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{{Short description|1776 formal assertion of American independence from Britain}}
[[File:Lee Resolution for Independency.png|thumb|right|"The Resolution for Independence agreed to July 2, 1776" in the handwriting of [[Charles Thomson]], secretary of the [[Continental Congress]]. Thomson's marks at the bottom right indicate the 12 colonies that voted for independence, while the [[Province of New York]] abstained.]]
[[File:Charles Willson Peale - Richard Henry Lee - NPG.74.5 - National Portrait Gallery.jpg|right|thumb|[[Richard Henry Lee]] proposed the resolution on June 7, 1776.]]
{{American Revolution sidebar}}
The '''Lee Resolution''', also known as '''"The Resolution for Independence"''', was the formal assertion passed by the [[Second Continental Congress]] on July 2, 1776, resolving that the [[Thirteen Colonies]] (then referred to as the [[United Colonies]]) were "free and independent States" and separate from the [[British Empire]]. This created what became the [[United States of America]], and news of the act was published that evening in ''[[The Pennsylvania Evening Post]]'' and the following  day in ''[[The Pennsylvania Gazette]]''. The [[United States Declaration of Independence|Declaration of Independence]], which officially announced and explained the case for independence, was approved two days later, on July 4, 1776.

The resolution is named for [[Richard Henry Lee]] of [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]], who proposed it to Congress after receiving instructions and wording from the [[Fifth Virginia Convention]] and its President [[Edmund Pendleton]]. Lee's full resolution had three parts which were considered by Congress on June 7, 1776.  Along with the independence issue, it also proposed to establish a plan for ensuing [[Foreign relations of the United States|American foreign relations]], and to prepare a plan of a confederation for the states to consider.  Congress decided to address each of these three parts separately.

Some sources indicate that Lee used the language from the Virginia Convention's instructions almost verbatim. Voting was delayed for several weeks on the first part of the resolution while state support and legislative instruction for independence were consolidated, but the press of events forced the other less-discussed parts to proceed immediately. On June 10, Congress decided to form a committee to draft a [[declaration of independence]] in case the resolution should pass; the following day, [[John Adams]], [[Thomas Jefferson]], [[Benjamin Franklin]], [[Roger Sherman]], and [[Robert R. Livingston (chancellor)|Robert R. Livingston]] were appointed as the [[Committee of Five]] to accomplish this. That same day, Congress decided to establish two other committees to develop the resolution's last two parts. The following day, another committee of five ([[John Dickinson]], Benjamin Franklin, John Adams, [[Benjamin Harrison V]], and [[Robert Morris (financier)|Robert Morris]]) was established to prepare a plan of treaties to be proposed to foreign powers; a third committee was created, consisting of one member from each colony, to prepare a draft of a constitution for confederation of the states.

The committee appointed to prepare a plan of treaties made its first report on July 18, largely in the writing of John Adams. A limited printing of the document was authorized, and it was reviewed and amended by Congress over the next five weeks. On August 27, the amended plan of treaties was referred back to the committee to develop instructions concerning the amendments, and Richard Henry Lee and [[James Wilson (Founding Father)|James Wilson]] were added to the committee. Two days later, the committee was empowered to prepare further instructions and report back to Congress. The formal version of the [[Model Treaty|plan of treaties]] was adopted on September 17. On September 24, Congress approved negotiating instructions for commissioners to obtain a treaty with France, based on the template provided in the plan of treaties; the next day, Benjamin Franklin, [[Silas Deane]], and Thomas Jefferson were elected commissioners to the court of France.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20131103193204/http://history.state.gov/milestones/1776-1783/ModelTreaty Milestones: 1776–1783: The Model Treaty, 1776], Department of State, Office of the Historian. Via the Internet Archive.</ref>  Alliance with France was considered vital if the war with Britain was to be won and the newly declared country was to survive.

The committee drafting a plan of confederation was chaired by John Dickinson; they presented their initial results to Congress on July 12, 1776.  Long debates followed on such issues as sovereignty, the exact powers to be given the confederate government, whether to have a judiciary, and voting procedures.<ref>{{cite book| last = Jensen| first = Merrill| title = The Articles of Confederation: An Interpretation of the Social-Constitutional History of the American Revolution, 1774–1781| year = 1959| publisher = University of Wisconsin Press| isbn = 978-0-299-00204-6| pages= 127–84}}</ref>  The final draft of the [[Articles of Confederation]] was prepared during the summer of 1777 and approved by Congress for ratification by the individual states on November 15, 1777, after a year of debate.<ref name="Schwarz">{{cite journal |url= http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/1/2006_1_72.shtml |first= Frederic D. |last= Schwarz |title= 225 Years Ago |journal= American Heritage |date= February–March 2006 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20090601231914/http://www.americanheritage.com/articles/magazine/ah/2006/1/2006_1_72.shtml |archive-date= 2009-06-01 }}</ref> It continued in use from that time onward, although it was not ratified by all states until almost four years later on March 1, 1781.

==Toward independence==
When the [[American Revolutionary War]] began in 1775, few colonists in British North America openly advocated independence from Great Britain. Support for independence grew steadily in 1776, especially after the publication of [[Thomas Paine]]'s pamphlet ''[[Common Sense (pamphlet)|Common Sense]]'' in January of that year. In the Second Continental Congress, the movement towards independence was guided principally by an informal alliance of delegates eventually known as the "Adams-Lee Junto", after [[Samuel Adams]] and [[John Adams]] of [[Province of Massachusetts|Massachusetts]] and [[Richard Henry Lee]] of [[Colony of Virginia|Virginia]].

On May 15, 1776, the revolutionary [[Fifth Virginia Convention|Virginia Convention]], then meeting in [[Williamsburg, Virginia|Williamsburg]], passed a resolution instructing Virginia's delegates in the Continental Congress "to propose to that respectable body to declare the [[United Colonies]] free and independent States, absolved from all allegiance to, or dependence upon, the Crown or Parliament of Great Britain".<ref>Boyd, ''Evolution of the Text'', 18; Maier, ''American Scripture'', 63. For text of the May 15 Virginia resolution, see [http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/const/const02.htm Yale.edu] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080620032827/http://www.yale.edu/lawweb/avalon/const/const02.htm |date=2008-06-20 }}.</ref> In accordance with those instructions, on June 7, Richard Henry Lee proposed the resolution to Congress and it was seconded by John Adams.

<blockquote>Resolved, That these United Colonies are, and of right ought to be, free and independent States, that they are absolved from all allegiance to the British Crown, and that all political connection between them and the State of Great Britain is, and ought to be, totally dissolved.

That it is expedient forthwith to take the most effectual measures for forming foreign Alliances.

That a plan of confederation be prepared and transmitted to the respective Colonies for their consideration and approbation.</blockquote>

Congress as a whole was not yet ready to declare independence at that moment, because the delegates from some of the colonies, including Maryland, Pennsylvania, Delaware, New Jersey, and New York, had not yet been authorized to vote for independence.<ref>Maier, ''American Scripture'', 42.</ref> Voting on the first clause of Lee's resolution was therefore postponed for three weeks while advocates of independence worked to build support in the colonial governments for the resolution.<ref>Maier, ''American Scripture'', 43.</ref> Meanwhile, a [[Committee of Five]] was appointed to prepare a formal declaration so that it would be ready when independence, which almost everyone recognized was now inevitable, was approved. The committee prepared a declaration of independence, written primarily by [[Thomas Jefferson]], and presented it to Congress on June 28, 1776.

==Approval and declaration==
The declaration was set aside while the resolution of independence was debated for several days.  The vote on the independence section of the Lee resolution had been postponed until Monday, July 1, when it was taken up by the Committee of the Whole.  At the request of South Carolina, the resolution was not acted upon until the following day in the hope of securing unanimity.  A trial vote had been tested where it was found that South Carolina and Pennsylvania were in the negative, with Delaware split in a tie between its two delegates.  The vote was held on July 2, with critical changes happening between Monday and Tuesday.  [[Edward Rutledge]] was able to persuade South Carolina delegates to vote yes, two Pennsylvania delegates were persuaded to be absent, and [[Caesar Rodney]] had been sent for through the night to break Delaware's tie,<ref>[https://archive.org/details/bub_gb_IGk3AQAAMAAJ/page/n292 <!-- pg=230 --> History of Delaware : 1609–1888: General history, by John Thomas Scharf]</ref>  so Lee's resolution of independence was approved by 12 of the 13 colonies. Delegates from the [[Colony of New York]] still lacked instructions to vote for independence, so they abstained on this vote, although the [[New York Provincial Congress]] voted on July 9 to "join with the other colonies in supporting" independence.<ref>Burnett, ''Continental Congress'', 191.</ref>

The Lee Resolution's passage was reported at the time as the colonies' definitive declaration of independence from Great Britain. ''[[The Pennsylvania Evening Post]]'' reported on July 2:
<blockquote>This day the CONTINENTAL CONGRESS declared the UNITED COLONIES FREE and INDEPENDENT STATES.<ref>''Pennsylvania Evening Post'', July 2, 1776</ref></blockquote>

''[[The Pennsylvania Gazette]]'' followed suit the next day with its own brief report:

<blockquote>Yesterday, the CONTINENTAL CONGRESS declared the UNITED COLONIES FREE and INDEPENDENT STATES.<ref>''Pennsylvania Gazette'', July 3, 1776</ref></blockquote>

After passing the resolution of independence on July 2, Congress turned its attention to the text of the declaration. Over several days of debate, Congress made a number of alterations to the text, including adding the wording of Lee's resolution of independence to the conclusion. The final text of the declaration was approved by Congress on July 4 and sent off to be printed.

[[John Adams]] wrote his wife [[Abigail Adams|Abigail]] on July 3 about the resolution of independence:

<blockquote>The second day of July, 1776, will be the most memorable epoch in the history of America. I am apt to believe that it will be celebrated by succeeding generations as the great anniversary festival. It ought to be commemorated as the day of deliverance, by solemn acts of devotion to God Almighty. It ought to be solemnized with pomp and parade, with shows, games, sports, guns, bells, bonfires, and illuminations, from one end of this continent to the other, from this time forward forever more.<ref>Letter from John Adams to Abigail Adams, 3 July 1776, "Had a Declaration" [electronic edition]. Adams Family Papers: An Electronic Archive. Massachusetts Historical Society. [http://www.masshist.org/digitaladams/; Masshist.org], Butterfield, L.H., ed. Adams Family Correspondence. Vol. 2. Cambridge, Massachusetts: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, 1963.</ref></blockquote>

Adams's prediction was off by two days. From the outset, Americans celebrated [[Independence Day (United States)|Independence Day]] on July 4, the date when the Declaration of Independence was approved, rather than on July 2, the date when the resolution of independence was adopted. 

The two latter parts of the Lee Resolution were not passed until months later. The second part regarding the formation of foreign alliances was approved in September 1776, and the third part regarding a plan of confederation was approved in November 1777 and finally ratified in 1781.

===Congressional journal entries===
The following are entries relating to the resolution of independence and the Declaration of Independence in the ''Journals of the Continental Congress, 1774–1789'', from [[American Memory]], published by the [[Library of Congress]]:

* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc0054)) Friday, June 7], "certain resolutions respecting independency" are moved and seconded; discussion set for Saturday
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc0055)): Saturday, June 8], Congress considers the resolutions but postpones a decision
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc0056)): Monday, June 10], Congress postpones the first part of Lee's resolution for three weeks, and also decides to appoint "a committee to prepare a declaration to the effect of the said first resolution".
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28jc0057%29%29: Tuesday, June 11], Congress establishes three committees to pursue the three part resolution, and names five members of the first "to prepare the declaration".
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28jc0058%29%29: Wednesday, June 12], Congress appointments members of the other two committees. One of 13 members to "prepare and digest the form of a confederation", and the other of five members to "prepare a plan of treaties to be proposed to foreign powers".
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00521)) Friday, June 28], the committee reports its draft of the declaration, which is ordered "To lie on the table."
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00522)): Monday, July 1], Congress begins "to take into consideration the resolution respecting independency"
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00523)): Tuesday, July 2], Congress agrees to the resolution, begins to consider the declaration
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00524)): Wednesday, July 3], further consideration of the declaration
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00525)): Thursday, July 4], the Declaration of Independence is approved. The text of the Declaration on this day's entry of the published ''Journal'', as well as the list of signatures, is copied from the engrossed version of the Declaration.
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28jc00532%29%29: Friday, July 12], The committee appointed to prepare articles of confederation delivered their draft, which was read.
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00534)): Monday, July 15], Congress learns that New York now supports independence
* [https://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00537)): Thursday, July 18], The committee appointed to prepare a plan of treaties to be entered into with foreign states or kingdoms delivered their draft, which was read. 
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00538)): Friday, July 19], Congress orders that the Declaration "be fairly engrossed on parchment"
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field(DOCID+@lit(jc00549)) Friday, August 2], the Declaration of Independence is signed by members of Congress
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28jc00569%29%29: Tuesday, August 27], The amended plan of treaties was referred back to the committee to develop instructions regarding the amendments made by Congress. The committee size was increased by two members.
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28jc00571%29%29: Thursday, August 29], the committee for the plan of treaties was empowered to prepare further appropriate instructions, and report back to Congress.
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28jc00587%29%29: Tuesday, September 17], Congress discussed the amended plan of treaties to be proposed to foreign nations, and [secretly] passed the plan of a treaty be proposed to [[Style of the French sovereign#Most Christian King|His Most Christian Majesty]].
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28jc00592%29%29: Tuesday, September 24], Congress resumed consideration of the instructions to the agent [commissioner] regarding the pursuit of the plan of treaty with France, debated it by paragraph, amended it, and approved it.
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/r?ammem/hlaw:@field%28DOCID+@lit%28jc00594%29%29: Thursday, September 26], 1776 Congress elects three commissioners to the court of France, Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Thomas Jefferson. They also resolve "That secresy shall be observed until the farther Order of Congress; and that until permission be obtained from Congress to disclose the particulars of this business, no member be permitted to say any thing more upon this subject, than that Congress have taken such steps as they judged necessary for the purpose of obtaining foreign Alliance."
* [http://memory.loc.gov/cgi-bin/query/D?hlaw:1:./temp/~ammem_vj1U:: Saturday, November 15, 1777], Congress approves the [[Articles of Confederation|Articles of Confederation and Perpetual Union]] for ratification by the individual States.

==See also==
* [[Halifax Resolves]], the first colonial government resolution calling for the nation's independence from England, passed by the [[North Carolina Provincial Congress]] on April 12, 1776 in [[Halifax, North Carolina]]

== Citations ==
{{reflist}}

==References==
* Boyd, Julian P. ''The Declaration of Independence: The Evolution of the Text''. Originally published 1945. Revised edition edited by Gerard W. Gawalt. University Press of New England, 1999. {{ISBN|0-8444-0980-4}}.
* Burnett, Edward Cody. ''The Continental Congress''. New York: Norton, 1941. 
* Hogeland, William. ''Declaration: The Nine Tumultuous Weeks When America Became Independent, May 1–July 4, 1776''.  New York:  Simon & Schuster, 2010.  {{ISBN|978-1-4165-8409-4}}.
* [[Pauline Maier|Maier, Pauline]]. ''American Scripture: Making the Declaration of Independence''. New York: Knopf, 1997. {{ISBN|0-679-45492-6}}.

==External links==
* [http://avalon.law.yale.edu/18th_century/lee.asp Text of Lee's Resolution] from the [[Avalon Project]] at [[Yale Law School]]
* [http://www.ourdocuments.gov/doc.php?doc=1 Lee Resolution (1776)], one of the "100 milestone documents" of the Our Documents initiative, published by the U.S. government
* Presentation of the [https://www.archives.gov/exhibits/charters/declaration_timeline.html Lee Resolution] from [http://archives.org National Archives and Records Administration] as part of their Charters of Freedom presentation of the Declaration of Independence.

{{Richard Henry Lee}}
{{John Adams}}
{{United States Declaration of Independence}}
{{United States topics}}
{{US history}}
{{American Revolutionary War|state=collapsed}}
{{American Revolution origins}}
{{Pennsylvania during the American Revolutionary War}}
{{Virginia in the American Revolution}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:1776 documents]]
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