View source for Lateral line

{{good article}}
{{short description|Sensory system in fish}}
[[File:Lateral line 01.JPG|thumb|upright=1.5|Oblique view of a [[goldfish]] (''Carassius auratus''), showing pored scales of the lateral line system]]
The '''lateral line''', also called the '''lateral line organ''' ('''LLO'''), is a system of [[Sensory perception|sensory]] organs found in [[fish]], used to detect movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the surrounding water. The sensory ability is achieved via modified [[epithelial cells]], known as [[hair cells]], which respond to displacement caused by motion and [[signal transduction|transduce]] these signals into electrical impulses via [[excitatory synapses]]. Lateral lines play an important role in [[School (fish)|schooling]] behavior, predation, and orientation. 

Early in the [[evolution of fish]], some of the sensory organs of the lateral line were modified to function as the [[electroreception|electroreceptors]] called [[ampullae of Lorenzini]]. The lateral line system is ancient and basal to the vertebrate clade, as it is found in fishes that diverged over 400 million years ago.

== Function ==

The lateral line system allows the detection of movement, vibration, and pressure gradients in the water surrounding an animal. It plays an essential role in orientation, predation, and [[School (fish)|fish schooling]] by providing spatial awareness and the ability to navigate in the environment.<ref name="Bleckmann Zelick 2009">{{Cite journal |last1=Bleckmann |first1=Horst |last2=Zelick |first2=Randy |date=2009-03-01 |title=Lateral line system of fish |journal=[[Integrative Zoology]] |volume=4 |issue=1 |pages=13–25 |doi=10.1111/j.1749-4877.2008.00131.x |pmid=21392273 |doi-access=free}}</ref> Analysis has shown that the lateral line system should be an effective passive sensing system able to discriminate between submerged obstacles by their shape.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bouffanais |first1=Roland |last2=Weymouth |first2=Gabriel D. |last3=Yue |first3=Dick K. P. |title=Hydrodynamic object recognition using pressure sensing |journal=Proceedings of the Royal Society A: Mathematical, Physical and Engineering Sciences |date=2 June 2010 |volume=467 |issue=2125 |pages=19–38 |doi=10.1098/rspa.2010.0095 |s2cid=233793 |url=https://eprints.soton.ac.uk/349798/1/Bouffanais%25202011.pdf }}</ref><ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lakkam |first1=Sreetej |last2=Balamurali |first2=B. T. |last3=Bouffanais |first3=Roland |title=Hydrodynamic object identification with artificial neural models |journal=[[Scientific Reports]] |date=2 August 2019 |volume=9 |issue=1 |page=11242 |doi=10.1038/s41598-019-47747-8 |pmid=31375742 |pmc=6677828 |arxiv=1903.00828 |bibcode=2019NatSR...911242L |doi-access=free }}</ref> The lateral line allows fish to navigate and hunt in water with poor visibility.<ref name="Collin Marshall 2003">{{cite book |last1=Coombs |first1=Sheryl |last2=Braun |first2=Christopher B. |chapter=Information Processing by the Lateral Line System |chapter-url=https://link.springer.com/chapter/10.1007/978-0-387-22628-6_7 |editor1-last=Collin |editor1-first=Shaun P. |editor2-last=Marshall |editor2-first=N. Justin |title=Sensory Processing in Aquatic Environments |publisher=Springer Science & Business Media |year=2003 |isbn=978-0-387-95527-8 |pages=122–138 |doi=10.1007/978-0-387-22628-6_7 }}</ref>

The lateral line system enables predatory fishes to detect vibrations made by their prey, and to orient towards the source to begin predatory action.<ref name="Coombs">{{cite journal |last1=Coombs |first1=S. I. |last2=Braun |first2=C. B. |last3=Donovan |first3=B. |title=The orienting response of Lake Michigan mottled sculpin is mediated by canal neuromasts |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |date=2001 |volume=204 |issue=2 |pages=337–348 |doi=10.1242/jeb.204.2.337 |pmid=11136619 |bibcode=2001JExpB.204..337C }}</ref> Blinded predatory fishes remain able to hunt, but not when lateral line function is inhibited by [[Cobalt(II) chloride|cobalt ions]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Karlsen |first1=H. E. |last2=Sand |first2=O. |year=1987 |title=Selective and Reversible Blocking of the Lateral Line in Freshwater Fish |journal=[[The Journal of Experimental Biology]] |volume=133 |issue=1 |pages=249–262 |doi=10.1242/jeb.133.1.249 |doi-access=free |bibcode=1987JExpB.133..249K }}</ref>

The lateral line plays a role in fish schooling. Blinded ''[[Pollachius virens]]'' were able to integrate into a school, whereas fish with severed lateral lines could not.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Pitcher |first1=T. |last2=Partridge |first2=B. |last3=Wardle |first3=C. |year=1976 |title=A blind fish can school |journal=Science |volume=194 |issue=4268|pages=963–965 |doi=10.1126/science.982056 |pmid=982056 |bibcode=1976Sci...194..963P }}</ref> It may have evolved further to allow fish to forage in dark caves. In Mexican blind cave fish, ''[[Mexican tetra|Astyanax mexicanus]]'', neuromasts in and around the [[Orbit (anatomy)|orbit of the eye]] are bigger and around twice as sensitive as those of surface-living fish.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Yoshizawa |first1=Masato |last2=Jeffery |first2=William |last3=Van Netten |first3=Sietse |last4=McHenry |first4=Matthew |title=The sensitivity of lateral line receptors and their role in the behavior of Mexican blind cavefish, ''Astyanax mexicanus'' |journal=[[The Journal of Experimental Biology]] |date=2014 |volume=217 |issue=6 |pages=886–895 |pmid=24265419 |doi=10.1242/jeb.094599 |pmc=3951362 }}</ref>

One function of schooling may be to confuse the lateral line of [[Predation|predatory]] fishes. A single prey fish creates a simple [[particle velocity]] pattern, whereas the pressure gradients of many closely swimming (schooling) prey fish overlap, creating a complex pattern. This makes it difficult for predatory fishes to identify individual prey through lateral line perception.<ref name="Larsson 2009">{{cite journal |last=Larsson |first=M. |year=2009 |title=Possible functions of the octavolateralis system in fish schooling |journal=Fish and Fisheries |volume=10 |issue=3 |pages=344–355 |doi=10.1111/j.1467-2979.2009.00330.x|bibcode=2009AqFF...10..344L |url=https://zenodo.org/record/895913 }}</ref>

== Anatomy ==

[[File:LateralLine Organ.jpg|thumb|center|upright=3|The lateral line system consists of canals that run along a fish's body, connecting rows of openings (pores) through the skin and scales to the water outside the body. Small sense organs, neuromasts (inset), are positioned both at intervals along the canals, and on the surface of the body. Each hair cell contains a bundle of sensory hairs.]]
<!--[[File:RutilusRutilusScalesLateralLine.JPG|thumb|Some scales of the lateral line of a ''[[Rutilus rutilus]]'']]-->

[[File:Gasterosteus aculeatus with stained neuromasts.png|thumb|A [[Gasterosteus aculeatus|three-spined stickleback]] with stained neuromasts<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Wark |first1=Abigail R. |last2=Mills |first2=Margaret G. |last3=Dang |first3=Lam-Ha |last4=Chan |first4=Yingguang Frank |last5=Jones |first5=Felicity C |last6=Brady |first6=Shannon D. |last7=Absher |first7=Devin M |last8=Grimwood |first8=Jane |last9=Schmutz |first9=Jeremy |last10=Myers |first10=Richard M. |last11=Kingsley |first11=David M. |last12=Peichel |first12=Catherine L. |display-authors=3 |year=2012 |title=Genetic Architecture of Variation in the Lateral Line Sensory System of Threespine Sticklebacks |journal=G3: Genes, Genomes, Genetics |volume=2 |issue=9 |pages=1047–1056 |doi=10.1534/g3.112.003079 |pmid=22973542 |pmc=3429919 }}</ref>]]

Lateral lines are usually visible as faint lines of pores running along each side of a fish's body.<ref name="Bleckmann Zelick 2009"/> The functional units of the lateral line are the neuromasts, discrete [[mechanoreception|mechanoreceptive]] organs that sense movement in water. There are two main varieties: canal neuromasts and superficial neuromasts. Superficial neuromasts are on the surface of the body, while canal neuromasts are along the lateral lines in subdermal, fluid-filled canals. Each neuromast consists of receptive [[hair cells]] whose tips are covered by a flexible jellylike cupula. Hair cells typically possess both [[glutamatergic]] [[afferent nerve fiber|afferent connections]] and [[acetylcholine|cholinergic]] [[efferent nerve fiber|efferent connections]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Russell |first1=I. J. |year=1971 |title=The Pharmacology of Efferent Synapses in the Lateral-Line System of Xenopus Laevis |journal=Journal of Experimental Biology |volume=54 |issue=3 |pages=643–659 |doi=10.1242/jeb.54.3.643 |pmid=4326222 |doi-access= |bibcode=1971JExpB..54..643R }}</ref><ref name="Flock 1967"/> The receptive hair cells are modified [[epithelial cells]]; they typically possess bundles of 40–50 [[microvilli]] "hairs" which function as the mechanoreceptors.<ref name="Flock 1967">{{cite book |last=Flock |first=Å. |year=1967 |chapter=Ultrastructure and function in the lateral line organs |title=Lateral Line Detectors; proceedings of a conference held at Yeshiva University, New York, April 16-18, 1966 |editor=P. Cahn |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |pages=163–197 }}</ref> Within each bundle, the hairs are organized in a rough "staircase" from shortest to longest.<ref name="Peach">{{cite journal |last1=Peach |first1=M. B. |last2=Rouse |first2=G. W. |year=2000 |title=The Morphology of the Pit Organs and Lateral Line Canal Neuromasts of ''Mustelus Antarcticus'' (Chondrichthyes: Triakidae) |journal=Journal of the Marine Biological Association of the United Kingdom |volume=80 |issue=1 |pages=155–162 |doi=10.1017/s0025315499001678 |bibcode=2000JMBUK..80..155P |s2cid=85963954 }}</ref>{{-}}

== Signal transduction ==

[[File:Lateral line rate coding.svg|thumb|center|upright=2.5|Lateral line rate coding indicates direction and sometimes strength of stimulus. One neuromast shown.]]

The hair cells are stimulated by the deflection of their hair bundles in the direction of the tallest "hairs" or [[stereocilia]]. The deflection allows [[Ion|cations]] to enter through a [[Mechanosensitive channels|mechanically gated channel]], causing depolarization or hyperpolarization of the hair cell. Depolarization opens [[Cav1.3|Ca<big><sub>v</sub></big>1.3]] calcium channels in the [[Epithelial polarity|basolateral membrane]].<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Baker |first=Clare |date=June 11, 2018 |title=Insights into Electroreceptor Development and Evolution from Molecular Comparisons with Hair Cells |url=https://academic.oup.com/icb/article/58/2/329/5020173?searchresult=1#186667130 |journal=Integrative and Comparative Biology |volume=58 |issue=2 |pages=329–340 |doi=10.1093/icb/icy037 |pmid=29846597 |pmc=6927855}}</ref> 

[[Hair cells]] use a system of [[signal transduction|transduction]] with [[rate coding]] to transmit the directionality of a stimulus. The hair cells produce a constant, tonic rate of firing. As mechanical motion is transmitted through water to the neuromast, the cupula bends and is displaced according to the strength of the stimulus. This results in a shift in the cell's ionic permeability. Deflection towards the longest hair results in [[depolarization]] of the hair cell, increased neurotransmitter release at the excitatory afferent synapse, and a higher rate of [[signal transduction]]. Deflection towards the shorter hair has the opposite effect, [[Hyperpolarization (biology)|hyperpolarizing]] the hair cell and producing a decreased rate of neurotransmitter release. These electrical impulses are then transmitted along afferent lateral neurons to the brain.<ref name="Flock 1967"/> 

While both varieties of neuromasts utilize this method of transduction, their specialized organization gives them different mechanoreceptive capacities. Superficial organs are exposed more directly to the external environment. The organization of the bundles within their organs is seemingly haphazard, incorporating various shapes and sizes of [[microvilli]] within bundles. This suggests coarse but wide-ranging detection.<ref name="Peach" /> In contrast, the structure of canal organs allow canal neuromasts more sophisticated mechanoreception, such as of pressure differentials. As current moves across the pores, a pressure differential is created, inducing a flow in the canal fluid. This moves the cupulae of the neuromasts in the canal, resulting in a deflection of the hairs in the direction of the flow.<ref>{{cite book |last=Kuiper |first=J. W. |year=1967 |chapter=Frequency Characteristics and Functional Significance of the Lateral Line Organ |title=Lateral Line Detectors; proceedings of a conference held at Yeshiva University, New York, April 16-18, 1966 |editor=P. Cahn |publisher=[[Indiana University Press]] |pages=105–121}}</ref>

== Electrophysiology ==

The mechanoreceptive hair cells of the lateral line structure are integrated into more complex circuits through their afferent and efferent connections. The synapses that directly participate in the transduction of mechanical information are excitatory afferent connections that utilize [[glutamate]].<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Flock |first1=A. |last2=Lam |first2=D. M. K. |year=1974 |title=Neurotransmitter synthesis in inner ear and lateral line sense organs |journal=[[Nature (journal)|Nature]] |volume=249 |issue=5453 |pages=142–144 |doi=10.1038/249142a0 |pmid=4151611 |bibcode=1974Natur.249..142F |s2cid=275004 }}</ref> Species vary in their neuromast and afferent connections, providing differing mechanoreceptive properties. For instance, the superficial neuromasts of the [[midshipman fish]], ''Porichthys notatus'', are sensitive to specific stimulation frequencies.<ref name="Weeg">{{cite journal |last1=Weeg |first1=M. S. |last2=Bass |first2=A. H. |year=2002 |title=Frequency Response Properties of Lateral Line Superficial Neuromasts in a Vocal Fish, With Evidence for Acoustic Sensitivity |journal=[[Journal of Neurophysiology]] |volume=88 |issue=3 |pages=1252–1262 |doi=10.1152/jn.2002.88.3.1252 |pmid=12205146 |doi-access= }}</ref> One variety is attuned to collect information about acceleration, at stimulation frequencies between 30 and 200 Hz. The other type obtains information about velocity, and is most receptive to stimulation below 30 Hz.<ref name="Weeg" />

[[File:Lateral line circuits.svg|thumb|center|upright=3|The motion detection system in fish works despite "noise" created by the fish itself. The brain copies the efferent commands it gives to the swimming muscles to the lateral line, effectively suppressing swimming noise and revealing small signals from the environment, such as from prey.<ref name="Montgomery Bodznick 1994"/>]]

The efferent synapses to hair cells are inhibitory and use [[acetylcholine]] as a transmitter. They are crucial participants in a [[corollary discharge]] system designed to limit self-generated interference. When a fish moves, it creates disturbances in the water that could be detected by the lateral line system, potentially interfering with the detection of other biologically relevant signals. To prevent this, an efferent signal is sent to the hair cell upon motor action, resulting in inhibition which counteracts the excitation resulting from reception of the self-generated stimulation. This allows the fish to detect external stimuli without interference from its own movements.<ref name="Montgomery Bodznick 1994">{{cite journal |last1=Montgomery |first1=J. C. |last2=Bodznick |first2=D. |year=1994 |title=An adaptive filter that cancels self-induced noise in the electrosensory and lateral line mechanosensory systems of fish |journal=[[Neuroscience Letters]] |volume=174 |issue=2 |pages=145–148 |doi=10.1016/0304-3940(94)90007-8 |pmid=7970170 |s2cid=15709516 }}</ref> Some efferent projections to lateral line hair cells use dopamine as a transmitter,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Toro |first1=C |last2=Trapani |first2=JG |last3=Pacentine |first3=I |last4=Maeda |first4=R |last5=Sheets |first5=L |last6=Mo |first6=W |last7=Nicolson |first7=T |title=Dopamine Modulates the Activity of Sensory Hair Cells. |journal=The Journal of Neuroscience |date=16 December 2015 |volume=35 |issue=50 |pages=16494–503 |doi=10.1523/JNEUROSCI.1691-15.2015 |pmid=26674873 |pmc=4679827 }}</ref> likely enhancing the activity of hair cell presynaptic calcium channels and thereby increasing neurotransmission. 

Signals from the hair cells are transmitted along lateral neurons to the brain. The area where these signals most often terminate is the medial octavolateralis nucleus (MON), which probably processes and integrates mechanoreceptive information.<ref name="Maruska">{{cite journal |last1=Maruska |first1=K. P. |last2=Tricas |first2=T. C. |year=2009 |title=Central projections of octavolateralis nerves in the brain of a soniferous damselfish (Abudefduf abdominalis) |journal=The Journal of Comparative Neurology |volume=512 |issue=5|pages=628–650 |doi=10.1002/cne.21923 |pmid=19048640 |s2cid=13604689 }}</ref> The deep MON contains distinct layers of basilar and non-basilar crest cells, suggesting computational pathways analogous to the electrosensory lateral line lobe of [[electric fish]]. The MON is likely involved in the integration of excitatory and inhibitory parallel circuits to interpret mechanoreceptive information.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Valera |last2=Markov |last3=Bijari |last4=Randlett |last5=Asgharsharghi  |last6=Baudoin |last7=Ascoli |last8=Portugues |last9=Lopez-Schier |year=2021 |title=A neuronal blueprint for directional mechanosensation in larval zebrafish |journal=[[Current Biology]] |volume=31 |issue=7 |pages=1463–1475 |doi=10.1016/j.cub.2021.01.045 |pmc=8044000 |pmid=33545047 |bibcode=2021CBio...31E1463V }}</ref>

== Evolution ==

[[File:Electroreceptors in a sharks head.svg|thumb|The [[electroreceptive]] organs called [[ampullae of Lorenzini]] (red dots), illustrated here on the head of a [[shark]], evolved from the mechanosensory lateral line organs (gray lines) of the [[Most recent common ancestor|last common ancestor]] of vertebrates.<ref name="King Hu Long"/><ref name="Bullock Bodznick Northcutt 1983"/>]]

{{further|Ampullae of Lorenzini|Electroreception and electrogenesis}}

The use of [[mechanosensation|mechanosensitive]] hairs is homologous to the functioning of hair cells in the [[auditory system|auditory]] and [[vestibular system]]s, indicating a close link between these systems.<ref name="Flock 1967"/> Due to many overlapping functions and their great similarity in ultrastructure and development, the lateral line system and the [[inner ear]] of fish are often grouped together as the octavolateralis system (OLS).<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Larsson |first1=M. |year=2012 |title=Why do fish school? |journal=Current Zoology |volume=58 |issue=1 |pages=116–128 |doi=10.1093/czoolo/58.1.116 |doi-access=free }}</ref> Here, the lateral line system detects particle velocities and accelerations with frequencies below 100&nbsp;Hz. These low frequencies create large wavelengths, which induce strong particle accelerations in the [[Near and far field|near field]] of swimming fish that do not radiate into the far field as acoustic waves due to an [[acoustic short circuit]]. The auditory system detects pressure fluctuations with frequencies above 100&nbsp;Hz that propagate to the far field as waves.<ref name="biologyllas">{{cite book |last1=Ziemer |first1=Tim |title=Psychoacoustic Music Sound Field Synthesis |volume=7 |chapter=Biology of the Auditory System |date=2020 |publisher=Springer |location=Cham |isbn=978-3-030-23033-3 |pages=45–64 |doi=10.1007/978-3-030-23033-3_3 |series=Current Research in Systematic Musicology |s2cid=201209634 }}</ref>

The lateral line system is ancient and basal to the [[vertebrate]] clade; it is found in groups of fishes that diverged over 400 million years ago, including the [[lamprey]]s, [[Chondrichthyes|cartilaginous fishes]], and [[Osteichthyes|bony fishes]].<ref name="Webb 2011 pp. 336–346">{{cite book |last=Webb |first=J. |title=Encyclopedia of Fish Physiology |chapter=Hearing and Lateral Line: Lateral Line Structure |publisher=Elsevier |year=2011 |doi=10.1016/b978-0-12-374553-8.00010-1 |pages=336–346|isbn=9780080923239 }}</ref><ref name="UCMP"/> Most [[amphibian]] [[larva]]e and some fully aquatic adult amphibians possess mechanosensitive systems comparable to the lateral line.<ref>{{cite journal |doi=10.1007/BF00612711 |title=A lateral line analogue in cephalopods: Water waves generate microphonic potentials in the epidermal head lines of ''Sepia'' and ''Lolliguncula'' |year=1988 |last1=Budelmann |first1=Bernd U. |last2=Bleckmann |first2=Horst |journal=Journal of Comparative Physiology A |volume=164 |pages=1–5 |pmid=3236259 |issue=1 |s2cid=8834051 }}</ref> The terrestrial [[Tetrapod|tetrapods]] have secondarily lost their lateral line organs, which are ineffective when not submerged.<ref name="UCMP">{{cite web |title=The origin of tetrapods |date=28 April 2021 |url=https://evolution.berkeley.edu/what-are-evograms/the-origin-of-tetrapods/ |publisher=University of California Museum of Paleontology Berkeley |access-date=28 April 2023}}</ref>

The [[Electroreception and electrogenesis|electroreceptive]] organs, called [[ampullae of Lorenzini]], appearing as pits in the skin of sharks and some other fishes, evolved from the lateral line organ.<ref name="King Hu Long">{{cite journal |last1=King |first1=Benedict |last2=Hu |first2=Yuzhi |last3=Long |first3=John A. |date=11 February 2018 |title=Electroreception in early vertebrates: survey, evidence and new information |journal=[[Palaeontology (journal)|Palaeontology]] |volume=61 |issue=3 |pages=325–358 |doi=10.1111/pala.12346 |bibcode=2018Palgy..61..325K |doi-access=free }}</ref> Passive electroreception using ampullae is an [[Primitive (phylogenetics)|ancestral trait]] in the vertebrates, meaning that it was present in their [[Most recent common ancestor|last common ancestor]].<ref name="Bullock Bodznick Northcutt 1983">{{cite journal |last1=Bullock |first1=T. H. |last2=Bodznick |first2=D. A. |last3=Northcutt |first3=R. G. |date=1983 |title=The phylogenetic distribution of electroreception: Evidence for convergent evolution of a primitive vertebrate sense modality |journal=[[Brain Research Reviews]] |volume=6 |issue=1 |pages=25–46 |doi=10.1016/0165-0173(83)90003-6 |pmid=6616267 |hdl=2027.42/25137 |s2cid=15603518 |url=https://deepblue.lib.umich.edu/bitstream/2027.42/25137/1/0000573.pdf |hdl-access=free }}</ref>

{{clade
|label1=[[Vertebrates]]
|sublabel1= ''''' Lateral line ''''' 
|1={{clade
   |label1=[[Lamprey]]s 
   |sublabel1=>440 [[myr|mya]]
   |1=<span style="{{MirrorH}}">[[File:Petromyzon marinus.jpg|100px]]</span>
   |label2=[[Gnathostomata|Jawed fishes]]
   |sublabel2=''[[Ampullae of Lorenzini]]''
   |2={{clade
      |1={{clade
         |1=[[Chondrichthyes|Cartilaginous fishes]] [[File:White shark (Duane Raver).png|100px]]
         |sublabel1=430 [[myr|mya]]
         |label2=[[Osteichthyes|Bony fishes]]
         |sublabel2=425 [[myr|mya]]
         |2={{clade
            |label1=[[Sarcopterygii|Lobe-finned fishes]]
            |sublabel1=<!--425 [[myr|mya]]-->
            |1={{clade
               |1=[[Coelacanth]]s [[File:Coelacanth flipped.png|70px]] 
               |2={{clade
                  |1={{clade
                     |1=[[Lungfish]] [[File:Chinle fish Arganodus cropped cropped.png|70px]]
                     |2={{clade
                        |label1=[[Amphibian]]s 
                        |sublabel1=(as larvae; some as adults)
                        |1= [[File:Salamandra salamandra (white background).jpg|80px]]
                        |2=Other [[tetrapod]]s
                        |sublabel2='''''(no lateral line)'''''
                        }}
                     }}
                  }}
               }}
            |label2=[[Actinopterygii|Ray-finned fishes]]
            |sublabel2=<!--425 [[myr|mya]]-->
            |2=[[File:Common_carp_(white_background).jpg|70px]]
            }}
         }}
      }}
   }}
}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==

* {{cite book |last1=Coombs |first1=S. |last2=van Netten |first2=S. |year=2006 |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ct3BqkNcPLEC&pg=PA103 |chapter=The Hydrodynamics and Structural Mechanics of the Lateral Line System |editor1= Shadwick, R. E. |editor2=Lauder, G. V. |title=Fish Physiology: Fish Biomechanics |pages=103–140 |publisher=Academic Press |isbn=978-0-0804-7776-3 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Popper |first1=A. N. |first2=C. |last2=Platt |year=1993 |chapter=Inner ear and lateral line of bony fishes |editor1-first=D. H. |editor1-last=Evans |title=The Physiology of Fishes |edition=1st |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-8042-6 |pages=99–136 |ref=none}}
* {{cite book |last1=Schellart |first1=Nico A. M. |first2=René J. |last2=Wubbels |year=1998 |chapter=The Auditory and Mechanosensory Lateral Line System |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=rHyPWriet7gC&pg=PA283 |editor1-first=David Hudson |editor1-last=Evans |title=The Physiology of Fishes |edition=2nd |publisher=CRC Press |isbn=978-0-8493-8427-1 |pages=283–312 |ref=none}}

{{Commons category|Lateral line system}}

== See also ==

* [[Artificial lateral line]]

{{Electric fish}}
{{Neuroethology}}
{{diversity of fish}}

[[Category:Ethology]]
[[Category:Fish nervous system]]
[[Category:Sensory organs in animals]]