View source for Laser (dinghy)

{{Short description|Sailboat class}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=September 2021}}
{{Use Canadian English|date=September 2021}}
{{Infobox sailboat specifications
|fetchwikidata   = ALL <!-- fetch all wikidata properties -->
|onlysourced     = true <!-- only display wikidata properties that have a reference -->
|name            =
|image           = Laser Standard 160588 01.jpg
|imagesize       = 220
|alt             = 
|caption         = Laser Standard
|class_symbol    = 
|class_image     = Sailing laser.svg
|class_imagealt  = Class Symbol
|class_imagesize = 120
|crew            = 1
|type            = 
|design          = 
|construction    = 
|rig             = 
|keel            = 
|trapeze         = 
|loa             = {{convert|4.2|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|loh             = 
|lwl             = {{convert|3.81|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|beam            = {{convert|1.39|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|draft           = {{convert|0.787|m|ftin|abbr=on}}
|hull            = {{convert|58.97|kg|abbr=on}}
|mastheight      = 
|mainsailandjib  = 
|sailarea        = 
|mainsail        = {{convert|7.06|m2|abbr=on}}
|jib             = 
|spinnaker       = 
|d-pn            = 91.1 
|rya-pn          = 1088
|phrf            = 217 <!--This number is based on the linear conversion formula found on [[Portsmouth yardstick]] and is calculated to 3 sigfigs -->
|year            = 1969
|designer        = <!-- [[Bruce Kirby (yachts)|Bruce Kirby]] & [[Ian Bruce (sailor)|Ian Bruce]] -->
|location        = 
|role            = 
|updated         = 
|olympic         = current
}}

The '''Laser''' is a class of [[Single-handed sailing|single-handed]], [[one-design]] [[dinghy sailing|sailing dinghies]] using a common hull design with three interchangeable rigs of different sail areas, appropriate to a given combination of wind strength and crew weight. [[Ian Bruce (sailor)| Ian Bruce]] and [[Bruce Kirby (yachts)|Bruce Kirby]] designed the Laser in 1970 with an emphasis on simplicity and performance.

The Laser is a widely produced class of dinghies. As of 2018, there were more than 215,000 boats worldwide. It is an international class with sailors in 120 countries, and an Olympic class since 1996. Its wide acceptance is attributable to its robust construction, simple rig and ease of sailing that offer competitive racing due to tight class association controls which eliminate differences in hull, sails, and equipment.

The International Laser Class Association (ILCA) defines the specifications and competition rules for the boat, which is officially referred to as the '''ILCA Dinghy''', due to a trademark dispute.

==Production==
[[File:Laser sailboat 2495.jpg|thumb|Laser in original colours, as delivered in the 1970s]]
[[File:Laser Radial 160588 02.jpg|thumb|Sailor hiking out on a Laser Radial]]
The ILCA is manufactured by a number of different companies. As of April 2023 these were Devoti Sailing s.r.o., Czech Republic, Element 6 Evolution Co., Ltd.,  Thailand, Far East Boats, P. R. China, Nautivela srl, Italy, Ovington Boats Ltd, Great Britain, Performance Sailcraft Australia, Performance Sailcraft Japan, Rio Tecna srl, Argentina, and Qingdao Zou Inter Marine Co., Ltd., China. <ref>{{cite web |last1=International Laser Class Association (ILCA) |title=Approved Builders|url=https://www.laserinternational.org/blog/2023/04/08/approved-builders/ |access-date=23 November 2024}}</ref>

Laser dinghies are also manufactured by Laser Performance Europe in Portugal, but these boats are not licensed by World Sailing or the ILCA and are not eligible for ILCA events or the Olympic Games.

==Design==
The boat's design began in 1969 with a phone call between Canadians [[Bruce Kirby (yacht designer)|Bruce Kirby]] and Ian Bruce. While discussing the possibility of a car-topped dinghy (a boat small enough to be carried on a roof rack of a typical car) for a line of camping equipment, Bruce Kirby sketched what would be known as "the million dollar doodle". The plans stayed with Kirby until 1970 when One Design and Offshore Yachtsman magazine held a regatta for boats under $1000, called "America's Teacup". Hans Fogh made the sail and helmed the prototype in the regatta. After a few sail modifications, the Laser easily won its class. The prototype was originally named the "Weekender"; the sail held the letters TGIF, a common American abbreviation for "Thank God it's Friday". In December 1970 Dave Balfour, a McGill engineering student, suggested the name Laser and contributed the Laser sail insignia.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Kirby |first1=Bruce |title=Article 2016 |url=http://www.sailingworld.com/bringing-laser-to-life?src=SOC&dom=fb |website=SailingWorld |access-date= 3 June 2022}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |last1=Balfour |first1=Dave |title=Remembering Ian Bruce |url=https://www.dropbox.com/s/bis8evoblucc0f4/ImageGlobeandMail_IanBruce-4.pdf?dl=0 |website=Globe and Mail |access-date=3 June 2022}}</ref> The Laser sailboat was officially unveiled at the New York Boat Show in 1971 where many purchase orders were placed.

Bruce and Kirby agreed to put the boat into production with Bruce manufacturing the craft and Kirby receiving royalties on each unit. As world-wide demand grew, they realized that regional licensing the manufacturing would deliver boats more economically than exporting them from Canada.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Blum|first=Andrew|date=2019-04-23|title=The story of the former Olympian who designed the world's most beloved boat|url=https://www.popsci.com/bruce-kirby-laser-sailboat/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Popular Science|language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book|last=Tillman|first=Richard L.|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Lbb1u_ktfvMC&q=International+Laser+Class+Association|title=The Complete Book of Laser Sailing|date=2005-06-15|publisher=McGraw Hill Professional|isbn=978-0-07-179210-3|language=en}}</ref>

The Laser hull accommodates interchangeable rigs with different sail areas. This allows for a wide range of sailors to sail and compete in a range of wind conditions despite the Laser's small ideal crew weight range for a given rig. Three rigs are recognised by the International Laser Association: original [[Laser Standard]] with a sail area of 7.06 m²; the [[Laser Radial]] with a sail area of 5.76 m²; and the [[Laser 4.7]] with a sail area of 4.7 m².<ref name="davidson">{{cite book |last1=Davidson |first1=Tim |title=The Laser Book |date=2017 |publisher=Fenhurst |location=Leamington Spa |isbn=978-1-912177-04-2}}</ref><ref name="2019handbook">{{cite book |last1=International Laser Class Association |title=2019 Handbook: Constitution and Class Rules |url=http://www.laserinternational.org/wp-content/uploads/2019/01/Handbook_2109.pdf |access-date=11 October 2019}}</ref>

The Laser's hull is constructed from [[fibreglass]]. The deck has a foam layer underneath for strength and buoyancy. The [[daggerboard]] is removable for storage and transport. The dinghy is manufactured by independent companies under licence in different parts of the world, including Performance Sailcraft Australia (Oceania) and Performance Sailcraft Japan.

As a one-design class of sailboat, all Lasers are built to the same specifications specified in the Laser Construction Manual. The association carries out inspections on manufacturers to ensure that boats are being made to the correct design. These factory specifications are the measurement of boats in a traditional sense. Sailors are prohibited from making any changes to the hull, sail, and spars unless specifically and positively permitted by the rules and are only allowed to use original parts. At regattas, boats are not measured, but rather inspected to ensure conformity with the rules.<ref name="2019handbook"/>

The Laser hull is {{convert|4.19|m|ft|2|abbr=on}} long, with a [[waterline length]] of {{convert|3.96|m|ft|2|abbr=on}}. The hull weight is {{convert|59|kg|lb|0|abbr=on}}, which makes the boat light enough to lift onto a car-top rack.<ref name="Data">{{cite web|url= https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/laser-international|title= Laser (International) sailboat|access-date= 11 March 2021|last= McArthur|first= Bruce|work= sailboatdata.com|year= 2020|archive-url= https://archive.today/20210411134027/https://sailboatdata.com/sailboat/laser-international|archive-date= 11 April 2021|url-status= live}}</ref>

The various sizes of Laser are all [[Catboat|cat-rigged]]. The Laser Standard sail has a sail area of {{convert|7.06|m2|sqft|abbr=on}}.<ref name="Data"/>

The Laser is designed to be sailed single-handed although class rules permit two sailors.<ref name="2019handbook" />

==Variants==
Lasers can be rigged with a variety of rigs. Three of these rigs, the Standard, Radial and 4.7 are recognised by the International Laser Association, while other rigs have also been developed by third parties and are also available.

{| class="wikitable"
|-
! Boat
! Rig <ref name="davidson"/>
! Sail area (m<sup>2</sup>)
! Weight (kg)
! Ideal weight (kg)
! UK Portsmouth Yardstick<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Royal Yachting Association |date=February 2024 |title=Portsmouth Number List 2024 |url=https://assets.rya.org.uk/assetbank-rya-assets/action/directLinkImage?assetId=50500 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240524181228/https://assetbank-eu-west-1.s3.eu-west-1.amazonaws.com/rya-assets_87113cb4549df15cff38e2cd071931c5/1fd/PY_List_2024_1_.pdf?response-content-disposition=inline%3B%20filename%3D%221fd%2FPY_List_2024_1_.pdf%22%3B%20filename%2A%3DUTF-8%27%271fd%252FPY%255FList%255F2024%255F1%255F%252Epdf&response-content-type=application%2Fpdf&X-Amz-Algorithm=AWS4-HMAC-SHA256&X-Amz-Date=20240524T181228Z&X-Amz-SignedHeaders=host&X-Amz-Expires=604800&X-Amz-Credential=AKIATJ7XNAYVAWNFIK7R%2F20240524%2Feu-west-1%2Fs3%2Faws4_request&X-Amz-Signature=81e9b9720dc05b1ad24c6625c66f2368e9a1309ee231f92c78fb565164bd496b |archive-date=2024-05-24 |access-date=2024-05-24 |website=Royal Yachting Association}}</ref>
|-
| ILCA 7
| Standard
| 7.06
| 70–95
| 80–84
| 1102
|-
| ILCA 6
| Radial
| 5.76
| 55–78
| 66–70
| 1154
|-
| ILCA 4
| 4.7
| 4.7
| 40–60
| 51–55
| 1213
|}

===Laser Standard===
{{Main|Laser Standard}}
[[File:Laser dinghy.svg|thumb|right|A Laser with the standard rigging]]

The Laser Standard, or ILCA 7, is the original Laser rig. It has been sailed as the Olympic men's singlehanded dinghy since the 1996 Atlanta Olympics.The Standard Laser uses a [[Portsmouth Yardstick]] of 1101{{clarify |reason=doesn't match figure in table|date=May 2024}}for racing involving other classes.<ref name=":0" /> [[US Sailing]] sets its North American yardstick at DPN = 91.1.<ref name="UScb">{{cite web |last=US Sailing |date=January 2018 |title=North American Portsmouth Yardstick Table of Pre-Calculated Classes |url=https://www.ussailing.org/wp-content/uploads/2018/01/2017-Portsmouth-Precalculated-Classes.pdf |archive-url= |archive-date= |access-date=4 April 2023 |publisher=US Sailing}}</ref>

===Laser Radial===
{{Main|Laser Radial}}
In Europe the smaller Laser Radial, or ILCA 6, has surpassed the original Laser Standard sail in popularity and replaced the [[Europe (dinghy)|Europe Dinghy]] as the Women's Singlehanded Dinghy for the 2008 Olympics. The Radial uses the same hull and fittings as the Laser Standard, but has a smaller sail (5.8 m<sup>2</sup>) than the Standard with a different cut, and has a shorter lower mast section. Optimal weight for this rig is {{convert|121|to|159|lb}}. The Laser Radial rig has a UK Portsmouth Yardstick number of 1150.<ref name=":0"/> Its DPN is 96.7.<ref name="UScb" />

===Laser 4.7===
{{Main|Laser 4.7}}
A smaller sail plan for the Laser, the Laser 4.7 or ILCA 4, was developed about a decade after the Laser Radial. The sail area was reduced by 35% from the Standard (from {{convert|7|to|4.7|m2|sqft}}) with a shorter, pre-bent bottom mast section, allowing even lighter sailors to sail it. The same formula as the Radial is kept. The hull is the same as the Standard and Radial. The optimal weight for this rig is {{convert|110|–|145|lb|kg}}, thus becoming an ideal boat for young sailors moving from the [[Optimist (dinghy)|Optimist]]/[[RS Tera]] who are still too light for a normal Laser. The Laser 4.7 rig has a UK Portsmouth Yardstick number of 1210.<ref name=":0"/> Its DPN is 95.4.<ref name="UScb" />

==Operational history==
The Laser is raced worldwide from club levels to international and Olympic competitions.

Laser world championships are held in all three rigs and across junior, open, and masters age groups. In total in 2019, the Laser class association awarded 11 world championships. Places for world championships are limited due to high demand and are allotted to countries on the basis of the number of paid association members in each country.<ref name="2019handbook"/>

In the Olympics, men race in Laser Standards and women race in Laser Radials.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/sailing/olympic-schedule-and-results.htm|title=Tokyo 2020 Olympic Sailing Schedule|publisher=IOC|access-date=July 26, 2021|archive-date=12 August 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210812124038/https://olympics.com/tokyo-2020/olympic-games/en/results/sailing/olympic-schedule-and-results.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>

===Class association===
The International Laser Class Association (ILCA) governs boat specifications and competition. The class association operates on four levels: the world level; a regional level based around continents; a district level based around states in the USA and Australia, and nations elsewhere; and at a local fleet level. The association plays a major role in ensuring conformity to Laser class rules worldwide.<ref name="2019handbook"/>

===Litigation===
Bruce Kirby withdrew the license he had issued to LaserPerformance and later filed a lawsuit against LaserPerformance and Farzad Rastegar<ref name="KirbySueLP2013">{{cite web |url=http://www.rfcexpress.com/lawsuits/trademark-lawsuits/connecticut-district-court/441418/bruce-kirby-inc-et-al-v-laserperformance-europe-limited-et-al/summary/ |title=Bruce Kirby, Inc. et al v. LaserPerformance (Europe) Limited et al |publisher=RFC Express |access-date=9 April 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130615220243/http://www.rfcexpress.com/lawsuits/trademark-lawsuits/connecticut-district-court/441418/bruce-kirby-inc-et-al-v-laserperformance-europe-limited-et-al/summary/ |archive-date=15 June 2013 }}</ref> on March 4, 2013, claiming non-payment of design royalties.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sail-world.com/Canada/ISAF-Laser-intervention---Supply-problems-looming?/109036|title=Sail World - The world's largest sailing news network; sail and sailing, cruising, boating news|website=sail-world.com|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref>   Kirby also claims that the LaserPerformance boats have had issues with quality and parts availability.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.sailingscuttlebutt.com/2013/04/24/commentary-its-the-boat-that-matters-not-the-name/|title=COMMENTARY: It's the boat that matters, not the name >> Scuttlebutt Sailing News|date=24 April 2013|website=sailingscuttlebutt.com|access-date=22 March 2018}}</ref> Kirby required the [[International Sailing Federation]] on March 25, 2013, to ask the International Laser Class Association to stop issuing ISAF license plaques to LaserPerformance (Europe) Limited, claiming that LaserPerformance were no longer a licensed builder.<ref name="HaltPlaques">{{cite web |url=http://www.kirbytorch.com/news/isafhaltsplaquestolaserperformance |title=ISAF Halts Plaques To LaserPerformance |publisher=Kirby Torch |access-date=9 April 2013}}</ref> Instead ISAF and the ILCA issued a new plaque design,<ref name="NewPlaques">{{cite web |url=http://www.laserinternational.org/info/statementfromtheinternationallaserclassassociation |title=Statement from the International Laser Class Association |publisher=International Laser Class Association |access-date=16 May 2015 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130426003515/http://www.laserinternational.org/info/statementfromtheinternationallaserclassassociation |archive-date=26 April 2013 }}</ref> and changed the class rules so that a builder no longer needed to be licensed by Bruce Kirby.<ref name="ILCAClassRules">{{cite web |url=http://www.laserinternational.org/rules/classrules|title=ILCA Class Rules|publisher=ILCA|access-date=April 23, 2013}}</ref>

In 2019 the ILCA moved against Laser Performance Europe (the UK licensed builder which is part of a group that also owned the trademark on the Laser name in much of the world) and withdrew its right to build officially measured boats.  The ILCA has chosen the new name of "ILCA Dinghy" for the boat.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Faust|first=Eric|date=April 25, 2019|title=Laser – New name for Laser Class boat|url=https://www.sailingscuttlebutt.com/2019/04/25/new-name-for-laser-class-boat/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Sailing Anarchy|language=en-US}}</ref>

In 2020, the United States District Court for the District of Connecticut found boat builder Quarter Moon (QMI) and LaserPerformance (Europe) Limited (LPE) liable for a sum of $6,857,736, payable to Kirby.<ref>{{Cite web|last=|date=February 27, 2020|title=Bruce Kirby wins Laser judgment|url=https://www.canadianyachting.ca/lifestyle/profiles/5455-bruce-kirby-wins-laser-judgment|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Canadian Yachting|language=en-gb}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|last=Powlison|first=Dave|date=February 20, 2020|title=Kirby Triumphs In Laser Lawsuit|url=https://www.sailingworld.com/story/racing/kirby-triumphs-in-laser-lawsuit/|access-date=2021-07-24|website=Sailing World|language=en}}</ref>

==See also==
*[[Laser 2]], a double-handed dinghy.
*[[LaserPerformance]], the manufacturer of many dinghies such as [[Laser Pico]], [[Laser Stratos]] and the Laser.
*[[Laser Pico]], a small double-handed dinghy designed by Jo Richards in the 1990s mainly for family use
*[[Laser 4.7]]
*[[Laser 28]]
*[[Laser Radial]]
*[[Laser World Championships]]

===Similar boats===
*[[Impulse (dinghy)]]
*[[RS Aero]]
*[[Phantom (dinghy)]]
*[[Force 5]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[https://www.laserinternational.org/ ILCA]

{{Commons and category|Laser (dinghy)|Laser (dinghy)}}
{{International Sailing Federation Classes}}
{{Laser Boats}}
{{Olympic class sailboats}}
{{Sailing Dinghies and Skiffs}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Laser (Dinghy)}}
[[Category:Laser (dinghy)| ]]
[[Category:Dinghies]]
[[Category:Olympic sailing classes]]
[[Category:Classes of World Sailing]]
[[Category:1960s sailboat type designs]]
[[Category:Sailboat type designs by Bruce Kirby]]
[[Category:Sailboat types built by Performance Sailcraft]]