View source for Lieutenant Governor of Quebec

{{Short description|Representative in Quebec of the Canadian monarch}}
{{about|the representative of the monarch in Quebec|the political advisor to a federal party leader on Quebec issues|Quebec lieutenant}}
{{Infobox official post
| post = Lieutenant Governor
| body = Quebec
| native_name = {{smaller|{{nobold|{{lang|fr|Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec}}}}}}
| flag = Standard_of_the_Lieutenant_Governor_of_Québec.png
| flagsize = 150px
| flagcaption = Standard of the lieutenant governor
| insignia = Coat of arms of Quebec.svg
| insigniasize = 100px
| insigniacaption = [[Coat of arms of Quebec]]
| image = 
| imagesize = 150px
| alt = 
| incumbent = [[Manon Jeannotte]]
| incumbentsince = January 25, 2024
| department = Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec
| style = [[Her Honour]] [[the Honourable]]
| member_of = 
| reports_to = 
| residence = 
| seat = 
| nominator = 
| appointer = The [[Governor General of Canada|governor general]] on the advice of the [[Prime Minister of Canada|prime minister]]
| appointer_qualified = 
| termlength = [[At {{ucfirst:{{Canadian monarch, current|genderp=~}}}} Majesty's pleasure|At the governor general's pleasure]]
| termlength_qualified = 
| constituting_instrument = 
| precursor = 
| formation = July 1, 1867
| first = Sir [[Narcisse-Fortunat Belleau]]
| last = 
| abolished = 
| succession = 
| deputy = 
| salary = 
| website = {{url|https://www.lieutenante-gouverneure.quebec/en/home|lieutenante-gouverneure.quebec}}
}}
The '''lieutenant governor of Quebec''' ({{IPAc-en|l|ɛ|f|ˈ|t|ɛ|n|ə|n|t}}; {{langx|fr|lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec}}, {{IPA|fr|ljøtnɑ̃t ɡuvɛʁnœʁ dy kebɛk|pron}}){{efn|When the position is held by a female, the French title is {{lang|fr|lieutenante-gouverneure du Québec}}, {{IPA|fr|ljøtnɑ̃tə ɡuvɛʁnœʁ dy kebɛk|pron}}.}} is the representative in [[Quebec]] of the monarch, who [[Monarchy in Quebec|operates distinctly within the province]] but is also shared equally with the [[Canadian federalism|ten other jurisdictions of Canada]]. The lieutenant governor of Quebec is appointed in the same manner as [[Lieutenant governor (Canada)|the other provincial viceroys in Canada]] and is similarly tasked with carrying out most of the monarch's constitutional and ceremonial duties.<ref>{{Cite web| last=Victoria| author-link=Queen Victoria| publication-date=29 March 1867| title=Constitution Act, 1867| series=V.58| location=Westminster| publisher=Queen's Printer| url=http://www.solon.org/Constitutions/Canada/English/ca_1867.html| access-date=15 January 2009| year=1867}}</ref> The present and 30th lieutenant governor of Quebec is [[Manon Jeannotte]], who has served in the role since January 25, 2024.<ref>{{Cite web |last=QMI |first=Agence |date=2024-01-19 |title=Lieutenante-gouverneure du Québec: Manon Jeannotte assermentée le 25 janvier |url=https://www.journaldemontreal.com/2024/01/19/lieutenante-gouverneure-du-quebec-manon-jeannotte-assermentee-le-25-janvier |access-date=2024-01-27 |website=Le Journal de Montréal}}</ref>

==Role and presence==
{{further|Lieutenant governor (Canada)}}
The lieutenant governor of [[Quebec]] is tasked with [[Lieutenant governor (Canada)#Constitutional|a number of governmental duties]]. Not among them, though, is delivering the [[Speech from the throne|Throne Speech]], which sets the lieutenant governor of Quebec apart from the other Canadian viceroys. (Instead, new [[National Assembly of Quebec|parliaments]] begin with the Opening Speech by the [[Premier of Quebec|premier]].<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.assnat.qc.ca/eng/Assemblee/parl_gouv.html| last=National Assembly of Quebec| title=Parliament and Government| publisher=Éditeur officiel du Québec| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100223055420/http://www.assnat.qc.ca/eng/Assemblee/parl_gouv.html |archive-date=February 23, 2010}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal| last=Wiseman| first=Nelson| title=In Search of a Quebec Constitution| journal=Revue québécoise de droit constitutionnel| volume=2| page=144| publisher=l'Association québécoise de droit constitutionnel| location=Quebec City| year=2009| url=http://www.aqdc.org/volumes/pdf/Wiseman.pdf| access-date=4 March 2011}}</ref>) The lieutenant governor is also expected to undertake [[Lieutenant governor (Canada)#Ceremonial|various ceremonial roles]]. For instance, upon installation, the lieutenant governor automatically becomes a Knight or Dame of Justice and the Vice-Prior in Quebec of the [[Venerable Order of Saint John|Most Venerable Order of the Hospital of Saint John of Jerusalem]]. The lieutenant governor will present numerous other [[Orders, decorations, and medals of the Canadian provinces#Quebec|provincial honours and decorations]]<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.sja.ca/Canada/AboutUs/TheOrder/Pages/TheOrderofStJohninCanada.aspx| title=Canada Wide > About Us > The Order of St. John > The Order of St. John in Canada| publisher=St. John Ambulance Canada| access-date=2 June 2009}}</ref> and [[List of Canadian awards#Quebec|various awards that are named for and presented by the lieutenant governor]],<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/distinctions-honorifiques/programme-distinctions-en.html| last=Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec| title=Awards Program > Lieutenant Governor of Québec Awards Program| publisher=Éditeur officiel du Québec| access-date=6 July 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20100429085456/http://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/distinctions-honorifiques/programme-distinctions-en.html| archive-date=29 April 2010}}</ref> which were reinstated in 2000 by Lieutenant Governor [[Lise Thibault]]. These honours are presented at official ceremonies, which count among hundreds of other engagements the lieutenant governor takes part in each year, either as host or guest of honour; in 2006, the lieutenant governor of Quebec undertook 400 engagements and 200 in 2007.<ref>{{Cite book|first=Eugene |last=Berezovsky |editor-last=Staff of Canadian Monarchist News |title=$1.52 per Canadian: The Cost of Canada's Constitutional Monarchy |year=2009 |edition=4 |page=3 |place=Toronto |publisher=Monarchist League of Canada |url=http://www.monarchist.ca/new/docs/cc2009.pdf |access-date=15 May 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090707114038/http://www.monarchist.ca/new/docs/cc2009.pdf |archive-date= 7 July 2009 }}</ref>
[[File:Standard_of_the_Lieutenant_Governor_of_Québec.png|left|thumb|Standard of the lieutenant governor of Quebec (1952–present)]]
[[File:Flag of the Lieutenant-Governor of Quebec (1939–1952).svg|left|thumb|Standard of the lieutenant governor of Quebec (1939–1952)]]
[[File:Flag of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec (1870-1939).svg|left|thumb|Standard of the lieutenant governor of Quebec (1870–1939)]]

At these events, the lieutenant governor's presence is marked by [[Flags of the lieutenant governors of Canada|the lieutenant governor's standard]], consisting of a blue field bearing the escutcheon of the [[Coat of arms of Quebec|Arms of {{ucfirst:{{Canadian monarch, current|genderp=~}}}} Majesty in Right of Quebec]] surmounted by a crown and set within a white disc; the Quebec viceregal flag is only one of two that are significantly different from all the others in Canada. Within Quebec, the lieutenant governor also follows only the sovereign in the [[Order of precedence in Quebec|province's order of precedence]], preceding even other members of the [[Monarchy of Canada#Canada's royal family and house|Canadian Royal Family]] and the [[Governor General of Canada|{{Canadian monarch, current|title=?}}'s federal representative]].
[[File:Cabinet du Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec.jpg|thumb|right|The entrance of the offices of the lieutenant governor of Quebec, at 1050 des Parlementaires ([[Édifice André-Laurendeau]]), in [[Québec City]]]]

It has been argued by Jeremy Webber and Robert Andrew Young that, as the office is the core of authority in the province, the [[Quebec sovereignty movement|secession of Quebec from the Confederation]] would first require the abolition or transformation of the post of lieutenant governor of Quebec; such an amendment to the [[constitution of Canada]] could not be done without, according to Section 41 of the [[Constitution Act, 1982]], the approval of the [[Parliament of Canada|federal parliament]] and all other provincial legislatures in Canada.<ref>{{Cite book| last=Young| first=Andrew| title=The secession of Quebec and the future of Canada| publisher=McGill-Queen's Press| year=1998| location=Montreal| page=[https://archive.org/details/secessionofquebe0000youn_o5e7/page/215 215]| url=https://archive.org/details/secessionofquebe0000youn_o5e7| url-access=registration| isbn=978-0-7735-1530-7}}</ref> Others, such as J. Woehrling, however, have claimed that the legislative process towards Quebec's independence would not require any prior change to the viceregal post.<ref>{{Cite journal| last=Webber| first=Jeremy| title=The Legality of a Unilateral Declaration of Independence under Canadian Law| journal=The McGill Law Journal| volume=42| issue=2| pages=288| publisher=McGill University| location=Montreal| year=1997| url=http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/documents/42.Webber.pdf| access-date=3 March 2011| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110706185042/http://lawjournal.mcgill.ca/documents/42.Webber.pdf| archive-date=6 July 2011}}</ref> Young also felt that the lieutenant governor could refuse Royal Assent to a bill that proposed to put an unclear question on sovereignty to referendum or was based on the results of a referendum that asked such a question.<ref>{{Harvnb| Young| 1998| p=457}}</ref>

==History==
{{Further|List of lieutenant governors of Quebec}}
The lieutenant governor of Quebec came into being in 1867, upon the creation of Quebec at [[Canadian Confederation|Confederation]].<ref>{{Harvnb| Victoria| 1867| loc=V.63}}</ref> Since that date, 28 lieutenant governors have served the province, amongst whom were notable firsts, such as Lise Thibault—the first female and first disabled lieutenant governor of the province. The shortest mandate by a lieutenant governor of Quebec was that of Sir [[Lomer Gouin]], from January to March 1929, while the longest was [[Hugues Lapointe]], from 1966 to 1978.<ref>{{cite web| url=http://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/histoire/predecesseurs-en.html| title=History - Previous Lieutenant Governors| publisher=Office of the Lieutenant Governor of Quebec| access-date=6 July 2009| url-status=dead| archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090226164937/http://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/histoire/predecesseurs-en.html| archive-date=26 February 2009}}</ref>
[[Image:Lomer Gouin, 1929.png|thumb|right|[[Lomer Gouin]], 15th Lieutenant Governor of Quebec, from January to March 1929]]

One of the few examples in Canada of a viceroy exercising the [[royal prerogative]] against or without [[Advice (constitutional)|ministerial advice]] came in 1887, when Lieutenant Governor [[Auguste-Réal Angers]] dismissed the Cabinet headed by [[Premier of Quebec|Premier]] [[Honoré Mercier]]; a report concluded that Mercier's government had benefited from a [[Political corruption#Kickbacks|kickback]] scheme with contractors building the [[Chemin de fer Baie des Chaleurs|Baie des Chaleurs railway]].<ref>{{Cite book| last=Gougeon| first=Gilles| title=A History of Quebec Nationalism| publisher=Miles Kelly Publishing| year=1994| location=Bardfield End Green| page=52| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ZmPqIPpRJ2EC| isbn=978-1-55028-440-9}}</ref>

The appointment of [[Jean-Louis Roux]] as lieutenant governor of Quebec by Governor General [[Roméo LeBlanc]], on the advice of [[Prime Minister of Canada|Prime Minister]] [[Jean Chrétien]], stirred controversy, as Roux was well known as a strong opponent of Quebec independence and, soon after he took up the post, it was revealed that, as a university student in the 1940s, he had worn a [[swastika]] on his [[lab coat]] in protest of the [[Conscription Crisis of 1944|proposal to invoke conscription]] for service in [[World War II]] and had participated in an antisemitic protest.<ref name=McWhinney46>{{cite book| last=McWhinney| first=Edward| author-link=Ted McWhinney| title=The Governor General and the Prime Ministers| publisher=Ronsdale Press| year=2005| location=Vancouver| page=46| isbn=1-55380-031-1}}</ref><ref>{{cite book| url=https://books.google.com/books?id=kY-Tk0-quyoC&q=the+queen's+other+realms| last=Boyce| first=Peter John| title=The Queen's Other Realms: The Crown and Its Legacy in Australia, Canada and New Zealand| page=99| publisher=Federation Press| location=Sydney| year=2008| isbn=9781862877009}}</ref> Roux had, in an interview after his appointment as lieutenant governor, stated that he might have to use the [[Reserve power#Canada|reserve powers]] of the Crown should certain circumstances arise following a referendum result in favour of Quebec's separation from Canada; a statement that displeased Roux's premier at the time, [[Lucien Bouchard]]. The following year, Bouchard tabled in the legislature three motions, calling the Office of the lieutenant governor "a heritage of the colonial past", the appointment process controversial and interfering, and demanding the post be abolished, though, until then, the federal Crown-in-Council should appoint a person "democratically designated by the Quebec Assembly".<ref name=Boyce100>{{Harvnb| Boyce| 2008| p=100}}</ref>

==Residences and offices==

Since 1997 there has been no official residence; the lieutenant governors must instead obtain their own home in or near the capital. However, they still retain an official office at [[Édifice André-Laurendeau]].

Previous residences includes Maison Sewell at 87, rue Saint-Louis (still standing), [[Government House (Quebec)|Spencer Wood]] from 1870 to 1966 (destroyed by fire 1966) and 1010 rue St. Louis (Maison Dunn) from 1967 to 1997.<ref name="LG">{{Cite web|url=https://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/roles-et-fonctions/residence-en.asp|title=Site du Lieutenant-gouverneur du Québec — Residence|website=lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca|access-date=2018-11-22|language=en-CA}}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Monarchy in the Canadian provinces]]
* [[Government of Quebec]]
* [[Lieutenant governor (Canada)|Lieutenant Governors of Canada]]
* [[List of seignories of Quebec]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category|Lieutenant Governors of Quebec}}
* {{official|https://www.lieutenant-gouverneur.qc.ca/index-en.asp}}
* [http://www.assnat.qc.ca/fr/patrimoine/lieutenant.html Les lieutenants-gouverneurs depuis 1867] {{in lang|fr}}

{{Canadian viceroys}}
{{Politics of Canadian provinces}}
{{Representatives of the monarch in Commonwealth realms and Dominions}}

[[Category:Lieutenant governors of Quebec|*]]
[[Category:Provincial and territorial political office-holders in Canada|Quebec]]
[[Category:Westminster system in Canada]]
[[Category:1867 establishments in Quebec]]