View source for Liberal conservatism

{{Short description|Political ideology within conservatism}}
{{About|the political philosophy of conservatism as influenced by liberalism|the conservative wing of the liberal movement|Conservative liberalism}}
{{Distinguish|Libertarian conservatism}}
{{Conservatism sidebar|variants}}
{{Liberalism sidebar|related}}
'''Liberal conservatism''' is a [[Ideology|political ideology]] combining [[Conservatism|conservative]] policies with [[Liberalism|liberal]] stances, especially on [[Economic liberalism|economic]] issues but also on [[social liberalism|social]] and [[Ethics|ethical]] matters,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/content.html|date=2020|title=Content|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck}}</ref> representing a brand of political conservatism strongly influenced by liberalism.

The ideology incorporates the [[Classical liberalism|classical liberal]] view of minimal [[economic interventionism|government intervention]] in the economy, according to which individuals should be free to participate in the [[Market (economics)|market]] and [[Wealth creation|generate wealth]] without government interference.{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} However, liberal conservatives also hold that individuals cannot be thoroughly depended on to act responsibly in other spheres of life; therefore, they believe that a strong state is necessary to ensure [[law and order (politics)|law and order]] and that social [[institution]]s are needed to nurture a sense of duty and responsibility to the nation.{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} Liberal conservatives also support [[civil liberties]], along with some [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] positions. They differ on [[Social issue|social issues]], with some being socially conservative and others socially liberal, though all liberal conservatives broadly support the [[rule of law]] regarding [[civil rights]], [[social equality]] and [[environmental issues|the environment]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Gibbon |first=Gary |date=7 October 2015 |title=David Cameron tries to return to his liberal Conservatism mission |url=https://www.channel4.com/news/by/gary-gibbon/blogs/david-cameron-return-liberal-conservatism-mission |website=Channel 4 News}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |title=What was David Cameron's Conservatism? (overview) |url=https://www.britpolitics.co.uk/a-level-uk-political-parties-david-cameron-conservatism/ |website=Britpolitics}}</ref> This is equated with the creation of a [[Group cohesiveness|cohesive]] and [[Toleration|tolerant]] society with increased levels of [[Moral responsibility|individual responsibility]] and less [[Social inequality|inequality]].<ref>{{Cite web |last=Redford |first=Pete |title=Cameron and Welfare: Questioning the liberal Conservatism project |url=https://eprints.lse.ac.uk/48440/1/blogs.lse.ac.uk-Cameron_and_Welfare_Questioning_the_liberal_Conservatism_project.pdf |publisher=LSE Research Online}}</ref>

Liberal conservatism shares the classical liberal tenets of a commitment to [[individualism]], belief in [[negative liberty|negative freedom]], a lightly regulated free market, and a minimal [[rule of law]] state.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} A number of commentators have stated that many conservative currents in the 1980s, such as [[Thatcherism]],{{sfn|McAnulla|2006|p=71}} were rejuvenated classical liberals in all but name.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} However, in contrast to classical liberalism, there is a stronger social agenda and support for a greater degree of state intervention, especially in those areas of social life which liberal conservatives believe should not be subject to market forces.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}} Particularly in regards to the family, sexuality, health and education, these should either always be periodically regulated or minimally protected by the state.{{sfn|Vincent|2009|p=335}}

== Overview, definitions and usage ==
Both ''conservatism'' and ''liberalism'' have had different meanings over time in different centuries. The term ''liberal conservatism'' has been used in quite different ways. It usually contrasts with [[Aristocracy|aristocratic]] conservatism, which deems the principle of equality as something discordant with human nature and emphasizes instead the idea of natural inequality. As conservatives in democratic countries have embraced typical liberal institutions such as the [[rule of law]], [[private property]], the [[market economy]] and [[constitution]]al [[Representative democracy|representative]] government, the liberal element of liberal conservatism became consensual among conservatives. In some countries such as the United Kingdom and the United States, the term ''liberal conservatism'' came to be understood simply as ''conservatism'' in popular culture,{{sfn|Johnston|2007|p=155}} prompting some conservatives who embraced more strongly [[Classical liberalism|classical-liberal]] values to call themselves ''[[Libertarian conservatism|libertarians]]'' instead.<ref>Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011.</ref> However, there are differences between classical liberals and libertarians.{{sfn|van de Haar|2015|p=71}}

In their embrace of liberal and [[free market]] principles, European liberal conservatives are clearly distinguishable from those holding [[National conservatism|national-conservative]], fully [[Social conservatism|socially conservative]] and/or outright [[Populism|populist]] views, let alone a [[Right-wing populism|right-wing populist]] posture. Being liberal often involves stressing free market economics and the belief in individual responsibility together with the defense of [[civil and political rights|civil rights]] and support for a limited [[welfare state]].{{citation needed|date=December 2019}} Compared to other centre-right political traditions such as [[Christian democracy]], liberal conservatives are less socially conservative and more economically liberal, favouring low taxes and minimal state intervention in the economy.{{citation needed|date=December 2019}}

At the European level, Christian democrats and most liberal conservatives are affiliated to the [[European People's Party]] (EPP), while liberals (including conservative and social liberals) to the [[Alliance of Liberals and Democrats for Europe Party]] (ALDE Party). In this context, some traditionally Christian-democratic parties (such as [[Christen-Democratisch en Vlaams|Christian-Democratic and Flemish]] in Belgium, the [[Christian Democratic Appeal]] in the Netherlands, the [[Christian Democratic Union (Germany)|Christian Democratic Union]] in Germany and the [[Austrian People's Party|People's Party]] in Austria) have become almost undistinguishable from other liberal-conservative parties. On the other hand, newer liberal-conservative parties (such as [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]] in Greece, the [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]] in Portugal, the [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]] in Spain, {{Lang|it|[[Forza Italia]]|italic=no}}/[[The People of Freedom]]/{{Lang|it|[[Forza Italia (2013)|Forza Italia]]|italic=no}} in Italy, the [[Union for a Popular Movement]]/[[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]] in France and most centre-right parties from countries once belonging to the [[Eastern Bloc]] and [[Yugoslavia]]) have not adopted traditional labels, but their ideologies are also a mixture of conservatism, Christian democracy and liberalism.

In the modern European discourse, ''liberal conservatism'' usually encompasses centre-right political outlooks that reject at least to some extent social conservatism. This position is also associated with support for moderate forms of [[social safety net]] and [[environmentalism]] (see also [[green conservatism]] and [[green liberalism]]). This variety of liberal conservatism has been espoused by Nordic conservatives (the [[Moderate Party]] in Sweden, the [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative Party]] in Norway and the [[National Coalition Party]] in Finland) which have been fending off competition from right-wing populists to their right and do not include Christian democrats; and at times the British [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]. In an interview shortly after taking office as [[Prime Minister of the United Kingdom|Prime Minister]] in 2010, [[David Cameron]] introduced himself as a liberal conservative.<ref>{{cite news |last=Cameron |first=David |title=I am a Liberal Conservative |url=http://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/uk_politics/8685185.stm |publisher=BBC |access-date=18 August 2012 |date=2010-05-16}}</ref> During his first speech to a party conference in 2006, Cameron had defined this as believing in individual freedom and [[human rights]], but being skeptical of "grand schemes to remake the world".<ref>[http://news.bbc.co.uk/2/hi/uk_news/politics/5407714.stm "Full text of David Cameron's speech to the Conservative Party conference"], BBC, October 2006</ref>

=== Relation to American conservatism ===
{{Conservatism US|Schools}}
In the United States, conservatives often combine the economic [[individualism]] of classical liberals with a [[Edmund Burke|Burkean]] form of conservatism that emphasizes the natural inequalities between men, the irrationality of human behavior as the basis for the human drive for order and stability and the rejection of natural rights as the basis for government.<ref>Grigsby, Ellen: Analyzing Politics: An Introduction to Political Science. Cengage Learning, 2011. p.106-112</ref> From a different perspective, [[Conservatism in the United States|American conservatism]] (a "hybrid of conservatism and classical liberalism") has exalted three tenets of Burkean conservatism, namely the diffidence toward the power of the state, the preference of liberty over equality and for [[patriotism]] while rejecting the three remaining tenets, namely loyalty to traditional institutions and hierarchies, skepticism regarding progress and elitism.<ref>{{cite book |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rDd5tKWT4D4C |title=The Right Nation: Why America is Different |first1=Adrian |last1=Wooldridge |first2=John |last2=Micklethwait |year=2011 |publisher=Penguin Books Limited |via=Google Books |isbn=9780241958896}}</ref>{{clarify|This passage needs clarification, as it references three “tenets“ then introduces two clauses both containing two subjects, and thus is completely opaque which of the four choices given is among the three claimed tenets. As written, it appears to introduce only two (albeit each of which contains two referants): “loyalty to” two constructs, and skepticism regarding two others.|date=August 2021}} Consequently, the term ''liberal conservatism'' is not used in the United States. [[Modern liberalism in the United States|Modern American liberalism]] happens to be quite different from [[Liberalism in Europe|European liberalism]] and occupies the [[Centre-left politics|centre-left]] of the political spectrum, in contrast to many European countries where liberalism is often more associated with the [[Centrism|centre]] and [[Centre-right politics|centre-right]] while [[social democracy]] makes up a substantial part of the centre-left. The opposite is true in [[Latin America]], where [[Economic liberalism|economically liberal]] conservatism is often labelled under the rubric of [[neoliberalism]] both in popular culture and academic discourse.<ref>Bethell, Leslie: The Cambridge History of Latin America: Latin America since 1930. Cambridge University Press, 1991.</ref>

Although [[libertarian conservatism]] has similarities to liberal conservatism with both being influenced by classical liberal thought,{{sfn|van de Haar|2015|p=71}} libertarian conservatism is far more [[anti-statist]] than liberal conservatism and is much more hostile to government intervention in both social and economic matters.{{sfn|Heywood|2004|p=337}} Combining [[Cultural conservatism|conservative cultural]] principles but with less social intervention and a more ''[[laissez faire]]'' economic system. [[Neoconservatism]] is sometimes described as the same or similar to liberal conservatism in Europe.<ref>{{cite book|editor1=Oleksii Stus |editor2=Dmytro Finberg |editor3=Leonid Sinchenko |title=Ukrainian Dissidents: An Anthology of Texts |quote= The tendency of neoconservatism (liberal conservatism) is most clearly represented by the literary ...|date=2021 |page=346 |publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |isbn=9783838215518 }}</ref> However, [[Peter Lawler (academic)|Peter Lawler]] has regarded neoconservatism in the United States as conservative liberalism and distinguished it from liberal conservatism.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Lawler |first=Peter |author-link=Peter Lawler (academic) |year=2002 |title=Liberal Conservatism, Not Conservative Liberalism |url=http://www.mmisi.org/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |url-status=dead |journal=[[The Intercollegiate Review]] |language=en |volume=39 |issue=1 |pages=59-60 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727094427/http://www.mmisi.org/ir/39_01_2/lawler.pdf |archive-date=2011-07-27 |access-date=2025-03-05}}</ref>

== Classical conservatism and economic liberalism ==
[[File:EdmundBurke1771.jpg|thumb|upright|150px|[[Edmund Burke]]]]
Historically, [[conservatism]] in the 18th and 19th centuries comprised a set of principles based on concern for established [[tradition]], respect for [[authority]] and [[religious values]]. This form of [[Traditionalist conservatism|traditionalist]] or classical conservatism is often considered to be exemplified by the writings of [[Joseph de Maistre]] in the post-[[Age of Enlightenment|Enlightenment]] age. Contemporaneous [[liberalism]], now recalled as [[classical liberalism]], advocated both [[political freedom]] for individuals and a [[free market]] in the economic sphere. Ideas of this sort were promulgated by [[John Locke]], [[Montesquieu]], [[Voltaire]], [[Jean-Jacques Rousseau]], [[Ben Franklin]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Thomas Paine]], [[Edward Gibbon]], [[David Hume]], [[Adam Smith]], [[Jeremy Bentham]] and [[John Stuart Mill]], who are respectively remembered as the fathers of [[liberalism]], including [[economic liberalism]], the [[separation of church and state]], [[social liberalism]] and [[utilitarianism]].

[[File:Alexis de tocqueville cropped.jpg|thumb|150px|upright|[[Alexis de Tocqueville]]]]
According to scholar Andrew Vincent, the maxim of liberal conservatism is "economics is prior to politics".{{sfn|Vincent|2009|pp=65-66}} Others emphasize the openness of historical change and a suspicion of tyrannical majorities behind the hailing of individual liberties and traditional virtues by authors such as [[Edmund Burke]] and [[Alexis de Tocqueville]]<ref>Lakoff, Sandoff, "Tocqueville, Burke, and the Origins of Liberal Conservatism." ''The review of politics'' '''60'''(3), pp. 435–464, 1998. {{doi|10.1017/S003467050002742X}}</ref> as the basis of current liberal conservatism which can be seen both in the works of [[Raymond Aron]] and [[Michael Oakeshott]]. However, there is general agreement that the original liberal conservatives were those who combined conservative social attitudes with an economically liberal outlook, adapting a previous aristocratic understanding of natural inequalities between men to the rule of [[meritocracy]], without directly criticizing privileges of birth as long as individual liberties were guaranteed. Over time, the majority of conservatives in the [[Western world]] came to adopt free market economic ideas as the [[Industrial Revolution]] progressed and the monarchy, aristocracy and clergy lost their wealth and power, to the extent that such ideas are now generally considered as part of conservatism. Nonetheless, the term ''liberal'' is used in most countries to describe those with free-market economic views. This is the case in [[continental Europe]],<ref>{{cite book |last=Slomp |first=Hans |date=2011-09-26 |title=Europe, a Political Profile: An American Companion to European Politics |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LmfAPmwE6YYC&q=EU+left-wing+liberal+parties |publisher=ABC-Clio |pages=106–108 |isbn=9780313391828 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Australia<ref>{{cite news |last1=Goldfarb |first1=Michael |title=Liberal? Are we talking about the same thing? |url=https://www.bbc.com/news/world-10658070 |access-date=6 July 2016 |publisher=[[BBC News]] |date=20 July 2010}}</ref> and [[Latin America]].<ref>{{cite news |last1=MacLean |first1=James |title="The Two Meanings of "Liberalism" |url=http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~jmaclean/es.liberal.html |access-date=6 July 2016 |archive-date=20 July 2016 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160720050932/http://www.ucs.mun.ca/~jmaclean/es.liberal.html |url-status=dead }}</ref>

== Liberal-conservative parties or parties with liberal-conservative factions ==
{{Incomplete list|date=January 2023}}
=== Current parties ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '''{{flag|Albania}}''': [[Democratic Party of Albania]]<ref>http://www.eliamep.gr/wp-content/uploads/2013/04/bn1.pdf {{Bare URL PDF|date=March 2022}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Algeria}}''': [[Democratic National Rally]]
* '''{{flag|Andorra}}''': [[Democrats for Andorra]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfmUEAAAQBAJ&pg=PT197|title=Party Politics in European Microstates|last1=Casal Bértoa|first1=Fernando|last2=Dumont|first2=Patrick|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2022|access-date=2023-04-13|page=184|isbn=978-1-315-20677-6}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Argentina}}''': [[Republican Proposal]]<ref>Sergio D. Morresi & Gabriel Vommaro, [http://live.v1.udesa.edu.ar/files/UAHumanidades/EVENTOS/PaperMorresi040413.pdf The Difficulties of the Partisan Right in Argentina: The Case of the PRO Party] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160303221635/http://live.v1.udesa.edu.ar/files/UAHumanidades/EVENTOS/PaperMorresi040413.pdf |date=2016-03-03 }}, Draft, March 2013</ref>
* '''{{flag|Australia}}''': [[Country Liberal Party]], [[Liberal Party of Australia]],<ref>{{cite journal |title=Right-Wing Politicians Prefer the Emotional Left |journal=PLOS ONE |author1=Nicole A. Thomas |author2=Tobias Loetscher |author3=Danielle Clode |author4=Mike Nicholls |date=May 2, 2012 |volume=7 |issue=5 |page=4 |quote=The Liberal Party of Australia has an ideology in line with liberal conservatism and is therefore right of centre. |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0036552 |pmid=22567166 |pmc=3342249 |bibcode=2012PLoSO...736552T|doi-access=free }}</ref> [[Liberal National Party of Queensland]], [[National Party of Australia]]
* '''{{flag|Austria}}''': [[Austrian People's Party]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Ralph P Güntzel |title=Understanding "Old Europe": An Introduction to the Culture, Politics, and History of France, Germany, and Austria |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8gJ4DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA162 |year=2010 |publisher=Tectum Wissenschaftsverlag |isbn=978-3-8288-5300-3 |page=162}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Bahamas}}''': [[Free National Movement]]
* '''{{flag|Belarus}}''': [[United Civic Party of Belarus]]<ref name="Bugajski2002">{{cite book |author=Janusz Bugajski |title=Political Parties of Eastern Europe: A Guide to Politics in the Post-Communist Era |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=9gGKtLTQlUcC |year=2002 |publisher=M.E. Sharpe |isbn=978-1-56324-676-0}}</ref>{{rp|22}}
* '''{{flag|Botswana}}''': [[Botswana Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite journal|title=Policy and Institutional Dynamics of Sustained Development in Botswana|last=Maipose|first=Gervase S.|journal=Commission on Growth and Development|date=2008|issue=35|pages=20–21|hdl=10986/28032}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Brazil}}''': [[Liberal Party (Brazil, 2006)|Liberal Party]], [[Democratic Renewal Party (Brazil)|Democratic Renewal Party]], [[Republicans (Brazil)]], [[New Party (Brazil)|New Party]], [[Podemos (Brazil)|Podemos]]
* '''{{flag|Bulgaria}}''': [[Union of Democratic Forces (Bulgaria)|Union of Democratic Forces]],<ref name="Lewis2002">{{cite book |author=Paul Lewis |title=Political Parties in Post-Communist Eastern Europe |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=01GFAgAAQBAJ&pg=PA53 |year=2002 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-134-63437-8 |page=53}}</ref> [[GERB|Citizens for the Development of Bulgaria]]<ref name=“Schüler2016”>{{cite book|author= Sonja Schüler|chapter=“I am not so much afraid of the Minister of Culture, but rather of the Minister’s Culture” About the Lack of Political Legitimacy in Bulgaria|editor= Sonja Schüler|title=Exchange, Dialogue, New Divisions?: Ethnic Groups and Political Cultures in Eastern Europe|publisher= LIT Verlag Münster|year=2016|isbn= 9783643802095|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bLX6CwAAQBAJ&pg=PA163|page=163}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Canada}}''': [[Conservative Party of Canada]]<ref>{{cite book |editor1=Michel Ducharme |editor2=Jean-François Constant |title=Liberalism and Hegemony: Debating the Canadian Liberal Revolution |date=2009 |page=150 |publisher=Springer Nature |isbn=9780802098825 }}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Chile}}''': [[National Renewal (Chile)|National Renewal]]<ref>{{Citation |first1=Craig |last1=Arceneaux |first2=David |last2=Pion-Berlin |title=Transforming Latin America: The International And Domestic Origins Of Change |publisher=University of Pittsburgh Press |year=2005 |page=148}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Costa Rica}}''': [[Social Christian Unity Party]]
* '''{{flag|Cyprus}}''': [[Democratic Rally]]
* '''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': [[Civic Democratic Party (Czech Republic)|Civic Democratic Party]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=John Nagle |author2=Alison Mahr |title=Democracy and Democratization: Post-Communist Europe in Comparative Perspective |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RLRuXV9vjswC&pg=PA188 |year=1999 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-0-7619-5679-2 |page=188}}</ref><ref name="Bakke2010">{{cite book |author=Elizabeth Bakke |chapter=Central and Eastern European party systems since 1989 |editor=Sabrina P. Ramet |title=Central and Southeast European Politics since 1989 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=oFXdiS25N78C&pg=PA78 |year=2010 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |isbn=978-1-139-48750-4 |page=78}}</ref> [[TOP 09]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Otto Eibl |author2=Michal Pink |chapter=Election Results, Candidate Lists and the Framing of Campaigns |editor1=Ruxandra Boicu |editor2=Silvia Branea |editor3=Adriana Stefanel |title=Political Communication and European Parliamentary Elections in Times of Crisis: Perspectives from Central and South-Eastern Europe |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y9vQDQAAQBAJ&pg=PA258 |year=2016 |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK |isbn=978-1-137-58591-2 |page=258}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Croatia}}''': [[Croatian Democratic Union]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://tris.com.hr/2016/06/portret-tjedna-andrej-plenkovic-kandidat-za-sefa-hdz-a-salonski-politicar-i-hdz-ov-liberal-antipod-karamarku/|title = Portret tjedna/Andrej Plenković, kandidat za šefa HDZ-a: Salonski političar i HDZ-ov liberal, antipod Karamarku|date = 25 June 2016}}</ref>
*'''{{flag|Denmark}}''': {{lang|da|[[Venstre (Denmark)|Venstre]]|italic=no}},<ref name="HumphreysSteed1988"/> [[Conservative People's Party (Denmark)|Conservative People's Party]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/denmark.html|title=Denmark|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2019|website=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Egypt}}''': [[Egyptian Wafd Party|New Wafd Party]]
*'''{{flag|Estonia}}''': [[Estonian Reform Party]]<ref name="Duvold2017">{{cite book |author=Kjetil Duvold |chapter=When Left and Right is a Matter of Identity: Overlapping Political Dimensions in Estonia and Latvia |editor1=Andrey Makarychev |editor2=Alexandra Yatsyk |title=Borders in the Baltic Sea Region: Suturing the Ruptures|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3NB5DQAAQBAJ&pg=PA132 |year=2017 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-352-00014-6 |page=132}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Fiji}}''': [[People's Alliance (Fiji)|People's Alliance]], [[Social Democratic Liberal Party]]
* '''{{flag|Finland}}''': [[National Coalition Party]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Mads Dagnis Jensen |chapter=The Nordic Countries and the European Parliament |editor1=Caroline Howard Grøn |editor2=Peter Nedergaard |editor3=Anders Wivel |title=The Nordic Countries and the European Union: Still the Other European Community?|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=x2vABgAAQBAJ&pg=PA89 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-53661-1 |page=89}}</ref> [[Centre Party (Finland)|Centre Party]]<ref name="EED">{{cite web|url=https://nsd.no/european_election_database/country/finland/parties.html|work=Norwegian Centre for Research Data|title=Finland—Political parties|access-date=8 March 2019}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|France}}''': [[The Republicans (France)|The Republicans]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|title=France|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2017|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|access-date=16 May 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200424070610/https://parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|archive-date=24 April 2020|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Germany}}''': [[Christian Democratic Union of Germany]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Martin Steven |year=2018 |chapter=Conservatism in Europe—The Political Thought of Christian Democracy |editor=Mark Garnett |title=Conservative Moments: Reading Conservative Texts |series=Textual Moments in the History of Political Thought |location=London |publisher=Bloomsbury Academic |page=96 |isbn=9781350001558 |oclc=1006441779}}</ref> [[Free Democratic Party (Germany)|Free Democratic Party]],<ref name="Smith1995">{{cite book|author=Gordon Smith|chapter=The Moderate Right in the German Party System|editor=Peter H. Merkl|title=The Federal Republic of Germany at Forty-Five: Union Without Unity|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Ste-DAAAQBAJ&pg=PA269|publisher=Peter Lang|year=1995|isbn=978-1-349-13520-2|pages=269}}</ref><ref name="VanOers2013">{{cite book|author=Ricky Van Oers|title=Deserving Citizenship: Citizenship Tests in Germany, the Netherlands and the United Kingdom|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wWdUAQAAQBAJ&pg=PA263|publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers|year=2013|isbn=978-9-00-425107-6|page=263}}</ref> [[Free Voters]]<ref name="Kritzinger2019">{{cite book|editor1=Sylvia Kritzinger|editor2=Carolina Plescia|editor3=SKolja Raube|editor4=James Wilhelm|editor5=Jan Wouters|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=vOHcDwAAQBAJ|title=Assessing the 2019 European Parliament Elections|year=2020|publisher=Taylor & Francis|page=263|isbn=9781000057263 |quote=As in 2014, seven minor parties with vote shares below 5 per cent gained seats in the European Parliament, ranging from single-issue parties like the Animal Protection Party (one seat) or the Family Party (one seat) to the satirical 'Die Partei' (two seats) or the liberal-Conservative 'Free Voters'.}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Ghana}}''': [[New Patriotic Party]]
* '''{{flag|Greece}}''': [[New Democracy (Greece)|New Democracy]]<ref>{{cite book |author=José María Magone |title=The Politics of Southern Europe: Integration Into the European Union |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=KOj2BwVxczUC&pg=PA148 |year=2003 |publisher=Greenwood Publishing Group |isbn=978-0-275-97787-0 |page=148}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Greenland}}''': [[Atassut|Feeling of Community]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Christina Bergqvist |title=Equal Democracies?: Gender and Politics in the Nordic Countries |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=t8bfrJvsfJ8C&pg=PA319 |year=1999 |publisher=Nordic Council of Ministers |isbn=978-82-00-12799-4 |page=319}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Iceland}}''': [[Independence Party (Iceland)|Independence Party]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Agust Thor Arnason|chapter=The European Union Seen From the Top – A View of an Inside-Outsider|editor=Joakim Nergelius|title=Nordic and Other European Constitutional Traditions|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dfR5DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA34|year=2006|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-474-0978-6|page=34}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Ireland}}''': [[Fine Gael]],<ref>{{cite book |author1=Kerstin Hamann |author2=John Kelly |title=Parties, Elections, and Policy Reforms in Western Europe: Voting for Social Pacts |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5hXGBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA1980 |year=2010 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-136-94986-9 |page=1980}}</ref><ref name="MaginVigen2021">{{cite book|author1=Melanie Magin|author2=Marius G. Vigen|chapter=When Nothing Happened, but Much Changed: How Political Parties in Ireland Used Facebook in the 2019 European Parliament Election Campaign|editor1=Jörg Haßler|editor2=Melanie Magin|editor3=Uta Russmann|editor4=Vicente Fenoll|title=Campaigning on Facebook in the 2019 European Parliament Election: Informing, Interacting with, and Mobilising Voters|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|year=2021|isbn=9783030738518|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7Xs9EAAAQBAJ&pg=PA137|page=137}}</ref> [[Fianna Fáil]]<ref name="MaginVigen2021"/>
* '''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[Likud]],<ref>{{cite book|title=Experimental Studies of Interactive Decisions|author=Amnon Rapoport|publisher=Kluwer Academic|isbn=0792306856|year=1990|page=413|quote=Likud is a liberal-conservative party that gains much of its support from the lower and middle classes, and promotes free enterprise, nationalism, and expansionism.}}</ref> [[New Hope (Israel)|New Hope]]
* '''{{flag|Italy}}''': {{Lang|it|[[Forza Italia (2013)|Forza Italia]]|italic=no}},<ref>{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2018|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/italy.html|title=Italy|work=Parties and Elections in Europe}}</ref> [[Us Moderates]]
* '''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Liberal Democratic Party (Japan)|Liberal Democratic Party]]<ref name="Karan2005">{{Citation |first=Pradyumna P. |last=Karan |title=Japan in the 21st century: environment, economy, and society |publisher=University Press of Kentucky |year=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wS5kcRvShg8C&pg=PT259 |isbn=978-0813137773}}</ref><ref name="Noman2010">{{cite book|author=Omar Noman|title=Responsible Development: Vulnerable Democracies, Hunger and Inequality|year=2010|publisher=Routledge|isbn=9781135180751|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=p7eLAgAAQBAJ&pg=PT123|page=123}}</ref><ref name="Hoover2011">{{cite book |author=William D. Hoover |editor=William D. Hoover |title=Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan, First Edition |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Exa7XoW-1n8C&pg=PA211 |year=2011 |publisher=Scarecrow Press |isbn=978-0-8108-7539-5 |page=211}}</ref>{{efn|The LDP was described as a [[Liberalism in Japan|liberal]] or [[conservative-liberal]] party in the 1990s and prior to the 1990s, and was described as a liberal-conservative before the [[Second Abe Cabinet]], but since 2012, LDP has been controversial related to [[ultranationalism]] and [[fascism]]. (Major LDP members are linked to the far-right [[Nippon Kaigi]].)<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.eurasiareview.com/16072019-beautiful-harmony-political-project-behind-japans-new-era-name-analysis/|title=Beautiful Harmony: Political Project Behind Japan's New Era Name – Analysis|quote=The shifting dynamics around the new era name (gengō 元号) offers an opportunity to understand how the domestic politics of the LDP's project of ultranationalism is shaping a new Japan and a new form of nationalism.|date=16 July 2019|work=eurasia review}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Shinzo Abe and the long history of Japanese political violence |quote=As the French judge at the trial, Henri Bernard, noted, Japan’s wartime atrocities ‘had a principal author [Hirohito] who escaped all prosecution and of whom in any case the present defendants could only be considered accomplices.’ The result was that whereas ultranationalism became toxic in post-war Germany, in Japan neo-fascism — centred around the figure of the emperor — retained its allure and became mainstream albeit sotto voce within Japan’s ruling Liberal Democratic Party.  |url=https://www.spectator.co.uk/article/shinzo-abe-and-the-long-history-of-japanese-political-violence/ |agency=[[The Spectator]] |date=9 July 2022 |access-date=3 March 2023}}</ref>}} 
* '''{{flag|Latvia}}''': [[New Unity|Unity]]<ref name="Duvold2017"/>
* '''{{flag|Lithuania}}''': [[Homeland Union]]<ref name="Bugajski2002"/>{{rp|141}}
* '''{{flag|Mexico}}''': [[National Action Party (Mexico)|National Action Party]]<ref>{{cite book |first=Gavin |last=O'Toole |title=Politics Latin America |publisher=Pearson Education |year=2007 |page=383 |isbn=9781405821292 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0A91Xz9leFMC&pg=PA383}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Morocco}}''': [[Constitutional Union (Morocco)|Constitutional Union]]<ref>{{Citation |author1=Abdo Baaklini |author2=Guilain Denoeux |first3=Robert |last3=Springborg |title=Legislative Politics in the Arab World: The Resurgence of Democratic Institutions |publisher=Lynne Riener |year=1999 |page=129}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Mongolia}}''': [[Democratic Party (Mongolia)|Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite report |last1= Uribe Burcher |first1= Catalina |last2= Casal Bértoa |first2= Fernando |date= 15 November 2018 |title= Political Finance in Mongolia: Assessment and Recommendations |url=https://www.idea.int/sites/default/files/publications/political-finance-in-mongolia.pdf |publisher= International Institute for Democracy and Electoral Assistance; Open Society Forum |page= 13|doi=10.31752/idea.2018.68 |access-date=22 June 2020 |isbn=978-91-7671-217-7}}
</ref>
* '''{{flag|Myanmar}}''': [[National League for Democracy]]<ref name="Yap_Redmond">{{cite conference |url=https://www.researchgate.net/publication/321938815 |title=Challenges for the National League for Democracy in Achieving Peace and Democracy in Myanmar |author=Zappulla, Roberta|date= 2017 |publisher=Metropolitan University of Prague |via=Research gate |format=PDF |quote=The firm ideology of the NLD founds a new facet amid democratic liberalism and liberal conservatism.}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Netherlands}}''': [[People's Party for Freedom and Democracy]]<ref>{{cite book |author1=Arco Timmermans |author2=Edwin van Rooyen |author3=Gerrit Voerman |chapter=Policy analysis and political party think tanks |editor1=Frans van Nispen |editor2=Peter Scholten |title=Policy analysis in the Netherlands|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s6GkBQAAQBAJ&pg=PA189 |date=26 November 2014 |publisher=Policy Press |isbn=978-1-4473-1333-5 |page=189}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Liubomir K. Topaloff |title=Political Parties and Euroscepticism |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PPPZMBzaRGwC&pg=PA21 |year=2012 |publisher=Springer |isbn=978-1-137-00968-5 |page=21}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=José M. Magone |title=The Statecraft of Consensus Democracies in a Turbulent World: A Comparative Study of Austria, Belgium, Luxembourg, the Netherlands and Switzerland |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=nzIlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA112 |year=2017 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-315-40785-2 |page=112}}</ref> [[JA21]]<ref name="NOS">{{cite web |title=Eerdmans en Nanninga doen met 'JA21' mee aan verkiezingen |url=https://nos.nl/artikel/2361125-eerdmans-en-nanninga-doen-met-ja21-mee-aan-verkiezingen.html |website=[[Nederlandse Omroep Stichting|NOS]] |access-date=20 December 2020 |language=nl |date=18 December 2020}}</ref><ref name="Boersema">{{Cite news|title=''Waarom de strijd op rechts nooit een volledig rechts kabinet oplevert''|url=https://www.trouw.nl/politiek/waarom-de-strijd-op-rechts-nooit-een-volledig-rechts-kabinet-oplevert~b48ebc6e/|last=Boersema|first=Wendelmoet|date=2021-03-15}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|New Zealand}}''': [[New Zealand National Party|National Party]]<ref name="Vowles">{{cite book |first=Jack|last=Vowles |title=The New Zealand Journal of History|publisher=University of Auckland|page=225|date=1987|quote=[T]he National Party is both conservative and liberal, its liberalism containing both elements of classical and new liberalism, the implications of the latter also overlapping with elements of conservatism. Within the National Party, it is the liberals rather than the conservatives who are most self-conscious and vocal, although the conservatives most frequently seem to prevail.}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|North Macedonia}}''': [[VMRO-DPMNE]]<ref> VMRO-DPMNE (Internal Macedonian Revolutionary Organization – Democratic Party for Macedonian National Unity) | https://vmro-dpmne.org.mk/ </ref>
* '''{{flag|Norway}}''': [[Conservative Party (Norway)|Conservative Party]]<ref>{{cite news|url=http://tux.aftenposten.no/testdegselv/test.do?method=profiles&parameter=17|title=Valgomaten: Riksdekkende 2007|work=[[Aftenposten]]|year=2007|access-date=29 April 2011|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110727172955/http://tux.aftenposten.no/testdegselv/test.do?method=profiles&parameter=17|archive-date=27 July 2011|df=dmy-all}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Philippines}}''': [[Partido Federal ng Pilipinas]]
* '''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Civic Platform]], [[Polska 2050]], [[Trzecia Droga]]
* '''{{flag|Portugal}}''': [[Social Democratic Party (Portugal)|Social Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite book |author=André Krouwel |title=Party Transformations in European Democracies |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=w4DMRL66gOIC&pg=PA348 |year=2012 |publisher=SUNY Press |isbn=978-1-4384-4483-3 |page=348}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Romania}}''': [[National Liberal Party (Romania)|National Liberal Party]]<ref>{{cite web|first=Wolfram|last=Nordsieck|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/romania.html|title=Romania|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|year=2020|access-date=18 December 2020}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Russia}}''': [[Civic Platform (Russia)|Civic Platform]],<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/russia.html |title=2016 Russia legislative elections: State Duma |publisher=Parties and Elections in Europe |date=2016 |access-date=30 December 2017}}</ref> [[Party of Growth]]
* '''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[People's Party (Serbia, 2017)|People's Party]],<ref>{{cite news |url=https://www.narodna.org.rs/o-nama/program |title=Program Narodne stranke |publisher=Narodna Stranka}}</ref> [[Serbian Progressive Party]]<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Čamprag |first=Nebojša |date=2019-01-02 |title=Re-imagineering Belgrade and Skopje: urban megaprojects between politics and struggle |url=https://www.tandfonline.com/doi/full/10.1080/09654313.2018.1545011 |journal=European Planning Studies |language=en |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=181–200 |doi=10.1080/09654313.2018.1545011 |s2cid=158202545 |issn=0965-4313|url-access=subscription }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Dérens |first=Jean-Arnault |date=2016-12-01 |title=Rewriting Balkan history |url=https://mondediplo.com/2016/12/10balkans |access-date=2022-09-28 |website=Le Monde |language=en}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Democrats (Slovakia)|Democrats]], [[NOVA (Slovakia)|NOVA]], [[Civic Conservative Party (Slovakia)|Civic Conservative Party]], [[For the People (Slovakia)|For the People]]
* '''{{flag|Slovenia}}''': [[Slovenian Democratic Party]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Alfio Cerami |title=Social Policy in Central and Eastern Europe: The Emergence of a New European Welfare Regime |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MJdWwGKl2iAC&pg=PA29 |year=2006 |publisher=LIT Verlag Münster |isbn=978-3-8258-9699-7 |pages=29–}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Spain}}''': [[People's Party (Spain)|People's Party]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Inmaculada Egido |title=Transforming Education: The Spanish Experience |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WY4ibawhCfoC&pg=PA14 |year=2005 |publisher=Nova Publishers |isbn=978-1-59454-208-4 |page=14}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Fernando Reinares |chapter=The 2004 Madrid Train Bombings |editor1=Bruce Hoffman |editor2=Fernando Reinares |title=The Evolution of the Global Terrorist Threat: From 9/11 to Osama bin Laden's Death|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4cLQBAAAQBAJ&pg=PA32 |year=2014 |publisher=Columbia University Press |isbn=978-0-231-53743-8 |page=32}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Sri Lanka}}''': [[United National Party]]<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RyAGDAAAQBAJ&pg=PA247|title=Encyclopedia of World Political Systems|last1=Derbyshire|first1=J. Denis|last2=Derbyshire|first2=Ian|publisher=[[Routledge]]|date=2016|access-date=2023-04-13|pages=247, 249|isbn=978-0-76568-025-9}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Sweden}}''': [[Moderate Party]]<ref>{{cite book |author=Peter Viggo Jakobsen |title=Nordic Approaches to Peace Operations: A New Model in the Making? |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=YcYNhfJvn08C&pg=PA184 |year=2006 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-0-415-38360-8 |pages=184–}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author=Hariz Halilovich |title=Places of Pain: Forced Displacement, Popular Memory and Trans-local Identities in Bosnian War-torn Communities |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6VlFAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA208 |year=2013 |publisher=Berghahn Books |isbn=978-0-85745-777-6 |page=208}}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://liberati.se/liberala-partier/ | title=Liberala partier i Sveriges riksdag & deras ideologiska hållning }}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Republic of China}}''': [[Kuomintang]]<ref name="KMT-LibCon">{{cite book|editor=Martin L Lasater |title=The Changing Of The Guard: President Clinton And The Security Of Taiwan |date=2019 |publisher=Routledge}}</ref>
* ''' {{flag|Thailand}}''': [[Pheu Thai Party]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Satrusayang|first=Cod|year=2021|title=Thailand|url=https://www.thaienquirer.com/34673/opinion-same-old-pheu-thai-conservative-party-with-liberal-lipstick/ |access-date=4 January 2022|website=Thai Enquirer|archive-date=4 November 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20211104030232/https://www.thaienquirer.com/34673/opinion-same-old-pheu-thai-conservative-party-with-liberal-lipstick/|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Turkey}}''': [[Justice and Development Party (Turkey)|Justice and Development Party]],<ref>{{cite book|author=Ahmet Yıldız|chapter=Problematizing the Intellectual and Political Vestiges: From 'Welfare' to 'Justice and Development'|editor=Ümit Cizre|title=Secular and Islamic Politics in Turkey: The Making of the Justice and Development Party|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bHBQRRRodN8C&pg=PA50|date=25 March 2008|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-134-15523-1|page=50}}</ref><ref name="Bora2013">{{cite book|author=Tanil Bora|chapter=Notes on the White Turks Debate|editor=Riva Kastoryano|title=Turkey Between Nationalism and Globalization|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvKE54_BVskC&pg=PA97|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-52923-5|page=97}}</ref>{{efn|The AKP was described as a liberal-conservative and conservative-liberal, but there is controversy; a study by the V-Dem Institute at the University of Gothenburg in Sweden found that the AKP is [[Illiberal democracy|illiberal]].<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.theguardian.com/us-news/2020/oct/26/republican-party-autocratic-hungary-turkey-study-trump | title=Republicans closely resemble autocratic parties in Hungary and Turkey – study | newspaper=The Guardian | date=26 October 2020 | last1=Borger | first1=Julian }}</ref>}} [[Democrat Party (Turkey, current)|Democrat Party (current)]]
* ''' {{flag|Ukraine}}''': [[European Solidarity]]<ref>{{cite web|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|year=2019|title=Ukraine|url=http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html|access-date=22 July 2019|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|archive-date=10 March 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310224946/http://www.parties-and-elections.eu/ukraine.html|url-status=live}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': [[Conservative Party (UK)|Conservative Party]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Stephen Driver|title=Understanding British Party Politics|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2_Qq6RJr6_QC&pg=PA14|year=2011|publisher=Polity|isbn=978-0-7456-4077-8|page=14}}</ref>
*''' {{flag|United States}}''': [[Republican Party (United States)|Republican Party]] (factions){{sfn|Slomp|2011|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=V1uzkNq8xfIC&pg=PA107 107]}}
* ''' {{flag|Uruguay}}''': [[National Party (Uruguay)|National Party]]<ref>{{Cite news|last=Martínez|first=Magdalena|url=https://elpais.com/internacional/2019/11/22/actualidad/1574449190_174156.html|title=Luis Lacalle Pou, el peso de un apellido|date=2019-11-25|work=El País|access-date=2020-02-27|language=es|issn=1134-6582}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

=== Historical parties or factions ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '''{{flag|Brazil}}''': [[Democratic Social Party]], [[Democrats (Brazil)|Democrats]]<ref>{{Citation |first=Peadar |last=Kirby |title=Introduction to Latin America: Twenty-First Century Challenges |publisher=Sage |year=2003 |page=157}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Canada}}''': [[Progressive Conservative Party of Canada]]
* '''{{flag|Czech Republic}}''': [[Civic Democratic Alliance]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Liberální strana |url=http://liberalove.bluefile.cz/archiv.php?co=1240492348 |website=liberalove.bluefile.cz |access-date=27 March 2017 |language=cs}}</ref> [[Freedom Union&nbsp;– Democratic Union]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Unie svobody – zoufalé hledání identity |url=http://www.witzany.cz/archiv/clanky/Potrebuje_CR_lib_str.htm |website=www.witzany.cz |access-date=27 March 2017}}</ref> [[Realists (political party)|Realists]]<ref>{{cite web |title=Politická strana Realisté po třech letech končí, rozhodli členové |url=https://www.idnes.cz/zpravy/domaci/realiste-politicka-strana-petr-robejsek-jiri-hynek.A190722_212515_domaci_knn |website=Idnes |date=22 July 2019 |access-date=October 3, 2019}}</ref>

*'''{{flag|Estonia}}''': [[Res Publica Party]]<ref name="Duvold2017"/>
* '''{{flag|France}}''': [[National Centre of Independents and Peasants]], [[Union for the New Republic (France)|Union for the New Republic]], [[Independent Republicans]],<ref>{{cite book |author=David Hanley |chapter=France: Living with Instability |editor=David Broughton |title=Changing Party Systems in Western Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NkDNoNiBEjUC&pg=PA66 |access-date=21 August 2012 |year=1999 |publisher=Continuum International Publishing Group |isbn=978-1-85567-328-1 |page=66}}</ref> [[Perspectives and Realities Clubs]], [[Union of Democrats for the Republic]], [[Republican Party (France)|Republican Party]], [[Rally for the Republic]], [[Union for French Democracy]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Alistair Cole |chapter=Stress, strain and stability in the French party system |editor=Jocelyn Evans |title=The French Party System|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=a_ojgq8HABUC&pg=PA12 |year=2003 |publisher=Manchester University Press |isbn=978-0-7190-6120-2 |page=12}}</ref> [[Union for a Popular Movement]]<ref>{{cite web|url-status=dead|url=http://parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|title=France|last=Nordsieck|first=Wolfram|date=2012|website=Parties and Elections in Europe|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150523000823/http://parties-and-elections.eu/france.html|archive-date=23 May 2015}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Germany}}''': [[Free Conservative Party]]

* '''{{flag|India}}''': [[Swatantra Party]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Swatantra Party: a political biography|year=1997|page=199|publisher=Dattsons|first=Vasanti|last=Pratapchandra Rasam}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Israel}}''': [[General Zionists]]<ref>{{cite book|title=Congressional Record: Proceedings and Debates of the United States Congress|year=1955|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dmEuAAAAIAAJ&pg=SL1-PA5443|publisher=U.S. Government Printing Office|page=5443}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Italy}}''': {{Lang|it|[[Forza Italia]]|italic=no}},<ref>{{cite book |author1=Ruth Wodak |author2=John E. Richardson |title=Analysing Fascist Discourse: European Fascism in Talk and Text |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=XMIG9aJxuxAC&pg=PA43 |year=2013 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-89919-2 |page=43}}</ref> [[The People of Freedom]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Donatella M. Viola |editor=Donatella M. Viola |title=Routledge Handbook of European Elections |chapter=Italy|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=7stgCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA117 |year=2015 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-1-317-50363-7 |page=117}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |author1=Ilaria Riccioni |author2=Ramono Bongelli |author3=Andrzej Zuczkwoski |chapter=The communication of certainty and uncertainty in Italian political media discourses |editor=Anita Fetzer |title=The Pragmatics of Political Discourse: Explorations across cultures|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Um0dEZmhEUcC&pg=PA131 |year=2013 |publisher=John Benjamins Publishing Company |isbn=978-90-272-7239-3 |page=131}}</ref> [[Tyrolean Homeland Party]],<ref>{{cite book |first=Günther |last=Pallaver |year=2008 |chapter=South Tyrol's Consociational Democracy: Between Political Claim and Social Reality |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=uqdu4aP4kOkC&pg=PA309 |editor1=Jens Woelk |editor2=Francesco Palermo |editor3=Joseph Marko |title=Tolerance Through Law: Self Governance and Group Rights in South Tyrol |location=Leiden, The Netherlands |publisher=Martinus Nijhoff Publishers |pages=309 |isbn=978-90-04-16302-7 |oclc=646789592}}</ref> [[Italian Liberal Party]]<ref name="HumphreysSteed1988">{{cite book|editor=Emil J. Kirchner|author1=Peter Humphreys|author2=Michael Steed|chapter=Identifying Liberal Parties|title=Liberal Parties in Western Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=wtCIzAyQChQC&pg=PA408|date=3 November 1988|publisher=Cambridge University Press|isbn=978-0-521-32394-9|pages=408–409}}</ref>

* '''{{flag|Japan}}''': [[Japan New Party]],<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Murakami |first1=Hiroshi |author-link1=:ja:村上弘 (行政学者) |year=2009 |title=The changing party system in Japan 1993-2007: More competition and limited convergence |url=http://www.ritsumei.ac.jp/acd/cg/law/lex/rlr26/hiroshi%20Murakami.pdf |access-date=29 April 2021 |journal=Ritsumeikan Law Review |publisher=[[Ritsumeikan University]] |volume=26 |page=30 }}</ref> [[New Party Sakigake]],<ref name="Hoover2019">{{cite book|author=William D. Hoover|editor=William D. Hoover|title= Historical Dictionary of Postwar Japan, Second Edition|year=2019|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield|isbn=9781538111567|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jyx1DwAAQBAJ&pg=PA268|page=268}}</ref> [[Democratic Party of Japan]] (factions)<ref name="Magara2012">{{cite book|author=Hideko Magara|chapter=Divergent fate of left parties in political economic regime transitions: Italy and Japan in the 1990s|editor=Masanobu Ido|title=Varieties of Capitalism, Types of Democracy and Globalization|year=2012|publisher=Taylor & Francis|isbn= 978-1-136-34270-7|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=SNTFBQAAQBAJ&pg=PT182|page=182}}</ref> 
* '''{{flag|Montenegro}}''': [[Movement for Changes]]<ref name="Bakke2010"/>
* '''{{flag|New Zealand}}''': [[United Future]]<ref name="Miller2011">{{cite book|author=Caroline Miller|title=Implementing Sustainability: The New Zealand Experience|year=2011|publisher=Routledge|isbn= 978-1-136-85441-5|page=10}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Poland}}''': [[Conservative People's Party (Poland)|Conservative People's Party]],<ref>{{cite book |author=Aleks Szczerbiak |chapter=The Polish centre-right's (last?) best hope: The rise and fall of Solidarity Electoral Action |editor1=Aleks Szczerbiak |editor2=Seán Hanley |title=Centre-right Parties in Post-communist East-Central Europe|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=512cxC7eT1IC&pg=PA66 |year=2006 |publisher=Psychology Press |isbn=978-0-415-34781-5 |page=66}}</ref>

* '''{{flag|Romania}}''': [[Romanian Democratic Convention|Democratic Convention of Romania]],<ref name="Lewis2002"/> [[Democratic Liberal Party (Romania)|Democratic Liberal Party]]<ref name="Bakke2010"/>
* '''{{flag|Serbia}}''': [[G17 Plus]]<ref name="Bakke2010"/>
* '''{{flag|Slovakia}}''': [[Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party]]<ref name="Bakke2010"/>
* '''{{flag|South Korea}}''': [[Bareunmirae Party]]<ref>{{cite web|language=ko|url=http://www.inews24.com/view/1075446|title=What about the re-establishment of the four-party system, the future political circle? |work=아이뉴스21 |date=3 February 2018|access-date=2 May 2020}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.koreaherald.com/view.php?ud=20210611000463 |title=New conservative party sets sail ahead of April parliamentary elections |quote= After the impeachment of Park in 2016, he left the Saenuri Party and joined the minor conservative Bareun Party. He then moved to the liberal-conservative Bareunmirae Party after the Bareun Party and minor liberal People’s Party were merged. |work=[[The Korean Herald]] |date=11 June 2021}}</ref>

* '''{{flag|Spain}}''' [[Liberal-Conservative Party (Spain)|Liberal-Conservative Party]]
* '''{{flag|Turkey}}''' [[Democrat Party (Turkey, 1946–1961)|Democrat Party (historical)]]<ref>{{cite book|author=Elizabeth Özdalga|chapter=Reflections on the Relationship Between Imaginative Literature and Religious and National Identities|editor=Riva Kastoryano|title=Turkey Between Nationalism and Globalization|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lvKE54_BVskC&pg=PA54|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-0-415-52923-5|page=54}}</ref>
{{div col end}}

== Liberal-conservative organisations ==
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
* '''{{flag|United Kingdom}}''': [[Bright Blue (organisation)|Bright Blue]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.huffingtonpost.co.uk/entry/think-tanks-conservative-tories-onward-freer_uk_5b04492ce4b0c0b8b23ec51d |title=Meet The New Conservative Think-Tanks Hoping To Reboot The Tories |date=2018-05-24 |website=HuffPost UK |language=en|access-date=2019-03-27}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Hungary}}''': [[Everybody's Hungary Movement]]<ref>{{Cite web|date=2021-10-02|title=Winners & Losers: Hungary's opposition primaries first-round recap|url=https://kafkadesk.org/2021/10/02/winners-losers-hungarys-opposition-primaries-first-round-recap/|access-date=2021-11-27|website=Kafkadesk|language=en-GB}}</ref>
* '''{{flag|Germany}}''': [[Konrad Adenauer Foundation]]<ref>{{cite web | url=https://globaldemocracycoalition.org/partner/konrad-adenauer-stiftung/ | title=Konrad Adenauer Stiftung – Global Democracy Coalition }}</ref>
{{div col end}}

== See also ==
{{portal|Conservatism}}
* [[Conservative liberalism]]
* [[Ordoliberalism]]
* [[Progressive conservatism]]

== Explanatory notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== Citations ==
{{Reflist|30em}}

== General and cited references ==
* {{Cite book |last=Heywood |first=Andrew |year=2004 |title=Political Theory, Third Edition: An Introduction |publisher=Palgrave Macmillan |isbn=0333961803}}
* {{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Larry |year=2007 |title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john |url-access=registration |edition=3rd |location=Peterborough, Ont. |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0040-9}}	
* {{cite book |last=Johnston |first=Larry |year=2011 |title=Politics: An Introduction to the Modern Democratic State |url=https://archive.org/details/politicsintroduc0000john_l7q9 |url-access=registration |edition=4th |location=Toronto |publisher=University of Toronto Press |isbn=978-1-4426-0533-6}}
* {{cite book |last=McAnulla |first=Stuart |year=2006 |title=British Politics: A Critical Introduction |publisher=A&C Black |isbn=978-0-826-46155-1 }}
* {{cite book |last=Turner |first=Rachel S. |year=2008 |title=Neo-Liberal Ideology: History, Concepts and Policies: History, Concepts and Policies |location=Edinburgh |publisher=Edinburgh University Press |isbn=978-0-748-63235-0 }}
* {{cite book |last=van de Haar |first=Edwin |year=2015 |title=Degrees of Freedom: Liberal Political Philosophy and Ideology |location=New Brunswick, NJ |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=978-1-412-85575-4 }}
* {{cite book |last=Vincent |first=Andrew |year=2009 |title=Modern Political Ideologies |publisher=John Wiley & Sons |isbn=978-1-4443-1105-1}}

{{Conservatism footer}}
{{Liberalism footer}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liberal Conservatism}}
[[Category:Liberal conservatism| ]]
[[Category:Centre-right ideologies]]
[[Category:Classical liberalism]]
[[Category:Conservatism]]
[[Category:Conservative liberalism]]
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[[Category:Political theories]]
[[Category:Social theories]]
[[Category:Syncretic political movements]]