View source for Latin Psalters

{{short description|Translations of the Book of Psalms into Latin}}
{{For|the Psalter in general|Psalter}}
{{distinguish|Primer (prayer book)}}
[[File:Dagulf-Psalter-Faksimile.jpg|thumb|274x274px|The [[Dagulf Psalter|Golden psalter]] open to [[Psalm 52|Psalm 51(52)]], "''Quid gloriaris in malitia, qui potens es in iniquitate?''"]]{{Bible-related|TM}}
{{Translation sidebar}}
There exist a number of translations of the [[Psalms|Book of Psalms]] into the [[Latin language]]. They are a resource used in the [[Liturgy of the Hours]] and other forms of the [[canonical hours]] in the [[Latin liturgical rites]] of the [[Catholic Church]].

These translations are typically placed in a separate volume or a section of the [[breviary]] called the psalter, in which the psalms are arranged to be prayed at the [[canonical hours]] of the day. In the [[Middle Ages]], [[psalter]]s were often lavish [[illuminated manuscript]]s, and in the [[Romanesque art|Romanesque]] and early [[gothic art|Gothic]] period were the type of book most often chosen to be richly illuminated.

==Versions==
The [[Latin Church]] has a number of more or less different full translations of the psalms into Latin. Three of these translations, the ''Romana'', ''Gallicana'', and ''juxta Hebraicum'', have been traditionally ascribed to [[Jerome]], the author of most of the [[Latin Vulgate]]; however, the ''Romana'' was not produced by Jerome. Two other translations, the Pian and ''Nova Vulgata'' versions, were made in the 20th century.

===''Versio Vetus Latina''===
{{See also|Vetus Latina}}
Also called the ''Psalterium Vetus'', the psalter of the [[Vetus Latina|Old Latin Bible]].  Quotations from the Psalms in Latin authors show that a number of related but distinct Old Latin recensions were circulating in the mid-4th century.  These had by then substantially replaced the older Latin 'Cyprianic Psalter', a recension found in the works of [[Cyprian of Carthage]] that only survived in the 4th-century writings of the [[Donatists]]; and are all thought to be revisions of a lost common early 3rd-century version.<ref name=":5" />

A 12th-century Latin bible from [[Monte Cassino]] (Ms. Cas. 557) preserves, alongside the Roman, Gallican and Iuxta Hebraeos psalters, a fourth complete version of the psalms extensively corrected with reference to the columns of the Hexapla Greek, possibly using a columnar transcription of the [[Hexapla]] psalter similar to that [[Ambrosiano O 39 sup.|surviving in Milan]].  The underlying Latin text for this manuscript is believed to correspond with an early 3rd-century 'Cyprianic Psalter'.<ref name=":5">{{Cite book|last=Norris|first=Oliver|title=Fortunatianus redivivus: Bischof Fortunatian von Aquileia und sein Evangelienkommentar|date=2017|publisher=De Gruyter|isbn=978-3-11-047158-8|editor-last=Dorfbauer|editor-first=Lukas J.|series=Corpus Scriptorum Ecclesiasticorum Latinorum, [Extra Seriem]|pages=283–306 (283)|chapter=Tracing Fortunatianus′ Psalter|doi=10.1515/9783110471588-011|editor-last2=Victoria|editor-first2=Zimmerl-Panagl|chapter-url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9783110471588/10.1515/9783110471588-011.xml}}</ref>

===''Versio Ambrosiana''===
This is the version used in the [[Ambrosian rite]] for use in [[Milan]].<ref name="cathenbrev">{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02768b.htm|title=Catholic Encyclopedia: Breviary|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref>

===''Versio Mozarabica''===
This is the version used in the [[Mozarabic rite]] for use in [[Toledo, Spain|Toledo]].<ref name="cathenbrev"/>

=== {{anchor|Roman Psalter}} ''Versio Romana''===
The Roman Psalter, called also the ''Versio Romana'' or ''Psalterium Romanum'', was traditionally identified with [[Jerome]]'s first revision of the psalms completed in 384; which was thought to have been made from the ''Versio Vetus Latina'', with cursory corrections to bring it more in line with the psalms in the common Greek text of the Septuagint.  More recent scholarship rejects this theory.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Goins|first=Scott|contribution=Jerome's Psalters|editor-last = Brown|editor-first = William P.|title=Oxford Handbook to the Psalms|publisher=Oxford University Press|year=2014|page=188}}</ref>  The Roman Psalter is indeed one of five known revised versions of the mid-4th century Old Latin Psalter; but, compared with the four others the revisions in the Roman Psalter are in clumsy Latin and signally fail to follow Jerome's known translational principles, especially in failing to correct harmonised readings.  Nevertheless, it is clear from Jerome's correspondence (especially in the long and detailed Epistle 106) that he was familiar with this psalter text, albeit without ever admitting any responsibility for it; and consequently it is assumed that the surviving ''Versio Romana''  represents the minimally revised Roman text as Jerome had found it.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Norris|first=Oliver|url=https://www.degruyter.com/view/book/9783110471588/10.1515/9783110471588-011.xml|title=Fortunatianus ridivivus|publisher=CSEL|year=2017|isbn=9783110471588|editor-last=Dorfbauer|editor-first=Lukas J.|location=|page=285|contribution=Tracing Fortunatianus's Psalter|doi=10.1515/9783110471588-011}}</ref>

The Roman version is retained in the [[Roman Missal]] and is found in the writings of Pope [[Gregory the Great]], but for the [[Liturgy of the Hours|Divine Office]], it was, from the 9th century onwards, replaced throughout most of the [[Western Europe|west]] by Jerome's so-called "Gallican" version. It lived on in England where it continued to be used until the [[Norman Conquest]] and in  [[Saint Peter's Basilica]] in [[Rome]] and fragments of it were used in the Offices at [[St Mark's Basilica|St. Mark's Cathedral]] in [[Venice]] from at least 1609 until 1807.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Musica e Liturgia a San Marco|last=Cattin|first=Giulio|publisher=Edizione Fondazione Levi|pages=57–59}}</ref>

===''Versio Gallicana''===
{{Main|:fr:Psautier gallican}}<!-- This section is linked from [[Vulgate]] -->
The ''Versio Gallicana'' or ''Psalterium Gallicanum'', also known as the Gallican Psalter (so called because it became spread in [[Gaul]] from the 9th century onward<ref name=":0" />) has traditionally been considered Jerome's second Latin translation of the Psalms, which he made from the Greek of the [[Hexapla]] between 386 and 389.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible|publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf]]|year=2017|isbn=978-2-204-12618-2|editor-last=Canellis|editor-first=Aline|location=Abbeville|pages=90–93|language=fr|trans-title=Jerome: Preface to the books of the Bible|chapter=Introduction : Retour à l'''Hebraica veritas''|trans-chapter=Introduction: Back to the ''Hebraica veritas''}}</ref> This became the psalter of the [[Sixto-Clementine Vulgate]] bible.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible|publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf]]|year=2017|isbn=978-2-204-12618-2|editor-last=Canellis|editor-first=Aline|location=Abbeville|pages=213, 217|language=fr|trans-title=Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible|chapter=Introduction : Du travail de Jérôme à la Vulgate|trans-chapter=Introduction: From Jerome's work to the Vulgate}}</ref>

This most influential psalter has a distinctive style which is attributable to its origins as a translation of the [[Septuagint]].<ref>{{Cite book|last1=Plater|first1=W.E.|url=https://archive.org/details/AGrammarOfTheVulgateByPlaterAndWhite|title=A Grammar of the Vulgate|last2=White|first2=H.J.|publisher=[[Clarendon Press]]|year=1926|location=Oxford}}</ref> Following the Septuagint, it eschews anthropomorphisms. For instance, the term ''rock'' is applied to [[Jehovah|God]] numerous times in the Hebrew Psalter, but the Latin term ''petra'' does not occur as an epithet for God in the ''gallicana''. Instead more abstract words like ''refugium'', "refuge"; ''locus munitus'', "place of strength"; or ''adiutor'', "helper" are used.<ref name="praenotanda">''Nova Vulgata Bibliorum Sacrorum Editio'', [https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_praenotanda_lt.html Praenotanda], ''In Psalterio '', Editio typica altera</ref>

=== {{Anchor|Versio juxta Hebraicum}}''Versio juxta Hebraicum'' ===
The ''versio juxta Hebraicum'' or ''versio iuxta Hebraeos'' was the last made by Jerome. It is often informally called the "Hebrew Psalter" despite being written in Latin. Rather than just revise the ''Gallicana'', he translated these psalms anew from the [[Hebrew language|Hebrew]], using pre-[[Masoretes|Masoretic]] manuscripts ca. 392.<ref name="ISBE">{{Cite web|url=http://www.bible-researcher.com/vulgate1.html|title=Latin Vulgate (International Standard Bible Encyclopedia)|last=Angus|first=Samuel|date=1915|website=www.bible-researcher.com|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref> This psalter was present in the Bibles until [[Alcuin]]'s reforms linked to the [[Carolingian liturgical reform]]: Alcuin replaced the ''versio juxta Hebraicum'' by a version of the psalter used in [[Gaul]] at the time. The latter became known as the ''Gallican psalter'' (see the section above), and it superseded the ''versio juxta Hebraicum''. The ''versio juxta Hebraicum'' was kept in Spanish manuscripts of the Vulgate long after the Gallican psalter had supplanted it elsewhere.<ref name=":6">{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bibliasacraiuxta0000unse_d8t5|url-access=registration|title=Biblia sacra : iuxta Vulgatam versionem|publisher=Deutsche Bibelgesellschaft|others=Oliver Wendell Holmes Library Phillips Academy|year=2007|isbn=978-3-438-05303-9|editor-last=Weber|editor-first=Robert|edition=5|location=Stuttgart|pages=VI, XV, XXV, XXXIV|chapter=Praefatio|editor-last2=Gryson|editor-first2=Roger}}</ref> The ''versio juxta Hebraicum'' was never used in the [[Catholic liturgy|liturgy]].<ref>{{Cite book|title=Jérôme : Préfaces aux livres de la Bible|publisher=[[Éditions du Cerf]]|year=2017|isbn=978-2-204-12618-2|editor-last=Canellis|editor-first=Aline|location=Abbeville|page=213|language=fr|trans-title=Jerome : Preface to the books of the Bible|chapter=Introduction : Du travail de Jérôme à la Vulgate|trans-chapter=Introduction: From Jerome's work to the Vulgate}}</ref>

===''Versio Piana''===<!-- This section is linked from [[Vulgate]] -->
{{See also|Liturgical reforms of Pope Pius XII}}
Under [[Pius XII]], a new Latin translation of the psalms,<ref name=":2" /> known as ''Versio Piana'', ''Psalterium Vaticanum'' or ''Novum Psalterium'',<ref>{{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Qq0jSm_P7roC&q=Versio+Piana&pg=PA230|title=The Japanese Translations of the Hebrew Bible: History, Inventory and Analysis|last=Cohen|first=Doron B.|date=2013|publisher=Brill|isbn=9789004243477|pages=230|language=en|chapter=Five: Translation compared: psalm 23 in its numerous versions}}</ref> was published by the [[Pontifical Biblical Institute]].<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|title=Biblia Sacra iuxta Vulgatam Clementinam Nova editio|publisher=Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos|year=1999|isbn=84-7914-021-6|editor-last=Colunga|editor-first=Alberto|edition=10th|location=Spain|page=449|quote=Vulgatae textui addimus in altera columna novam versionem latinam Instituti Biblici a Pio XII pro usu liturgico approbatam, die 24 martii 1945.|editor-last2=Turrado|editor-first2=Lorenzo}}</ref><ref name=":3">{{Cite journal|date=1945|title=De Novae Psalmorum Conversionis Latinae usu in Persolvendo Divino Officio|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/aas/documents/AAS-37-1945-ocr.pdf|journal=[[Acta Apostolicae Sedis]]|volume=37|pages=65–67}}</ref>  This version is sometimes called the ''Bea psalter'' after its author, [[Augustin Bea]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Compendium of the Reforms of the Roman Breviary, 1568 – 1961: Part 8.2 – The New Psalter of Pius XII and Card. Bea |url=https://www.newliturgicalmovement.org/2010/10/compendium-of-reforms-of-roman-breviary_21.html |access-date=2022-09-05 |website=New Liturgical Movement}}</ref>{{Efn|1=Augustin Bea's book ''Il nuovo Salterio Latino. Chiarimenti sull'origine e lo spirito della traduzione'', Rome, 1946 (published in English in [https://www.jstor.org/stable/43719062?seq=1#page_scan_tab_contents ''The Catholic Biblical Quarterly'', Vol. 8, No. 1 (January, 1946), pp. 4–35]) explains in details the criteria and the reasons for his version.|name=|group=}} In 1945, its use was officially permitted by the pope through the ''[[motu proprio]]'' ''[[In cotidianis precibus]]'', but not required.<ref name=":2" /><ref name=":3" />

===''Versio Nova Vulgata''===<!-- This section is linked from [[Vulgate]] -->
{{See also|Nova Vulgata|Sacrosanctum Concilium|Liturgiam authenticam}}
In 1969, a new psalter was published which translated the [[Masoretic text]] while keeping much of the poetry and style of the Gallican psalter.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Clifford |first=Richard J.|date=2001|title=The Authority of the 'Nova Vulgata': A Note on a Recent Roman Document|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/43724418|journal=The Catholic Biblical Quarterly|volume=63|issue=2|pages=197–202|jstor=43724418|issn=0008-7912}}</ref> The 1969 psalter deviates from the previous versions in that it follows the [[#Enumeration|Masoretic numbering]] of the psalms, rather than the Septuagint enumeration. It is the psalter used in the edition of the Roman Office published in 1986.<ref name="brev2000">''Liturgia Horarum iuxta ritum Romanum: Editio typica altera'', Libreria Editrice Vaticana, 2000, Vol. III, p. 9, item 3</ref>

==Comparison==
Below is a comparison of Jerome's two versions of the first three verses of the psalm [[Psalm 95|''Venite exsultemus'']] (psalm 94 (95)) with the ''Vetus Latina'', ''Ambrosiana'', ''Mozarabica'', ''Romana'', ''Gallicana'', and ''Hebraicum'' versions, as well as the two 20th century versions (''Piana'' and ''Nova Vulgata''), which illustrates some of the distinctions noted above:

{| class="wikitable mw-collapsible" style="margin:auto;"
!Versio Vetus Latina<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/bibliorumsacroru02saba|title=Bibliorum Sacrorum latinae versiones antiquae : seu, Vetus italica, et caeterae quaecunque in codicibus mss. & antiquorum libris reperiri potuerunt : quae cum Vulgata latina, & cum textu graeco comparantur|last1=Sabatier|first1=Pierre|last2=de La Rue|first2=Vincent|date=1743|publisher=Remis : Apud Reginaldum Florentain|others=Princeton Theological Seminary Library|volume=2|pages=[https://archive.org/details/bibliorumsacroru02saba/page/189 189]}}</ref>
! Versio Ambrosiana<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=388HAAAAQAAJ&q=ambrosianum+psalterium&pg=RA1-PR1|title=Breviarium Ambrosianum|date=1830|publisher=Joannis Bernardonii|volume=Pars aestiva|pages=98–99|language=la}}</ref>
! Versio Mozarabica<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/details/mozarabicpsalter00cathrich|title=The Mozarabic psalter (MS. British Museum, Add. 30, 851.)|last=Gilson|first=J. P. (Julius Parnell)|date=1905|publisher=London, [Harrison and Sons, Printers]|others=University of California Libraries|pages=[https://archive.org/details/mozarabicpsalter00cathrich/page/83 83]–84}}</ref>
! Versio Romana<ref>From ''Liber Hymnarius'', 1993, {{ISBN|2-85274-076-1}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberpsalmorum.info/Psalterium%20Romanum.html|title=Psalterium Romanum|website=www.liberpsalmorum.info|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref>
! Versio Gallicana<ref name=":1" /><ref>From the [http://vulsearch.sourceforge.net/html/Ps.html Clementine Psalter]</ref>
! Versio juxta Hebraicum<ref>From the ''juxta Hebraicum'' in the 2007 [[Stuttgart edition of the Vulgate|Stuttgart edition]], available [https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/bibletexts/Vulgata/Vulgata_18_Psalmorum_MT.pdf here] and [https://www.academic-bible.com/en/online-bibles/biblia-sacra-vulgata/read-the-bible-text/bibel/text/lesen/stelle/19/940001/949999/ch/c9681232894245d3003623f5dd3d5480/ here].</ref>
! Versio Piana<ref name=":1">{{Cite book|title=Biblia Sacra iuxta Vulgatam Clementinam Nova editio|publisher=Biblioteca de Autores Cristianos|year=1999|isbn=84-7914-021-6|editor-last=Colunga|editor-first=Alberto|edition=10|location=Spain|page=534|editor-last2=Turrado|editor-first2=Lorenzo}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.liberpsalmorum.info/Psalterium%20Pianum.html|title=Psalterium Pianum|website=www.liberpsalmorum.info|access-date=2019-08-14}}</ref>
! Versio Nova Vulgata<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_psalmorum_lt.html#PSALMUS%2095|title=Liber Psalmorum – Nova Vulgata, Vetus Testamentum|website=www.vatican.va|access-date=2019-08-10}}</ref>
|-
|''Psalmus 94''
| ''Psalmus 94''
| ''Psalmus 94''
| ''Psalmus 94''
| ''Psalmus 94''
| ''Psalmus 94''
| ''Psalmus 94''
| ''Psalmus 94 (95)''
|-
|Venite, exultemus in Domino: jubilemus Deo salutari nostro.
|Venite, exultemus Domino: jubilemus Deo salutari nostro. 
|Venite, exultemus in domino, iubilemus deo saluatori nostro. 
|Venite, exsultemus Domino; iubilemus Deo salutari nostro. 
|Venite, exsultemus Domino; jubilemus Deo salutari nostro;
|Venite laudemus Dominum iubilemus petrae Iesu nostro 
|Venite, exsultemus Domino, Acclamemus Petrae salutis nostrae: 
|Venite, exsultemus Domino; iubilemus Deo salutari nostro. 
|-
|Præveniamus vultum ejus in confessionem: et in psalmis jubilemus ei.
|Præveniamus faciem ejus in confessione: et in psalmis jubilemus illi.
|Preoccupemus faciem eius in confessione, et in psalmis iubilemus ei.
|Præoccupemus faciem eius in confessione, et in psalmis iubilemus ei. 
|præoccupemus faciem ejus in confessione, et in psalmis jubilemus ei:
|praeoccupemus vultum eius in actione gratiarum in canticis iubilemus ei 
|Accedamus in conspectum eius cum laudibus, Cum canticis exsultemus ei.
|Praeoccupemus faciem eius in confessione et in psalmis iubilemus ei. 
|-
|Quia Deus magnus est, et rex magnus super omnes deos: quia non repelet Dominus populum suum.
|Quoniam Deus magnus Dominus: et Rex magnus super omnes deos.
|Quoniam deus magnus dominus, rex magnus super omnem terram.
|Quoniam Deus magnus Dominus, et rex magnus super omnes deos.
|quoniam Deus magnus Dominus, et rex magnus super omnes deos.
|quoniam fortis et magnus Dominus et rex magnus super omnes deos
|Nam Deus magnus est Dominus, Et Rex magnus super omnes deos.
|Quoniam Deus magnus Dominus, et rex magnus super omnes deos.
|}

==Enumeration==
The enumeration of the psalms differs in the ''[[Nova Vulgata]]'' from that used in the earlier versions. The earlier versions take their enumeration from the Greek [[Septuagint]]. The ''Versio Nova Vulgata'' takes its enumeration from the Hebrew [[Masoretic Text]].

<div style="float:left; width:60%;clear: left;">
{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto;"
|-
! Old enumeration used by the Vulgate and other early versions; taken from the Septuagint
! New enumeration used by the ''Versio Nova Vulgata'' and most modern English bibles; taken from the Masoretic Text
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|1-8
|-
| width=50%|9
| 9–10
|-
| 10–112
| 11–113
|-
| 113
| 114–115
|-
| 114–115
| 116
|-
| 116–145
| 117–146
|-
| 146–147
| 147
|-
| colspan="2" style="text-align:center;"|148-150
|}
</div>
<div style="width:60%; clear: left">
* Psalms 9 and 10 in the Nova Vulgata are together as Psalm 9 in the older versions
* Psalms 114 and 115 in the Nova Vulgata are Psalm 113 in the older versions
* Psalms 114 and 115 in the older versions appear as Psalm 116 in the Nova Vulgata
* Psalms 146 and 147 in the older versions form Psalm 147 in the Nova Vulgata
* Psalms 10–112 and 116–145 (132 out of the 150) in the older versions are numbered lower by one than the same psalm in the Nova Vulgata.
* Psalms 1–8 and 148–150, 11 psalms in total, are numbered the same in both the old versions and the new one.
</div>

==Divisions==
[[File:Saint Louis Psalter 30 verso.jpg|thumb|242x242px|"[[Beatus initial]]" for the start of Psalm 1 "[[Beatus vir]]", from the [[Leiden St Louis Psalter]]; first of the early tripartite divisions of the psalms|alt=]]
Apart from the ''schemata'' described below, it was customary in medieval psalters to divide the text of the psalms in numerical sequence into sections or divisions, the start of which were typically marked by a much larger and more decorated initial letter than for the other psalms. The "B" of Psalm 1, [[Beatus Vir]], usually was the most enlarged and decorated, and often those two words occupied a full page, the rounded shape of the letter being very suitable for decoration. These are often referred to as "[[Beatus initial]]s". In early medieval psalters a three-fold division with decorated letters at Psalms 1, 51, 101 was typical, but by the Gothic period French psalters were often divided into eight sections, and English ones into ten, at Psalms 1, 26, 38, 51, 52, 68, 80, 97, 101 and 109.<ref>McKendrick, Scott, Lowden, John and Doyle, Kathleen, (eds), ''Royal Manuscripts, The Genius of Illumination'', p. 269, 2011, British Library, {{ISBN|9780712358156}}</ref>

==Schemata==
A '''scheme''' (Latin ''schema'', plural ''schemata'') is an arrangement of all or most of the psalms for distribution to the various [[canonical hours]]. In addition to the psalms proper, these schemata typically include psalm-like [[canticle]]s from other books of the [[Bible]]. Historically, these schemata have distributed the entire 150 psalms with added canticles over a period of one week, although the 1971 Liturgy of the Hours omits a few psalms and some verses and distributes the remainder over a 4-week cycle. Some of the more important schemes are detailed below.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kellerbook.com/SCHEMA~1.HTM|title='Psalter Schemas' by Theo Keller|website=kellerbook.com|access-date=12 April 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120805162124/http://www.kellerbook.com/SCHEMA~1.HTM|archive-date=5 August 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.newadvent.org/cathen/02768b.htm|title=Catholic Encyclopedia ncyclopedia : Breviary|website=www.newadvent.org|access-date=2019-08-19}}</ref>

In addition to the rotating ''schema'', the order of service has [[Ordinary (liturgy)#Canonical hours|ordinary]] texts that are fixed. These include the [[Invitatory]], normally [[Psalm 94|psalm 94(95)]], and the canticles ''[[Benedictus (Song of Zechariah)|Benedictus Dominus]]'', ''[[Magnificat]]'', and ''[[Nunc dimittis]]''.

===Schema of Pope Pius V===
As commissioned by the [[Council of Trent]], [[Pope Pius V|St. Pius V]] published a reform of the Roman Breviary in 1568 for use by the  [[particular Church|churches]] of the [[Roman rite]]. The scheme used in this breviary{{Efn|Available [http://www.gregorianbooks.com/gregorian/www/www.kellerbook.com/PRE-19~1.HTM here].}} differs in some details from the Scheme of St. Benedict,{{Efn|Available [https://www.gregorianbooks.com/gregorian/www/www.kellerbook.com/Monastic.htm here].}} but follows its overall pattern.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://archive.org/stream/theromanbreviary01unknuoft|title=The Roman breviary: reformed by order of the Holy oecumenical council of Trent: published by order of Pope St. Pius V|publisher=William Blackwood and Sons|year=1908|pages=1–213}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=http://www.gregorianbooks.com/gregorian/www/www.kellerbook.com/PRE-19~1.HTM|title=Pre-Pius X Psalter (up to 1911)|date=January 14, 2018|website=gregorianbooks.com}}</ref> Some obvious differences are that Sunday had three nocturns, while the other days had but one; Lauds and the daytime hours had less variation in the Psalmody; and Compline added Psalm 30. In addition, while St. Benedict made heavy use of "divided" Psalms, the Roman rite divided only Psalm 118.

This scheme was used by many religious orders as well, such as the [[Dominican Order|Dominicans]]<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://media.musicasacra.com/dominican/Breviarium-1909-1-optimized.pdf|title=Breviarium Juxta Ritum S. Ordinis Praedicatorum|last=Cormier|first=Hyacinthus|year=1909|location=Roma|pages=1–153}}</ref> (of which Pope Pius V was a member<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.britannica.com/biography/Saint-Pius-V|title=Saint Pius V {{!}} pope|website=Encyclopedia Britannica|language=en|access-date=2019-08-08}}</ref>).

===Schema of Pope Pius X===
{{see also|Reform of the Roman Breviary by Pope Pius X}}
In 1911, [[Pope Pius X]] reformed the Roman Breviary, re-arranging the psalms into a new scheme{{Efn|Available [http://www.gregorianbooks.com/gregorian/www/www.kellerbook.com/1911-1~2.HTM here].}} so that there was less repetition and so that each day of the week had approximately the same amount of psalm-chanting.

Psalm 94 (the Invitiatory) was recited every day at the beginning of Matins. With [[Lauds]], there are two schemes. [[Lauds]] I were celebrated on all Sundays and [[ferias]], except from [[Septuagesima]] until [[Palm Sunday]] inclusive, and on feasts celebrated at any time of the year. Lauds II, having a more penitential character, were used on the Sundays and ferias of Advent until the vigil of [[Christmas]] and from Septuagesima until Monday of [[Holy Week]] inclusive. They were also used on vigils of the second and third class outside of [[Paschaltide]]. When Lauds II were said, the omitted psalm was said as a fourth psalm at Prime, in order to include all 150 psalms each week during penitential seasons; on Sundays with Lauds II, the scheme became 92, 99, 118i, and 118ii. On feasts which used the Sunday psalms, 53, 118i, and 118ii were said at Prime. On Sundays after Epiphany and Pentecost, the [[Athanasian Creed]] was said fourth at Prime; it was omitted if a commemoration of a Double feast or of an octave occurred.<ref>{{Cite book|title=The Hours of the Divine Office in English and Latin: a bilingual edition of the Roman Breviary text, in three volumes|publisher=Liturgical Press|year=1964|location=Collegeville, Minnesota}}</ref>

===Schema of Pope Paul VI===
{{See also|Mass of Paul VI}}
In 1971 with the release of a new edition of the Divine Office under [[Pope Paul VI]], the ''Liturgia Horarum'', a new schema{{Efn|Available [https://www.gregorianbooks.com/gregorian/www/www.kellerbook.com/Loh-1971.htm here].}} was introduced which distributed 147 of the 150 psalms across a four-week cycle.

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

== See also ==
{{Commons category|}}

*[[Vulgate]]
*[[Sixto-Clementine Vulgate]]
*[[Septuagint]]
*[[Vetus Latina]]
*[[Beatus vir]]

==References==
<references />

== External links ==
'''Latin psalters'''

*[[iarchive:bibliorumsacroru02saba/page/8|Vetus Latina psalter]] (pp.&nbsp;9–293) Latin text
*[https://books.google.com/books?id=388HAAAAQAAJ&dq=ambrosianum+psalterium&pg=RA1-PR1 Breviarium Ambrosianum] Latin text
*[http://www.liberpsalmorum.info/Psalterium%20Romanum.html Psalterium Romanum] Latin text
*[http://vulsearch.sourceforge.net/html/Ps.html Psalterium Gallicanum] Latin text
*[https://www.sbl-site.org/assets/pdfs/bibletexts/Vulgata/Vulgata_18_Psalmorum_MT.pdf Psalterium juxta Hebraicum] ([https://www.academic-bible.com/en/online-bibles/biblia-sacra-vulgata/read-the-bible-text/bibel/text/lesen/stelle/19/10001/19999/ch/85d924f920916c845cf9cceb13fbd10a/ also available here]) Latin text
*[[iarchive:mozarabicpsalte00churgoog|Psalterium Mozarabicum]] Latin text
*[http://www.liberpsalmorum.info/Psalterium%20Pianum.html Psalterium Pianum] Latin text
*[https://www.vatican.va/archive/bible/nova_vulgata/documents/nova-vulgata_vt_psalmorum_lt.html Psalterium Neo-Vulgatum] Latin text
*[http://www.almudi.org/Portals/0/docs/Breviario/fuentes/breviario.html Liturgia Horarum Online] A very nice, practical and versatile version to read the psalter online.
*[http://www.liberpsalmorum.info/ Liberpsalmorum.info] A list of the different Latin psalters from the ''Vetus Latina'' to the ''Nova Vulgata''.

'''Miscellaneous'''

*[https://web.archive.org/web/20080508233358/http://www.kellerbook.com/LANGUA~1.HTM Theo Keller's comparison] of the psalm ''De profundis'', giving the Roman, Gallican, Pian, and Neo-Vulgate versions of psalm 129.
*[http://wdtprs.com/blog/2008/08/breviary-psalter-variations-drilling-into-psalm-1/ Fr. John Zuhlsdorf's comparison] of the psalm ''Beatus vir'', giving the Roman, Gallican, Neo-vulgate, Pian, and Ambrosian versions of psalm 1.
*[http://www.gregorianbooks.com/gregorian/www/www.kellerbook.com/SCHEMA~1.HTM Theo Keller's tables] of historical psalter schemas. Includes the four choices of the Psalterium Monasticum above

== Further reading ==

* {{Cite book|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=iQ8C5m49HBkC&q=the+new+latin+psalter+is+diction+and+style&pg=PA109|title=Études sur le latin des chrétiens, Latin chrétien et médiéval|last=Mohrmann|first=Christine|publisher=Ed. di Storia e Letteratura|year=1961|volume=II|pages=109–131|language=fr, en|chapter=The New Latin Psalter: Its Diction and Style}}

{{LiturgicalHours}}

[[Category:Psalters]]
[[Category:Latin liturgical rites]]
[[Category:Vulgate]]
[[Category:Vetus Latina]]