View source for Legio I Adiutrix

{{Short description|Roman legion}}
{{more citations needed|date=August 2020}}
{{Infobox military unit
| unit_name                     = Legio I Adiutrix
| native_name                   = 
| image                         = Legio I Adiutrix Vexillum.gif
| image_size                    = 200
| caption                       = [[Vexillum]] of the Legion
| dates                         = 68 – 344
| country                       = [[Roman Empire]]
| branch                        = [[Imperial Roman army]]
| type                          = 
| role                          = 
| garrison                      = [[Szőny|Brigetio]]
| motto                         = 
| battles                       = [[Year of the Four Emperors]]
* [[Battle of Bedriacum]]
[[Revolt of the Batavi]]<br>[[Trajan's Dacian Wars]]<br>[[Marcomannic Wars]]<br>[[Trajan's Parthian campaign]]<br>[[Battle of Mediolanum]]
| commander1                    = 
}}

[[File:Roman Empire 125.png|thumb|right|300px|Map of the Roman empire in AD 125, under emperor [[Hadrian]], showing the Legio I Adiutrix, stationed on the river [[Danube]] at [[Szőny|Brigetio]] (Szőny, Hungary), in [[Pannonia Superior]] province, from AD 86 to at least 344]]
[[File:Denarius-Septimius Severus-l1adiutrix-RIC 0002.jpg|thumb|300px|I ''Adiutrix'' celebrated by [[Septimius Severus]] with this [[denarius]]. I ''Adiutrix'' supported Severus in his fight for the [[Roman Emperor|purple]].]]
[[File:Rheinzabern Ziegelstempel Legio I adiutrix.jpg|thumb|Brick stamp ''LEG I AD'' found in [[Rheinzabern]].]]

'''Legio I Adiutrix''' ({{lit}} First Legion "Rescuer"), was a [[Roman legion|legion]] of the [[Imperial Roman army]] founded in AD 68, probably by [[Nero]] or [[Galba]] when he rebelled against emperor [[Nero]] (r. 54–68). The last record mentioning the ''Adiutrix'' is in 344, when it was stationed at [[Brigetio]] (modern [[Szőny]]), in the Roman province of [[Pannonia]]. The emblem of the legion was a [[Capricorn (astrology)|capricorn]],<ref name="Keppie">{{Aut|L.J.F. Keppie}}, The Origins and Early History of the Second Augustan Legion, in {{Aut|L.J.F. Keppie}}, ''Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971-2000'', Stuttgart, 2000, p. [https://books.google.com/books?id=TLDvWqjSfP8C&q=Legions+and+Veterans:+Roman+Army+Papers+1971-2000&pg=PA128 128].</ref> used along with the winged horse [[Pegasus]], on the helmets the symbol used by I ''Adiutrix'' legionaries was a [[dolphin]].<ref name="Keppie"/>

==Origins==
The legion probably was founded by [[Nero]], although some sources provide that it was [[Galba]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web|title=Legio I Adiutrix - Livius|url=https://www.livius.org/articles/legion/legio-i-adiutrix/|access-date=2020-08-07|website=www.livius.org}}</ref> Some theories propose the idea that Nero began to recruit marines from the [[Miseno|Misenum]] navy, and Galba likely was responsible for the last stages of the organization, when sacrifices were made, and the legion received its [[Eagle Standard|aquila standard]]. Some children may have been among the first recruits.<ref name=":0" />

== Year of the Four Emperors ==
In the confusing [[Year of the Four Emperors]], the legion fought in [[Otho]]'s army in the [[Battle of Bedriacum]], where this emperor was defeated by [[Vitellius]]<ref>Tac., ''Hist.'' II 43.1.</ref> The victorious Vitellius ordered the legion transferred to Spain,<ref>Tac., ''Hist.'' III 44.</ref> but by the year 70 it was fighting in the [[Batavian rebellion]].
[[File:GNM - Römischer Infanteriehelm 1.jpg|thumb|Helmet of Lucius Lucretius Celer, Soldier in the centuria of Gaius Mummius Lolianus of the Legio I Adiutrix]]

==Stationed in Moguntiacum==
The city of Moguntiacum ([[Mainz]]) is the legion's first known base camp, shared with [[Legio XIV Gemina|Legio XIV ''Gemina'']], where they attended mainly building activities. In 83, they fought the ''Germanic wars'' against the [[Chatti]], a German tribe living across the [[Rhine]], under the command of Emperor [[Domitian]]. After that they were transferred to the Danubian army stationed in the Roman province of [[Pannonia]], to fight the [[Dacia]]ns.

==Legio I Adiutrix Pia Fidelis==
Following the murder of Domitian in 96, the ''Adiutrix'', along with the Danubian army, played an important role in Roman politics, forcing [[Nerva]] to adopt [[Trajan]] as his successor. When Trajan became emperor, he gave the legion the cognomen '''''[[Pia Fidelis]]''''' ("loyal and faithful") to acknowledge their support.<ref>''ILS'' 1029, 1061, etc.</ref> Between 101 and 106, under the new emperor's command, I ''Adiutrix'', along with [[Legio IV Flavia Felix|IV ''Flavia Felix'']] and [[Legio XIII Gemina|XIII ''Gemina'']], [[Trajan's Dacian Wars|conquered Dacia]] and occupied the [[Dacia (Roman province)|newly formed province]]. Trajan also used his ''Pia Fidelis'' in the [[Trajan's Parthian campaign|campaign against Parthia]] (115–117), but they were sent back to Pannonia by his successor emperor [[Hadrian]], with base in Brigetio.

During the next decades, I ''Adiutrix'' remained in the Danube frontier. Under [[Marcus Aurelius]], I ''Adiutrix'' fought the [[Marcomannic Wars|war against Marcomanni]] commanded by [[Marcus Valerius Maximianus]]. Between 171 and 175, the commander was [[Pertinax]], emperor for a brief period in 193. When [[Septimius Severus]] became emperor, I ''Adiutrix'' was among his supporters, following him in the march for Rome.

In the next decades, the main base was again Pannonia, but they played a part in several Parthian wars, namely the campaigns of 195 and [[Battle of Ctesiphon (198)|197–198]] of Septimius Severus, [[Parthian war of Caracalla|215–217]] led by [[Caracalla]] and 244 by [[Gordian III]].

It (probably vexilationes of it) took part in the [[battle of Mediolanum]].

The legion received the cognomen '''''Pia Fidelis Bis''''' ("twice loyal and faithful") and '''''Constans''''' ("reliable"), sometime in the 3rd century.

== Attested members ==
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|- style="vertical-align: top;"
! Name
! Rank
! Time frame
! Province
! Source
|-
| [[Orfidius Benignus]]
| [[legatus legionis]]
| 69
| Italia
| Tacitus, ''[[Histories (Tacitus)|Histories]]'', ii.43
|-
| [[Sextus Octavius Fronto]]
| legatus legionis
| between 75 and 85
| 
| 
|-
| [[Titus Julius Maximus Manlianus]]
| legatus legionis
| c. 105
| 
| {{CIL|12|3167}}
|-
| [[Lucius Attius Macro]]
| legatus legionis
| between 125 and 130
| [[Pannonia Superior]]
| {{CIL|3|4356}}
|-
| [[Claudius Maximus]]<ref>Géza Alföldy, ''Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antoninen'' (Bonn: Rudolf Habelt Verlag 1977), p.&nbsp;334</ref>
| legatus legionis
| c. 134 - c. 137
| Pannonia Superior
| 
|-
| [[Titus Flavius Longinus]]<ref name=Alföldy-296>Alföldy, ''Konsulat und Senatorenstand unter der Antonine'', p.&nbsp;296</ref>
| legatus legionis
| c. 143-c. 146
| Pannonia Superior
| IGRR I, 622
|-
| [[Gaius Julius Commodus Orfitianus]]<ref name=Alföldy-296/>
| legatus legionis
| c. 149-c. 152
| Pannonia Superior
| 
|-
| [[Publius Helvius Pertinax]]<ref name=Alföldy-296/>
| legatus legionis
| c. 171-175
| Pannonia Superior
| [[Augustan History]], ''Pertinax'', 2.6
|-
| [[Marcus Valerius Maximianus]]<ref name=Alföldy-296/>
| legatus legionis
| c. 179
| Pannonia Superior
| {{AE|1956|124}}
|-
| [[Lucius Aurelius Gallus]]<ref name=Leunissen-335>Paul M. M. Leunissen, ''Konsuln und Konsulare in der Zeit von Commodus bis Severus Alexander'' (1989), p. 335</ref>
| legatus legionis
| c. 193
| Pannonia Superior
| 
|-
| [[Gaius Junius Faustinus Placidus Postumianus]]<ref name=Leunissen-335/>
| legatus legionis
| c. 196?
| Pannonia Superior
| {{CIL|8|597}}
|-
| Quintus Cornelius Valens Cu[...] Honestianus Junianus<ref name=Leunissen-335/>
| legatus legionis
| 200/210
| Pannonia Superior
| {{CIL|8|18269}}
|-
| [[Claudius Piso]]<ref name=Leunissen-335/>
| legatus legionis
| c. 207
| Pannonia Superior
| 
|-
| [[Lucius Julius Apronius Maenius Pius Salamallianus]]<ref name=Leunissen-335/>
| legatus legionis
| 220/222
| Pannonia Superior
| {{CIL|8|18270}}
|-
| Aemillus Deciminus
| medicus ordinarius
| c.114
| Pannonia
| {{CIL|3|4279}}
|-
| Quintus T.f. Attius Priscus
| [[tribunus angusticlavius]]
| 1st century
| 
| {{CIL|5|7425}} = ILS&nbsp;2720
|-
| [[Lucius Minicius Natalis Quadronius Verus]]
| [[tribunus laticlavius]]
| c. 115
| 
| {{CIL|14|3599}}
|-
| [[Gaius Caesonius Macer Rufinianus]]
| tribunus laticlavius
| between 178 and 180
| Pannonia Superior
| {{CIL|14|3900}}
|-
| [[Gaius Julius Septimius Castinus]]
| tribunus laticlavius
| late 2nd century
| Pannonia Superior
| {{CIL|3|10473}}
|}

==See also==
{{Portal|Ancient Rome}}
*[[List of Roman legions]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==References==

===Primary sources===
*Tacitus, ''Histories''.

===Secondary sources===
*{{Aut|J.B. Campbell}}, art. Legio, in ''[[Realencyclopädie der Classischen Altertumswissenschaft|NP]]'' 7 (1999), klm. 7-22.
*{{Aut|L.J.F. Keppie}}, The Origins and Early History of the Second Augustan Legion, in {{Aut|L.J.F. Keppie}}, ''Legions and Veterans: Roman Army Papers 1971-2000'', Stuttgart, 2000, pp.&nbsp;123–160.

{{Roman Legion|}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Roman legions|01 Adiutrix]]
[[Category:68 establishments]]
[[Category:Chatti]]
[[Category:Marine forces history]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in the 1st century]]
[[Category:60s establishments in the Roman Empire]]
[[Category:60s establishments]]
[[Category:Roman marines]]