View source for Liam Mellows

{{Short description|Irish republican and politician (1892–1922)}}
{{for|the sports club|Liam Mellows GAA}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=October 2021}}
{{Use Hiberno-English|date=October 2021}}
{{Infobox officeholder
| name          = Liam Mellows
| image         = Liam_Mellows_Portrait.jpg
| office        = [[Teachta Dála]]
| term_start    = [[1921 Irish elections|May 1921]]
| term_end      = [[1922 Irish general election|June 1922]]
| constituency  = [[Galway (Dáil constituency)|Galway]]
| term_start2   = [[1918 Irish general election|December 1918]]
| term_end2     = [[1921 Irish elections|May 1921]]
| constituency2 = Both [[East Galway (UK Parliament constituency)|Galway East]] and [[North Meath (UK Parliament constituency)|Meath North]]
| birth_date    = {{birth date|1892|05|25|df=y}} 
| birth_place   = [[Ashton-under-Lyne]], England
| death_date    = {{death date and age|1922|12|08|1892|05|25|df=y}} 
| death_place   = [[Dublin]], Ireland
| party         = [[Sinn Féin]]
| spouse        =
| children      =
| branch        = {{Ubl|[[Irish Republican Army (1919–1922)|Irish Republican Army]]|[[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|Anti-Treaty IRA]]}}
|rank=Commandant general
| battles       = {{Ubl|[[Easter Rising]]|[[Irish War of Independence]]|[[Irish Civil War]]}}
}}
'''William Joseph Mellows'''<ref>The surname is often spelled "Mellowes", with no apparent pattern.</ref> ({{langx|ga|Liam Ó Maoilíosa}},<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.ainm.ie/Bio.aspx?ID=745|title=Ó hUallacháin, Colmán (1922–1979)|website=ainm.ie|access-date=29 September 2019|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625103913/https://www.ainm.ie/Bio.aspx?ID=745|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.galwaydecadeofcommemoration.org/content/people/liam-o-maoiliosa|title=Liam Mellows|access-date=29 September 2019|archive-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929144218/https://www.galwaydecadeofcommemoration.org/content/people/liam-o-maoiliosa|url-status=live}}</ref> 25 May 1892 – 8 December 1922) was an [[Irish republicanism|Irish republican]] and [[Sinn Féin]] politician.<ref name=oireachtas_db>{{cite web|url=https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Liam-J-Mellows.D.1919-01-21/|title=Liam Mellows|work=Oireachtas Members Database|access-date=8 March 2012|archive-date=7 November 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181107145223/https://www.oireachtas.ie/en/members/member/Liam-J-Mellows.D.1919-01-21|url-status=live}}</ref> Born in England to an English father and Irish mother, he grew up in [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] before moving to Ireland, being raised in [[Cork (city)|Cork]], [[Dublin]] and his mother's native [[Wexford]]. He was active with the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]] and [[Irish Volunteers]], and participated in the [[Easter Rising]] in [[County Galway]] and the [[Irish War of Independence|War of Independence]]. Elected as a TD to the [[First Dáil]], he rejected the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]]. During the [[Irish Civil War]] Mellows was captured by Pro-Treaty forces after the surrender of the Four Courts in June 1922. On 8 December 1922 he was one of four senior IRA men [[Executions during the Irish Civil War|executed]] by the Provisional Government.

==Early life==
Mellows was born at the Hartshead Military Barracks in [[Ashton-under-Lyne]] on 25 May 1892, the son of William Joseph Mellows, an English man who worked as an [[non-commissioned officer|NCO]] in the [[British Army]], and Sarah Jordan, an Irish woman from [[Inch, County Wexford]].<ref name=dib>{{cite web|url=https://www.dib.ie/biography/mellows-william-joseph-liam-a5795|title=Mellows, William Joseph ('Liam')|work=[[Dictionary of Irish Biography]]|last1=Murphy|first1=William |last2=Coleman|first2=Marie|access-date=8 January 2022}}</ref><ref>''Irish Independent'', 2 December 1952.</ref>

His family moved to 10 Annadale Avenue in the [[Fairview, Dublin|Fairview]] area of [[Dublin]] in February 1895, when his father was transferred there; Mellows remained in [[Wexford]] with his grandfather, Patrick Jordan, due to ill health. He attended the military school in Wellington Barracks in [[Cork (city)|Cork]] and the [[Portobello, Dublin|Portobello]] garrison school in Dublin, but ultimately refused a military career much to his father's disappointment, instead working as a clerk in several Dublin firms, including the Junior Army & Navy Stores on [[D'Olier Street]].

==Career==
[[File:Liam_Mellows.jpg|thumb|190px|right|Mellows in uniform]]

===Entry into politics===
{{Confusing section|date=May 2022}}
Mellows was an [[Irish nationalist]] from an early age. In 1911, he purchased a copy of ''Irish Freedom'', which began: "We stand for Ireland..." He approached [[Thomas Clarke (Irish republican)|Thomas Clarke]] in his shop, who recruited him into [[Fianna Éireann]],<ref>translates as "Soldiers of Ireland"</ref> an organisation of young republicans. He also met secretary Patrick O'Ryan, [[Con Colbert]] and Eamon Martin, who would be a lifelong friend. At the next meeting, Mellows' brothers all signed up. On 7 April 1911, he was sworn to secrecy by the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood]].

Mellows was proposed for the post of organiser and travelling instructor. He founded the ''sluagh''<ref>translated as "Pack" or crowd.</ref> at Dolphins Barn, County Wexford, which was a success. He established more ''sluagdste'' at [[Ferns, County Wexford|Ferns]] and [[Enniscorthy]] in Easter 1912.  Mellows cycled everywhere, which was cheap and convenient; he was promoted to the rank of captain by the ''ard choisde''.<ref>translated as "High Committee"</ref> In June 1913, Mellows stayed at [[Waterford]] IRB Centre with Liam Walsh in the Gaelic League Room, Williams Street.

Mellows was organising sports in [[Tuam]] in September 1913 when he was introduced to socialist [[James Connolly]] at [[Constance Markievicz|Countess Markievicz]]'s residence, where Connolly was recuperating after his hunger strike. Connolly was deeply impressed and told his daughter Nora: "I have found a real man". Mellows was called back to Dublin on 25 November 1913. He was active in the [[Irish Republican Brotherhood|IRB]] and was a founder member of the [[Irish Volunteers]], being brought onto its organising committee to strengthen the Fianna representation. He was given a full-time job at 30s a week. Mellows joined forces with [[Éamonn Ceannt]] and [[Sir Horace Plunkett]] at the Provisional Committee choosing to support the parliamentary route taken by [[Roger Casement]]. But as an employee he was compelled to agree with Redmondite candidates, although he had voted against the Nationalists' pro-British policy.

He was arrested and jailed on several occasions under the [[Defence of the Realm Act]].  On 1 August, Mellows' company was taking an arms shipment from [[Howth]] to Dublin and fired on the RIC at Clontarf. That evening Éamon de Valera took him by car to [[Kilcoole]]. Guns were loaded on a charabanc in Bray at night and then distributed in Dublin from a fleet of taxis. Mellows was sent to Galway and made his base at [[Athenry]]. There he met [[Seán Mac Diarmada]] and was appointed as election scrutineer at [[Tuam]]. On Sunday 18 May 1915, the two men were at an anti-enlistment rally when they were challenged at gunpoint by police inspector Comerford. Mac Diarmada was searched, arrested and jailed. Mellows, however, got away and started a training group at Kynoch's Fort, south Galway, recruiting men from miles around.

On 1 July, he was arrested at Courtown Harbour and jailed for three months. He was sent to [[Mountjoy Prison]]. Months later Mellows was with volunteers at [[Tullamore]] when they were attacked by machine-guns. Fleeing the scene over rooftops, they made off by motorbike. Mellows returned to post a letter and assist his comrades. A week later he was arrested at the house of Julia Morrissey. The British took him by train to [[Arbour Hill Prison]], before he was shipped to Leek, England.

===1916 Easter Rising===
Eventually escaping from [[Reading (HM Prison)|Reading Jail]] he returned to Ireland to command the "Western Division" (forces operating in the West of Ireland) of the [[Irish Republican Army|IRA]] during the [[Easter Rising]] of 1916. He led roughly 700 Volunteers in abortive attacks on [[Royal Irish Constabulary]] stations at [[Oranmore]], and [[Clarinbridge]] in [[county Galway]] taking over the town of [[Athenry]].  However, his men were very badly armed and supplied and they dispersed after a week, when British troops and the cruiser {{HMS|Gloucester|1909|2}} were sent west to attack them. In the aftermath of the Uprising over three hundred Galway Volunteers were deported to jails across England and Scotland. Mellows and a number of other local IRA leaders were able to evade capture after the station master of Athenry, James Miggins, delayed a detachment of incoming British troops.<ref>{{Cite news|last=Quilty|first=Patrick|date=9 October 1937|title=Death of Mr. James Miggins, Navan - Incident of Easter Week Recalled|page=7|work=[[Leinster Leader]]}}</ref>

===Time in America===
After this insurrection failed, Mellows escaped to the United States, where he was arrested and detained without trial in the [[The Tombs|"Tombs" prison]], New York, on a charge of attempting to aid the German side in the First World War.  This was in the context of incidents like the [[Black Tom explosion|Black Tom]] and [[Kingsland Explosion|Kingsland]] explosions, where German agents had bombed neutral American ports and industrial facilities.

After his release in 1918, he worked with [[John Devoy]] and helped to organise [[Éamon de Valera]]'s fund raising visit to America in 1919–1920. He returned to Ireland to become [[Irish Republican Army]] "Director of Supplies" during the [[Irish War of Independence]], responsible for buying arms. At the [[1918 Irish general election|1918 general election]], he was elected to the [[First Dáil]] as a [[Sinn Féin]] candidate for both [[East Galway (UK Parliament constituency)|Galway East]] and for [[North Meath (UK Parliament constituency)|Meath North]].<ref name=elecs_irl>{{cite web|url=http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?ID=1053|title=Liam Mellows|work=ElectionsIreland.org|access-date=8 March 2012|archive-date=16 July 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120716135348/http://electionsireland.org/candidate.cfm?id=1053|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Opponent of the Treaty===
Mellows considered the [[Anglo-Irish Treaty]] as signed to be a betrayal of the [[Irish Republic]], saying in the ''Treaty Debates'' of 1921–22:
{{cquote|We do not seek to make this country a materially great country at the expense of its honour in any way whatsoever. We would rather have this country poor and indigent, we would rather have the people of Ireland eking out a poor existence on the soil; as long as they possessed their souls, their minds, and their honour. This fight has been for something more than the fleshpots of Empire.<ref>{{cite book |last=Macardle |first=Dorothy |author-link= |date=1965 |title=The Irish Republic |url= |location=New York |publisher=Farrar, Straus and Giroux |page=633 |isbn=}}</ref>}}

He rejected the arguments from the pro-Treaty side that it represented the will of the people. He argued that the people's will was for a republic and that their acceptance of treaty was only because of the threats of the British government: "That is not the will of the people, that is the fear of the people".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Newell |first1=Una |title=The West Must Wait County Galway and the Irish Free State, 1922-32 |date=2016 |publisher=Manchester University Press |page=5}}</ref>

A conference of nine TDs was deputed to meet privately on 5 January 1922 to resolve the dispute and to achieve a unified front by compromise. The four other anti-Treaty TDs said there was agreement but Mellows did not, and was seen thereafter by pro-Treaty TDs as one of their most implacable opponents.<ref>[http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.P.192201060001.html Private Dáil session on 6 January 1922] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110607132157/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.P.192201060001.html |date=7 June 2011 }}</ref> The following day the Dáil voted to approve the Treaty by a majority of 64 to 57.  Details on the private conference and the private Dáil session debate were not made public until the 1970s.

He wrote a social programme based on the [[Dáil]]'s [[Democratic Programme]] of 1919 aimed at winning popular support for the anti-Treaty cause.<ref>{{cite book | last = Ó Broin | first = Eoin | title = Sinn Féin and The Politics of Left Republicanism | url = https://archive.org/details/sinnfinpoliticsl00broi | url-access = limited | publisher = Pluto Press | year = 2009 | pages = [https://archive.org/details/sinnfinpoliticsl00broi/page/n132 124]-125 | isbn = 978-0745324623 }}</ref>

==Civil war and execution==
Mellows was one of the more strident TDs on the approach to the [[Irish Civil War]]. On 28 April 1922 he told the Dáil:

:{{cquote|There would no question of civil war here now were it not for the undermining of the Republic. The Republic has been deserted by those who state they still intend to work for a Republic. The Volunteers can have very little faith at this moment in the Government that assembles here, because all they can see in it is a chameleon Government. One moment, when they look at it, it is the [[Irish Flag|green, white and orange]] of the Republic, and at another moment, when they look at it, it is the [[British Flag|red, white and blue]] of the British Empire. We in the Army, who have taken this step, have been termed 'mutineers,' 'irregulars' and so forth. We are not mutineers, because we have remained loyal to our trust. We are not mutineers except against the British Government in this country. We may be 'irregular' in the sense that funds are not forthcoming to maintain us, but we were always like that and it is no disgrace to be called 'irregulars' in that sense. We are not wild people.<ref>[http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie:80/D/DT/D.S.192204280004.html Dáil Éireann – Volume 2 – 28 April, 1922 – DEPARTMENT OF DEFENCE.<!-- bot-generated title -->] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071023220225/http://www.oireachtas-debates.gov.ie/D/DT/D.S.192204280004.html |date=23 October 2007 }} at www.oireachtas-debates.gov.iee80</ref>}}

Mellows, the quartermaster-general with the rank of commandant general,<ref>Ernie O'Malley et al. (2007), ''"No Surrender Here!" The Civil War Papers of Ernie O'Malley 1922–1924'' (Lilliput Press), pp. 346 and 30</ref> was one of a number of senior figures in the [[Irish Republican Army (1922–1969)|Anti-Treaty IRA]] faction that had occupied the [[Four Courts]] since April. However, on 28 June the building was bombarded by pro-Treaty [[Irish Free State|Free State]] forces and the IRA garrison was forced to surrender after two days. Mellows had a chance to escape along with [[Ernie O'Malley]], but did not take it (see also [[Battle of Dublin]]). Imprisoned in [[Mountjoy Prison|Mountjoy Gaol]] in the [[Phibsborough]] area of [[Dublin]], Mellows (along with [[Rory O'Connor (Irish republican)|Rory O'Connor]], [[Joe McKelvey]] and [[Richard Barrett (Irish republican)|Dick Barrett]]) was [[firing squad|executed by firing squad]] on 8 December 1922, in reprisal for the shooting of Pro-Treaty TD [[Seán Hales]] (see [[executions during the Irish Civil War]]). These executions, and their effects on their fellow prisoners, are described in [[Peadar O'Donnell|Peadar O'Donnell's]] Irish Civil War memoir ''The Gates Flew Open''.<ref>O’Donnell, Peadar, ''The Gates Flew Open'' (1932), Mercer Press, Cork, ch. 13-15</ref>

==Ideology==
In 1922, the [[Labour Party (Ireland)|Labour Party]] posthumously published a document entitled "Liam Mellow's Jail Programme", based on notes Mellows had smuggled out of jail after being captured by the Irish Free State. In this document, Mellows outlines a ten-point programme he proposed that the Anti-Treaty IRA adopt in 1922:<ref name="National Library"/>
# Ownership and control of all [[heavy industries]] by the state for the benefit of all the people
# Complete ownership of the transport system by the state
# State ownership of all banks
# Confiscation of all the large ranches and estates, without compensation to the landed aristocracy, and the distribution of the land among the landless farmers and agricultural labourers. Election of joint councils representatives of these two classes to distribute and manage the land. Abolition of all forms of tenure and indebtedness either to private owners or to the state. Cancellation of all debts and mortgages. 
# Establishment of an all-around shorter working day
# Control of workshop conditions, to be vested in a joint council representing the workers' Trade Unions concerned and the state
# Municipalisation of all public services: Trams, light, heat, water, etc and free use by the workers
# Compulsory rationing of all available household accommodation and the abolishing of all rents
# Full maintenance for the unemployed at full Trade Union rates until useful work at Trade Union rates of wages can be provided
# The universal arming of all workers in the town and country to defend their rights<ref name="National Library">{{cite book |url=http://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000506714 |title=Liam Mellows' Jail Programme |last=Mellows |first=Liam |date=1922 |website=catalogue.nli.ie |publisher=Irish Labour Party |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928020739/http://catalogue.nli.ie/Record/vtls000506714 |url-status=live }} {{PD-notice}}</ref>

Mellows wrote that "James Connolly realised that if Ireland were really to be free, it must be owned by the Irish people; that it was little use freeing Ireland from foreign tyranny if, in the course of a comparatively short time, it would fall under domestic tyranny as other countries had done".<ref>{{cite book |last1=McNamara |first1=Conor |title=Liam Mellows Soldier of the Irish Republic ~ Selected Writings, 1914–1924 |date=2019 |publisher=Irish Academic Press}}</ref>

Mellows has been described as having "broad internationalist sympathies".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kenny |first1=Kevin |title=Ireland and the British Empire |date=2004 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=232}}</ref> Explaining his opposition to the Treaty Mellows said "We are going into the British Empire now to participate in the Empire's shame, and the crucifixion of [[British India|India]] and the degradation of [[British Egypt|Egypt]]. Is that what the Irish people fought for freedom for?".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Howe |first1=Stephen |title=Ireland and Empire Colonial Legacies in Irish History and Culture |date=2000 |publisher=Oxford University Press |page=58}}</ref> He also spoke on platforms of the 'Friends of Indian Freedom' organisation<ref>{{cite book |last1=O'Malley |first1=Kate |title=Ireland, India and Empire Indo-Irish Radical Connections, 1919-64 |date=2008 |publisher=Manchester University Press |page=19}}</ref> and in 1919 served on the central committee of the worldwide anti-imperialist organisation the 'League of Oppressed Peoples' as a representative of Ireland.<ref>{{cite book |title=The Irish Revolution A Global History |date=2022 |publisher=NYU Press |page=326}}</ref>

Pat Walsh opines that Mellows was not a Communist nor a Marxist, but simply a nationalist who, in a situation of desperation for the Republican forces who looked set to lose the Civil War, thought that only by bringing workers into the national struggle could the Republican forces survive. "It was with great reluctance," Walsh writes, "that Mellows advocated this course."<ref>Walsh, Pat ''Irish Republicanism and Socialism: The Politics of the Republican Movement'' (1996) Ch. 1, p. 23</ref> Conor McNamara cautions against the "championing of Mellows as a lost socialist republican leader" and argues that Mellows' correspondence from prison did not represent a well thought-out economic or political strategy.<ref>Conor McNamara (2019). ''Liam Mellows, Soldier of the Irish Republic. Selected Writings 1914–1922'' (Newbridge, IAP), p. 196.</ref> Others consider him a socialist republican,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Clark |first1=Gemma |title=Everyday Violence in the Irish Civil War |date=2014 |publisher=Cambridge University Press |page=133}}</ref> while [[Diarmuid Ferriter]] observes that Mellows became "the poster boy for republican socialists".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Ferriter |first1=Diarmuid |title=A Nation and Not a Rabble The Irish Revolution 1913–23 |date=2015 |publisher=Profile Books}}</ref> A socialist faction of the IRA in the late 1920s and 30s used the writing of Connolly and Mellows as their ideological basis and launched the political party [[Saor Éire]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Finn |first1=Daniel |title=One Man's Terrorist A Political History of the IRA |date=2021 |publisher=[[Verso Books]] |page=25}}</ref>

Writing for [[An Phoblacht]] in January 2010, Sinn Fein's [[Eoin Ó Broin]] also discussed Mellows' Marxist political positions. In the article, Ó Broin quotes Mellows' "Jail notes", in which Mellows' applies [[Marxist theory]] to Ireland and advocates for a "People's Republic". Ó Broin concludes the article by suggesting that Sinn Féin should take up these positions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://sinnfeinkeepleft.blogspot.com/2010/01/liam-mellows.html |title=Liam Mellows' Republic |last=Ó Broin |first=Eoin |date=January 2010 |website=sinnfeinkeepleft.blogspot.com |publisher=An Phoblacht |access-date=28 September 2019 |archive-date=28 September 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190928015443/http://sinnfeinkeepleft.blogspot.com/2010/01/liam-mellows.html |url-status=live }}</ref>

==Commemoration==
[[File:Liam Mellows Gravestone.jpg|thumb|Liam Mellows Gravestone unveiled in 2016]]
Mellows is commemorated by statues in [[Eyre Square]] in [[Galway]], in the official name of the [[Defence Forces (Ireland)|Irish Defence Forces]] army barracks at Renmore (''Dún Úi Maoilíosa'') and in the naming of [[Mellows Bridge]] in Dublin. He is also commemorated in the names of two GAA clubs (one in Galway, and [[Castletown Liam Mellows GAA]]<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://castletownliammellows.com/ |title=Home |access-date=27 February 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150402131647/http://castletownliammellows.com/ |archive-date=2 April 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> in Wexford), and by [[Unidare RFC]] in [[Ballymun]] and their "Liam Mellows Perpetual Cup".<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.herald.ie/sport/rugby/inaugural-finglas-blitz-27885173.html|title=Inaugural Finglas blitz|first=12 September 2008 12:00|last=PM|website=Herald.ie|access-date=29 September 2019|archive-date=29 September 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190929144215/https://www.herald.ie/sport/rugby/inaugural-finglas-blitz-27885173.html|url-status=live}}</ref> He is referred to by name in the [[Dominic Behan]] rewritten version of the [[rebel song]] ''[[Take It Down from the Mast]]''.<ref>{{cite book |last1=Millar |first1=Stephen |title=Sounding Dissent Rebel Songs, Resistance, and Irish Republicanism |date=2020 |publisher=University of Michigan Press |page=82}}</ref>

Mellows is buried in Castletown cemetery, [[County Wexford]], a few miles from [[Arklow]]. An annual commemoration ceremony is held at his grave site, in which a wreath is laid by a member of the Liam Mellows Commemoration committee. "Liam Mellows Avenue" in Arklow is named in his honour, as is "Liam Mellows Street" in [[Tuam]], [[County Galway]], [[Teagasc]] Rural Economy Research Centre "Mellows Campus", "Liam Mellows Park" in [[Renmore]], [[Galway]], Liam Mellows Terrace in [[Bohermore]], [[Galway]], [[Athenry]], [[Galway]] and [[Wexford town]], and Mellowes (sic) Road in [[Finglas]], Dublin.

In 2016, Fianna Fáil leader [[Micheál Martin]] TD unveiled a new gravestone for Mellows.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/new-monument-to-liam-mellows-is-unveiled-35306751.html|title=New monument to Liam Mellows is unveiled|website=Independent.ie|date=24 December 2016 |access-date=29 September 2019|archive-date=25 June 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200625173937/https://www.independent.ie/regionals/goreyguardian/news/new-monument-to-liam-mellows-is-unveiled-35306751.html|url-status=live}}</ref>

In December 2019, a memorial statue was unveiled in [[Finglas]].

<gallery>
File:Liam Mellows memorial.jpg|Liam Mellows memorial unveiled in 2019
File:Piece 207-128; William Mellowes (1922).pdf|page=11|British Army military intelligence file for William Mellowes
</gallery>

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*Conor McNamara, 'Liam Mellows, Soldier of the Irish Republic, Selected Writings 1914-22' (Irish Academic Press, 2019).
*Greaves, C. Desmond. 2004 [New edition]. ''Liam Mellows and the Irish Revolution''. Belfast: Foilseacháin an Ghlór Gafa. {{ISBN|1-905007-01-9}}.
*[http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/en.toc.D.T.html Dáil Treaty Debates] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071119005500/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/en.toc.D.T.html |date=19 November 2007 }}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080319120158/http://multitext.ucc.ie/d/Markievicz_pictured_with_Liam_Mellowes_at_Bodenstown_Co_Kildare_June_1922 Photo of Mellowes 1922]
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110607070044/http://historical-debates.oireachtas.ie/D/DT/D.T.192201040002.html 'Fleshpots of Empire' speech (see above) 4 January 1922]

==External links==
*[http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1911/Dublin/Usher_s_Quay/Mount_Shannon_Road/65119/ 1911 census return]
*[http://www.census.nationalarchives.ie/pages/1901/Cork/North_East_Ward/Saint_Joseph_s_Terrace__Ballyhooly_Road_/1102927/ 1901 census return]
* {{cite TIWW |article=Mellowes, William Joseph |page=165 }}
* [http://mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie/detail.aspx#1049 Liam Mellows, DP10200 in Ireland's ''Military Service Pensions Collection'']
** [http://mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie/docs/files//PDF_Pensions/R1/DP10200LiamMellows/WDP10200LiamMellows.pdf file relating to military service pension (1)]
** [http://mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie/docs/files//PDF_Pensions/R1/DP10200LiamMellows/WW372LiamMellows.pdf file relating to military service pension (2)]
** [http://mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie/docs/files//PDF_Pensions/R1/DP10200LiamMellows/52APB4001%20Liam%20Mellows.pdf file relating to military service pension (3)]
** [http://mspcsearch.militaryarchives.ie/docs/files//PDF_Pensions/R1/DP10200LiamMellows/2RB5004%20Liam%20Mellows.pdf file relating to military service pension (4)]

{{s-start}}
{{s-par|uk}}
{{s-bef|before = [[James Cosgrave]]}}
{{s-ttl|title  = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[East Galway (UK Parliament constituency)|Galway East]]
       |years  = 1918–1922}}
{{s-non|reason  = Constituency abolished}}

{{s-bef|before = [[Patrick White (politician)|Patrick White]]}}
{{s-ttl|title  = [[Member of Parliament (United Kingdom)|Member of Parliament]] for [[North Meath (UK Parliament constituency)|Meath North]]
       |years  = 1918–1922}}
{{s-non|reason  = Constituency abolished}}

{{s-par|ie/oi}}
{{s-new|constituency}}
{{s-ttl|title  = [[Teachta Dála]] for [[East Galway (UK Parliament constituency)|Galway East]]
       |years  = 1918–1921}}
{{s-non|reason  = Constituency abolished}}

{{s-new|constituency}}
{{s-ttl|title  = [[Teachta Dála]] for [[North Meath (UK Parliament constituency)|Meath North]]
       |years  = 1918–1921}}
{{s-non|reason  = Constituency abolished}}
{{s-end}}
{{Easter Rising}}
{{IRA}}
{{ATIRA}}
{{Galway (Dáil constituency)/TDs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Mellows, Liam}}
[[Category:1892 births]]
[[Category:1922 deaths]]
[[Category:Early Sinn Féin TDs]]
[[Category:Executed Irish people]]
[[Category:Irish communists]]
[[Category:Irish Republican Army (1919–1922) members]]
[[Category:Irish Republican Army (1922–1969) members]]
[[Category:Members of the 1st Dáil]]
[[Category:Members of the 2nd Dáil]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Galway constituencies (1801–1922)]]
[[Category:Members of the Parliament of the United Kingdom for County Meath constituencies (1801–1922)]]
[[Category:People executed by Ireland by firing squad]]
[[Category:People executed by the Irish Free State]]
[[Category:People killed in the Irish Civil War]]
[[Category:People of the Easter Rising]]
[[Category:People of the Irish Civil War (Anti-Treaty side)]]
[[Category:Politicians from County Wexford]]
[[Category:Politicians from Manchester]]
[[Category:Syndicalists]]
[[Category:UK MPs 1918–1922]]
[[Category:Executed people from County Dublin]]
[[Category:Executed people from County Wexford]]
[[Category:Executed communists]]
[[Category:Executed trade unionists]]