last5=Gomez |first5=Marybel Soto |last6=Iles |first6=William J. D. |last7=Ames |first7=Mercedes |last8=Spalink |first8=Daniel |last9=Moeller |first9=Jackson R. |last10=Briggs |first10=Barbara G. |last11=Lyon |first11=Stephanie P. |last12=Stevenson |first12=Dennis W. |last13=Zomlefer |first13=Wendy |last14=Graham |first14=Sean W. |author-link1=Thomas J. Givnish |display-authors=5 |title=Phylogenomics and historical biogeography of the monocot order Liliales: out of Australia and through Antarctica |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/301570024 |journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |date=December 2016 |volume=32 |issue=6 |pages=581–605 |doi=10.1111/cla.12153 |pmid=34727673 |s2cid=44059188 |ref={{harvid|Givnish et al|2016}} |doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Hertweck|first1=Kate L. |last2=Kinney|first2=Michael S. |last3=Stuart|first3=Stephanie A. |last4=Maurin|first4=Olivier |last5=Mathews|first5=Sarah |last6=Chase|first6=Mark W. |last7=Gandolfo|first7=Maria A. |last8=Pires|first8=J. Chris |author-link6=Mark W Chase |display-authors=5 |title=Phylogenetics, divergence times and diversification from three genomic partitions in monocots |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |date=July 2015 |volume=178 |issue=3 |pages=375–393 |doi=10.1111/boj.12260 |ref={{harvid|Hertwick et al.|2015}}|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Janssen|first1=Thomas|last2=Bremer|first2=Kare|author-link2=Kare Bremer|title=The age of major monocot groups inferred from 800+ ''rbcL'' sequences|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|date=December 2004|volume=146|issue=4|pages=385–398|url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/228815327|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2004.00345.x|doi-access=}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Leitch |first1=I. J. |last2=Soltis |first2=D. E. |last3=Soltis |first3=P. S. |last4=Bennett |first4=M. D. |author-link2=Douglas Soltis|author-link3=Pamela Soltis|title=Evolution of DNA Amounts Across Land Plants (Embryophyta) |journal=[[Annals of Botany]] |date=1 January 2005 |volume=95 |issue=1 |pages=207–217 |doi=10.1093/aob/mci014|pmid=15596468 |pmc=4246719|ref={{harvid|Leitch et al|2005}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Lima |first1=Flaviana J. De  |last2=Saraiva |first2=Antônio A.F. |last3=Silva |first3=Maria A.P. Da|last4= Bantim|first4=Renan A.M.|last5= Sayão|first5= Juliana M.|title=A new angiosperm from the Crato Formation (Araripe Basin, Brazil) and comments on the Early Cretaceous Monocotyledons |journal=[[Anais da Academia Brasileira de Ciências]] |date=December 2014 |volume=86 |issue=4 |pages=1657–1672 |doi=10.1590/0001-3765201420140339|pmid=25590706 |doi-access=free|ref={{harvid|Flaviana et al|2014}}}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Petersen |first1=Gitte |last2=Seberg |first2=Ole |last3=Davis |first3=Jerrold I. |title=Phylogeny of the Liliales (Monocotyledons) with special emphasis on data partition congruence and RNA editing |journal=[[Cladistics (journal)|Cladistics]] |date=June 2013 |volume=29 |issue=3 |pages=274–295 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-0031.2012.00427.x |pmid=34818830 |s2cid=85302313 |ref={{harvid|Petersen et al|2013}}|doi-access=free }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Qi |first1=Zhechen |last2=Cameron |first2=Kenneth M. |last3=Li |first3=Pan |last4=Zhao |first4=Yunpeng |last5=Chen |first5=Shichao |last6=Chen |first6=Guangcun |last7=Fu |first7=Chengxin |display-authors=5 |title=Phylogenetics, character evolution, and distribution patterns of the greenbriers, Smilacaceae (Liliales), a near-cosmopolitan family of monocots |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/263238692 |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |date=December 2013 |volume=173 |issue=4 |pages=535–548 |doi=10.1111/boj.12096 |doi-access=free |ref={{harvid|Qi et al|2013}} }}
* {{cite journal |last1=Soltis |first1=Douglas E. |author-link1=Douglas Soltis|last2=Soltis |first2=Pamela S. |author-link2=Pamela Soltis|last3=Bennett |first3=Michael D. |last4=Leitch |first4=Ilia J. |title=Evolution of genome size in the angiosperms |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |date=November 2003 |volume=90 |issue=11 |pages=1596–1603 |doi=10.3732/ajb.90.11.1596|pmid=21653334 |ref={{harvid|Soltis et al|2003}}|doi-access= }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Thorne|first1=Robert F.|last2=Reveal|first2=James L.|author-link1=Robert F. Thorne|author-link2=James Reveal|title=An Updated Classification of the Class Magnoliopsida ("Angiospermae")|journal=[[The Botanical Review]]|date=April 2007|volume=73|issue=2|pages=67–181|doi=10.1663/0006-8101(2007)73[67:AUCOTC]2.0.CO;2|s2cid=24415895 }}
* {{cite encyclopedia|last1=Traub|first1=Hamilton P|author-link=Hamilton Traub|last2=Kress|first2=WJ|title=Liliales|url=https://www.britannica.com/plant/Liliales|encyclopedia=[[Encyclopædia Britannica]]|date=2016}}
* {{cite journal | first1 = A.|last1= Vinnersten|first2= K.|last2= Bremer | year = 2001| title = Age and biogeography of major clades in Liliales| journal = American Journal of Botany | volume = 88| issue = 9| pages = 1695–1703| doi = 10.2307/3558415 |doi-access=free | jstor = 3558415 | pmid = 21669704}}

;APG
* {{Citation |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |year=1998 |title=An ordinal classification for the families of flowering plants |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/279592674 |journal=[[Annals of the Missouri Botanical Garden]] |volume=85 |issue=4 |pages=531–553 |jstor=2992015 |doi=10.2307/2992015 |ref={{harvid|APG I|1998}} }}
* {{Citation |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group II |author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group |others=Bremer, B., K. Bremer, M.W. Chase, J.L. Reveal, D.E. Soltis, [[P.S. Soltis]] & P.F. Stevens |year=2003 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG II |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=141 |issue=4 |pages=399–436 |ref={{harvid|APG II|2003}} |doi=10.1046/j.1095-8339.2003.t01-1-00158.x |doi-access=free }}
* {{Citation |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group III|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|others=Bremer, B., K. Bremer, M.W. Chase, M.F. Fay, J.L. Reveal, D.E. Soltis, [[P.S. Soltis]] & P.F. Stevens|year=2009 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG III |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=161 |issue=2|pages=105–121 | doi = 10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.00996.x |ref={{harvid|APG III|2009}}|doi-access=free |hdl=10654/18083 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{Cite journal |author=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group IV|author-link=Angiosperm Phylogeny Group|year=2016 |title=An update of the Angiosperm Phylogeny Group classification for the orders and families of flowering plants: APG IV |journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |volume=181 |issue=1 |pages=1–20  |doi=10.1111/boj.12385|ref={{harvid|APG IV|2016}} |doi-access=free }}
* {{citation|last1=Chase|first1=Mark W|last2=Reveal|first2=James L|author-link1=Mark W Chase|author-link2=James L Reveal|title=A phylogenetic classification of the land plants to accompany APG III|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]]|date=2009|volume=161|issue=2|pages=122–127|url=http://reflora.jbrj.gov.br/downloads/APG2.pdf|doi=10.1111/j.1095-8339.2009.01002.x|doi-access=free}}

=== Websites ===

* {{cite web|last1=Reveal|first1=James L|author-link=James Reveal|title=Takhtajan System of Classification|url=http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/pb250/takh1.html|website=Plant Systematics|publisher=University of Maryland: Norton-Brown Herbarium|access-date=10 January 2016|format=pbio 250 Lecture Notes|date=5 Nov 1997}}
* {{cite web |last1=Reveal |first1=James L |author-link=James Reveal |title=Indices Nominum Supragenericorum Plantarum Vascularium: Alphabetical Listing by Genera of Validly Published Suprageneric Names |url=http://www.plantsystematics.org/reveal/pbio/fam/allspgnames.html |website=Plant Biology |access-date=13 February 2020 |date=9 April 2012 }}
* {{cite web|last=Stevens|first=P.F.|author-link=Peter F. Stevens|date=2019|orig-date=2001|title=Liliales|website=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|AP Web v. 14]]|publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]|url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/orders/lilialesweb.htm#Liliales|access-date=14 January 2020}} (''see also'' [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]])
* {{cite web |last=Stevens |first=P.F. |author-link=Peter F. Stevens |date=2019a |orig-date=2001 |title=Main tree |website=[[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website|AP Web v. 14]] |publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]] |url=http://www.mobot.org/MOBOT/Research/APweb/treeapweb2map.html |access-date=14 January 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150521153254/http://www.mobot.org/mobot/research/apweb/treeapweb2map.html |archive-date=21 May 2015 }} (''see also'' [[Angiosperm Phylogeny Website]])
* {{cite web|last=WFO|title=Liliales Perleb|url=http://worldfloraonline.org/taxon/wfo-9000000298|website=[[World Flora Online]]|access-date=27 December 2019|date=2019}}
{{Refend}}

==Further reading==
{{Commons category|position=left}}
{{Wikispecies|position=left}}
{{Refbegin|30em}}

=== Books and symposia ===

* {{cite book|ref=none |last=Judd|first=Walter S.|author-link=Walter Stephen Judd|title=Plant Systematics: A Phylogenetic Approach |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hfVzQgAACAAJ |year=2002|edition=2nd|publisher=[[W.H. Freeman]]|isbn=978-0-87893-403-4}}

=== Historical sources ===

* {{cite book|ref=none |last1=Perleb |first1=Karl Julius |author-link=Karl Julius Perleb |title=Clavis, classium, ordinum et familiarum atque index generum regni vegetabilis. Diagnostische Uebersichtstafeln des natürlichen Pflanzensystems: nebst vollständigem Gattungsregister  |date=1838 |publisher=A. Emmerling |location=Freiburg |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/bibliography/7745#/summary}}

=== Articles ===

* {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Fay |first1=Michael F. |author-link1=Michael F. Fay|last2=Chase |first2=Mark W. |author-link2=Mark W. Chase |title=Modern concepts of Liliaceae with a focus on the relationships of Fritillaria |journal=[[Curtis's Botanical Magazine]] |date=August 2000 |volume=17 |issue=3 |pages=146–149 |doi=10.1111/1467-8748.00258}}
* {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Givnish |first1=Thomas J. |author-link1=Thomas J. Givnish|last2=Zuluaga |first2=Alejandro |last3=Spalink |first3=Daniel |last4=Soto Gomez |first4=Marybel |last5=Lam |first5=Vivienne K. Y. |last6=Saarela |first6=Jeffrey M. |last7=Sass |first7=Chodon |last8=Iles |first8=William J. D. |last9=de Sousa |first9=Danilo José Lima |last10=Leebens-Mack |first10=James |last11=Chris Pires |first11=J. |last12=Zomlefer |first12=Wendy B. |last13=Gandolfo |first13=Maria A. |last14=Davis |first14=Jerrold I. |last15=Stevenson |first15=Dennis W. |last16=dePamphilis |first16=Claude |last17=Specht |first17=Chelsea D. |last18=Graham |first18=Sean W. |last19=Barrett |first19=Craig F. |last20=Ané |first20=Cécile |display-authors=5 |title=Monocot plastid phylogenomics, timeline, net rates of species diversification, the power of multi-gene analyses, and a functional model for the origin of monocots |journal=[[American Journal of Botany]] |date=November 2018 |volume=105 |issue=11 |pages=1888–1910 |doi=10.1002/ajb2.1178|pmid=30368769 |doi-access=free|hdl=2027.42/146610 |hdl-access=free }}
* {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Kim|first1=Jung Sung |last2=Hong|first2=Jeong-Ki |last3=Chase|first3=Mark W. |last4=Fay|first4=Michael F. |last5=Kim|first5=Joo-Hwan |title=Familial relationships of the monocot order Liliales based on a molecular phylogenetic analysis using four plastid loci: ''matK, rbcL, atpB and atpF-H''  |journal=Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society |date=May 2013 |volume=172 |issue=1 |pages=5–21 |doi=10.1111/boj.12039 |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/264520873|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Kim|first1=Jung Sung |last2=Kim|first2=Joo-Hwan |last3=Robinson-Rechavi|first3=Marc |title=Comparative Genome Analysis and Phylogenetic Relationship of Order Liliales Insight from the Complete Plastid Genome Sequences of Two Lilies (Lilium longiflorum and Alstroemeria aurea) |journal=[[PLoS ONE]] |date=14 June 2013 |volume=8 |issue=6 |article-number=e68180 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0068180 |pmid=23950788 |pmc=3688979 |bibcode= 2013PLoSO...868180K|doi-access=free}}
* {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Kim |first1=Jung Sung |last2=Kim |first2=Joo-Hwan |title=Updated molecular phylogenetic analysis, dating and biogeographical history of the lily family (Liliaceae: Liliales) |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/326848287|journal=[[Botanical Journal of the Linnean Society]] |date=August 2018 |volume=187 |issue=4 |pages=579–593 |doi=10.1093/botlinnean/boy031}}
* {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Li |first1=Hong-Tao |last2=Yi |first2=Ting-Shuang |last3=Gao |first3=Lian-Ming |last4=Ma |first4=Peng-Fei |last5=Zhang |first5=Ting |last6=Yang |first6=Jun-Bo |last7=Gitzendanner |first7=Matthew A. |last8=Fritsch |first8=Peter W. |last9=Cai |first9=Jie |last10=Luo |first10=Yang |last11=Wang |first11=Hong |last12=van der Bank |first12=Michelle |last13=Zhang |first13=Shu-Dong |last14=Wang |first14=Qing-Feng |last15=Wang |first15=Jian |last16=Zhang |first16=Zhi-Rong |last17=Fu |first17=Chao-Nan |last18=Yang |first18=Jing |last19=Hollingsworth |first19=Peter M. |last20=Chase |first20=Mark W. |last21=Soltis |first21=Douglas E. |last22=Soltis |first22=Pamela S. |last23=Li |first23=De-Zhu |display-authors=5 |title=Origin of angiosperms and the puzzle of the Jurassic gap |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/333160434|journal=[[Nature Plants]] |date=6 May 2019 |volume=5 |issue=5 |pages=461–470 |doi=10.1038/s41477-019-0421-0|pmid=31061536|s2cid=146118264 }}
* {{cite journal|ref=none |last1=Sen|first1=Sumitra|title=Cytotaxonomy of Liliales|journal=Feddes Repertorium|date=1975|volume=86|issue=5|pages=255–305|doi=10.1002/fedr.19750860502}}

=== Websites ===

* {{cite web|title=Liliales Perleb |website=[[Tropicos]]|url=http://www.tropicos.org/Name/43000106?la|publisher=[[Missouri Botanical Garden]]|access-date=27 December 2019|date=2019}}

{{Refend}}

{{Monocotyledons}}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q53478}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Liliales| ]]
[[Category:Angiosperm orders]]
[[Category:Extant Aptian first appearances]]