View source for Laterculus Veronensis

{{Short description|Manuscript}}
{{Italic title}}
The '''''Laterculus Veronensis''''' or '''Verona List''' is a list of [[Roman provinces]] and [[barbarian]] peoples from the time of the emperors [[Diocletian]] and [[Constantine I]], most likely from AD 314.

The list is transmitted only in a 7th-century manuscript preserved in the [[Chapter Library of Verona]].<ref>Verona, Biblioteca Capitolare, MS II (2), at fol. 255 recto, line 14-fol. 256 recto, line 19; E. A. Lowe, ''Codices Latini Antiquiores'' 4 (Oxford, 1947), p. 21, No 477</ref> The most recent critical edition is that of [[Timothy Barnes (classicist)|Timothy Barnes]] (1982).{{sfn|Barnes|1982|pp=201–208}} Earlier editions include those by [[Theodor Mommsen]] (1862),{{sfn|Mommsen|1862}} [[Otto Seeck]] in his edition of the ''[[Notitia dignitatum]]'' (1876),{{sfn|Seeck|1876|pp=247–253}} and [[Alexander Riese]] in his ''Geographi Latini minores'' (1878).{{sfn|Riese|1878|pp=127–129}}

==Description==
The document comprises a list of the names of all the provinces of the empire (c. 100 in total), organised according to the twelve newly created regional groupings called [[Roman diocese|dioceses]]. Although the dioceses are presented in a single list, they are not ordered in a single geographical sequence but rather in two separate eastern and western groups, the eastern group (Oriens, Pontica, Asiana, Thraciae, Moesiae, Pannoniae) preceding the western (Britanniae, Galliae, Viennensis, Italiae, Hispaniae, Africa). The split is apparent from the discontinuity midway in the list between the dioceses of Pannoniae and Britanniae. The eastern half of the list circles the Mediterranean neatly anticlockwise from south to north or, in continental terms, from Africa, through Asia, to Europe. The arrangement of the western half is less tidy, though it is approximately anticlockwise from north to south, or from Europe to Africa.

The barbarian peoples listed may in some instance have lived outside of the provincial structure of the empire, but they are all clearly regarded as living within the empire. Even in the cases of those barbarians clearly living within provinces, however, the ''Laterculus'' suggests that a meaningful distinction was drawn between "civilized" and "uncivilized" areas.{{sfn|Arce|2018|p=377}}{{sfn|Shaw|1986|p=82}}

==Date==
Theodor Mommsen had dated the provincial situation in the list to 297, but later research changed the estimate to 314–324 for the Eastern Half and 303–314 for the Western Half of the Roman empire. The most recent work by Timothy Barnes and Constantin Zuckerman concludes that the entire document belongs to a single moment, c. 314, the eastern and western parts corresponding to the respective spheres of responsibility of the emperors [[Licinius]] and Constantine during the period between Licinius' defeat of [[Maximinus Daza]] in 313 and his own defeat in his first civil war with Constantine in 316–317.

==Text==
The text on the left is the original Latin, divided into lines beginning with capital letters. The original text uses the [[interpunct]] (·) to separate entries and is mostly [[unicase]].<ref>The text is drawn from {{harvnb|Seeck|1876|pp=247–253}}, with punctuation removed and the spelling of provincial names corrected to better reflect the idiosyncrasies and errors of the original manuscript based on {{harvnb|Barnes|1982|pp=202–203}}.</ref> The text on the right is an English translation.<ref>The provincial names are from {{harvnb|Barnes|1982|pp=205–208}}; except where noted, those of the barbarian peoples and cities from {{harvnb|Seeck|1876|pp=251–253}}, relying on [[Karl Müllenhoff]].</ref>
{{columns-start}}
'''Latin original'''
:{{lang|la|Incipit eiusdem nomina prouinciarum omnium.}}

:{{lang|la|Diocensis Orientis habet prouincias numero XVIII}}
::{{lang|la|Libia superior}}
::{{lang|la|Libia inferior}}
::{{lang|la|Thebais}}
::{{lang|la|Aegyptus iouia}}
::{{lang|la|Aegyptus herculea}}
::{{lang|la|Arabia}}
::{{lang|la|item Arabia}}
::{{lang|la|Augusta libanensis}}
::{{lang|la|Palestina}}
::{{lang|la|Fenicen}}
::{{lang|la|Syria ecohele}}
::{{lang|la|Augusta eupatenses}}
::{{lang|la|Cilicia}}
::{{lang|la|Isauria}}
::{{lang|la|Tupus}}
::{{lang|la|Mesopotamia}}
::{{lang|la|Osroaena}}

:{{lang|la|Diocensis Pontica habet prouincias numero VII}}
::{{lang|la|Bitinia}}
::{{lang|la|Cappadocia}}
::{{lang|la|Galatia}}
::{{lang|la|Pamplagonia, nunc in duas diuisa}}
::{{lang|la|Diospontus}}
::{{lang|la|Pontus polemiacus}}
::{{lang|la|Armenia minor, nunc et maior addita}}

:{{lang|la|Diocensis Asiana habet prouincias numero VIIII}}
::{{lang|la|Phanfilia}}
::{{lang|la|Frigia prima}}
::{{lang|la|Frigia secunda}}
::{{lang|la|Assa}}
::{{lang|la|Lidia}}
::{{lang|la|Caria}}
::{{lang|la|Insuluae}}
::{{lang|la|Fisidae}}
::{{lang|la|Ellespontus}}

:{{lang|la|Diocensis Tracoae habet prouincias numero VI}}
::{{lang|la|Europa}}
::{{lang|la|Rodope}}
::{{lang|la|Tracia}}
::{{lang|la|Emossanus}}
::{{lang|la|Scitia}}
::{{lang|la|Misia inferior}}

:{{lang|la|Diocensis Misiarum habet prouincias numero XI}}
::{{lang|la|Dacias}}
::{{lang|la|Misia superior margensis}}
::{{lang|la|Dardania}}
::{{lang|la|Macedonia}}
::{{lang|la|Tessalia}}
::{{lang|la|Priantina}}
::{{lang|la|Priualentina}}
::{{lang|la|Epiros noua}}
::{{lang|la|Epiros uetus}}
::{{lang|la|Creta}}

:{{lang|la|Diocensis Pannoniarum habet prouincias numero VII}}
::{{lang|la|Pannonia inferior}}
::{{lang|la|Fauensis}}
::{{lang|la|Dalmatia}}
::{{lang|la|Ualeria}}
::{{lang|la|Pannonia superior}}
::{{lang|la|Noricus pariensis}}
::{{lang|la|Noricus mediterranea}}

:{{lang|la|Diocensis Brittaniarum habet prouincias numero VI}}
::{{lang|la|Primam}}
::{{lang|la|Secundam}}
::{{lang|la|Maxime caesariensis}}
::{{lang|la|Aelauiae caesariensis}}

:{{lang|la|Diocensis Galliarum habet prouincias numero VIII}}
::{{lang|la|Betica prima}}
::{{lang|la|Betica secunda}}
::{{lang|la|Germania prima}}
::{{lang|la|Germania secunda}}
::{{lang|la|Sequania}}
::{{lang|la|Lubdunensis prima}}
::{{lang|la|Lubdunensis secunda}}
::{{lang|la|Alpes graiae et poeninae}}

:{{lang|la|Diocensis Biennensis habet prouincias numero VII}}
::{{lang|la|Biennensis}}
::{{lang|la|Narbonensis prima}}
::{{lang|la|Narbonensis secunda}}
::{{lang|la|Nouem populi}}
::{{lang|la|Aquitanica prima}}
::{{lang|la|Aquitanica secunda}}
::{{lang|la|Alpes maritimas}}

:{{lang|la|Diocensis Italiciana habet prouincias numero XVI}}
::{{lang|la|Beteiam histriam}}
::{{lang|la|Flaminiam picenum}}
::{{lang|la|Tusciam umbrenam}}
::{{lang|la|Apuliam calabriam}}
::{{lang|la|Licaoniam}}
::{{lang|la|Corsicam}}
::{{lang|la|Alpes cotias}}
::{{lang|la|Retica}}

:{{lang|la|Diocensis Hispaniarum habet prouincias numero VI}}
::{{lang|la|Beticam}}
::{{lang|la|Lusitaniam}}
::{{lang|la|Kartaginiensis}}
::{{lang|la|Gallecia}}
::{{lang|la|Tharraconensis}}
::{{lang|la|Mauritania tingitania}}

:{{lang|la|Diocensis Africae habet prouincias numero VII}}
::{{lang|la|Proconsularis}}
::{{lang|la|Bizacina}}
::{{lang|la|Zeugitana}}
::{{lang|la|Numidia cirtensis}}
::{{lang|la|Numidia miliciana}}
::{{lang|la|Mauritania caesariensis}}
::{{lang|la|Mauritania tabia insidiana}}

:{{lang|la|Felix saeculum.}}

:{{lang|la|Gentes barbarae, quae pullulauerunt sub imperatoribus}}
::{{lang|la|Scoti}}
::{{lang|la|Picti}}
::{{lang|la|Calidoni}}
::{{lang|la|Rugi}}
::{{lang|la|Heruli}}
::{{lang|la|Saxones}}
::{{lang|la|Camari}}
::{{lang|la|Crinsiani}}
::{{lang|la|Amsiuari}}
::{{lang|la|Angri angriuari}}
::{{lang|la|Fleui}}
::{{lang|la|Bructeri}}
::{{lang|la|Cati}}
::{{lang|la|Burgunziones}}
::{{lang|la|Alamanni}}
::{{lang|la|Sueui}}
::{{lang|la|Franci}}
::{{lang|la|Gallouari}}
::{{lang|la|Iotungi}}
::{{lang|la|Armilausini}}
::{{lang|la|Marcomanni}}
::{{lang|la|Quadi}}
::{{lang|la|Taifruli}}
::{{lang|la|Hermundubi}}
::{{lang|la|Uandali}}
::{{lang|la|Sarmatae}}
::{{lang|la|Sciri}}
::{{lang|la|Carpi}}
::{{lang|la|Scitae}}
::{{lang|la|Gothi}}
::{{lang|la|Indii}}
::{{lang|la|Armeni}}
::{{lang|la|Horro}}&thinsp;[&thinsp;]
::{{lang|la|Palmoerni}}
::{{lang|la|Mosoritae}}
::{{lang|la|Marmeritae}}
::{{lang|la|Theui}}
::{{lang|la|Isaur}}&thinsp;[&thinsp;]
::{{lang|la|Friges}}
::{{lang|la|Persae}}

:{{lang|la|Item gentes, quae in Mauretaniae sunt}}
::{{lang|la|Mauri gensani}}
::{{lang|la|Mauri mazazeses}}
::{{lang|la|Mauri baueres}}
::{{lang|la|Mauri bacautes}}
::{{lang|la|Celtitibari}}
::{{lang|la|Turini}}
::{{lang|la|Ausitani}}
::{{lang|la|Calpitani}}
::{{lang|la|Cantabri}}
::{{lang|la|Enantes}}

:{{lang|la|Nomina ciuitatum, trans Renum fluuium quae sunt}}
::{{lang|la|Usiphorum}} [{{lang|la|Usipiorum}}]
::{{lang|la|Tuuanium}} [{{lang|la|Tubantum}}]
::{{lang|la|Nictrensium}}
::{{lang|la|Nouarii}}
::{{lang|la|Casuariorum}} [{{lang|la|Chasuariorum}}]
:{{lang|la|Istae omnes ciuitates trans Renum in formulam Belgicae primae redactae. Trans castellum Montiacesenam LXXX leugas trans Renum Romani possederunt. Istae ciuitates sub Gallieno imperatore a barbaris occupatae sunt. Leuga una habet mille quingentos passus. Explicit.}}
{{column}}
'''English translation'''
:Here begins the names of all the provinces.

:The [[diocese of the East]] has 18 provinces [only 17 listed]:
::[[Libya Superior]]
::[[Libya Inferior]]
::[[Thebais]]
::[[Aegyptus Iovia]]
::[[Aegyptus Herculea]]
::[[Arabia Nova]]
::[[Arabia Petraea|Arabia]]
::[[Augusta Libanensis]]
::[[Syria Palaestina]]
::[[Phoenice (Roman province)|Phoenice]]
::[[Syria Coele]]
::[[Augusta Euphratensis]]
::[[Cilicia]]
::[[Isauria]]
::[[Roman Cyprus|Cyprus]]
::[[Mesopotamia (Roman province)|Mesopotamia]]
::[[Osroene (Roman province)|Osroene]]

:The [[diocese of Pontus]] has 7 provinces:
::[[Bithynia]]
::[[Cappadocia (Roman province)|Cappadocia]]
::[[Galatia (Roman province)|Galatia]]
::[[Paphlagonia]], now [after 384] divided in two
::[[Diospontus]]
::[[Pontus Polemoniacus]]
::[[Armenia Minor]], now [after 381] with [[Armenia Major]] added

:The diocese of Asia has 9 provinces:
::[[Lycia et Pamphylia]]
::[[Phrygia Prima]]
::[[Phrygia Secunda]]
::[[Asia (Roman province)|Asia]]
::[[Lydia]]
::[[Caria]]
::the [[Islands (Roman province)|Islands]]
::[[Pisidia]]
::[[Hellespontus (province)|Hellespontus]]

:The [[diocese of Thrace]] has 6 provinces:
::[[Europa (Roman province)|Europa]]
::[[Rhodope (province)|Rhodope]]
::[[Thracia]]
::[[Haemimontus]]
::[[Scythia Minor (Roman province)|Scythia]]
::[[Moesia Inferior]]

:The [[Diocese of Moesiae|diocese of the Moesias]] has 11 provinces:
::[[Roman Dacia|Dacia]] and [[Dacia Ripensis]]
::[[Moesia Superior]]
::[[Dardania (Roman province)|Dardania]]
::[[Macedonia (Roman province)|Macedonia]]
::[[Thessalia]]
::[[Achaea (Roman province)|Achaea]]
::[[Praevalitana]]
::[[Epirus Nova]]
::[[Epirus Vetus]]
::[[Byzantine Crete|Creta]]

:The [[Diocese of Pannonia|diocese of the Pannonias]] has 7 provinces:
::[[Pannonia Inferior]]
::[[Pannonia Savia|Savensis]]
::[[Dalmatia (Roman province)|Dalmatia]]
::[[Pannonia Valeria|Valeria]]
::[[Pannonia Superior]]
::[[Noricum Ripense]]
::[[Noricum Mediterraneum]]

:The [[Diocese of Britannia|diocese of the Britains]] has 6 provinces [only 4 listed]:
::[[Britannia Prima]]
::[[Britannia Secunda]]
::[[Maxima Caesariensis]]
::[[Flavia Caesariensis]]

:The [[Diocese of Gaul|diocese of the Gauls]] has 8 provinces:
::[[Belgica Prima]]
::[[Belgica Secunda]]
::[[Germania Prima]]
::[[Germania Secunda]]
::[[Sequania]]
::[[Lugdunensis Prima]]
::[[Lugdunensis Secunda]]
::[[Alpes Graiae et Poeninae]]

:The [[diocese of Viennensis]] has 7 provinces:
::[[Viennensis]]
::[[Narbonensis Prima]]
::[[Narbonensis Secunda]]
::[[Novem Populi]]
::[[Aquitanica Prima]]
::[[Aquitanica Secunda]]
::[[Alpes Maritimae]]

:The [[Roman Italy|Italian diocese]] has 16 provinces [only 8 listed]:<ref>The discrepancy between the promised 16 and the listed 8 is the largest in the existing copy of the ''Laterculus''. {{harvnb|Barnes|1982|p=219}}, lists a further four Italian provinces that were probably in existence at the time of the document  but are not listed: [[Aemilia et Liguria]], [[Campania (Roman province)|Campania]], [[Sicilia (Roman province)|Sicilia]] and [[Sardinia (Roman province)|Sardinia]].</ref>
::[[Venetia et Histria]]
::[[Flaminia et Picenum]]
::[[Tuscia et Umbria]]
::[[Province of Apulia and Calabria|Apulia et Calabria]]
::[[Lucania et Bruttii]]
::[[Corsica (Roman province)|Corsica]]
::[[Alpes Cottiae]]
::[[Raetia]]

:The [[Diocese of Hispania|diocese of the Spains]] has 6 provinces:
::[[Baetica]]
::[[Lusitania]]
::[[Carthaginiensis]]
::[[Gallaecia]]
::[[Tarraconensis]]
::[[Mauretania Tingitana]]

:The [[diocese of Africa]] has 7 provinces:
::[[Africa Proconsularis]]
::[[Valeria Byzacena]]
::[[Tripolitania|Tripolitana]]
::[[Numidia Cirtensis]]
::[[Numidia Militiana]]
::[[Mauretania Caesariensis]]
::[[Mauretania Sitifensis]]<ref>{{harvnb|Barnes|1982|p=208}}, suggests Mauretania Tubusuctitana as a possible alternative name of the province.</ref>

:A happy age.

:Barbarian peoples who grew under the dominion of the emperors:<ref>The translation of this line is from {{harvnb|Arce|2018|p=377}}. {{harvnb|Liccardo|2024|p=41}}, translates {{lang|lapullulauerunt}} as "have spread".</ref>
::[[Scoti]]
::[[Picti]]
::[[Caledonii]]
::[[Rugii]]
::[[Heruli]]
::[[Saxones]]
::[[Chamavi]]
::?[[Frisiavi]]
::[[Ampsivarii|Amsivarii]]
::[[Angrivarii]]
::?<ref>Müllenhoff suggested a people named for the river [[Flevum]] (Latin ''Fleuus fluuius'').</ref>
::[[Bructeri]]
::[[Chatti]]
::[[Burgundiones]]
::[[Alamanni]]
::[[Suebi]]
::[[Franks|Franci]]
::[[Chattuarii]]
::[[Iuthungi]]
::[[Armilausini]]
::[[Marcomanni]]
::[[Quadi]]
::[[Taifali]]
::[[Hermunduri]]
::[[Vandali]]
::[[Sarmatae]]
::[[Sciri]]
::[[Carpi (people)|Carpi]]
::[[Scythae]]
::[[Gothi]]
::?[[Vistula Veneti|Venedi]]<ref>It is unlikely that ''Indii'' refers to [[India]]ns. It was corrected to ''Vinidi'' by Müllenhoff, while {{harvnb|Hartmann|2008|p=34}}, suggests ''Iudaei'' ([[Jews]]).</ref>
::[[Armenians|Armenii]]
::[[Edessa|Osrhoeni]]
::[[Palmyra|Palmyreni]]
::?<ref>The name is corrupted. Müllenhoff suggested it should read ''Bosoritae''; Riese suggested ''Bostritae''. See Kroll 1933 and {{harvnb|Hartmann|2008|p=34}}.</ref>
::[[Marmaridae|Marmeridae]]
::?[[Nabataeans]]<ref>According to {{harvnb|Hartmann|2008|p=34}}, Riese suggested reading ''Theui'' as a corruption of ''Nabathei''.</ref>
::[[Isauri]]
::[[Phrygians|Phryges]]
::[[Persians|Persae]]

:The peoples that are in [[Mauretania]]:<ref>The translation of this line is from {{harvnb|Shaw|1986|p=82}}.</ref>
::[[Quinquegentiani]]
::[[Mazices]]
::[[Barbares]]
::[[Bacuates]]
::[[Celtiberi]]
::?[[Astures]]/?[[Turdetani]]
::[[Ausetani]]
::[[Carpetani]]
::[[Cantabri]]
::[[Edetani]]

:The names of cities that are across the river [[Rhine]]:
::[city] of the [[Usipetes]]
::[city] of the [[Tubantes]]
::[city] of the ?[[Tencteri]]<ref>{{harvnb|Kerneis|1999|p=360}}, emends it to ''Nicirenses'' and takes it to mean "people of the [[Neckar]]".</ref>
::[city] of the ?[[Novantae]]<ref>This emendation is suggested by {{harvnb|Kerneis|1999|p=360}}.</ref>
::[city] of the [[Chasuarii]]
:All these cities across the Rhine were received into the rule of Belgica Prima. Across from the fortress of [[Mogontiacum]], the Romans possessed 80 leagues beyond the Rhine. These cities were occupied by barbarians under the emperor Gallienus.<ref>The translation of this sentence is from {{harvnb|Liccardo|2024|p=88}}.</ref> One league has one thousand five hundred paces [i.e., 1.5 [[Roman mile]]s]. [[Explicit (text)|Explicit]].
{{columns-end}}

==Notes==
{{reflist}}

==References==
{{refbegin}}
*{{cite book |first=Javier |last=Arce |chapter=Goths and Romans in Visigothic Hispania |pages=371–378 |title=Transformations of Romanness: Early Medieval Regions and Identities |publisher=De Gruyter |year=2018}}
*{{cite book |last=Barnes |first=Timothy David |author-link=Timothy Barnes (classicist) |title=The New Empire of Diocletian and Constantine |publisher=Harvard University Press |year=1982 |location=Cambridge, MA |isbn=978-0-674-61126-9}}
*{{cite journal |last=Barnes |first=Timothy David |authorlink=Timothy Barnes (classicist) |title=Emperors, panegyrics, prefects, provinces and palaces (284-317) |journal=Journal of Roman Archaeology |volume=9 |pages=532–552, at 548–550 |year=1996 |doi=10.1017/S1047759400017037}}
*{{cite journal |author=Clinton Walker Keyes |title=The Date of the Laterculus Veronensis |journal=[[Classical Philology (journal)|Classical Philology]] |volume=11 |issue=2 |pages=196–201 |year=1916 |jstor=262505 |doi=10.1086/358806 |s2cid=162363934|doi-access=free }}\
*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Der kleine Pauly]] |title=Laterculus Veronensis |first=R. |last=Hanslik |volume=3 |pages=[https://archive.org/details/derkleinepaulyle0001unse/page/506 506] |year=1979 |language=German |isbn=978-3-423-05963-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Hartmann |first=Udo |editor=Klaus-Peter Johne |chapter=Die literarischen Quellen |pages=19–44 |title=Die Zeit der Soldatenkaiser: Krise und Transformation des Römischen Reiches im 3. Jahrhundert n.Chr. (235–284) |publisher=Akademie Verlag |year=2008}}
*{{cite journal |author-link=A. H. M. Jones |first=A. H. M. |last=Jones |title=The Date and Value of the Verona List |journal=[[The Journal of Roman Studies]] |volume=44 |pages=21–29 |year=1954 |issue=1–2 |doi=10.2307/297552 |jstor=297552 |publisher=Society for the Promotion of Roman Studies}}
*{{cite journal |first=Soazick |last=Kerneis |title=La Bretagne rhénane Note sur les établissements bretons dans les Champs Décumates |journal=Latomus |year=1999 |volume=58 |issue=Fasc. 2 |pages=357–390 |jstor=41538748}}
*{{cite encyclopedia |encyclopedia=[[Lexikon des Mittelalters]] |title=Laterculus Veronensis |first=R. |last=Klein |volume=5 |pages=1745–1746 |year=1999 |isbn=978-3-476-01688-1}}
*{{Cite Pauly|XVI,1|376||Mosoritae|[[Wilhelm Kroll|Kroll, Wilhelm]]}}
*{{cite book |first=Salvatore |last=Liccardo |title=Old Names, New Peoples: Listing Ethnonyms in Late Antiquity |year=2024 |publisher=Brill}}
*{{cite journal |last=Mommsen |first=Theodor |authorlink=Theodor Mommsen |title=Verzeichniss der roemischen Provinzen aufgesetzt um 297 |journal=Abhandlungen der Berliner Akademie der Wissenschaften |issue=phil.-hist. Klasse |pages=489–518 |year=1862 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=MbgWAAAAQAAJ}}
*{{cite book |last=Riese |first=Alexander |title=Geographi Latini minores |publisher=Henninger Brudern |location=Heilbronn |year=1878 |isbn=1-103-03357-3}}
*{{cite book |last=Seeck |first=Otto |author-link=Otto Seeck |title=Notitia dignitatum: accedunt Notitia urbis Constantinopolitanae et laterculi prouinciarum |url=https://archive.org/details/notitiadignitatu00seec |publisher=Weidmann |location=Berlin |year=1876 |oclc=419258554}}
*{{cite journal |last=Shaw |first=Brent D. |title=Autonomy and Tribute: Mountain and Plain in Mauretania Tingitana |journal=Revue des mondes musulmans et de la Méditerranée |year=1986 |issue=41-42 |pages=66–89 |url=https://www.persee.fr/doc/remmm_0035-1474_1986_num_41_1_2110}}
*{{cite book |last=Zuckerman |first=Constantin |contribution=Sur la liste de Vérone et la province de Grande Arménie, la division de l'empire et la date de création des diocèces |title=Mélanges Gilbert Dagron = Travaux et Mémoires 14 | editor-last = Déroche | editor-first = Vincent | editor2-last = Feissel | editor2-first = Denis | editor3-last = Morrisson | editor3-first = Cécile |editor3-link=Cécile Morrisson|display-editors = 3 | editor4-last = Zuckerman | editor4-first = Constantine |year=2002 |pages=617–637 |language=French |isbn=978-2-9519198-0-8}}
{{refend}}

{{Ancient Rome topics|state=collapsed}}
[[Category:4th-century documents]]
[[Category:Late Roman provinces| ]]
[[Category:Medieval documents]]