View source for Liang Fa

{{Short description|Chinese missionary}}
{{stack begin}}
{{chinese
|pic=File:Liang Fa, the first Chinese evangelist.jpg |picsize=250px |piccap=A posthumous portrait <small>({{circa|lk=no|1865}})</small>
|t={{linktext|梁|發}} |s={{linktext|梁|发}} |p=Liáng Fā |j=Leung4 Faat3
|altname= Liang Gongfa |t2={{linktext|梁|恭|發}} |s2={{linktext|梁|恭|发}} |p2= Liáng Gōngfā
|altname3=Liang A-fa |t3={{linktext|梁|阿|發}} |s3={{linktext|梁|阿|发}} |p3= Liáng Āfā
|altname4=Student of the Good |t4={{linktext|學|善}}({{linktext|者}}) |s4={{linktext|学|善}}({{linktext|者}}) |p4=Xuéshàn(zhě)
|altname5=Retired Student of the Good |t5={{linktext|學|善|居士}} |s5={{linktext|学|善|居士}} |p5=Xuéshàn Jūshì
}}
[[File:Morrison at work.jpg|thumb|right|200px|An engraving of [[George Chinnery]]'s lost ''Robert Morrison Translating the Bible'' ({{circa|lk=no|1828}}). [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Morrison]] is assisted by [[Li Shigong]] (''left'') and [[Chen Laoyi]] (''right'').]]
[[File:Hong Xiuquan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Hong Xiuquan]] <small>({{circa|lk=no|1860}})</small>.]]
[[File:Dr. Peter Parker.jpg|thumb|right|200px|[[Lam Qua]]'s portrait of [[Peter Parker (missionary)|Peter Parker]] <small>({{circa|lk=no|1845}})</small>.]]
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{{family name hatnote|[[Liang (surname)|Liang]]|lang=Chinese}}
'''Liang Fa''' (1789–1855), also known by [[#Name|other names]], was the second [[Han Chinese|Chinese]] [[Protestantism in China|Protestant]] convert and the first Chinese Protestant minister and evangelist. He was ordained by [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]], the first Protestant [[Christian mission|missionary]] in the [[Qing Empire]]. His tract ''Good Words to Admonish the Age'' was influential on [[Hong Xiuquan]], who went on to lead the [[Taiping Rebellion]].

{{anchor|Etymology|Names}}

==Name==
Liang Fa{{sfn|''BDCC''}} is the [[pinyin]] [[romanization of Chinese|romanization]] of Liang's usual Chinese name, which his father used.{{sfnp|McNeur|1934|p=10}} {{nowrap|'''Leung Faat'''}}{{sfn|''BDCC''}}{{sfnp|Lee|1971|p=32}} is the [[Jyutping]] romanization of the same name in [[Cantonese language|Cantonese]], the usual spoken [[dialects of Chinese|dialect]] of [[Guangdong]]'s natives. His [[Chinese personal name|personal name]] {{lang|zh|{{linktext|發}}}} is the common Chinese verb for "to send" but in [[Chinese grammar]] can also be understood as its [[past participle]], "[he who is] sent".{{sfnp|McNeur|1934|p=10}} He is also known as '''{{nowrap|Liang A-fa}}''',<ref name=wo>{{harvp|Wylie|1867|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA21 21]}}.</ref>{{sfnp|McNeur|1934}} "{{nowrap|A-Fa}}",{{sfnp|Reason|1960}} "Afa",{{sfnp|Fischer|2008|p=150}} "{{nowrap|Ah Fa}}"{{sfn|''BDCC''}} or "{{nowrap|Ah-fa}}"<ref name=lydia>{{harvp|Liu|2001|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DfEmr2g0YC&pg=PA1058 1058]}}.</ref> from the [[Southern China|Southern Chinese]] habit of forming affectionate [[Chinese nickname|nickname]]s using the prefix ''Ā-'' (now {{lang|zh|{{linktext|阿}}}}, formerly {{lang|zh|{{linktext|亞}}}}). {{nowrap|'''Liang Gongfa'''}} was apparently his complete name, although it was used less often.{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=1}} It variously appears as "Leang Kung-fa",<ref name=wo/> "Leang Kung-fah",{{sfn|''BDCC''}} and "Leong Kung Fa".{{sfn|''BDCC''}}{{sfnp|Melton|2005}}

{{anchor|Biography|History}}

==Life==
Liang was born in the [[village (China)|village]] of [[Gulao Village|Gulao]] (then known as "Lohtsun"),{{sfn|''BDCC''}} [[Gaoming County]],{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=2}} in [[Sanzhou]] ("Samchow"), [[Guangdong]], in 1789.{{sfn|''BDCC''}} Although he came from a poor family, they made an effort to give him a classical Chinese education at the village school. This consisted of the [[Four_Books_and_Five_Classics#Four_Books|Four Books]], three of the [[Four_Books_and_Five_Classics#Five_Classics|Five Classics]], and the [[Sacred_Edict_of_the_Kangxi_Emperor|Sacred Edict]].<ref name=wo/> They were unable to afford his schooling until he was 11; at age 15, he was compelled to seek work as a [[Chinese brush|brush]]-maker{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=2}}{{refn|group=n|Liang is sometimes unhelpfully described as making "pens"{{sfn|''BDCC''}} or wrongly said to have made "pencils".<ref name=wo/>{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=2}}}} in [[Guangzhou]] ([[Postal Map Romanization|then known]] as "Canton").{{sfn|''BDCC''}} He soon left this to [[apprenticeship|apprentice]] as a [[printing|printer]],{{sfn|''BDCC''}} for whom he carved characters onto wooden blocks.<ref name=wo/> After four years, he left to a nearby village to ply the trade. He returned to Gulao in 1810 to mourn his mother's death and then returned to the area around Guangzhou.<ref name=wo/>

In 1811 and 1812, [[Cai Luxing]] ({{lang|zh|{{linktext|蔡|盧|興}}}},{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=1}} known at the time as "Tsae Low-heen"){{sfn|''BDCC''}} was helping [[Robert Morrison (missionary)|Robert Morrison]] to publish his Chinese translation of the New Testament{{sfn|''BDCC''}} and in one of those years Liang began to assist in carving the work's printing blocks.{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=2}} An imperial edict of 1812 prohibited the publication of Christian texts in Chinese; it declared that Christianity was a menace to [[Chinese culture]] as it "neither holds [[shen (Chinese religion)|spirits]] in veneration nor [[Chinese ancestral veneration|ancestors in reverence]]".{{sfnp|Lee|1971|p=32}} Nonetheless, Cai's younger brother—probably named [[Cai Gao|Gao]]—became the Protestants' first Chinese convert, baptized at a secluded seaside spring on July 16, 1814,{{sfnp|Lee|1971|p=32}} and Liang became their second.{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=1}} The missionary [[William Milne (missionary)|William Milne]] employed Liang as his Chinese teacher and Liang went with him to the [[British Malacca|Malacca]] mission in April 1815{{sfn|''BDCC''}} to assist him with printing his Chinese-language tracts.<ref name=wo/> At his request, he was baptized by Milne at noon on November 3, 1816, so that there would be no shadows present.{{sfnp|Lee|1971|p=33}} He adopted the [[art name|pen name]] "Student of the Good".{{sfn|''BDCC''}}

Liang returned to China in April 1819 to see his family.<ref name=wo/> Under Morrison's supervision, he prepared 200 copies of a 37-page tract of ''Miscellaneous Exhortations''<ref name=wt/> for his friends and neighbors. The police reacted harshly, arresting him and burning both the copies and the printing blocks used to publish them. Morrison got him released two days later, but he had already been beaten thirty times with a bamboo cane and compelled to pay $70. He remained forty days with his family and then returned to Malacca. He returned again in 1820, successfully converting and baptizing his wife before returning to Malacca the next year.<ref name=wo/>

Following Milne's death, he came home in 1823. On November 20, he had Morrison baptize his son Jinde ("Tsin-tih").<ref name=wo/> A month later, Morrison appointed him as a lay evangelist for the [[London Missionary Society]]{{sfnp|Melton|2005}}{{sfn|''BDCC''}}{{refn|group=n|This date is sometimes confused—as by [[Lee Shiu-keung|Lee]]{{sfnp|Lee|1971|p=33}}—with the date of his full ordination.}} and in 1827 ordained him as a full minister, the first native Chinese to do so.{{sfnp|Melton|2005}} He preached at hospitals and chapels and, after writing his own tracts, thought to distribute Christian literature to the scholars gathered for the [[prefecture (China)|prefectural]] and [[province (China)|provincial]] [[imperial exam]]s.{{sfnp|Lee|1971|p=33}} He printed 7,000{{sfnp|Wylie|1867|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA12 "Kew A-gang", p. 12]}} or 70,000{{sfn|''BDCC''}} tracts in a single year and personally distributed them to the thousands who came for the tests{{sfn|''BDCC''}} in Guangzhou and in the prefectural seats of Guangdong.<ref name=wt>{{harvp|Wylie|1867|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 22]}}.</ref> It was at one such session that [[Hong Xiuquan]] first encountered Liang's work ''Good Words to Admonish the Age''.{{sfnp|Lee|1971|p=33}} He converted a printer named Lin ("Lam"); Li San, who became his assistant; and others.{{sfn|''BDCC''}} Liang accompanied [[Wat Ngong]], another Chinese Christian printer, on his {{convert|250|mi|sp=us|adj=on|0}} trek in 1830, distributing their Christian tracts across southwest Guangdong.{{sfnp|Wylie|1867|loc=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA11 "Kew A-gang", pp. 11–2]}} He continued the practice for three or four more years.{{sfnp|Brown|1864|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cARAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA257 257]}} There are unclear references to some long-standing dispute between Wat and Liang that was eventually resolved;{{sfnp|Seitz|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZtwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA57 57]}} they worked together in Malacca and again to continue the mission with another native worker after Morrison's death.<ref>{{harvp|Lovett|1899|p=[https://archive.org/stream/historyoflondonm02love#page/440/mode/2up 440]}}.</ref>

The [[Government of India Act 1833|1833 Government of India Act]] ended the [[East India Company]]'s legal monopoly on Britain's share of the [[Canton system|Canton trade]]. Amid the diplomatic crisis occasioned by the increase in [[opium trade in China|opium smuggling]] and [[William Napier, 9th Lord Napier|Lord Napier]]'s resort to force to assert his right to act as the British [[consul (trade)|consul]] in [[Guangzhou]], the Emperor personally expressed disbelief that westerners were responsible for the Chinese-language magazines and broadsides being distributed by the English. Qing subjects were forbidden to teach to the language, and a crackdown was ordered.{{sfn|Lutz|2008|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=3aGTjRsnTeEC&pg=PA89 89]}} Morrison died in August 1834 and, several days into Liang's distribution of tracts at Guangzhou's provincial exams a few weeks later, the city's police came for him and his companions. Liang escaped to [[Portuguese Macao|Macao]],{{refn|group=n|[[Alexander Wylie (missionary)|Wylie]] mistakenly records that Liang Fa was among those arrested.<ref name=wt/>}} but an assistant in Guangzhou and several family members in Sanzhou were seized.{{sfn|''BDCC''}} Unlike his father, John Morrison helped Liang by paying the $800 for the ten captives himself.{{sfnp|Brown|1864|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=cARAAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA257 257]}}

He again left for Malacca with his son Lou. He was formally attached to the London mission there in 1837<ref name=wt/> and, while working there with [[Wat Ngong]], caused a "spike" in conversions, netting more than thirty converts in a span of months. When many of these new converts later abandoned the faith, it prompted disputes within the LMS about the meaning and requirements for baptism.{{sfnp|Seitz|2015|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZtwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA61 61]}} Liang moved to the mission at [[British Singapore|Singapore]] the next year. He finally returned to China in July 1839.<ref name=wt/> He then joined [[Peter Parker (missionary)|Peter Parker]]'s [[medical missions in China|missionary hospital]]{{sfn|''BDCC''}} on Hog Lane in Guangzhou's [[Thirteen Factories]] trading ghetto. At an 1841 congressional hearing in [[Washington, DC|Washington]], Parker quoted Liang as saying "When I meet men in the streets and villages and tell them the folly of worshipping idols they laugh at me. Their hearts are very hard. But when men are sick and are healed their hearts are very soft".{{sfnp|McNeur|1934|p=89}} For similar reasons, he opposed [[United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland|Britain]]'s persecution of the [[First Opium War]], saying its support of opium smugglers and assaults on China would turn its people against Christianity in general and British missionaries in particular.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}} In 1845, Liang became the hospital's chaplain, leading regular services and visiting patients. Parker noted him often sharing his conversion story and scriptural passages.{{sfn|''BDCC''}}

Liang helped Robert Morrison's son-in-law [[Benjamin Hobson]] locate a residence and establish [[medical missions in China|his clinic]] in Guangzhou's [[Xiguan|western suburbs]] in 1848. Liang then moved his work there, since it began to treat more than two hundred patients daily. Four men and six women joined him for services, but more than a hundred might watch their ceremony.{{sfn|''BDCC''}} He baptized [[Hok Chau]], who worked at the hospital illustrating Hobson's medical treatises,{{sfn|''BDCC''}} in 1852;<ref>{{citation |first=Rebecca Chan |last=Chung |author2=Deborah Chung |author3=Cecilia Ng Wong |display-authors=1 |title=Piloted to Serve |date=2012 }}.</ref> Chau<!--sic--> later went on to succeed Liang as minister there.{{sfn|''BDCC''}}

He was unhappy with his son Jinde's government job, which required him to work on Sundays.{{sfn|''BDCC''}} He also had a daughter {{nowrap|({{abbr|b|born}}. 1829)}} and a third child, who died in 1832.<ref name=wo/>

He died on 12 April 1855.{{sfn|''BDCC''}}

==Works==
{{expand list|date=July 2016}}
Liang Fa wrote under the [[art name|pen name]] "Student of the Good"{{sfn|''BDCC''}} or "Retired Student of the Good".<ref name=wt/>

He is primarily remembered for his ''Quànshì Liángyán'' {{nowrap|(<small>[[traditional characters|t]]</small> {{lang|zh|《{{linktext|勸|世|良|言}}》}},}} {{nowrap|<small>[[simplified characters|s]]</small> {{lang|zh|《{{linktext|劝|世|良|言}}》}})}}, [[Wade-Giles|formerly]] [[romanization of Chinese|romanized]] as ''K'euen She Lëang Yen''<ref name=wth>{{harvp|Wylie|1867|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA23 23]}}.</ref> and ''Ch'üan-shih Liang-yen''<ref name=lydia/> and variously translated{{refn|[[Jonathan Seitz|Seitz]]'s introduction to [[George Hunter McNeur|McNeur]].{{sfnp|McNeur|1934|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gf6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT11 vi]}}}} as ''Good Words to Admonish the Age'',{{sfnp|Fischer|2008|p=150}}{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=i}} "Good News to Admonish the Ages",{{sfn|''BDCC''}} "Good News to Admonish the World",{{refn|[[Jonathan Seitz|Seitz]]'s introduction to [[George Hunter McNeur|McNeur]].<ref name=sevi>{{harvp|McNeur|1934|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gf6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT6 i]}}.</ref>}} "Good Words to Exhort the World",<ref name=lydia/> "Good Words Exhorting the Age",<ref name=wth/> "Good Words Exhorting Mankind",{{sfnp|Lee|1971|p=33}} &c. Revised by Morrison,<ref name=wth/> it was printed in Guangzhou in early 1832 and in Malacca later that year.{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=6}}{{refn|group=n|This edition was largely identical but included a five-page table of contents.{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=6}}}} It comprised a form of the [[New Testament]] in vernacular Chinese based upon Morrison's [[classical Chinese]] translation,<ref name=lydia/> along with ten homilies,{{refn|[[Jonathan Seitz|Seitz]]'s introduction to [[George Hunter McNeur|McNeur]].{{sfnp|McNeur|1934|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gf6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT11 vi]}}}} some of Liang's tracts, an attack on [[religion in China|Chinese religions]], and his conversion story.{{sfn|''BDCC''}} Although often called a "[[tract (literature)|tract]]", it was over 500 pages long in nine stand-alone chapters or scrolls (''[[juan]]''),{{refn|[[Jonathan Seitz|Seitz]]'s introduction to [[George Hunter McNeur|McNeur]].<ref name=sevi/>}} which appear to have often been printed in four-volume sets.{{sfn|''BDCC''}} It largely dwelt on the omnipotence of [[God the Father]], the degrading nature and effects of [[idolatry]] and other sins, and the personal choice between salvation and damnation.{{refn|[[Jonathan Seitz|Seitz]]'s introduction to [[George Hunter McNeur|McNeur]].{{sfnp|McNeur|1934|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gf6CQAAQBAJ&pg=PT12 vii]}}}} Its actual text long went unstudied since only four copies are known to have survived the suppression of the Taipings: one copy of the Malacca edition is held by the [[New York Public Library]], one copy of the Guangzhou edition is held by [[Harvard Library|Harvard University]], and two more were held by the London Missionary Society.{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=6}}{{refn|group=n|The society's records and holdings are now at the library of the School of Oriental and African Studies at the [[University of London]].{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=8}} Other copies may exist within China, but the [[Chinese Communist Party|party]] line has held that the Taiping struggle was primarily a spontaneous [[class conflict|class war]] and [[peasant revolt]] and that its religious elements were largely irrelevant, discouraging research on the topic.{{sfnp|Kim|2011|p=6}}}} A third and fourth edition, both abridged, were also printed at [[Singapore]].<ref name=wf>{{harvp|Wylie|1867|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA24 24]}}.</ref>

He also published:<ref name=wttf>{{harvp|Wylie|1867|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA22 22–5]}}.</ref>{{sfnp|Kim|2011|pp=3–4}}{{refn|group=n|Chinese titles are given in modern [[traditional characters]], some of which—such as those preceded by the [[礻|altar radical]]—vary slightly from their 19th-century forms. Romanizations include both modern [[pinyin]] and the contemporary [[romanization of Chinese|romanization]]. Translations are [[Alexander Wylie (missionary)|Wylie]]'s, where given.<ref name=wttf/>}}

* {{citation |last=Liang |first=Fa |author-mask=Liang Fa |display-authors=0 |title=''《救世錄撮要畧解》 [''Jiùshì Lù Cuōyāo Lüèxiè'' or ''Kew She Luh Tso Yaou Leo Keae, Miscellaneous Exhortations'']'' |date=1819 |location=Guangzhou |publisher=Religious Tract Society }}. {{in lang|zh}}
* {{citation |last=Liang |first=Fa |author-mask=Liang Fa |display-authors=0 |title=''《熟學聖理略論》 [''Shúxué Shènglǐ Lüèlún'' or ''Shuh Heo Shing Le Lëo Lun, Perfect Acquaintance with the Holy Doctrine'']'' |location=Guangzhou |date=1828 |publisher=Religious Tract Society }}, {{in lang|zh}} autobiographical & probably a second edition<ref name=wt/>
* {{citation |last=Liang |first=Fa |author-mask=Liang Fa |display-authors=0 |title=''《真道問答淺解》 [''Zhēndào Wèndá Jiānxiè'' or ''Chin Taou Wan Ta Ts'ëen Keae, Simple Explanations to the Questions and Answers of the Truth'']'' |location=Malacca |date=1829 |publisher=Anglo-Chinese Press }}. {{in lang|zh}}
* {{citation |last=Liang |first=Fa |author-mask=Liang Fa |display-authors=0 |title=''《聖書日課初學便用》 [''Shèngshū Rìkè Chūxué Biànyòng'' or ''Shing Shoo Jih K'o Ts'oo Hëo Pëen Yung, Scripture Lessons for the Young'']'' |location=Guangzhou |date=1831 |publisher=Religious Tract Society }}, reprinted 1832 by the British & Foreign School Society. {{in lang|zh}}
* {{citation |last=Liang |first=Fa |author-mask=Liang Fa |display-authors=0 |author2=Robert Morrison |title=''《祈禱文贊神詩》 [''Qídǎo Wén Zànshén Shī'' or ''K'e Taou Wan Tsan Shin She, Prayers and Hymns'']'' |location=Macao |date=1833 }}, {{in lang|zh}} a translation of the Morning Service of Church of England, with the prayers done by Liang and the hymns by others<ref name=wfi>{{harvp|Wylie|1867|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA25 25]}}.</ref>
* {{citation |last=Liang |first=Fa |author-mask=Liang Fa |display-authors=0 |title=''《真道尋源》 [''Zhēndào Xún Yuán, Seeking the Source of the True Way'']'' }}.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}
* {{citation |last=Liang |first=Fa |author-mask=Liang Fa |display-authors=0 |title=''《靈魂篇》 [''Línghún Piān, On Souls'']'' }}.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}
* {{citation |last=Liang |first=Fa |author-mask=Liang Fa |display-authors=0 |title=''《異端論》 [''Yìduān Lún, On Heresy'']'' }}.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

Liang also assisted Milne's ''Monthly Chinese Magazine''{{sfnp|Melton|2005}} and created ''The Monthly Total Record of the Inspection of the Worldly Customs'' (《察世俗每月統記傳》 Cha Shisu Meiyue Tongji Zhuan), one of the first Chinese [[magazine]]s.{{citation needed|date=July 2016}}

==Legacy==
Liang was an important participant in the establishment of [[Protestantism in China]],{{sfn|''BDCC''}} but is most remembered for the influence of his tracts on [[Hong Xiuquan]] and his [[Taiping Rebellion|Taiping rebels]], for whom ''Good Words to Admonish the Age'' became a sacred text.<ref name=lydia/>

Liang's grave was found to be on land purchased for the expansion of [[Lingnan University (Guangzhou)|Lingnan University]] (formerly [[Canton Christian College]] and now [[Sun Yat-sen University]]).  He was re-interred in the center of the college campus on the site reserved for the college chapel. The site was dedicated 7 June 1920.

== See also ==
* [[Christianity in China|Christianity]] and [[Protestantism in China]]
* [[Jesuit China missions|Jesuit]] and [[Protestant China missions]]
* [[Ying Wa College|Anglo-Chinese College]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist|group=n}}

==References==
===Citations===
{{Reflist|30em}}

===Bibliography===
* {{cite BDCC |first=Martha|last=Stockment |url-id=liang-fa |title=Liang Fa (1789– 1855) |access-date=11 June 2018 |ref={{harvid|''BDCC''}} }}
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* {{citation |last=Fischer |first=Benjamin Louis |title=Opium Pushing and Bible Smuggling: Religion and the Cultural Politics of British Imperialist Ambition in China |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=k0t8aziWU80C |publisher=Notre Dame University |date=2008 |isbn=9780549590590 }}.
* {{citation | first = Joyce | last = Reason | author-link = Joyce Reason | year = 1960 | title = Bold Smuggler: Liang A-Fa of China | publisher=Edinburgh House Press | location = London}}.
* {{citation |last=Kim |first=Sukjoo |title=Liang Fa's ''Quanshi Liangyan'' and Its Impact on the Taiping Movement |url=https://baylor-ir.tdl.org/baylor-ir/bitstream/handle/2104/8225/Sukjoo_Kim.phd.pdf?sequence=1 |publisher=Baylor University |date=2011 |editor=Rosalie Beck |display-editors=0 }}.
* {{citation |last=Lee |first=Shiu-keung |author-mask=Lee Shiu-keung |title=The Cross and the Lotus |url=http://keikyo.com/cross_and_lotus.pdf |date=1971 |publisher=Christian Study Center on Chinese Religion & Culture |location=Hong Kong |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090205065520/http://keikyo.com/cross_and_lotus.pdf |archive-date=February 5, 2009 }}. 
* {{citation |title=The Columbia History of Chinese Literature |editor=Victor H. Mair |display-editors=0 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DfEmr2g0YC |publisher=Columbia University Press |location=New York |date=2001 |last=Liu |first=Lydia H. |contribution=The Translator's Turn: The Birth of Modern Chinese Language and Fiction |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DfEmr2g0YC&pg=PA1055 1055–1066] |isbn=9780231528511 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=n2DfEmr2g0YC&pg=PA1055 }}.
* {{citation | last = Lovett | first = Richard | date = 1899 | title = The history of the London Missionary Society, 1795-1895 | url = https://archive.org/stream/historyoflondonm02love#page/440/mode/2up | location = London | publisher = Henry Frowde}}.
* {{citation |last=Lutz|first=Jessie Gregory|title=Opening China: Karl F.A. Gtzlaff and Sino-Western Relations, 1827-1852|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=3aGTjRsnTeEC&pg=PA89|year=2008|publisher=Wm. B. Eerdmans Publishing|location=Grand Rapids|isbn=978-0-8028-3180-4}}.
* {{citation |last=McNeur |first=George Hunter |date=1934 |title=Liang A-Fa: China's First Preacher, 1789–1855 |location=Shanghai |publisher=Kwang Hsueh, reprinted 2013 by Pickwick |isbn=9781630879532 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5Gf6CQAAQBAJ |editor=Jonathan Seitz |display-editors=0 }}.
* {{citation |last=Melton |first=J. Gordon |title=Encyclopedia of Protestantism |contribution=Leong Kung Fa |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC&pg=PA336 |series=Facts on File Library of Religion and Mythology |page=[https://books.google.com/books?id=bW3sXBjnokkC&pg=PA336 336] |location=New York |publisher=Facts on File |date=2005  }}.
* {{citation |last=Seitz |first=Jonathan A. |editor=G. Wright Doyle |display-editors=0 |title=Builders of the Chinese Church: Pioneer Protestant Missionaries and Chinese Church Leaders |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZtwCgAAQBAJ |publisher=Lutterworth Press |location=[[Cambridge, England|Cambridge]] |date=2015 |contribution=Liang Fa (Liang A-fa): Leader in Chinese Indigenization |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZtwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 49–64] |isbn=9780718844134 |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0ZtwCgAAQBAJ&pg=PA49 }}.
* {{citation | first =Alexander | last = Wylie | author-link = Alexander Wylie (missionary) | year = 1867 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQQAAAAIAAJ | title = Memorials of Protestant Missionaries to the Chinese | publisher = American Presbyterian Mission Press  | location = Shanghai |contribution-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA21 |pages=[https://books.google.com/books?id=jRQQAAAAIAAJ&pg=PA21 21–5] |contribution=Leang Kung-fa }}.

{{Christianity and China}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Liang, Fa}}
[[Category:1789 births]]
[[Category:1855 deaths]]
[[Category:Chinese Protestant missionaries]]
[[Category:Chinese evangelists]]
[[Category:Protestant missionaries in China]]
[[Category:Writers from Zhaoqing]]
[[Category:Alumni of Ying Wa College]]
[[Category:Qing dynasty writers]]
[[Category:Chinese non-fiction writers]]
[[Category:Converts to Christianity]]
[[Category:Taiping Heavenly Kingdom]]
[[Category:19th-century Chinese translators]]