View source for Languages of Peru

{{Short description|none}}
{{Languages of
| country  = Peru
|image= Street sign Cusco - Calle Pte. Rosario.JPG

|caption=Sign in [[Cuzco]] in [[Quechua language|Quechua]] and Spanish 
| official = [[Spanish language|Spanish]] (nationwide level)<br/>[[#Indigenous languages|Indigenous languages]] (in areas where they are common)
| foreign  = [[English language|English]]
| sign     = [[Peruvian Sign Language]], [[Inmaculada Sign Language]], [[Sivia Sign Language]]
|vernacular=[[Peruvian Spanish]], [[Andean Spanish]], [[Amazonic Spanish]], [[Peruvian Ribereño Spanish]], [[Equatorial Spanish]] 
|indigenous=[[Quechua language|Quechua]], [[Aymara language|Aymara]], languages of the [[Arawakan languages|Arawakan]], [[Piro languages|Piro]], [[Upper Amazon Arawakan|Upper Amazon]], [[Bora–Witoto languages|Bora–Witoto]], [[Cahuapanan languages|Cahuapanan]], [[Jivaroan languages|Jivaroan]], [[Panoan languages|Panoan]], [[Quechua languages|Quechuan]], [[Tucanoan languages|Tucanoan]], [[Tupian languages|Tupian]] and [[Zaparoan languages|Zaparoan]] families
|minority= [[French language|French]], [[Arabic]], [[Hindi]], [[Chinese language|Chinese]], [[japanese language|Japanese]], [[Italian language|Italian]], [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]]
 |keyboard       = No officially designated keyboard layout. Both the [[List of QWERTY keyboard language variants#Latin America, officially known as Spanish Latinamerican sort#Spain|Latin American Spanish layout]] and the [[List of QWERTY keyboard language variants#|Spaniard Spanish layout]] are ''[[de facto]]'' in use side by side
 |keyboard image = [[File:KB Latin American.svg|200px]]<br/>[[File:KB Spanish.svg|200px]]
}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2010}}
{{Culture of Peru}}

[[Peru]] has many languages in use, with its official languages being [[Spanish language|Spanish]], [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] and [[Aymara language|Aymara]]. Spanish was introduced by [[conquistadors]] in the 1500s; it began being taught in the time of [[José Pardo y Barreda|José Pardo]] instead of the country's Native languages, especially the languages in the Andes.<ref>Alfredo Torrero ''Historia social del quechua'' Lima</ref> In the beginning of the 21st century, it was estimated that in this multilingual country, about 50 very different and popular languages are spoken: which reduces to 44 languages if dialects are considered variants of the same language. The majority of these languages are [[indigenous peoples|Indigenous]], but the most common language is Spanish, the main language that about 94.4% of the population speaks. Spanish is followed by the country's Indigenous languages, especially all types of [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] (13.9% combined) and [[Aymara languages|Aymara]] (1.7%),<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1539/libro.pdf|title=Perú: Perfil Sociodemográfico|website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática|page=197}}</ref><ref name=":0" /> who also have co-official status according to Article 48 of the [[Constitution of Peru]],<ref name=Constitution>{{cite web|url=http://www.congreso.gob.pe/Docs/files/CONSTITUTION_27_11_2012_ENG.pdf|title=Political Constitution of Peru}}</ref> as well as the languages of the [[Amazon Basin|Amazon]] and the [[Peruvian Sign Language]]. In urban areas of the country, especially the coastal region, most people are [[monolingual]] and only speak Spanish, while in many rural areas of the country, especially in the Amazon, multilingual populations are prevalent.

== Linguistic situation ==
According to Peter Landerman, the [[Jesuits]] translated fragments of Christian scriptures into about 150 [[Indigenous languages]] of the Peruvian Amazon area. Of those, about 60 survive today.<ref>Gibson, Michael Luke (1996): [http://www-01.sil.org/americas/peru/show_work.asp?id=37696 ''El muniche: un idioma que se extingue''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140115075125/http://www-01.sil.org/americas/peru/show_work.asp?id=37696 |date=2014-01-15 }}. Serie Lingüística Peruana 42. Yarinacocha: [[SIL International|Summer Institute of Linguistics]].</ref>

=== Linguistic legislation ===
At the political level, Spanish is the official language of Peru and, in areas where they are common, Quechua, Aymara, and some other Indigenous languages are also the official language.<ref>[[Constitución política del Perú]], art.48, see 'Political Constitution of Peru'</ref>

=== Number of speakers ===
In Peru, there are close to 40 languages within the [[Amazon Rainforest]] which are usually grouped into 17 families and divide into close to 120 recognizable local varieties.

Population by Native Language:
{| class="wikitable"
! rowspan="2" |Language
! colspan="2" |1993<ref name=":0" />
! colspan="2" |2007 <ref name=":0" />
! colspan="2" |2017 <ref name=":0">{{Cite web |date=2017 |title=Resultados Definitivos de los Censos Nacionales 2017 |url=https://www.inei.gob.pe/media/MenuRecursivo/publicaciones_digitales/Est/Lib1544/ |access-date=12 December 2023 |website=Instituto Nacional de Estadística e Informática}}</ref>
|-
!<small>Total</small>
!Percentage<ref name="Respecto al_1">This number is relative to the number of respondents, it does not include the total population of Peru. </ref>
!<small>Total</small>
!Percentage<ref name="Respecto al_1" />
!<small>Total</small>
!Percentage<ref name="Respecto al_1" />
|-
!Total
|19,190,624
|100%
|24,687,537
|100%
|26,887,584
|100%
|-
!Spanish
|15,405,014
|80.3%
|20,718,227
|83.9%
|22,209,686
|82.6%
|-
!Quechua
|3,177,938
|16.6%
|3,261,750
|13.2%
|3,735,682
|13.9%
|-
!Aymara
|440,380
|2.3%
|434,370
|1.8%
|444,389
|1.7%
|-
!Ashaninka
|No data
|No data
|No data
|No data
|68,667
|0.3%
|-
!other Indigenous languages
|132,174
|0.7%
|223,194
|0.9%
|141,350
|0.5%
|-
!foreign languages
|35,118
|0.2%
|21,097
|0.1%
|48,910
|0.2%
|-
!Sign Language
|No data
|No data
|28,899
|0.1%
|10,447
|0.0%
|-
!No Response
|No data
|No data
|No data
|No data
|203,829
|0.8%
|}
[[File:Small language families in Peru.png|thumb|Small language families in Peru (20th century).]]
[[File:El quechua como lengua materna en el Perú (censo nacional 2017).png|thumb|Native speakers of Quechua in Peru (National census 2017)]]
[[File:El aimara como lengua materna en el Perú (censo nacional 2017).png|thumb|Native speakers of Aymara in Peru (National census 2017)]]
[[File:El español como lengua materna en el Perú (censo nacional 2017).png|thumb|Native speakers of Spanish in Peru (National census 2017)]]
[[File:Otras lenguas nativas (asháninka, aguaruna, etc.) como lengua materna en el Perú (censo nacional 2017).png|thumb|Other Native languages (Asháninka, Aguaruna, etc.) (National census 2017)]]

== Indigenous languages ==
[[Indigenous languages]] of Peru are primarily located in the central [[Andes]] and the Amazon rainforest. Many northern Andes languages were located along the northern coast and the northern Andes, but most of them died in the 19th century. The only Native languages in the Andes that are common are [[Quechuan languages|Quechua]], [[Aymaran languages|Aymara]], [[Jaqaru]], and [[Kawki]]; while in the Amazon region, there is an abundance of various Native languages. In the Amazon, the most common languages are [[Asháninka language|Asháninka]] and [[Aguaruna language|Aguaruna]]. There are more than 15 defined [[linguistic families]] in Peru's territory and another 15 or more languages that are isolated or not classified.

The actual number of languages in Peru could have exceeded 300. Some authors even say that there could have been 700 languages. However, since the conquering of Latin America by Spain and after Peru's independence, the disappearance of Indigenous people (because of conquest and mixing of languages) and discrimination against Indigenous languages because of mixed populations, as well as the Peruvian government (which imposed [[Spanish language|Spanish]]), led to the number of Indigenous languages dropping to fewer than 150. Today the number of Indigenous languages is still large, but much less than it used to be. The following list shows the languages spoken today in Peru and those that went extinct since the 20th century.

=== Classification ===
The [[Indigenous languages]] of Peru belong to more than 15 language families, and some isolated or unclassified languages, which are extinct today (represented in the table as †), are also documented to more than 15 languages. The following list organizes more than 95 languages within existing and extinct languages:

{| class="wikitable"
|+ Classification of Indigenous Languages in Peru
|-
!Family
! colspan="2" |Group
!Language
!Territory
|-
| rowspan="3" |'''[[Aymaran languages|Aru]]'''
A family that is well-known demographically and historically, the north branch suffered from the expansion of Quechua, while the south branch still has many speakers today.
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''[[Northern Aru]]'''
|[[Jaqaru]]
|[[Yauyos]]
|-
|[[Kawki]]
|[[Yauyos]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''[[Southern Aru]]'''
|[[Aymaran languages|Aymara]]
|[[Puno]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |'''[[Aruanas languages|Aruanas]]'''
A small family with languages in Brazil and Peru. Some authors and scholars consider these languages related to Arawak.
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''[[Dení-kulina]]'''
|[[Kulina language|Kulina]]
|[[Ucayali]]
|-
| rowspan="13" |'''[[Arawak]]'''
This is the family with the most languages in South America.
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Northern'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''North Amazonian'''
|[[Resígaro]]
|[[Loreto Region|Loreto]]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="12" |'''Southern'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |'''Southwest'''
|Iñapari '''(†)'''
|[[Department of Madre de Dios|Madre de Dios]]
|-
|Mashko-Piro '''(†)'''
|Madre de Dios
|-
|[[Yine language|Yine]]
|Madre de Dios, Ucayali, Loreto
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="7" |'''[[Rural]]'''
|[[Asháninca]]
|[[Cuzco]]
|-
|[[Asheninca]]
|Cuzco
|-
|[[Axininca]]
|Cuzco
|-
|[[Campa de Pajonal]]
the hack
|-
|[[Caquinte]]
|Cuzco
|-
|[[Machiguenga]]
|Cuzco
|-
|[[Nomatsiguenga]]
|Cuzco
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |'''Amuesha-Chamicuro'''
|[[Yanesha' language|Amuesha]]
|[[Cuzco]]
|-
|[[Chamicuro]] '''(†)'''
|Loreto
|-
| rowspan="8" |'''[[Bora-witoto]]'''
Some scholars question whether the [[Bora language|Bora]] languages and the [[Witoto]] languages form a single family due to the large diversity between the 2 groups.
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''[[Bora language|Bora]]'''
|[[Bora language|Bora]]
|Loreto
|-
|[[Muinane]]
|Loreto
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="6" |'''[[Witoto]]'''
|Coixama
|Loreto
|-
|Meneca
|[[Department of Amazonas, Peru|Amazonas Department]]
|-
|Murui
|
|-
|Nonuya
|
|-
|[[Nüpode witoto]]
|Loreto
|-
|[[Ocaina]]
|Loreto
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |'''[[Cahuapanas]]'''
|[[Cayahuita-Cahuapana]] '''(†)'''
|Loreto
|-
|[[Jébero]]
|Loreto
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |'''[[Candoshi-chirino]]'''
|[[Candoshi]]
|Loreto
|-
|[[Chirino language|Chirino]] '''(†)'''
|Amazonas, [[Department of Cajamarca|Cajamarca]]
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |'''Harákmbet'''
|[[Amarakaeri language|Amarakaeri]]
|Madre de Dios
|-
|[[Huachipaeri language|Huachipaeri]]
|Madre de Dios
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="2" |'''[[Hibito-cholón]]'''
|[[Cholón District|Cholón]]
|[[San Martín Region|San Martín]]
|-
|[[Hibito]]
|San Martín
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |'''[[Jivaro languages|Jívaras]]'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''[[Aguaruna language|Aguaruna]]'''
|[[Aguaruna language|Aguaruna]]
|[[Amazonas (Peruvian department)|Amazonas]], [[Cajamarca]], [[San Martín Region|San Martín]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''[[Shuar-Huambisa]]'''
|[[Achuar language|Achuar]]
|Loreto
|-
|[[Huambisa language|Huambisa]]
|Amazonas, Loreto
|-
| rowspan="20" |'''[[Pano-tacanas]]'''
One of the families with the most different languages in Peru.
| colspan="1" rowspan="19" |'''[[Panoan languages|Pano]]'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" |'''[[Yaminawa]]'''
|[[Amahuaca]]
|Madre de Dios, [[Ucayali]]
|-
|Cashinahua
|Ucayali
|-
|Sharanahua
|Ucayali
|-
|Yaminawa
|Ucayali
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |'''Chacobo'''
|Arazaire '''(†)'''
|Cuzco
|-
|Atsahuaca '''(†)'''
|Madre de Dios
|-
|Yamiaca '''(†)'''
|Madre de Dios
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="6" |'''Capanawa'''
|Capanahua
|Loreto
|-
|Isconahua
|Ucayali
|-
|Marubo
|Ucayali
|-
|[[Pánobo]] '''(†)'''
|Loreto
|-
|Remo '''(†)'''
|Loreto
|-
|[[Shipibo]]
|Ucayali
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="6" |'''Others'''
|Cashibo
|Ucayali, [[Huánuco]]
|-
|Mayo-Pisabo
|Loreto
|-
|Mayoruna
|Loreto
|-
|Nahua
|Cuzco, Madre de Dios, Ucayali
|-
|Nocamán '''(†)'''
|Ucayali
|-
|Sensi '''(†)'''
|Loreto
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="1" |'''[[Tacano]]'''
|[[Ese'ejja]]
|Madre de Dios
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="3" |'''[[Peba-yagua]]'''
|Peba '''(†)'''
|Loreto
|-
|Yagua
|Loreto
|-
|Yameo '''(†)'''
|Loreto
|-
| rowspan="12" |'''[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]]'''
These languages make a family of different languages, and not every variety of Quechua is known yet.
| colspan="1" rowspan="4" |'''Quechua I'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |'''Central Quechua I'''
|[[Quechua ancashino]]
|[[Ancash]]
|-
|[[Quechua huanca]]
|[[Junín Region|Junín]]
|-
|[[Quechua yaru]]
|Junín, [[Pasco Province|Pasco]]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="1" |'''Peripheral Quechua I'''
|[[Quechua de Pacaraos]]
|Distrito de Pacaraos(Huaral)
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="8" |'''Quechua II'''
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |'''Quechua II-A'''
|[[Quechua cajamarquino]]
|[[Provincia de Cajamarca]]
|-
|[[Quechua Incawasi-Cañaris]]
|Distritos de [[Incahuasi]] y [[Cañaris District|Cañaris]]
|-
|[[Quechua yauyino]]
|[[Provincia de Yauyos]]
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="3" |'''Quechua II-B'''
|[[Quechua chachapoyano]]
|Provincias de [[Chachapoyas Province|Chachapoyas]] y [[Luya]]
|-
|[[Quechua lamista]]
|[[Provincia de Lamas]], [[Valle del Huallaga]]
|-
|[[Quichua norteño]]
|Loreto
|-
| colspan="1" rowspan="2" |'''Quechua II-C'''
|[[Quechua ayacuchano]]
|[[Ayacucho]], [[Huancavelica]]
|-
|[[Quechua cuzqueño]]
|[[Cuzco]]
|-
| rowspan="4" |'''[[Tallán-sechura]]'''
This family is a group of languages that are not well known, which have been extinct since the end of the 18th century or beginning of the 19th century. The only information that exists from this language are some lists of vocabulary.
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''[[Atallano]]'''
|Catacaos
|[[Distrito de Catacaos]]
|-
|Colán
|[[Distrito de Colán]]
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''[[Sechura]]'''
|Olmos
|[[Distrito de Olmos]]
|-
|Sechura
|[[Provincia de Sechura]]
|-
| rowspan="1" |'''Tucanas'''
This family is formed by many local languages in the south of Colombia and in parts of Brazil.
| rowspan="1" |'''Western'''
| rowspan="1" |'''Southwestern'''
|Orejón
|[[Loreto Region|Loreto]]
|-
| rowspan="2" |'''[[Tupian languages|Tupí]]'''
This is the family with the most languages in South America, especially in Brazil.
| rowspan="2" |'''[[tupí-guaraní]]'''
| rowspan="2" |'''subgroup III'''
|[[Cocama-cocamilla]]
|[[Loreto Region|Loreto]]
|-
|[[Omagua]]
|Loreto
|-
| rowspan="6" |'''[[Záparas]]'''
| colspan="2" rowspan="2" |'''Group I'''
|[[Cahuarano]] '''(†)'''?
|Loreto
|-
|[[Iquito]]
|Loreto
|-
| colspan="2" rowspan="4" |'''Group II'''
|[[Arabela language|Arabela]]
|Loreto
|-
|[[Andoa-shimigae]]'''(†)'''?
|Loreto
|-
|[[Conambo]] '''(†)'''
|Loreto
|-
|[[Zápara language|Záparo]] '''(†)'''?
|Loreto
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="8" |'''Isolated Languages'''
|[[Culli]] '''(†)'''
|[[La libertad]], [[Cajabamba Province|Cajabamba]]
|-
|[[Mochica language|Mochica]] '''(†)'''
|[[Departamento de Lambayeque]]
|-
|[[Munichi]] '''(†)'''
|Loreto
|-
|[[Puquina]] '''(†)'''
|Alrededor del lago Titicaca
|-
|[[Quingnam]] '''(†)'''
|[[Lima]], [[Ancash]], [[La Libertad Region|La Libertad]]
|-
|[[Taushiro]]
|Loreto
|-
|[[Ticuna language|Ticuna]]
|Loreto
|-
|[[Urarina language|Urarina]]
|Loreto
|-
| colspan="3" rowspan="9" |'''Unclassified Languages'''
There exists a group of languages with rare documentation and references to extinct villages, that cannot be classified due to lack of information. For more examples, see [[List of unclassified languages of South America]].
|[[Aguano]] '''(†)'''
|Loreto
|-
|[[Bagua language|Bagua]] '''(†)'''
|Amazonas, Cajamarca
|-
|[[Chacha language|Chacha]] '''(†)'''
|La Libertad, San Martín
|-
|[[Copallén language|Copallén]] '''(†)'''
|Amazonas
|-
|[[Omurano]] '''(†)'''(zápara?)
|departamento
|-
|[[Patagon language (Peru)|Patagón]] '''(†)'''(caribe?)
|Amazonas, Cajamarca
|-
|[[Sacata]] '''(†)'''
|Cajamarca
|-
|[[Tabancale language|Tabancale]] '''(†)'''
|Cajamarca
|-
|[[Terikaka]] '''(†)'''(zápara?)
|Loreto
|}

=== Quechua ===
[[Quechuan languages|Quechua]] is the second language of Peru, in terms of number of speakers. It is the official language in areas where it is the dominant language, even though from a linguistic point of view, it's a family of related languages. (''[[Ethnologue]]'' assigns separate language codes to more than 25 varieties of Quechua in Peru.)
[[File:Quechua_(subgrupos).svg|thumb|Geographic distribution of the first divisions of the Quechua family]]

=== Aymara ===
[[Aymaran languages|Aymara]] has the third largest number of speakers within Peru, with about half a million speakers in the country.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.tripsavvy.com/languages-of-peru-1619678|title=The Many Languages of Peru|website=www.tripsavvy.com|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://minorityrights.org/minorities/aymara-and-highland-quechua/|title=Aymara|website=minorityrights.org|access-date=28 January 2021}}</ref> It is most common in the southern part of the country, in parts of [[Puno]], [[Moquegua]], and [[Tacna]].

=== Amazonian languages ===
The rest of the Indigenous languages of Peru have more than 105 thousand speakers in total,<ref>Adelaar, 2004, pp. 610-624.</ref> and are located mostly in the east and north part of the country, specifically in Loreto, Madre de Dios, and Ucayali. The northern part of Peru (Loreto) is probably the most diverse part of the country from a linguistic standpoint since that part contains an abundance of the small families of languages and isolated languages.
[[File:Pano-Takanan_languages.png|thumb|Pano-Takanan languagesPano languages (dark green) and Takana languages (clear green). The points indicate documented locations of the languages.]]
In northern Peru, there are 5 small families of languages: [[Cahuapana]], [[Jívara]], [[Zápara language|Zápara]], [[Peba-yagua]], and [[Bora-witoto]]. These families of languages are mostly spoken in [[Loreto Region|Loreto]], but also in areas connected to [[Brazil]], [[Colombia]], and [[Ecuador]]. The majority of these groups were destroyed in the "Rubber Boom" at the beginning of the 20th century. In the Putumayo river region, the population fell from 50 thousand to between 7-10 thousand within the first decade of the 20th century.

In the [[Ucayali]] area, [[Panoan languages|Pano]] languages are most common, while in the high jungle of the [[Ucayali River]] basin the southern [[Arahuaca]] languages are most common.

In the Peruvian Amazon over forty languages, which are usually grouped into 14 families and diversifying about 120 recognizable local varieties are spoken.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://iinei.inei.gob.pe/iinei/RedatamCpv2007.asp?id=CensosNacionales |title=Censos Nacionales 2007 (Archived copy apparently broken) |access-date=2013-09-10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130910140319/http://iinei.inei.gob.pe/iinei/RedatamCpv2007.asp?id=CensosNacionales |archive-date=2013-09-10 }}</ref>

== Other minority languages ==
{{Unreferenced section|date=March 2023}}
A [[foreign language]] of a territory is a language whose historical origin is known and falls outside of said that territory and arrived in this territory through conquest, immigration, or colonization.

=== Sign language ===
The sign language of Peru ([[Peruvian Sign Language]]) is used by the deaf community in the country. The 2007 census did not include any questions about the LSP, but this was corrected in 2017.

=== Other foreign languages ===
In addition to Spanish, which is the most common foreign language, there exist other languages that also did not originate in Peru, and are spoken due to the results of migration.

While it is true that there are many foreign colonies in [[Peru]], the majority of these abandoned their original language. Within the first communities of immigrants lived people from [[Japan]], [[China]], and in smaller amounts people from [[Germany]] (central jungle in [[Pozuzo]] and [[Oxapampa]]), [[Italy]] (urban areas of [[Lima]] and [[Arequipa]]), and [[Arabic]] and [[Hindi]] ([[Urdu]]) areas.<ref>{{cite web |title= Peru Population 2019 (Demographics, Maps, Graphs) |url=http://worldpopulationreview.com/countries/peru-population/|publisher = World Population Review}}</ref> These last two are due to the recent waves of immigrants from [[Palestine (region)|Palestine]] and [[Pakistan]] (especially to the southern department of [[Department of Tacna|Tacna]]). [[French language|French]] is also a language that is rooted in Loreto due to a campaign by the [[French Alliance]].<ref>{{cite book|url=http://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/oif_synthese_anglais_001-024.pdf|title=The French Language Worldwide 2014|publisher=Nathan|isbn=978-2-09-882654-0|location=Paris|access-date=2015-08-11|via=Francophonie.org|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011003943/https://www.francophonie.org/IMG/pdf/oif_synthese_anglais_001-024.pdf|archive-date=2017-10-11|url-status=dead}}</ref> French was well received in the Peruvian population, especially in Iquitos. Lately [[English language|English]] has also had a big influence due to the number of tourists and American/British residence. [[Portuguese language|Portuguese]] is also used in areas like Ucayali, Loreto, and Madre de Dios. These areas border [[Brazil]], whose official language is Portuguese.

==Use in government==
Historically name registers only captured Spanish or Western-inspired names. In 2019 the government began encouraging the use of Indigenous names in name registers.<ref>{{cite web|author=Collyns, Dan|url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2019/apr/04/peru-indigenous-names-public-records|title=Call me by my name: Peru promotes use of indigenous names in public records|work=[[The Guardian]]|date=2019-04-04|access-date=2019-10-28}}</ref>

== See also ==
* [[Demographics of Peru]]
* [[Quechuan and Aymaran spelling shift]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==

* Adelaar, Willem F. H.; & Muysken, Pieter C. (2004): ''The languages of the Andes''. Cambridge language surveys. [[Cambridge University Press]]. {{ISBN|978-0-521-36275-7}}
* Dixon & Alexandra Y. Aikhenvald (eds.) (1999): ''The Amazonian languages''. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press, {{ISBN|978-0-521-57021-3}}.

==External links==
*{{in lang|es}} [http://www.resonancias.org/content/read/355/ Resonancias.org] –  Aboriginal languages of Peru
*{{in lang|es}} [https://web.archive.org/web/20091027113514/http://es.geocities.com/ciphg/index.html  Center of Peruvian Studies]
*{{in lang|ja}} [http://www.mucha-suerte.com/merumaga/2003.12.31.html Mucha-suerte.com] – ペルー トルヒージョ 2003年12月31日(水)
* [http://www.ethnologue.com/show_map.asp?name=PE&seq=10 Linguistic Map of Peru]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071021133000/http://resonancias.org/ns/content.php?id=355&style=1 Resonancias.org] – Indigenous Languages of Peru.
* [http://lenguasdelperu.webcindario.com/ Center of Peruvian Investigation]
* [http://www.sil.org/americas/peru/html/nav/pubIndex_sp.html Summer Language Institute - Perú]

{{Languages of Peru}}
{{South America in topic|Languages of}}
{{South American languages}}
{{Authority control}}

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[[Category:Languages of Peru| ]]