View source for Languages of the Soviet Union

{{Short description|Language policy in the Soviet Union}}
{{more footnotes needed|date=October 2008}}
{{Languages of
| country = Soviet Union
| official = [[Russian language|Russian]]
| regional = [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]], [[Estonian language|Estonian]], [[Georgian language|Georgian]], [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], [[Latvian language|Latvian]], [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]], [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]] ([[Romanian language|Romanian]]), [[Tajik language|Tajik]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]
| minority = Several minority languages. 
See distribution and status section for a full list.
| immigrant = 
| foreign = [[English language|English]], [[German language|German]]
}}
{{Culture of the Soviet Union}}
The '''languages of the Soviet Union''' consist of hundreds of different languages and dialects from several different language groups.

In 1922, it was decreed that all nationalities in the [[Soviet Union]] had the right to [[Korenizatsiya|education in their own language]]. The new orthography used the [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]], [[Latin alphabet|Latin]], or [[Arabic alphabet|Arabic]] alphabet, depending on geography and culture. After 1937, all languages that had received new alphabets after 1917 began using the Cyrillic alphabet. This way, it would be easier for linguistic minorities to learn to write both Russian and their native language.{{citation needed|date=March 2024}} Moreover, the [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenian]] and [[Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic|Georgian]], as well as the [[Baltic States|Baltic]] Soviet Socialist Republics were the only Soviet republics to maintain their writing systems        ([[Armenian alphabet|Armenian]], [[Georgian alphabet|Georgian]] and [[Latin alphabet|Latin]] alphabets respectively).

== Language policy ==

=== Background ===
Before the [[October Revolution|Bolshevik Revolution]], Russian was the official language for the [[Russian Empire]], with the exception of a few permitted languages in autonomous regions as [[Poland]], [[Finland]], and the [[Baltic governorates|Baltic provinces]]. Regional languages were discouraged or forbidden, as was the case of [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]] between 1876 and 1905. There was no explicit plan to enable non-Russians to learn Russian, and there was no possibility for other ethnic groups to develop their own culture and language.

In this period, some individual efforts developed written forms for some of these languages, but they had limited effect and they were focused on missionary activities. In the case of languages with written tradition, as [[Armenian script|Armenian]], [[Georgian scripts|Georgian]], [[Turkic languages of Central Asia]], and [[Tajik language|Tajik]], their writing system continued being used, but mainly in connection with religious education.

=== Soviet language policy ===
In 1914 [[Vladimir Lenin]] was opposed to the idea of a compulsory or official state language.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Lenin|first=Vladimir|chapter=Is a Compulsory Official Language Needed?|chapter-url=https://www.marxists.org/archive/lenin/works/1914/jan/18.htm|access-date=2020-12-11|via=www.marxists.org|title=Lenin Collected Works|publisher=Progress Publishers|date=1972|location=Moscow|volume=20|pages=71–73}}</ref> Equality of all peoples and of all languages was a commitment made by Lenin and his associates before and after the October Revolution.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=Comrie|first=Bernard|title=The Languages of the Soviet Union|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=1981}}</ref> As a result, no single language was designated for official use in the Soviet Union and the existence of the spoken languages of the national minorities was guaranteed. Everyone had the right to use their own language, both in private and public, as well as in correspondence with officials and while giving testimony in court.<ref name=":0" /> The USSR was a multilingual state, with around 130 languages spoken natively.<ref name=":0" /> Discrimination on the basis of language was illegal under the [[Soviet Constitution]], though the status of its languages differed.

However, the Soviet Union faced the problem of unifying the country, and for that reason, Russian was selected as the common language to facilitate communication between members of different ethnic groups.<ref name=":0" />

In 1975, [[Leonid Brezhnev|Brezhnev]] said "under developed socialism, when the economies in our country have melted together in a coherent economic complex; when there is a new historical concept—the [[Soviet people]]—it is an objective growth in the Russian language's role as the language of international communications when one builds Communism, in the education of the new man! Together with one's own mother tongue one will speak fluent Russian, which the Soviet people have voluntarily accepted as a common historical heritage and contributes to a further stabilization of the political, economic and spiritual unity of the Soviet people."{{Quote without source|date=February 2021}}

=== Developing writing systems ===
Few of the languages of the Soviet state had written forms. One of the first priorities of the Soviet state was the creation of writing systems and the development of literacy programs. New or modified writing systems were adopted for over half of the languages spoken in the Union during the early Post-revolutionary years.<ref name=":0" /> In some particular cases, preparatory work was required before the creation of an orthography due to the lack of previous linguistic analysis, as in the case of languages of the Far North.

When a language already had a writing system, there were attempts for making it more accessible and easier to learn . As part of this policy, in 1918 [[Russian orthography]] was simplified by removing orthographic distinctions without phonetic counterparts.<ref>Comrie, B., & Stone, G. (1978). ''The Russian language since the revolution''. Oxford [Eng.]: Clarendon Press.</ref> Phonemic or close to [[Phonemic orthography|phonemic orthographies]] weren't modified, such as Armenian, Georgian, or [[Chuvash alphabet|Chuvash]].<ref name=":0" />

Writing systems based on the [[Arabic script]] caused major problems because they were poorly adapted to indicate phonemic differences that are found in Turkic languages or Northeast Caucasian languages. A first attempt tried to create a simplified form of the Arabic script. However, this task was abandoned. Instead, the Latin alphabet was used for all languages of the Soviet Union without a traditional alphabetical writing system, avoiding the impression that the policy was a [[Russification]] attempt.<ref name=":0" />

Written forms were developed for several languages with a very small number of speakers, such as the Finno-Ugric languages [[Karelian language|Karelian]], [[Veps language|Veps]], and the [[Sámi languages|Sámi]] languages. However, many of these writing systems had a short life. In the case of [[Itelmen language|Itelmen]], its writing system never was put into practical use. Other languages that received their writing systems during the 1920s and early 1930s kept using them, such as [[Nanai language|Nanai]], [[Nivkh languages|Nivkh]], [[Koryak language|Koryak]], [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]], [[Khanty language|Khanty]], and [[Mansi language|Mansi]].<ref name=":0" />

==Distribution and status==
[[File:1 Rouble 1947 Front.jpg|thumb|A 1947 (1957 issue) one-[[Soviet ruble|ruble]] bill, with the denomination marked in 15 languages: <span lang="ru" dir="ltr">Один рубль</span> ([[Russian language|Russian]]), <span lang="uk" dir="ltr">Один карбованець</span> ([[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]), <span lang="be" dir="ltr">Адзін рубель</span> ([[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]), <span lang="uz" dir="ltr">Бир сўм/Bir so‘m</span> ([[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]), <span lang="kk" dir="ltr">Бiр сом</span> ([[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]), ერთი მანეთი /''Erti maneti''/ ([[Georgian language|Georgian]]), Бир Манат/Bir Manat ([[Azerbaijani language|Azeri]]), Vienas rublis ([[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]), О рублэ/O rublă ([[Moldovan language|Moldovan]]), Viens rublis ([[Latvian language|Latvian]]), <span lang="ky" dir="ltr">Бир Сом</span> ([[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]), <span lang="tg" dir="ltr">Як сўм</span> ([[Tajik language|Tajik]]), Մեկ ռուբլի/''Mek rrubli''/ ([[Armenian language|Armenian]]), Бир Манат/Bir Manat ([[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]), Üks rubla ([[Estonian language|Estonian]])]]

The main [[East Slavic languages]] ([[Russian language|Russian]], [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]] and [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]) dominated in the European part of the Soviet Union. In the [[Baltic states|Baltic]] region [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] [[Estonian language|Estonian]] and the Baltic languages of [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]] and [[Latvian language|Latvian]], were used next to Russian, while [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]] (the only official [[Romance language]] in the union) was used in the southwest region. In the Caucasus alongside Russian there were [[Armenian language|Armenian]], [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]] and [[Georgian language|Georgian]]. In Central Asia there was [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]], [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]], [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]], [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]], and [[Tajik language|Tajik]]. Which are all [[Turkic languages|Turkic]] with the exception of Tajik, which is an [[Iranian languages|Iranian language]].

Although the USSR did not have a ''de jure'' official language over most of its history (until 1990),<ref>In early 20th century, there had been a discussion over the need to introduce Russian as the official language of [[Russian Empire]]. The dominant view among [[Bolshevik]]s at that time was that there is no need for state language. See: [[:s:ru:Нужен ли обязательный государственный язык? (Ленин)|"Нужен ли обязательный государственный язык?"]] by [[Lenin]] (1914). Staying with the Lenin's view, not state language was declared in the Soviet state.<br>In 1990 the Russian language was declared as the official language of [[USSR]] and the constituent republics had rights to declare additional state languages within their jurisdictions. See Article 4 of the [http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htm Law on Languages of Nations of USSR.] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160508201331/http://legal-ussr.narod.ru/data01/tex10935.htm |date=2016-05-08 }} {{in lang|ru}}</ref> [[Russian language|Russian]] was defined as the ''language of interethnic communication'' ({{langx|ru|язык межнационального общения}}). It was however the ''de facto''  official language.<ref name = "lang">Bernard Comrie, ''The Languages of the Soviet Union'', page 31, the Press Syndicate of the University of Cambridge, 1981. {{ISBN|0-521-23230-9}}</ref> For its role and influence in the USSR, see [[Russification]].

On a second level were the languages of the other 14 [[Republics of the Soviet Union|Union Republics]]. In line with their ''de jure'' status in a federal state, they had a small formal role at the Union level (being e.g. present in the [[Coat of arms of the USSR]] and its [[Soviet ruble|banknotes]]) and as the main language of its republic. Their effective weight, however, varied with the republic (from strong in places like in [[Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic|Armenia]] to weak in places like in [[Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic|Byelorussia]]), or even inside it.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}

Of these fourteen languages, two are often considered varieties of other languages: [[Tajik language|Tajik]] of [[Persian language|Persian]], and [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]] of [[Romanian language|Romanian]]. Strongly promoted use of [[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] in many republics however, combined with lack of contact, led to the separate development of the literary languages. Some of the former Soviet republics, now independent states, continue to use the Cyrillic alphabet at present (such as [[Kyrgyzstan]] and the unrecognized [[Transnistria]]), while others have opted to use the [[Latin alphabet]] instead (such as [[Turkmenistan]] and [[Moldova]]).

The [[Autonomous republics of the Soviet Union]] and other subdivision of the USSR lacked even this ''de jure'' autonomy, and their languages had virtually no presence at the national level (and often, not even in the urban areas of the republic itself). They were, however, present in education (although often only at lower grades).{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}

Some smaller languages with very dwindling small communities, like [[Livonian language|Livonian]], were neglected, and weren't present either in education or in publishing.{{Citation needed|date=November 2007}}

Several languages of the non-[[titular nation]]s, like [[German language|German]], [[Korean language|Korean]] or [[Polish language|Polish]], though having sizeable populations, and in some cases being present in education and publishing, were not considered to be Soviet languages. On the other hand, [[Finnish language|Finnish]], although not generally considered a language of the USSR, was an official language in the [[Karelian Autonomous Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelian ASSR]] and its predecessor the [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelo-Finnish SSR]].{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}} Also [[Yiddish language|Yiddish]] and [[Romani language|Romani]] were considered Soviet languages.{{Citation needed|date=January 2008}}

{| class="wikitable sortable mw-collapsible"
|+
Languages by family, distribution and status
!Language Family
!Language
!Official in
!Distribution
!Status<ref>{{Cite web |title=UNESCO World Atlas of Languages |url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/}}</ref>
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] > [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]
|[[Russian language|Russian]]
|{{Flagcountry|USSR}}
{{Flagcountry|RSFSR}}
|Spoken in all republics
|Safe
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] > [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]] > [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]]
|[[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
|{{Flagcountry|Ukrainian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|Ukrainian SSR, Russian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonian SSR, Moldavian SSR, Georgian SSR
|Safe
|-
|[[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
|{{Flagcountry|Byelorussian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|Byelorussian SSR, Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Latvian SSR, Lithuanian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]
|
|Ukrainian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] > [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]]
|[[Polish language|Polish]]
|
|Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Estonian SSR
|
|-
|[[Slovak language|Slovak]]
|
|Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Georgian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] > [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]] > [[Eastern South Slavic|Eastern]]
|[[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
|
|Ukrainian SSR, Moldavian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Baltic languages|Baltic]] > [[East Baltic languages|Eastern]]
|[[Latvian language|Latvian]]
|{{Flagcountry|Latvian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|Latvian SSR
|Safe
|-
|[[Latgalian language|Latgalian]]
|
|Latvian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
|{{Flagcountry|Lithuanian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|Lithuanian SSR
|Safe
|-
|[[Samogitian language|Samogitian]]
|
|Lithuanian SSR
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] > [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]]
|[[Norwegian language|Norwegian]] [[Kola Norwegians|(Finnmark Dialect)]]
|
|Russian SSR
|
|-
|[[Swedish language|Swedish]]
[[Estonian Swedish|(Estonian Dialect)]]
|
|Estonian SSR, Ukrainian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] > [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] > [[Rhine Franconian dialects|Rhenish]]
|[[Volga German language|Volga German]]
|[[Volga German ASSR]]
|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kazakh SSR
|
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] > [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] > [[High German languages|High German]]
|[[Yiddish]]
|{{Flag|Jewish Autonomous Oblast|name=Jewish AO}}
|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Germanic languages|Germanic]] > [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]] > [[North Sea Germanic]]
|[[Plautdietsch]]
|
|Kazakh SSR
|
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Romance languages|Romance]] > [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
|[[Romanian language|Romanian]]
[[Moldovan language|(Moldovan Dialect)]]
|[[Moldavian ASSR]]
{{Flagcountry|Moldavian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|Moldavian SSR, Ukrainian SSR
|Safe
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Romance languages|Romance]] > [[Italo-Western languages|Italo-Western]]
|[[Italians of Crimea|Italian]]
|
|Ukrainian SSR
|
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Albanian language|Albanian]]
|[[Albanians in Ukraine|Albanian]]
|
|Ukrainian SSR
|
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]] > [[Ancient Greek dialects|Attic-Ionic]]
|[[Pontic Greek]]
|
|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Georgian SSR, Armenian SSR, Kazakh SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Armenian languages|Armenian]]
|[[Eastern Armenian]]
|{{Flagcountry|Armenian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
[[Nagorno-Karabakh AO]]
|Armenian SSR
|Safe
|-
|[[Western Armenian]]
|
|Armenian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Armenian languages|Armenian]] & [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|[[Lomavren language|Lomavren]]
|
|Armenian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] > [[Romani language|Romani]] > [[Baltic Romani]]
|Estonian Čuxny Romani
|
|Estonian SSR
|
|-
|Latvian Lettish Romani
|
|Latvian SSR
|
|-
|Lithuanian Romani
|
|Lithuanian SSR
|
|-
|[[Ruska Roma|North Russian Romani]]
|
|Russian SSR,
|
|-
|[[Romani people in Belarus|Belarusian Romani]]
|
|Byelorussian SSR
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] > [[Romani language|Romani]] > [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]]
|Ukrainian Vlax Romani
|
|Ukrainian SSR
|
|-
|[[Kalderash Romani language|Kalderaš Romani]]
|
|Russian SSR
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indo-European languages|ndo-European]] > [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] > [[Romani language|Romani]] > [[Balkan Romani]]
|[[Crimean Roma|Crimean Kyrymitika Romani]]
|
|Ukrainian SSR
|
|-
|Ursari Romani
|
|Russian SSR
|
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]] > [[Domari language|Domari]]
|[[Garachi]]
|
|Azerbaijan SSR
|
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
|[[Parya language|Parya]]
|
|Tajik SSR, 
Uzbek SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] > [[Western Iranian languages|West Iranian]]
|[[Tajik language|Tajik]]
|{{Flagcountry|Tajik Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|Tajik SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)|Bukharian Dialect]]  
(Judeo-Tajik)
|
|Tajik SSR, Uzbek SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]
[[Kurmanji|(Kurmanji Dialect)]]
|
|Azerbaijan SSR, Russian SSR, Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR,
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]]
|[[Dagestan ASSR]]
|Azerbaijan SSR, Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|[[Judeo-Tat|Juhuri]]
(Judeo-Tat)
|
|Azerbaijan SSR, Russian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Talysh language|Talysh]]
|
|Azerbaijan SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] > [[Eastern Iranian languages|East Iranian]] > [[Scythian languages|Scythian]]
|[[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]
|[[North Ossetian ASSR]]
[[South Ossetian AO]]
|Georgian SSR, Russian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Yaghnobi language|Yaghnobi]]
|
|Tajik SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] > [[Eastern Iranian languages|East Iranian]] > [[Scythian languages|Scythian]]/[[Pamir languages|Pamiri]]
|[[Wakhi language|Wakhi]]
|
|Tajik SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
| rowspan="7" |[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European]] > [[Iranian languages|Iranian]] > [[Eastern Iranian languages|East Iranian]] > [[Pamir languages|Pamiri]]
|[[Rushani language|Rushani]]
|
|Tajik SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Shughni language|Shughni]]
|
|Tajik SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Yazghulami language|Yazghulami]]
|
|Tajik SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Bartangi language|Bartangi]]
|
|Tajik SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Ishkashimi language|Ishkashimi]]
|
|Tajik SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Khufi language|Khufi]]
|
|Tajik SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Sanglechi language|Sanglechi]]
|
|Tajik SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]]
|[[Svan language|Svan]]
|
|Georgian SSR, 
Russian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] > [[Karto-Zan languages|Karto-Zan]] 
|[[Georgian language|Georgian]]
|{{Flagcountry|Georgian Soviet Socialist Republic}}
|Georgian SSR
|Safe
|-
|[[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] > [[Karto-Zan languages|Karto-Zan]] > [[Georgian language|Georgian]]
|[[Judaeo-Georgian|Kivruli/Gruzinic Dialect]]
(Judeo-Georgian)
|
|Georgian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian]] > [[Karto-Zan languages|Karto-Zan]] > [[Zan languages|Zan]]
|[[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]]
|
|Georgian SSR, Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Laz language|Laz]]
|
|Georgian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian]]
|[[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]
|{{Flagcountry|Abkhaz ASSR}}
|Georgian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Abaza language|Abaza]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Kabardian language|Kabardian]] 
(East Circassian)
|[[Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR]]
[[Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast|Karachay-Cherkess AO]]
|Russian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Adyghe language|Adyghe]] 
(West Circassian)
|
|Russian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Ubykh language|Ubykh]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Extinct
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Nakh languages|Nakh]]
|[[Chechen language|Chechen]]
|[[Checheno-Ingush ASSR]]
[[Dagestan ASSR]]
|Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Kazakh SSR, Georgian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Ingush language|Ingush]]
|[[Checheno-Ingush ASSR]]
|Russian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR, Turkmen SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Bats language|Bats]]
|
|Georgian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
| rowspan="9" |[[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Avar–Andic languages|Avar-Andic]]
|[[Avar language|Avar]]
|[[Dagestan ASSR]]
|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Georgian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Kazakh SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Andi language|Andi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Tindi language|Tindi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Bagvalal language|Bagvalal]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Akhvakh language|Akhvakh]]
|
|Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Karata-Tukita language|Karata-Tukita]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Botlikh language|Botlikh]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Godoberi language|Godoberi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Chamalal language|Chamalal]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Dargin languages|Dargin]]
|[[Dargwa language|Dargwa]]
|[[Dagestan ASSR]]
|Russian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Kaitag language|Kaitag]]
|
|Russian SSR
|
|-
|[[Kubachi language|Kubachi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|
|-
|[[Itsari language|Itsari]]
|
|Russian SSR
|
|-
|[[Chirag language|Chirag]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|[[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Khinalug language|Khinalug]]
|[[Khinalug language|Khinalug]]
|
|Azerbaijan SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Lak language|Lak]]
|[[Lak language|Lak]]
|[[Dagestan ASSR]]
|Russian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
| rowspan="10" |[[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Lezgic languages|Lezgic]]
|[[Archi language|Archi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Lezgian language|Lezgian]]
|[[Dagestan ASSR]]
|Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Tabasaran people|Tabasaran]]
|[[Dagestan ASSR]]
|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Aghul language|Aghul]]
|
|Russian SSR, 
Azerbaijan SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Rutul language|Rutul]]
|
|Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]]
|
|Russian SSR, 
Azerbaijan SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Udi language|Udi]]
|
|Russian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Georgian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Kryts language|Kryts]]
|
|Azerbaijan SSR
|
|-
|[[Jek language|Jek]]
|
|Azerbaijan SSR
|
|-
|[[Budukh language|Budukh]]
|
|Azerbaijan SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian]] > [[Tsezic languages|Tsezic]]
|[[Tsez language|Tsez]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Bezhta language|Bezhta]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Hunzib language|Hunzib]]
|
|Russian SSR,  Georgian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Khwarshi language|Khwarshi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Hinuq language|Hinuq]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > Finno-Permic > [[Balto-Finnic languages|Balto-Finnic]] > Northern
|[[Veps language|Veps]]
|
|Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > Finno-Permic > [[Balto-Finnic languages|Balto-Finnic]] > Northern > Finnish 
|[[Finnish language|Finnish]]
|{{Flagcountry|Karelo-Finnish SSR}}
|Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR
|Safe
|-
|[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > Finno-Permic > [[Balto-Finnic languages|Balto-Finnic]] > Northern 
|[[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]]
|
|Russian SSR
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > Finno-Permic > [[Balto-Finnic languages|Balto-Finnic]] > Northern > [[Proto-Karelian language|Old Karelian]]
|[[Karelian language|Karelian]]
|{{Flagcountry|Karelo-Finnish SSR}}
|Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Ingrian language|Ingrian]]
|
|Russian SSR, Karelo-Finnish SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kazakh SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|[[Ludic language|Ludic]]
|
|Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > Finno-Permic > [[Balto-Finnic languages|Balto-Finnic]] > Southern
|[[Votic language|Votic]]
|
|Karelo-Finnish SSR, Russian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
|[[Livonian language|Livonian]]
|
|Latvian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
|[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > Finno-Permic > [[Balto-Finnic languages|Balto-Finnic]] > Southern > [[North Estonian]]
|[[Estonian language|Estonian]]
|{{Flagcountry|Estonian SSR}}
|Estonian SSR
|Safe
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > Finno-Permic > [[Balto-Finnic languages|Balto-Finnic]] > Southern  > [[South Estonian]]
|[[Võro language|Võro]]
|
|Estonian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Seto dialect]]
|
|Estonian SSR
|
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > [[Finno-Permic languages|Finno-Permic]] > [[Permic languages|Sámi]] > Mainland
|[[Akkala Sámi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Extinct
|-
|[[Skolt Sámi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > [[Finno-Permic languages|Finno-Permic]] > [[Permic languages|Sámi]] > Peninsular
|[[Kildin Sámi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|[[Ter Sámi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
|[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > [[Finno-Permic languages|Finno-Permic]] > [[Permic languages|Permic]]
|[[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
|[[Udmurt ASSR]]
|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Estonian SSR, Kazakh SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > [[Finno-Permic languages|Finno-Permic]] > [[Permic languages|Permic]] > [[Komi language|Komi]]
|[[Komi language|Komi-Zyrian]]
|[[Komi ASSR]]
|Russian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]]
|[[Komi-Permyak Autonomous Okrug]]
|Russian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Komi-Yazva language|Komi-Yazva]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > [[Finno-Permic languages|Finno-Permic]] > [[Permic languages|Permic]] > [[Mari language|Mari]]
|[[Mari language|Mari]]
|[[Mari ASSR]]
|Russian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
| rowspan="2" |Uralic > [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvinic]]
|[[Erzya language|Erzya]]
|[[Mordovian ASSR]]
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Moksha language|Moksha]]
|[[Mordovian ASSR]]
|Russian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]]
|[[Nganasan language|Nganasan]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] > Enets-Nenets
|[[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]
|[[Nenets Autonomous Okrug|Nenets AO]]
[[Yamalo-Nenets AO]]
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Forest Nenets language|Forest Nenets]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|[[Enets language|Enets]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]] > Kamassian-Selkup
|[[Selkup language|Selkup]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Kamassian language|Kamassian]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Extinct
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > [[Ugric languages|Ugric]] > [[Khanty language|Khanty]]
|Salekhard (Northern) [[Khanty language|Khanty]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|Surgut (Eastern) [[Khanty language|Khanty]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
|Southern [[Khanty language|Khanty]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Extinct
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > [[Ugric languages|Ugric]] > [[Mansi language|Mansi]]
|Central [[Mansi language|Mansi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|Northern [[Mansi language|Mansi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|Southern [[Mansi language|Mansi]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Extinct
|-
|[[Uralic languages|Uralic]] > [[Ugric languages|Ugric]]
|[[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]
|
|Ukrainian SSR
|Safe
|-
|[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Oghuric languages|Oghuric]]
|[[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
|[[Chuvash ASSR]]
|Russian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] > [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] > Kipchak-Bulgar
|[[Tatar language|Tatar]]
|{{Flagcountry|Tatar ASSR}}
|Russian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Kirghiz SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]
|{{Flagcountry|Bashkir ASSR}}
|Russian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
| rowspan="6" |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] > [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] > Kipchak-Cuman
|[[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]
|{{Flagcountry|Crimean ASSR}}
|Russian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Uzbek SSR, Kirghiz SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|[[Karachay-Balkar]]
|[[Kabardino-Balkarian ASSR]]
[[Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast|Karachay-Cherkess AO]]
|Russian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Kumyk language|Kumyk]]
|[[Dagestan ASSR]]
|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Byelorussian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Urum language|Urum]]
|
|Ukrainian SSR, Georgian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Karaim language|Karaim]]
|
|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Lithuanian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
|[[Krymchak language|Krymchak]]
|
|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
| rowspan="5" |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] > [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] > Kipchak-Nogai
|[[Nogai language|Nogai]]
|[[Dagestan ASSR]]
[[Karachay-Cherkess Autonomous Oblast|Karachay-Cherkess AO]]
|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Dobrujan Tatar dialect|Dobrujan Tatar]]
|
|Ukrainian SSR, Moldavian SSR
|
|-
|[[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]
|{{Flagcountry|Karakalpak ASSR}}
|Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR, Turkmen SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
|{{Flagcountry|Kazakh SSR}}
|Kazakh SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Siberian Tatar language|Siberian Tatar]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] > [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]] > Kipchak-Kyrgyz
|[[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]
|{{Flagcountry|Kyrgyz SSR}}
|Kirghiz SSR
|
|-
|[[Fergana Kipchak language|Fergana]]
|
|Uzbek SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR
|Extinct
|-
|[[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] > [[Karluk languages|Karluk]] > Old
|[[Chagatai language|Chagatai]]
|
|
|Extinct
|-
|[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] > [[Karluk languages|Karluk]] > Western
|[[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]
|{{Flagcountry|Uzbek SSR}}
|Uzbek SSR
|Safe
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] > [[Karluk languages|Karluk]] > Eastern
|[[Uyghur language|Uighur]]
|
|Uzbek SSR, Kirghiz SSR, Tajik SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Ili Turki language|Ili Turki]]
|
|Kazakh SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
|[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] > [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]] > Eastern
|[[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]
|{{Flagcountry|Turkmen SSR}}
|Turkmen SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]] > [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]] > Western
|[[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
|{{Flag country|Azerbaijan SSR}}
|Azerbaijan SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
|[[Karapapakhs|Karapapakh]]
|
|Georgian SSR,
Russian SSR,
Kazakh SSR,
Azerbaijan SSR
|
|-
|Turkish
([[Meskhetian Turks|Meskhetian Dialect]])

|
|Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR, Georgian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR, Kazakh SSR,
Uzbek SSR,
Kirghiz SSR
|
|-
|[[Gagauz language|Gagauz]]
|
|Moldavian SSR, Ukrainian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Siberian Turkic languages|Siberian Turkic]] > North
|[[Yakut language|Yakut]]
|[[Yakut ASSR]]
|Russian SSR
|
|-
|[[Dolgan language|Dolgan]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Siberian Turkic languages|Siberian Turkic]] > South
|[[Chulym language|Chulym]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Siberian Turkic languages|Siberian Turkic]] > South > Sayan
|[[Soyot language|Soyot]]
|
|Russian SSR
|
|-
|[[Tuvan language|Tuvan]]
|{{Flagcountry|Tuvan ASSR}}
|Russian SSR
|
|-
|[[Tofa language|Tofa]]
|
|Russian SSR
|
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Turkic languages|Turkic]] > [[Siberian Turkic languages|Siberian Turkic]] > South >Yenisei
|[[Northern Altai language|Northern Altai]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Khakas language|Khakas]]
|[[Khakas AO]]
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Shor language|Shor]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic]] > [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
|[[Central Asian Arabic]] 
|
|Uzbek SSR, Tajik SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]]
|
|Armenian SSR, Georgian SSR, Azerbaijan SSR
|Safe
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] > Central Mongolic
|[[Buryat language|Buryat]]
|{{Flagcountry|Buryat ASSR}}
|Russian SSR
|
|-
|[[Khamnigan Mongol]]
|
|Russian SSR
|
|-
|[[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic]] > Central Mongolic > Kalmyk-Oirat
|[[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]]
|{{Flagcountry|Kalmyk ASSR}}
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Oirat language|Oirat]]
|
|Kirghiz SSR
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Tungusic languages|Tungusic]] > [[Ewenic languages|Ewenic]]
|[[Evenki language|Evenki]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Even language|Even]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|[[Kili language|Kili]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|[[Negidal language|Negidal]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
| rowspan="3" |[[Tungusic languages|Tungustic]] > [[Nanaic languages|Nanaic]]
|[[Nanai language|Nanai]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Uilta language|Uilta]]
|
|Russian SSR
|
|-
|[[Ulch language|Ulch]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Tungusic languages|Tungustic]] > [[Udegheic languages|Udegheic]]
|[[Oroch language|Oroch]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|[[Udege language|Udege]]
|
|Russian SSR
|
|-
| rowspan="4" |[[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|Chukotko-Kamchatkan]] > [[Chukotkan languages|Chukotkan]]
|[[Chukchi language|Chukchi]]
|[[Chukotka Autonomous Okrug|Chukotka AO]]
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Koryak language|Koryak]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Alyutor language|Alyutor]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
|[[Kerek language|Kerek]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Extinct
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|Chukotko-Kamchatkan]] > [[Kamchatkan languages|Kamchatkan]]
|[[Itelmen language|Itelmen]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
|[[Eastern Itelmen language|Eastern Kamchadal]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Extinct
|-
|Language Isolate
|[[Nivkh languages|Nivkh]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Severely endangered
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Yukaghir languages|Yukaghir]]
|[[Tundra Yukaghir language|Tundra Yukaghir]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
|[[Southern Yukaghir language|Southern Yukaghir]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Critically endangered
|-
|[[Eskaleut languages|Inuit-Aleut]]
|[[Aleut language|Aleut]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Eskaleut languages|Inuit-Aleut]] > Eskimoan
|[[Sirenik language|Sirenik]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Extinct
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Eskaleut languages|Inuit-Aleut]] > Eskimoan > [[Yupik languages|Yupik]]
|[[Central Siberian Yupik language|Siberian Yupik]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Naukan Yupik language|Naukan]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|[[Yeniseian languages|Yeniseian]]
|[[Ket language|Ket]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Definitely endangered
|-
|Language isolate
|[[Ainu people|Ainu]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Extinct in Russia, critically endangered in Japan
|-
| rowspan="2" |[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan]]
|[[Dungan language|Dungan]]
|
|Russian SSR, Kazakh SSR, Uzbek SSR
|Endangered/unsafe
|-
|[[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
[[Taz dialect|(Taz Dialect)]]
|
|Russian SSR
|Extinct
|-
|[[Koreanic languages|Koreanic]]
|[[Korean language|Korean]]
[[Koryo-mar|(Koryo-Mar Dialect)]]
|
|Uzbek SSR, Kazakh SSR, Turkmen SSR, Russian SSR, Ukrainian SSR
|
|-
|[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian]]
|[[Brahui language|Brahui]]
|
|Turkmen SSR
|Potentially vulnerable
|}
'''[[Indo-European languages|Indo-European Languages]]'''

* [[Slavic languages|Slavic]]
** [[East Slavic languages|East Slavic]]
*** [[Russian language|Russian]]
*** [[Ruthenian language|Ruthenian]]
**** [[Ukrainian language|Ukrainian]]
**** [[Belarusian language|Belarusian]]
**** [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]]
*** Mixed
**** [[Surzhyk|Surzyk]]
**** [[Trasianka|Transianka]]
** [[West Slavic languages|West Slavic]] 
*** [[Lechitic languages|Lechitic]] 
**** [[Polish language|Polish]]
*** [[Czech–Slovak languages|Czech-Slovak]]
**** [[Slovak language|Slovak]]
** [[South Slavic languages|South Slavic]]
*** [[Eastern South Slavic]] 
**** [[Bulgarian language|Bulgarian]]
* [[Baltic languages|Baltic]]
** [[East Baltic languages|East Baltic]]
*** [[Latvian language|Latvian]]
**** [[Latgalian language|Latgalian]]
*** [[Lithuanian language|Lithuanian]]
**** [[Samogitian language|Samogitian]]
* [[Germanic languages|Germanic]]
** [[North Germanic languages|North Germanic]]
*** [[East Scandinavian]]
**** [[Swedish language|Swedish]]
***** [[Estonian Swedish]]
****** [[Gammalsvenska]] 
*** [[West Scandinavian]]
**** [[Kola Norwegians|Norwegian]]
** [[West Germanic languages|West Germanic]]
*** [[North Sea Germanic]]
**** [[Low German]]
***** [[Plautdietsch]]
*** [[Elbe Germanic]]
**** [[High German languages|High German]]
***** [[Rhine Franconian dialects|Rhine Franconian]]
****** [[Volga German language|Volga German]]
***** [[Yiddish]] (Mixed)
****** [[Eastern Yiddish]]
* [[Romance languages|Romance]]
** [[Eastern Romance languages|Eastern Romance]]
*** [[Romanian language|Romanian]]
**** [[Moldovan language|Moldovan]]
** [[Italo-Dalmatian languages|Italo-Dalmatian]]
*** [[Italians of Crimea|Italian]]
* [[Albanoid]]
** [[Albanians in Ukraine|Albanian]]
* [[Hellenic languages|Hellenic]]
** [[Pontic Greek]]
** [[Mariupol Greek]]
* [[Armenian language|Armenian]]
** [[Eastern Armenian]]
*** [[Zok language|Zok]]
** [[Western Armenian]]
*** [[Homshetsi dialect|Homshetsi]]
** [[Lomavren language|Lomavren]] (Mixed)
* [[Iranian languages|Iranian]]
** [[Western Iranian languages|West Iranian]]
*** [[Southwestern Iranian|Southwestern]]
**** [[Persian language|Persian]]
***** [[Tajik language|Tajik]]
****** [[Bukharian (Judeo-Tajik dialect)|Bukharian]] (Mixed) 
***** [[Tat language (Caucasus)|Tat]]
****** [[Judeo-Tat|Juhuri]] (Mixed)
***** [[Persian Kowli]] (Mixed)
*** [[Northwestern Iranian|Northwestern]]
**** [[Caspian languages|Caspian]]
***** [[Talysh language|Talysh]]
**** [[Kurdish language|Kurdish]]
***** [[Kurmanji]]
** [[Eastern Iranian languages|East Iranian]]
*** [[Scythian languages|Scythian]]
**** [[Ossetian language|Ossetian]]
***** [[Iron Ossetian]]
***** [[Digor Ossetian]]
**** [[Yaghnobi language|Yaughnobi]]
**** [[Wakhi language|Wakhi]]
*** [[Sanglechi language|Sanglechi]]–[[Ishkashimi language|Ishkashimi]]
**** [[Sanglechi language|Sanglechi]]
**** [[Ishkashimi language|Ishkashimi]]
*** [[Shughni language|Shughni]]–[[Yazghulami language|Yazghulami]]
**** [[Shughni language|Shugni]]
**** [[Yazghulami language|Yazghulami]]
**** [[Rushani language|Rushani]]
**** [[Bartangi language|Bartangi]]
**** [[Khufi language|Khufi]]

* [[Indo-Aryan languages|Indo-Aryan]]
** [[Central Indo-Aryan languages|Central Indo-Aryan]] 
*** [[Domari language|Domari]]
**** [[Garachi]]
*** [[Western Hindi languages|Western Hindi]]
**** [[Parya language|Parya]]
** [[Romani language|Romani]]
*** [[Balkan Romani]]
**** [[Crimean Roma|Crimean Kyrymitika Romani]]
**** Ursari Romani
*** [[Baltic Romani]]
**** Estonian Čuxny Romani
**** Latvian Lettish Romani
**** North Russian Romani
**** Lithuanian Romani
**** Belarusian Romani
*** [[Vlax Romani language|Vlax Romani]]
**** Ukrainian Vlax Romani
**** [[Kalderash Romani language|Russian Kalderaš Romani]]

'''[[Northwest Caucasian languages|Northwest Caucasian Language Family]]'''

* Abaza-Abkhaz
** [[Abaza language|Abaza]]
** [[Abkhaz language|Abkhaz]]
* Ubykh-Circassian
** [[Ubykh language|Ubykh †]]
** [[Circassian languages|Circassian]]
*** [[Kabardian language|Kabardian]]
*** [[Adyghe language|Adyghe]]

'''[[Kartvelian languages|Kartvelian Languages]]'''

* [[Svan language|Svan]]
* [[Karto-Zan languages|Karto-Zan]]
** [[Georgian language|Georgian]]
*** [[Judaeo-Georgian|Judeo-Georgian]]
** [[Zan languages|Zan]]
*** [[Laz language|Laz]]
*** [[Mingrelian language|Mingrelian]]

'''[[Northeast Caucasian languages|Northeast Caucasian Languages]]'''

* [[Lak language|Lak]]
* [[Khinalug language|Khinalug]]

* [[Avar–Andic languages|Avar-Andic]]
** [[Avar language|Avar]]
** [[Andic languages|Andic]]
*** [[Andi language|Andi (Qwannab)]]
*** [[Akhvakh–Tindi languages|Akhvakh–Tindi]]
**** [[Akhvakh language|Akhvakh]]
**** [[Andic languages|Karata–Tindi]]
***** [[Karata language|Karata (Kirdi)]]
***** [[Botlikh–Tindi languages|Botlikh–Tindi]]
****** [[Botlikh language|Botlikh]]
****** [[Godoberi language|Godoberi]]
****** [[Chamalal language|Chamalal]]
****** [[Bagvalal–Tindi languages|Bagvalal–Tindi]]
******* [[Bagvalal language|Bagvalal]]
******* [[Tindi language|Tindi]]
* [[Tsezic languages|Tsezic]]
** [[Tsez–Hinukh languages|Tsez–Hinukh]]
*** [[Tsez language|Tsez]] 
*** [[Hinukh language|Hinukh]] 
** [[Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi languages|Bezhta–Hunzib–Khwarshi]]
*** [[Bezhta language|Bezhta]]
*** [[Hunzib language|Hunzib]] 
*** [[Khwarshi language|Khwarshi]] 
* [[Nakh languages|Nakh]]
** [[Bats language|Bats]]
** [[Vainakh languages|Vainakh]]
*** [[Chechen language|Chechen]]
*** [[Ingush language|Ingush]]
* [[Lezgic languages|Lezgic]]
** [[Archi language|Archi]]
** [[Samur languages|Samur]]
*** West Samur
**** [[Tsakhur language|Tsakhur]]
**** [[Rutul language|Rutul]]
*** East Samur
**** [[Udi language|Udi]]
**** [[Lezgian language|Lezgian]]
**** [[Aghul language|Aghul]]
**** [[Tabasaran language|Tabasaran]]
*** South Samur
**** [[Kryts language|Kryts]]
**** [[Budukh language|Budukh]]

* [[Dargin languages|Dargin]]
** [[Chirag language|Chirag]]
** [[Kubachi language|Kubachi]]
** North-Central Dargwa
*** [[Mehweb language|Megeb]]
*** [[North Dargwa language|North Dargwa]]
**** Cudaxar
**** Gapshin-Butrin
**** Kadarskij
**** Muirin
***** Dejbuk
***** Xarbuk
**** Nuclear North Dargwa
***** Aqusha-Uraxi
****** [[Aqusha dialect|Akusha]]
****** [[Urakhi dialect|Uraxa]]
***** Mugin
***** Murego-Gubden
***** Upper Mulebki
** South Dargwa
*** [[Kaitag language|Kajtak]]
*** Southwestern Dargwa
**** Amuzgu-Shiri
**** Sanzhi-Icari
***** [[Itsari language|Icari]]
***** Sanzhi
**** Sirhwa-Tanty
**** Upper-Vurqri
***** Amux
***** Khuduts
***** Qunqi

'''[[Uralic languages|Uralic Languages]]'''

* [[Ugric languages|Ugric]]
** [[Khanty languages|Khanty]]
*** [[Northern Khanty language|Northern Khanty]]
*** [[Southern Khanty language|Southern Khanty †]]
*** [[Eastern Khanty language|Eastern Khanty]]
** [[Mansi languages|Mansi]]
*** [[Southern Mansi language|Southern Mansi †]]
*** Core Mansi
**** [[Northern Mansi]]
**** [[Eastern Mansi|Eastern Mansi †]]
**** [[Western Mansi language|Western Mansi †]]
** [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]]

* [[Samoyedic languages|Samoyedic]]
** [[Nganasan language|Nganasan]]
** Core-Samoyedic
*** Enets-Nenets
**** [[Enets language|Enets]] 
***** Tundra Enets
***** Forest Enets
**** [[Nenets languages|Nenets]] 
***** [[Tundra Nenets language|Tundra Nenets]]
***** [[Forest Nenets language|Forest Nenets]]
*** Kamas-Selkup
**** [[Selkup language|Selkup]] 
***** Taz (Northern Selkup)
***** Tym (Central Selkup)
***** Ket (Southern Selkup)
**** [[Kamas language|Kamas]] <abbr>†</abbr>

* [[Finno-Permic languages|Finno-Permic]]
** [[Permic languages|Permic]]
*** [[Udmurt language|Udmurt]]
*** [[Komi language|Komi-Zyran]]
*** [[Komi-Yazva language|Komi-Yazva]]
*** [[Komi-Permyak language|Komi-Permyak]]
** [[Finnic languages|Balto-Finnic]]
*** Northern Balto-Finnic
**** [[Veps language|Veps]]
**** [[Proto-Karelian language|Old Karelian]] 
***** [[Ingrian language|Ingrian]]
***** [[Ludic language|Ludic]]
***** [[Karelian language|Karelian]]
****** [[Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi-Karelian]]
**** [[Finnish language|Finnish]]
***** [[Eastern Finnish dialects|Eastern Dialects]]
****** [[Savo dialects|Savo Finnish]]
****** [[Ingrian dialects|Ingrian Finnish]]
****** [[Siberian Finnish]]
**** Mixed
***** [[Siberian Ingrian Finnish]]
*** Southern Balto-Finnic
**** [[Votic language|Votic]]
**** [[Livonian language|Livonian]]
**** [[Estonian language|Estonian]]
***** North Estonian
****** [[Estonian language|Standard Estonian]]
***** South Estonian
****** [[Võro language|Võro]]
****** [[Seto dialect|Seto]]
** [[Sámi languages|Sámi]]
*** Mainland Sámi
**** [[Akkala Sámi|Akkala Sámi †]]
**** [[Skolt Sámi]]
*** Peninsular Sámi
**** [[Kildin Sámi]]
**** [[Ter Sámi]]
** [[Mari language|Mari]]
*** Eastern Mari
**** [[Eastern Proper Mari]]
**** [[Meadow Mari language|Meadow Mari]]
*** Western Mari
**** [[Northwestern Mari language|Northwestern Mari]]
**** [[Hill Mari language|Hill Mari]]
** [[Mordvinic languages|Mordvinic]]
*** [[Erzya language|Erzya]] 
*** [[Moksha language|Moksha]]

'''[[Turkic languages|Turkic Languages]]'''

* [[Oghuric languages|Oghuric]]
** [[Chuvash language|Chuvash]]
* [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
** [[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]]
*** Eastern Oghuz
**** [[Turkmen language|Turkmen]]
*** Western Oghuz
**** [[Turkish language|Turkish]]
***** [[Meskhetian Turks|Meskhetian Turkish]]
**** [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]]
**** [[Gagauz language|Gagauz]]
**** [[Karapapakhs|Karapapakh †]]
** [[Kipchak languages|Kipchak]]
*** Kipchak-Bulgar
**** [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]]
**** [[Tatar language|Tatar]]
*** Kipchak-Cuman
**** [[Crimean Tatar language|Crimean Tatar]]
**** [[Karachay-Balkar]]
**** [[Kumyk language|Kumyk]]
**** [[Karaim language|Karaim]]
**** [[Krymchak language|Krymchak]]
**** [[Urum language|Urum]]
*** Kipchak-Nogai
**** [[Dobrujan Tatar]]
**** [[Kazakh language|Kazakh]]
**** [[Karakalpak language|Karakalpak]]
**** [[Nogai language|Nogai]]
*** Kipchak-Kyrgyz
**** [[Kyrgyz language|Kyrgyz]]
**** [[Southern Altai language|Southern Altai]]
**** [[Fergana Kipchak language|Fergana Kipchak †]]
** [[Karluk languages|Karluk]]
*** Western Karluk
**** [[Uzbek language|Uzbek]]
*** Eastern Karluk
**** [[Uyghur language|Uyghur]]
**** [[Ili Turki language|Ili Turki]]
*** Old Karluk
**** [[Chagatai language|Chagatai †]]
** [[Siberian Turkic languages|Siberian Turkic]]
*** Northern Siberian
**** [[Yakut language|Yakut]]
**** [[Dolgan language|Dolgan]]
*** Southern Siberian
**** [[Chulym language|Chulym]]
**** Sayan
***** [[Tuvan language|Tuvan]]
***** [[Tofa language|Tofa]]
***** [[Soyot language|Soyot]]
***** [[Dukhan language|Dukhan]]
**** Yenisei
***** [[Khakas language|Khakas]] 
***** [[Kumandin language|Kumandin]]
***** [[Northern Altai language|Northern Altai]]
***** [[Chelkan language|Chelkan]]
***** [[Tubalar language|Tubalar]]
***** [[Shor language|Shor]]

'''[[Mongolic languages|Mongolic Languages]]'''

* [[Central Mongolic languages|Central Mongolic]]
** [[Mongolian language|Mongolian]]
** [[Khamnigan Mongol]]
** [[Buryat language|Buryat]]
** [[Oirat language|Oirat]]
*** [[Kalmyk Oirat|Kalmyk]]

'''[[Afroasiatic languages|Afro-Asiatic Languages]]'''

* [[Semitic languages|Semitic]]
** [[West Semitic languages|West Semitic]]
*** [[Central Semitic languages|Central Semitic]]
**** [[Arabic]]
***** [[Central Asian Arabic]]
****** Bukharian Central Asian Arabic
****** Kashkadarian Central Asian Arabic
**** [[Northwest Semitic languages|Northwest Semitic]]
***** [[Aramaic]]
****** [[Neo-Aramaic languages|Neo-Aramaic]]
******* [[Suret language|Suret]]
******* [[Neo-Aramaic dialect of Bohtan|Bohtan Neo-Aramaic]]
******* [[Jewish Neo-Aramaic dialect of Urmia|Urmian Judeo-Neo-Aramaic]]

'''[[Tungusic languages|Tungustic Languages]]'''

* Southern Tungustic 
** [[Nanaic languages|Nanaic]]
*** [[Nanai language|Nanai]]
*** [[Uilta language|Uilta]]
*** [[Ulch language|Ulch]]
* Northern Tungustic
** [[Udegheic languages|Udegheic]]
*** [[Oroch language|Oroch]]
*** [[Udege language|Udege]]
** Ewenic
*** [[Even language|Even]]
*** [[Evenki language|Evenki]]
*** [[Negidal language|Negidal]]
*** [[Kili language|Kili]]

'''[[Chukotko-Kamchatkan languages|Chukotko-Kamchatkan Languages]]'''

* [[Chukotkan languages|Chukotkan]]
** [[Chukchi language|Chukchi]]
** [[Koryak language|Koryak]]
** [[Alyutor language|Alyutor]]
** [[Kerek language|Kerek †]]
* [[Kamchatkan languages|Kamchatkan]]
** [[Itelmen language|Itelmen]]
** [[Eastern Itelmen language|Eastern Kamchadal †]]

'''[[Eskaleut languages|Eskaleut Languages]]'''

* [[Aleut language|Aleut]]
* [[Eskimoan]]
** [[Sirenik language|Sirenik †]]
** [[Yupik languages|Yupik]]
*** [[Central Siberian Yupik language|Central Siberian Yupik]]
*** [[Naukan Yupik language|Naukan Yupik]]

'''[[Sino-Tibetan languages|Sino-Tibetan Languages]]'''

* [[Sinitic languages|Sinitic]]
** [[Chinese language|Chinese]]
*** [[Mandarin Chinese|Mandarin]]
**** [[Central Plains Mandarin]]
***** [[Dungan language|Dungan]]
**** [[Northeastern Mandarin]]
***** [[Taz dialect|Taz]]

'''[[Dravidian languages|Dravidian Languages]]'''

* [[Northern Dravidian|Northern]]
** [[Brahui language|Brahui]]

'''[[Koreanic languages|Koreanic Languages]]'''

* [[Korean language|Korean]]
** Northern
*** Northeast
**** [[Koryo-mar|Koryo-Mar]]

'''[[Yukaghir languages|Yukaghir Languages]]'''

* [[Tundra Yukaghir language|Tundra Yukaghir]]
* [[Southern Yukaghir language|Forrest Yukaghir]]

'''[[Yeniseian languages|Yeniseian Languages]]'''

* Ketic
** [[Ket language|Ket]]

'''[[Ainu languages|Ainuic Languages]]'''

* [[Kuril Ainu language|Kuril Ainu †]]
* [[Sakhalin Ainu language|Sakhalin Ainu †]]

[[Nivkh languages|'''Amuric Languages''']]

* [[Nivkh languages|Nivkh Proper]]
* Nighvng
** East Sakhalin
** South Sakhalin<br />

==Distribution of Russian in 1989==
{| class="wikitable sortable" style="text-align:right"
|+The Russian language by ethnic group in the USSR in 1989<ref>{{cite web|title=All-Soviet Census 1989. Population by ethnic group and language|website=Demoscope Weekly|url=http://demoscope.ru/weekly/ssp/sng_nac_lan_89_1_1.php|language=ru}}</ref>
!rowspan="2"|Ethnic group||rowspan="2"|Total <br />(in&nbsp;thousands)||colspan="3"|Speakers (in&nbsp;thousands)||colspan="3"|Percentage
|-
!{{abbr|L1|Native language for}}||{{abbr|L2|Second language for}}||Total||{{abbr|L1|Native language for}}||{{abbr|L2|Second language for}}||Total
|- style="background:#e6ffe6;"
| style="text-align:left;"|[[Russians]]||145,155||144,836
||219||145,155||99.8||0.2||100
|- style="background:#e6f2ff;"
| style="text-align:left;"|Non-Russian||140,587||18,743||68,791||87,533||13.3||48.9||62.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Ukrainians]]||44,186||8,309||24,820||33,128||18.8||56.2||75.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Uzbeks]]||16,698||120||3,981||4,100||0.7||23.8||24.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Belarusians]]||10,036||2,862||5,487||8,349||28.5||54.7||83.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Kazakhs]]||8,136||183||4,917||5,100||2.2||60.4||62.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Azerbaijanis]]||6,770||113||2,325||2,439||1.7||34.3||36.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Tatars]]||6,649||1,068||4,706||5,774||16.1||70.8||86.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Armenians]]||4,623||352||2,178||2,530||7.6||47.1||54.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Tajiks]]||4,215||35||1,166||1,200||0.8||27.7||28.5
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Georgians]]||3,981||66||1,316||1,382||1.7||33.1||34.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Moldovans]]||3,352||249||1,805||2,054||7.4||53.8||61.3
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Lithuanians]]||3,067||55||1,163||1,218||1.8||37.9||39.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Turkmens]]||2,729||27||757||783||1.0||27.7||28.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Kyrgyz people|Kyrgyz]]||2,529||15||890||905||0.6||35.2||35.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Germans]]||2,039||1,035||918||1,953||50.8||45.0||95.8
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Chuvash people|Chuvash]]||1,842||429||1,199||1,628||23.3||65.1||88.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Latvians]]||1,459||73||940||1,013||5.0||64.4||69.4
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Bashkirs]]||1,449||162||1,041||1,203||11.2||71.8||83.0
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[History of the Jews in Russia|Jews]]||1,378||1,194||140||1,334||86.6||10.1||96.7
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Mordvins]]||1,154||377||722||1,099||32.7||62.5||95.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Polish people|Poles]]||1,126||323||495||817||28.6||43.9||72.6
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|[[Estonians]]||1,027||45||348||393||4.4||33.9||38.2
|-
| style="text-align:left;padding-left: 1em;"|Others||12,140||1,651||7,479||9,130||13.6||61.6||75.2
|- class="unsortable" style="background:#f2f2f2;"
|style="text-align:left"|Total||285,743||163,898
||68,791||232,689||57.4||24.1||81.4
|}

==See also==
*''[[The Languages of the Peoples of the USSR]]''
*[[Index of Soviet Union-related articles]]
*[[Education in the Soviet Union]]
*[[Korenizatsiya]]
*[[Russification]]
*[[Languages of Russia]]
*[[Languages of Ukraine]]
*[[Languages of Belarus]]
*[[Languages of Estonia]]
*[[Languages of Moldova]]
*[[Languages of Armenia]]
*[[Languages of Azerbaijan]]
*[[Languages of Kazakhstan]]
*[[Languages of Uzbekistan]]
*[[Languages of Kyrgyzstan]]
*[[Languages of Tajikistan]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Sources==
* [[Bernard Comrie]]. ''The Languages of the Soviet Union.'' [[Cambridge University Press|CUP]] 1981. {{ISBN|0-521-23230-9}} (hb), {{ISBN|0-521-29877-6}} (pb)
* E. Glyn Lewis. ''Multilingualism in the Soviet Union: Aspects of Language Policy and Its Implementation''. [[The Hague]]: [[Walter de Gruyter|Mouton Publishers]], 1971.
* [[Yazyki narodov SSSR|Языки народов СССР]]. 1967. [[Moscow|Москва]]: [[Nauka (publisher)|Наука]]  5т.

==Further reading==
*{{cite web|url=https://archive.org/details/language-policies-in-present-day-central|title=Language Policies in Present-Day Central Asia|work=BIRGIT N. SCHLYTER. [[Stockholm University]]|publisher=International Journal on Multicultural Societies (IJMS)Vol. 3, No. 2, 2001 "The Human Rights of Linguistic Minorities and Language Policies"}}
*Glaesser, Gustav. "([https://www.jstor.org/stable/29755073?casa_token=ki4K1XoqlO4AAAAA%3A93R4fPTvwLrz7xj-jXkubi3cK5b8BwhixPe5b0rL7vEn5I3JksOe1iT6rKQ3afSbTUvKzFbreoWJRceV5haR9s439oERumUAAPf_Hk7QUgpD-imAUk1Y The Languages of the peoples of the USSR]). Vol. I: Indo-European Languages; Vol. II: Turkic Languages." (1966): 349-352.

==External links==
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20110607162900/http://www.oxuscom.com/lang-policy.htm#policy Soviet Language Policy in Central Asia] by Mark Dickens

{{Soviet Union topics}}
{{Asia topic|Languages of}}
{{Europe topic|Languages of}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Languages Of The Soviet Union}}
[[Category:Culture of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:Language policy in Russia]]