View source for Lesser stick-nest rat

{{Short description|Species of mammal}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=June 2019}}
{{Speciesbox
| name = Lesser stick-nest rat
| status =   EX
| status_system = IUCN3.1
| status_ref = <ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021">{{cite iucn |author=Woinarski, J. |author2=Burbidge, A.A. |date=2016 |title=''Leporillus apicalis'' |volume=2016 |page=e.T11633A22457421 |doi=10.2305/IUCN.UK.2016-1.RLTS.T11633A22457421.en |access-date=12 November 2021}}</ref>
| extinct = 1933
| image = Leporillus apicalis - Gould.jpg
| genus = Leporillus
| species = apicalis
| authority = ([[John Gould|Gould]], 1854)
| synonyms = ''Hapalotis apicalis'' Gould.<ref name="Gould1851">{{cite journal |last1=Gould |first1=John |title=Remarks on the genus Hapalotis |journal=Proceedings of the Zoological Society of London |date=1851 |volume=1851 |pages=126–127 |doi=10.1111/j.1096-3642.1851.tb01146.x |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/part/69373}}</ref>
}}

The '''lesser stick-nest rat''' or '''white-tipped stick-nest rat''' ('''''Leporillus apicalis''''') is an extinct [[species]] of rodent in the [[family (biology)|family]] [[Muridae]]. It lived in central Australia where it built nests of sticks that accumulate over years and can become very large. The last confirmed sighting of this rat was in 1933 although there is a credible report of a sighting in 1970. In 2008, the [[International Union for Conservation of Nature]] listed it as "[[critically endangered]]", suggesting that it may yet survive in remote areas of unsurveyed territory, but revised its evaluation to "extinct" again in 2016, based on an assessment in 2012.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />

==Behaviour==
It accumulated large mounds of sticks to construct its [[nest]]s, which were up to three metres long and a metre high. It was easily tamed, sometimes climbing onto tables to get [[sugar]]. It was also eaten by people. The last capture was filmed on 18 July 1933, when the stick-nests were set alight. The specimens are held in the South Australian Museum. The rat may have declined from competition with [[cattle]] and [[sheep]]. The reduction in available food sources also caused them to be more vulnerable to predators like owls.<ref>Copley, Peter. “Natural Histories of Australia's Stick-Nest Rats, Genus Leporillus (Rodentia : Muridae).” Wildlife Research, vol. 26, no. 4, 1999, p. 513., doi:10.1071/wr97056.</ref> There is a possibility that a lesser stick-nest rat was seen in a cave in [[Western Australia]] in 1970.

The last specimen was found at [[Mount Crombie]].<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />

Gerard Krefft in 1862 wrote that he encountered the species in [[Euston, New South Wales|Euston]], [[Bourke, New South Wales|Bourke]], and on both sides of the [[Murray River|Murray]] and on the [[Darling River|Darling]]. He could dislodge up to 15 individuals from a single tree and kept a large number of them in captivity. They were tame enough that any that escaped came back to join him for supper, "and help[ed] themselves, to [[Damper (food)|damper]] especially". On a similar note, he also wrote that they themselves had "flesh white, tender, and well-tasted". Krefft tried to keep lesser-stick nest rats in a box with [[Greater stick-nest rat|greater-stick nest rats]] but found that they kept fighting and that the former always remained victorious.<ref name="Krefft">{{cite journal |last1=Krefft |first1=Gerard |author1-link=Gerard Krefft |title=On the Vertebrated Animals of the Lower Murray and Darling, their habits, economy, and geographical distribution |journal=Transactions of the Philosophical Society of New South Wales, 1862-1865. |year=1862 |volume=1862-1865 |page=4 |url=https://www.biodiversitylibrary.org/page/22536894 |publisher=Printed by Reading and Wellbank}}</ref>

==Conservation status assessment==

The 2008 release of the updated IUCN status for the lesser stick-nest rat downgraded the conservation status from [[extinct]] to [[critically endangered|critically endangered (possibly extinct)]], owing to the very slight possibility that a very small population may still exist in yet to be surveyed remote lands of the Australian interior. This was based on a reliable record from 1970, continued occasional reports of fresh vegetation being added to old stick-nests, and much of this species' range being in remote portions of central Australia which have not yet been fully surveyed. However, the classification was revised to "extinct" again in 2016.<ref name="iucn status 12 November 2021" />

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External sources==
* {{Cite book | author1=Flannery, Tim | author2=Schouten, Peter | title=A Gap in Nature: Discovering the World's Extinct Animals | publisher=Atlantic Monthly Press, New York | year=2001 | isbn=978-0-87113-797-5 | url-access=registration | url=https://archive.org/details/gapinnature00timf }}
{{Taxonbar|from=Q301152}}

[[Category:Leporillus]]
[[Category:Extinct mammals of Australia]]
[[Category:Rodent extinctions since 1500]]
[[Category:Mammals of Western Australia]]
[[Category:Extinct mammals of South Australia]]
[[Category:Mammals of the Northern Territory]]
[[Category:Mammals of New South Wales]]
[[Category:Mammals of Victoria (state)]]
[[Category:Rodents of Australia]]
[[Category:Mammals described in 1854]]