View source for Ligurian language

{{short description|Gallo-Romance language native to Liguria, northern Italy}}
{{about|the modern Ligurian language|the ancient language|Ligurian language (ancient)}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Ligurian
| altname          = Genoese
| nativename       = {{lang|lij|lìgure}}, {{lang|lij|zeneize}}
| pronunciation    = {{IPA|lij|ˈliɡyɾe|}}, {{IPA|lij|zeˈnejze|}}
| states           = [[Italy]], [[Monaco]], [[France]]
| region           = Italy<br>{{*}}[[Liguria]]<br>{{*}}Southern [[Piedmont]]<br>{{*}}Southwestern [[Lombardy]]<br>{{*}}Western [[Emilia-Romagna]]<br>{{*}}Southwestern [[Sardinia]]<br>France<br>{{*}}Southeastern [[Provence-Alpes-Côte d'Azur]]<br>{{*}}Southern [[Corsica]]
| speakers         = 600,000
| date             = 2002
| ref              = e18
| familycolor      = Indo-European
| fam2             = [[Italic languages|Italic]]
| fam3             = [[Latino-Faliscan languages|Latino-Faliscan]]
| fam4             = [[Romance languages|Romance]]
| fam5             = [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
| fam6             = [[Western Romance languages|Western Romance]]
| fam7             = [[Gallo-Romance languages|Gallo-Romance]]
| fam8             = [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]]
| ancestor         = [[Proto-Indo-European language|Proto-Indo-European]]
| ancestor2        = [[Proto-Italic language|Proto-Italic]]
| ancestor3        = [[Old Latin]]
| ancestor4        = [[Vulgar Latin]]
| ancestor5        = [[Proto-Romance language|Proto-Romance]]
| dia1             = [[Brigasc]]
| dia2             = [[Genoese dialect|Genoese]]
| dia3             = [[Intemelio]]
| dia4             = [[Monégasque dialect|Monégasque]]
| dia5             = [[Royasc]]
| dia6             = [[Tabarchino]]
| nation           = 
| iso3             = lij
| glotto           = ligu1248
| glottorefname    = Ligurian
| lingua           = 51-AAA-oh & 51-AAA-og
| map              = Ligure-Ligurian-map.svg
| mapcaption       = 
| notice           = IPA
}}
'''Ligurian''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ɪ|ˈ|g|j|ʊər|i|ə|n}} {{respell|lig|YOOR|ee|ən}};<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Ligurian}}</ref> endonym: {{lang|lij-IT|lìgure}}) or '''Genoese''' ({{IPAc-en|ˌ|dʒ|ɛ|n|oʊ|ˈ|iː|z}} {{respell|JEN|oh|EEZ}};<ref>{{Dictionary.com|Genoese}}</ref> endonym: {{lang|lij-IT|zeneise}} or {{lang|lij-IT|zeneize}})<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genoese |url=https://omniglot.com/writing/genoese.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201115183251/https://omniglot.com/writing/genoese.htm |archive-date=2020-11-15 |website=Omniglot}}</ref> is a [[Gallo-Italic languages|Gallo-Italic]] language spoken primarily in the territories of the former [[Republic of Genoa]], now comprising the area of [[Liguria]] in [[Northern Italy]], parts of the Mediterranean coastal zone of [[France]], [[Monaco]] (where it is called [[Monégasque dialect|Monégasque]]), the village of [[Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud|Bonifacio]] in [[Corsica]], and in the villages of [[Carloforte]] on [[San Pietro Island]] and [[Calasetta]] on [[Sant'Antioco Island]] off the coast of southwestern [[Sardinia]]. It is part of the Gallo-Italic and [[Western Romance]] [[dialect continuum]]. Although part of Gallo-Italic, it exhibits several features of the [[Italo-Dalmatian languages|Italo-Romance]] group of [[Central Italy|central]] and [[southern Italy]]. [[Genoese dialect|Zeneize]] (literally "[[Genoese dialect|Genoese]]"), spoken in [[Genoa]], the capital of Liguria, is the language's [[Prestige (sociolinguistics)|prestige]] dialect on which the standard is based.

There is a long literary tradition of Ligurian poets and writers that goes from the 13th century to the present, such as [[Luchetto Gattilusio|Luchetto]] (the Genoese Anonym), {{Interlanguage link|Martin Piaggio|it|4=lij}}, and {{Interlanguage link|Gian Giacomo Cavalli|it|4=lij}}.
[[File:WIKITONGUES- Alessandro speaking Ligurian.webm|thumb|A man speaking Ligurian, recorded in [[Italy]]]]

== Geographic extent and status ==

=== Status ===
The [[Government of Italy|Italian Government]] does not consider Ligurian a language, but rather a dialect of [[Italian language|Italian]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Ligurian – CIDLeS |url=https://cidles.eu/ligurian/ |access-date=2023-12-04 |language=en-US}}</ref> Hence, it is not protected by law.<ref>Legge 482, voted on Dec 15, 1999 does not mention Ligurian as a regional language of Italy.</ref> Historically, Genoese (the dialect spoken in the city of Genoa) is the written ''[[Koiné language|koiné]]'', owing to its semi-official role as language of the [[Republic of Genoa]], its traditional importance in trade and commerce, and its vast literature.

Like other regional languages in Italy, the use of Ligurian and its dialects is in rapid decline. [[Italian National Institute of Statistics|ISTAT]]<ref>{{Cite web |date=2018-03-09 |title=L'uso della lingua italiana, dei dialetti e di altre lingue in Italia |url=https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/136496 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823042020/https://www.istat.it/it/archivio/136496 |archive-date=2018-08-23 |access-date=2018-08-22 |website=Istituto Nazionale di Statistica |language=it}}</ref> (the Italian Central Service of Statistics) claims that in 2012, only 9% of the population used a language other than standard Italian with friends and family, which decreases to 1.8% with strangers. Furthermore, according to ISTAT, regional languages are more commonly spoken by uneducated people and the elderly, mostly in rural areas. Liguria is no exception. One can reasonably suppose the age pyramid to be strongly biased toward the elderly who were born before [[Italy during World War II|World War II]], with proficiency rapidly approaching zero for newer generations. Compared to other regional languages of Italy, Ligurian has experienced a significantly smaller decline which could have been a consequence of its status or the early decline it underwent in the past. The language itself is actively preserved by various groups.

=== Geographic extent ===
Because of the importance of Genoese trade, Ligurian was once spoken well beyond the borders of the modern province. It has since given way to standard varieties, such as [[Italian language|Standard Italian]] and [[French language|French]]. In particular, the language is traditionally spoken in coastal, northern [[Tuscany]], southern [[Piedmont]] (part of the [[province of Alessandria]], around the area of [[Novi Ligure]], and the [[Province of Cuneo]], in the municipalities of [[Ormea]], [[Garessio]],<ref>{{Cite web |last=Duberti |first=Nicola |title=L'Alta Val Tanaro: inquadramento linguistico |url=https://www.academia.edu/5755976 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200222120802/https://www.academia.edu/5755976/Alta_Val_Tanaro |archive-date=2020-02-22 |access-date=2021-10-09 |language=it |via=Academia.edu}}</ref> [[Alto, Piedmont|Alto]] and [[Caprauna]]), western extremes of [[Emilia-Romagna]] (some areas in the [[province of Piacenza]]), and in [[Carloforte]] on [[San Pietro Island]] and [[Calasetta]] on [[Sant'Antioco Island]] off of southwestern [[Sardinia]] (known as [[Tabarchino]]), where its use is ubiquitous and increasing. It is also spoken in the department of the [[Alpes-Maritimes]] of [[France]] (mostly the [[Côte d'Azur]] from the Italian border to and including [[Monaco]]), in the town of [[Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud|Bonifacio]] at the southern tip of the French island of [[Corsica]], and by a large community in [[Gibraltar]] ([[UK]]). It has been adopted formally in Monaco under the name [[Monégasque dialect|Monégasque]] – locally, {{lang|lij|Munegascu}} – but without the status of official language (that is French). Monaco is the only place where a variety of Ligurian is taught in school.

The [[Mentonasc dialect]], spoken in the East of the [[County of Nice]], is considered to be a transitional [[Occitan language|Occitan]] dialect to Ligurian; conversely, Roiasc and Pignasc spoken further North in the Eastern margin of the County are Ligurian dialects with Occitan influences.

== Description ==
[[File:Romance-lg-classification-en.svg|thumb|500x500px|Chart of Romance languages based on structural and comparative criteria]]
As a Gallo-Italic language, Ligurian is most closely related to the [[Lombard language|Lombard]], [[Piedmontese language|Piedmontese]] and [[Emilian-Romagnol]] languages, all of which are spoken in neighboring provinces. Unlike the aforementioned languages, however, it exhibits distinct [[Italian language|Italian]] features. No link has, thus far, been demonstrated by linguistic evidence between Romance Ligurian and the [[Ligurian language (ancient)|Ligurian language of the ancient Ligurian populations]], in the form of a substrate or otherwise. Very little is known about ancient Ligurian itself due to the lack of inscriptions and the unknown origin of the Ligurian people. Only [[onomastics]] and [[toponyms]] are known to have survived from ancient Ligurian, the name ''Liguria'' itself being the most obvious example.<ref>{{cite news |url= http://www.treccani.it/enciclopedia/liguri |title=Liguri |date=2011 |department=Enciclopedie on line |website=Treccani.it |publisher=[[Treccani|Treccani -Istituto dell'Enciclopedia Italiana]] |location=Rome |language=it |quote=Le documentazioni sulla lingua dei Liguri non ne permettono una classificazione linguistica certa (preindoeuropeo di tipo mediterraneo? Indoeuropeo di tipo celtico?).}}</ref>

==Variants==
Most important variants of the Ligurian language are:
*Bonifacino (in [[Bonifacio, Corse-du-Sud|Bonifacio]], Corsica)
*[[Brigasc]] (in [[La Brigue]] and [[Briga Alta]])
*{{extinct}}Figùn (in [[Provence]])
*[[Genoese dialect|Genoese]] (main Ligurian variant, spoken in [[Genoa]])
**{{extinct}}Genoese of [[Gibraltar]]
**{{extinct}}Genoese of [[Tabarca|Nueva Tabarca]] ([[Spain]])
**{{extinct}}Genoese Pörtoriàn (in Genoa)
*[[Intemelio]] (in [[Sanremo]] and [[Ventimiglia, Italy|Ventimiglia]])
*[[Monégasque dialect|Monégasque]] (in [[Monaco]])
*Novéize or Oltregiogo Ligurian (North of Genoa, mainly in [[Val Borbera]] and [[Novi Ligure]])
*[[Royasc]] (in Upper [[Roya River|Roya]] Valley, between Italy and France)
*Spezzino (in [[La Spezia]])
*[[Tabarchino]] (in [[Calasetta]] and [[Carloforte]], Sardinia)
*Tendasc (in [[Tende]])

== Phonology ==
=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
|+Consonants in the Genovese dialect
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
![[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Stop consonant|Stop]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|k}}
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}}
|
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|
|
|{{IPA link|t͡ʃ}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|
|
|{{IPA link|d͡ʒ}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!<small>[[Voicelessness|voiceless]]</small>
|{{IPA link|f}}
|{{IPA link|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}}
|
|
|-
!<small>[[Voice (phonetics)|voiced]]</small>
|{{IPA link|v}}
|{{IPA link|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʒ}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɲ}}
|{{IPA link|ŋ}}
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}}
|
|{{IPA link|j}}
|{{IPA link|w}}
|}
Semivowels occur as allophones of {{IPA|/i/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}, as well as in diphthongs. {{IPA|/u/}} is realized as a semivowel {{IPAblink|w}} after a consonant, or before a vowel (i.e {{lang|lij|poeivan}} {{IPA|[pwejvaŋ]}}), as well as after {{IPA|/k/}}, when the sequence is spelled {{angbr|qu}}.

=== Vowels ===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center"
!
! colspan="2" |[[Front vowel|Front]]
![[Central vowel|Central]]
![[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
![[Close vowel|Close]]
|{{IPA link|i iː}}
|{{IPA link|y yː}}
|
|{{IPA link|u uː}}
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Mid vowel|Mid]]
|{{IPA link|e eː}}
|{{IPA link|ø̞ ø̞ː|ø øː}}
|
|
|-
| colspan="2" |{{IPA link|ɛ ɛː}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɔ ɔː}}
|- align="center"
![[Open vowel|Open]]
| colspan="2" |
|{{IPA link|a aː}}
|
|}
Diphthong sounds include {{vr|ei}} {{IPA|[ej]}} and {{vr|òu}} {{IPA|[ɔw]}}.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Toso |first=Fiorenzo |title=Grammatica del genovese: varietà urbana e di koiné |date=1997 |publisher=Le Mani |location=Recco}}</ref>

== Alphabet ==

No universally accepted orthography exists for Ligurian. Genoese, the prestige dialect, has two main orthographic standards.

One, known as {{Lang|lij|grafia unitäia}} (unitary orthography), has been adopted by the Ligurian-language press – including the Genoese column of the largest Ligurian press newspaper, {{Lang|it|[[Il Secolo XIX]]}} – as well as a number of other publishing houses and academic projects.<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/cultura-e-spettacoli/2015/12/13/news/o-sciorte-o-libbro-de-parlo-ci-o-pe-chi-gh-e-cao-a-nostra-lengua-1.38004111 |url-status=live |last=Acquarone |first=Andrea |date=13 December 2015 |title=O sciòrte o libbro de Parlo Ciæo, pe chi gh'è cao a nòstra lengua |trans-title=The anthology of Parlo Ciæo is now out, for those who love our language |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812055141/https://www.ilsecoloxix.it/cultura-e-spettacoli/2015/12/13/news/o-sciorte-o-libbro-de-parlo-ci-o-pe-chi-gh-e-cao-a-nostra-lengua-1.38004111 |work=[[Il Secolo XIX]] |location=[[Genoa]], Italy |access-date=11 August 2020|archive-date=12 August 2020|language=lij}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=GEPHRAS |url=https://romanistik-gephras.uibk.ac.at/content?page=home |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200814175335/https://romanistik-gephras.uibk.ac.at/content?page=home |archive-date=14 August 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020 |website=GEPHRAS |publisher=University of Innsbruck |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=http://editricezona.it/poesia.htm |title=Catalogo poesia |trans-title=Catalogue of poetry |publisher=Editrice Zona |url-status=dead |language=it |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200302144736/http://editricezona.it/poesia.htm |archive-date=2 March 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.deferrarieditore.it/tag-prodotto/biblioteca-zeneise/ |title=Biblioteca zeneise |publisher=De Ferrari editore |trans-title=Genoese library |url-status=live |language=it,lij |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200812060904/https://www.deferrarieditore.it/tag-prodotto/biblioteca-zeneise/ |archive-date=12 August 2020 |access-date=11 August 2020}}</ref> The other, proposed by the cultural association ''A Compagna'' and the [[Academia Ligustica do Brenno]] is the self-styled {{Lang|lij|grafia ofiçiâ}} (official orthography).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.zeneize.net/grafia/ |title=Grafîa ofiçiâ |publisher=Academia Ligustica do Brenno |trans-title=Official orthography |url-status=live |language=lij |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181004101754/http://www.zeneize.net/grafia/index.htm |archive-date=4 October 2018 |access-date=15 March 2019}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Bampi |first=Franco |date=2009 |title=Grafîa ofiçiâ. Grafia ufficiale della lingua genovese |publisher=S.E.S. – Società Editrice Sampierdarenese |series=Bolezùmme |location=[[Genoa]], Italy |isbn=978-8889948163 |language=lij,it}}</ref> The two orthographies mainly differ in their usage of diacritics and doubled consonants.

The Ligurian alphabet is based on the [[Latin alphabet]], and consists of 25 letters: {{angbr|a}}, {{angbr|æ}}, {{angbr|b}}, {{angbr|c}}, {{angbr|ç}}, {{angbr|d}}, {{angbr|e}}, {{angbr|f}}, {{angbr|g}}, {{angbr|h}}, {{angbr|i}}, {{angbr|l}}, {{angbr|m}}, {{angbr|n}}, {{angbr|ñ}} or {{angbr|nn-}}, {{angbr|o}}, {{angbr|p}}, {{angbr|q}}, {{angbr|r}}, {{angbr|s}}, {{angbr|t}}, {{angbr|u}}, {{angbr|v}}, {{angbr|x}}, {{angbr|z}}.

The ligature {{angbr|æ}} indicates the sound {{IPA|/ɛː/}}, as in {{lang|lij|çit(t)æ}} 'city' {{IPA|/siˈtɛː/}}. The [[c-cedilla]] {{angbr|ç}}, used for the sound {{IPA|/s/}}, generally only occurs before {{angbr|e}} or {{angbr|i}}, as in {{lang|lij|riçetta}} 'recipe' {{IPA|/riˈsɛtta/}}. The letter {{angbr|ñ}}, also written as {{angbr|nn-}} (or more rarely {{angbr|n-n}}, {{angbr|n-}}, {{angbr|nh}}, or simply {{angbr|nn}}), represents the velar nasal {{IPA|/ŋ/}} before or after vowels, such as in {{lang|lij|canpaña}} 'bell' {{IPA|/kɑŋˈpɑŋŋɑ/}}, or the feminine [[indefinite pronoun]] {{lang|lij|uña}} {{IPA|/ˈyŋŋɑ/}}.

There are five diacritics, whose precise usage varies between orthographies. They are:
* The [[acute accent]] {{angbr|´}}, can be used for {{angbr|é}} and {{angbr|ó}} to represent the sounds {{IPA|/e/}} and {{IPA|/u/}}.
* The [[grave accent]] {{angbr|`}}, can be used on the stressed vowels {{angbr|à}} {{IPA|/a/}}, {{angbr|è}} {{IPA|/ɛ/}}, {{angbr|ì}} {{IPA|/i/}}, {{angbr|ò}} {{IPA|/ɔ/}}, and {{angbr|ù}} {{IPA|/y/}}.
* The [[circumflex]] {{angbr|ˆ}}, used for the [[Vowel length|long vowels]] {{angbr|â}} {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{angbr|ê}} {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{angbr|î}} {{IPA|/iː/}}, {{angbr|ô}} {{IPA|/uː/}}, and {{angbr|û}} {{IPA|/yː/}} at the end of a word.
* The [[Diaeresis (diacritic)|diaeresis]] {{angbr|¨}}, used analogously to the circumflex to mark long vowels, but within a word: {{angbr|ä}} {{IPA|/aː/}}, {{angbr|ë}} {{IPA|/eː/}}, {{angbr|ï}} {{IPA|/iː/}}, and {{angbr|ü}} {{IPA|/yː/}}. It is also used to mark the long vowel {{angbr|ö}} {{IPA|/ɔː/}}, in any position.

The multigraphs are:
* {{angbr|cs}}, used for the sound {{IPA|/ks/}} as in {{lang|lij|bòcs}} 'box' {{IPA|/bɔks/}}.
* {{angbr|eu}}, for {{IPA|/ø/}}.
* {{angbr|ou}}, for {{IPA|/ɔw/}}.
* {{angbr|scc}} (written as {{angbr|sc-c}} in older orthographies) which indicates the sound {{IPA|/ʃtʃ/}}.

== Sample Text ==
Sources:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights – Ligurian |url=https://www.ohchr.org/en/human-rights/universal-declaration/translations/ligurian}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Nations |first=United |title=Universal Declaration of Human Rights |url=https://www.un.org/en/about-us/universal-declaration-of-human-rights |access-date=2023-12-04 |website=United Nations |language=en}}</ref>
=== Ligurian ===

==== Articolo 1 ====
{{lang|lij|Tutte e personn-e nascian libere e pæge in dignitæ e driti. Son dotæ de raxon e coscensa e gh'an da agî l'unn-a verso l'atra inte 'n spirito de fradelansa.}}

==== Articolo 2 ====
{{lang|lij|Ògni personn-a a gh'à tutti i driti e e libertæ proclamæ inte questa Diciaraçion, sensa nisciunn-a distinçion de razza, cô, sesso, lengoa, religion, òpinion politica ò d'atro tipo, òrigine naçionale ò sociale, poxiçion econòmica, nascimento, ò quæ se segge atra condiçion. Pe de ciù, no se faiâ nisciunn-a diferensa fondâ in sciâ condiçion politica, giuridica ò internaçionale do Paize ò do teritöio a-o quæ e personn-e apartegnan, segge pe-i Paixi indipendenti che pe-i teritöi sott'aministraçion fiduciaia, sens'outonomia, ò sotomissi a ògni atra limitaçion de sovranitæ.}}

=== English ===

==== Article 1 ====
All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

==== Article 2 ====
Everyone is entitled to all the rights and freedoms set forth in this Declaration, without distinction of any kind, such as race, colour, sex, language, religion, political or other opinion, national or social origin, property, birth or other status. Furthermore, no distinction shall be made on the basis of the political, jurisdictional or international status of the country or territory to which a person belongs, whether it be independent, trust, non-self-governing or under any other limitation of sovereignty.

== Vocabulary ==
Some basic vocabulary, in the spelling of the Genoese ''[[Academia Ligustica do Brenno]]'':
{| class="wikitable"
|+ Ligurian vocabulary with multiple translations
|-
! Ligurian !! English !! Italian !! French !! Spanish !! Romanian || Catalan
!Portuguese
|-
| {{Lang|lij|péi}} or {{Lang|lij|péia}}, pl. {{Lang|lij|péie}} || pear, pears || {{Lang|it|pera}}, {{Lang|it|pere}} || {{Lang|fr|poire}}, {{Lang|fr|poires}} || {{Lang|es|pera}}, {{Lang|es|peras}} || {{Lang|ro|pară}}, {{Lang|ro|pere}} || {{Lang|ca|pera}}, {{Lang|ca|peres}}
|{{lang|pt|pera, peras}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|mei}} or {{Lang|lij|méia}}, pl. {{Lang|lij|méie}} || apple, apples || {{Lang|it|mela}}, {{Lang|it|mele}} || {{Lang|fr|pomme}}, {{Lang|fr|pommes}} || {{Lang|es|manzana}}, {{Lang|es|manzanas}} || {{Lang|ro|măr}}, {{Lang|ro|mere}} || {{Lang|ca|poma}}, {{Lang|ca|pomes}} || {{lang|pt|maçã, maçãs}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|çetrón}} || lemon || {{Lang|it|limone}} || {{Lang|fr|citron}} || {{Lang|es|limón}} || {{Lang|ro|lămâie}} || {{Lang|ca|llimona}}/llima || {{lang|pt|limão}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|fîgo}} || fig || {{Lang|it|fico}} || {{Lang|fr|figue}} || {{Lang|es|higo}} ||{{lang|ro|smochină}} || {{Lang|ca|figa}} || {{lang|pt|figo}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|pèrsego}} || peach || {{Lang|it|pesca}} || {{Lang|fr|pêche}} || {{Lang|es|melocotón}} || {{Lang|ro|piersică}} || {{Lang|ca|préssec}}/bresquilla || {{lang|pt|pêssego}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|frambôasa}} || raspberry || {{Lang|it|lampone}} || {{Lang|fr|framboise}} || {{Lang|es|frambuesa}} || {{lang|ro| zmeură}} || {{Lang|ca|gerd}} || {{lang|pt|framboesa}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|çêxa}} || cherry || {{Lang|it|ciliegia}} || {{Lang|fr|cerise}} || {{Lang|es|cereza}} || {{Lang|ro|cireașă}} || {{Lang|ca|cirera}} || {{lang|pt|cereja}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|meréllo}} || strawberry || {{Lang|it|fragola}} || {{Lang|fr|fraise}} || {{Lang|es|fresa}} || {{Lang|ro|căpșună}} || {{Lang|ca|maduixa, fraula}} || {{lang|pt|morango}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|nôxe}} || (wal)nut || {{Lang|it|noce}} || {{Lang|fr|noix}} || {{Lang|es|nuez}} || {{Lang|ro|nucă}} || {{Lang|ca|nou}} || {{lang|pt|noz}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|nissêua}} || hazelnut || {{Lang|it|nocciola}} || {{Lang|fr|noisette}} || {{Lang|es|avellana}} || {{Lang|ro|alune}} || {{Lang|ca|avellana}} || {{lang|pt|avelã}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|bricòccalo}} || apricot || {{Lang|it|albicocca}} || {{Lang|fr|abricot}} || {{Lang|es|albaricoque}} || {{lang|ro|caisă}}|| {{Lang|ca|albercoc}} || {{lang|pt|damasco}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|ûga}} || grape || {{Lang|it|uva}} || {{Lang|fr|raisin}} || {{Lang|es|uva}} || {{lang|ro|strugure}}|| {{Lang|ca|raïm}} || {{lang|pt|uva}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|pigneu}} || pine nut || {{Lang|it|pinolo}} ||{{Lang|fr|pignon de pin}} || {{Lang|es|piñón}} || {{lang|ro|sămânță de pin}}|| {{Lang|ca|pinyó}} || {{lang|pt|pinhão}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|tomâta}} || tomato || {{Lang|it|pomodoro}} || {{Lang|fr|tomate}} || {{Lang|es|tomate}} || {{lang|ro|roșie}}|| {{Lang|ca|tomàquet, tomata}} || {{lang|pt|tomate}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|articiòcca}} || artichoke || {{Lang|it|carciofo}} || {{Lang|fr|artichaut}} || {{lang|es|alcachofa}}|| {{lang|ro|anghinare}}|| {{Lang|ca|escarxofa, carxofa}} || {{lang|pt|alcachofra}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|êuvo}} || egg || {{Lang|it|uovo}} || {{Lang|fr|œuf}} || {{Lang|es|huevo}} || {{Lang|ro|ouă}} || {{Lang|ca|ou}} || {{lang|pt|ovo}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|cà}} or {{Lang|lij|casa}}|| home, house || {{Lang|it|casa}} || {{Lang|fr|maison}}, {{Lang|fr|domicile}} || {{Lang|es|casa}} || {{Lang|ro|casă}} || {{Lang|ca|casa}} or {{Lang|ca|ca}} || {{lang|pt|casa}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|ciæo}} || clear or light || {{Lang|it|chiaro}} || {{Lang|fr|clair}} || {{Lang|es|claro}} || {{Lang|ro|clar}} || {{Lang|ca|clar}} || {{lang|pt|claro}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|éuggio}} || eye || {{Lang|it|occhio}} || {{Lang|fr|œil}} || {{Lang|es|ojo}} || {{Lang|ro|ochi}} || {{Lang|ca|ull}} || {{lang|pt|olho}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|bócca}} || mouth || {{Lang|it|bocca}} || {{Lang|fr|bouche}} || {{Lang|es|boca}} || {{lang|ro|gură}}|| {{Lang|ca|boca}} || {{lang|pt|boca}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|tésta}} || head || {{Lang|it|testa}} || {{Lang|fr|tête}} || {{Lang|es|cabeza}} || {{Lang|ro|cap}} || {{Lang|ca|cap}} || {{lang|pt|cabeça}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|schénn-a}} || back || {{Lang|it|schiena}} || {{Lang|fr|dos}} || {{Lang|es|espalda}} || {{Lang|ro|spate}} || {{Lang|ca|esquena}} || {{lang|pt|costas}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|bràsso}} || arm || {{Lang|it|braccio}} || {{Lang|fr|bras}} || {{Lang|es|brazo}} || {{Lang|ro|braț}} || {{Lang|ca|braç}} || {{lang|pt|braço}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|gànba}} || leg || {{Lang|it|gamba}} || {{Lang|fr|jambe}} || {{Lang|es|pierna}} || {{Lang|ro|picior}} || {{Lang|ca|cama}} || {{lang|pt|perna}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|cheu}} || heart || {{Lang|it|cuore}} || {{Lang|fr|cœur}} || {{Lang|es|corazón}} || {{Lang|ro|inimă}} || {{Lang|ca|cor}} || {{lang|pt|coração}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|arvî}} || to open || {{Lang|it|aprire}} || {{Lang|fr|ouvrir}} || {{Lang|es|abrir}} || {{Lang|ro|a deschidi}} || {{Lang|ca|obrir}} || {{lang|pt|abrir}}
|-
| {{Lang|lij|serrâ}} || to close || {{Lang|it|chiudere}} || {{Lang|fr|fermer}} || {{Lang|es|cerrar}} || {{Lang|ro| a închidi}} || {{Lang|ca|tancar}} || {{lang|pt|fechar}}
|}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin}}
* {{Citation |last=Sivèro |first=Dàvide |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20201104155706/http://www.romaniaminor.org/gramatiques/gramatica_ligure.pdf |archive-date=2020-11-04 |url=http://www.romaniaminor.org/gramatiques/gramatica_ligure.pdf |url-status=dead |title=The Ligurian Dialect of the Padanian Language: A Concise Grammar |publisher=Romania Minor}}
* {{Cite thesis |last=Dalbera |first=Jean-Philippe |title=Les parlers des Alpes Maritimes : étude comparative, essai de reconstruction |date=1984 |publisher=Université de Toulouse 2}}
**{{Cite book |last=Dalbera |first=Jean-Philippe |title= Les parlers des Alpes Maritimes : étude comparative, essai de reconstruction |date=1994 |publisher=Association Internationale d'Études Occitanes |location=Londres}}
*Werner Forner, "Le mentonnais entre toutes les chaises ? Regards comparatifs sur quelques mécanismes morphologiques" [Caserio & al. 2001: 11–23]
*''Intemelion'' (revue), No. 1, [[Sanremo]], 1995.
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{interwiki|code=lij|Ligurian language}}
{{Wikisourcelang-inline||Main Page/Ligure|Ligurian language wikisource}}
*[http://www.associazioneocastello.it Associazione O Castello] (in Italian and Ligurian)
*[http://www.zeneize.net/index.html Académia Ligùstica do Brénno] (in Ligurian)
*[http://www.zeneize.net/grafia/arfabeto.htm "Official Orthography and Alphabet"] proposed by the Académia Ligùstica do Brénno (in Ligurian)
*[http://www.acompagna.org/ A Compagna] {{in lang|it}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110110163418/http://www.genoves.com.ar/ GENOVÉS.com.ar (English version) – Ligurian language & culture, literature, photos and resources to learn Ligurian] {{in lang|en}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110110163418/http://www.genoves.com.ar/ GENOVÉS.com.ar (Homepage in Ligurian and Spanish)] {{in lang|es}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120121010628/http://www.genoves.com.ar/textos.html Ligurian poetry and prose]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120127160421/http://www.genoves.com.ar/dic.html Ligurian dictionaries in Spanish and English to download for free]
*[http://starling.rinet.ru/cgi-bin/response.cgi?root=new100&morpho=0&basename=new100\ier\rom&first=0 Ligurian basic lexicon at the Global Lexicostatistical Database]
*[http://firefoxzeneize.altervista.org/index.html The Firefox browser in Ligurian]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20120426054830/http://operazeneize.altervista.org/ The Opera browser in Ligurian]

{{Languages of Italy}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Ligurian Language}}
[[Category:Ligurian language (Romance)]]
[[Category:Gallo-Italic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Italy]]
[[Category:Languages of Liguria]]
[[Category:Languages of Piedmont]]
[[Category:Languages of Lombardy]]
[[Category:Languages of Emilia-Romagna]]
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