View source for Lamu

{{Short description|Town in Lamu County, Kenya}}
{{distinguish|Laamu (disambiguation){{!}}Laamu}}
{{about|the city|the county this city is located in|Lamu County|Loloish language of China|Lamu language}}
{{Use Kenyan English|date=March 2014}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2014}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Lamu
| native_name        = 
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = Town
| image_skyline      = Lamu, Lamu Island, Kenya.jpg
| image_caption      = 
| pushpin_map        = Kenya#Horn of Africa#Africa
| pushpin_map_caption = Location within Kenya##Location within the Horn of Africa##Location within Africa
| pushpin_relief     = 
| coordinates        = {{coord|2|16|10|S|40|54|8|E|display=inline,title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{flagu|Kenya}}
| subdivision_type1  = [[Counties of Kenya|County]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Lamu County]]
| established_title  = Founded
| established_date   = 1370
| leader_title       = 
| leader_name        = 
| area_total_km2     = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 
| elevation_ft       = 
| population_footnotes = <ref name =Census2019>{{cite web|url=https://www.knbs.or.ke/?wpdmpro=2019-kenya-population-and-housing-census-volume-ii-distribution-of-population-by-administrative-units&wpdmdl=5728&ind=MT12f0IDWVM-a0J2dc3Xi42qelbruMwR0a7XIWb0iAwnedEVNBjd_1FEwMun_eI5 |title=2019 Kenya Population and Housing Census Volume II: Distribution of Population by Administrative Units
 |access-date=28 March 2020 |website=Kenya National Bureau of Statistics| df=dmy }}</ref>
| population_total   = 25385
| population_as_of   = 2019
| population_density_km2 = 
| timezone           = [[East Africa Time|EAT]]
| utc_offset         = +3
| website            = 
| footnotes          = {{Infobox UNESCO World Heritage Site
| child         = yes
| official_name = Lamu Old Town
| criteria      = {{UNESCO WHS type|(ii), (iv), (vi)}}(ii), (iv), (vi)
| ID            = 1055
| year          = 2001
| area          = {{convert|15.6|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
| buffer_zone   = {{convert|1,200|ha|acre|abbr=on}}
}}
}}

{{see also|Lamu cat}}
[[File:Lamu coast.jpg|thumb|View of the seaside, Lamu Town|181x181px]]
'''Lamu''' or '''Lamu Town''' is a small town on [[Lamu Island]], which in turn is a part of the [[Lamu Archipelago]] in [[Kenya]]. Situated {{convert|341|km}} by road northeast of [[Mombasa]] that ends at [[Mokowe]] Jetty, from where the sea channel has to be crossed to reach Lamu Island, it is the headquarter of [[Lamu County]] and a [[UNESCO World Heritage Site]].

The town contains the [[Lamu Fort]] on the seafront, constructed under [[Fumo Madi ibn Abi Bakr]], the [[Rulers of Pate|Sultan of Pate]], and was completed after his death in the early 1820s. Lamu is also home to 23 mosques, including the Riyadha Mosque, built in 1900, and a donkey sanctuary.<ref>{{Cite news |author=Cheti Praxides|title=Lamu youth dodging mosque time; where exactly are they? |url=https://www.the-star.co.ke/counties/coast/2023-03-27-lamu-youth-dodging-mosque-time-where-exactly-are-they/ |access-date=2023-06-08 |newspaper=[[The Star (Kenya)|The Star]] |language=en-KE}}</ref>

==History==

===Early history===
The original name of the town is Amu,<ref>Romero, Patricia (1997). ''Lamu. History, Society, and Family in an East African Port City''. Marcus Wiener Publishers, p. 10</ref> which the Arabs termed Al-Amu (الآمو) and the Portuguese "Lamon". The Portuguese applied the name to the entire island as Amu was the chief settlement.

Lamu Town on Lamu Island is Kenya's oldest continually inhabited town, and was one of the original [[Swahili people|Swahili]] settlements along coastal East Africa, believed to have been established in 1370.<ref name="TIK">{{cite book|title=This is Kenya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TUtrgTb9hZ8C&pg=PA18|year=2005|publisher=Struik|isbn=978-1-84537-151-7|page=18}}</ref>

Today, the majority of Lamu's population is [[Islam in Kenya|Muslim]].<ref>Oded, Arye (2000). ''Islam and Politics in Kenya''. [[Lynne Rienner Publishers]], p. 11</ref>

The town was first attested in writing by an Arab traveller Abu-al-Mahasini, who met a judge from Lamu visiting [[Mecca]] in 1441.

In 1506, the [[Portugal|Portuguese]] fleet under [[Tristão da Cunha]] sent a ship to blockade Lamu. A few days later the rest of the fleet arrived forcing the king of the town to quickly concede to pay an annual tribute to them with 600 Meticals immediately.<ref>[[Strandes, Justus]] (1971). "The Portuguese in East Africa". East African Literature Bureau. p.66.</ref>  The Portuguese action was prompted by the nation's successful mission to control trade along the coast of the Indian Ocean. For a considerable time, Portugal had a monopoly on shipping along the East African coast and imposed export taxes on pre-existing local channels of commerce. In the 1580s, prompted by Turkish raids, Lamu led a rebellion against the Portuguese. In 1652, Oman assisted Lamu to resist Portuguese control.

==="Golden Age"===
Lamu's years as an Omani protectorate during the period from the late 17th century to the early 19th century mark the town's golden age. Lamu was governed as a republic under a council of elders, known as the ''Yumbe'', who ruled from a palace in the town; little exists of the palace today other than a ruined plot of land.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=555}}  During this period, Lamu became a centre of poetry, politics, arts and crafts as well as trade. Many of the buildings of the town were constructed during this period in a distinct classical style.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=555}}  Aside from its thriving arts and crafts trading, Lamu became a literary and scholastic centre. Woman writers such as the poet [[Mwana Kupona]] – famed for her ''Advice on the Wifely Duty'' – had a higher status in Lamu than was the convention in Kenya at the time.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=555}}

In 1812, a coalition Pate-[[Mazrui]] army invaded the archipelago during the [[Battle of Shela]]. They landed at Shela with the intention of capturing Lamu and completing the fort which had begun to be constructed. However, they were violently suppressed by the locals in their boats on the beach as they tried to flee.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=555}} In fear of future attacks, Lamu appealed to the Omanis for a [[Busaidi]] garrison to operate at the new fort and help protect the area from Mazrui rebels along the Kenyan coast.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=555}}

===Colonial period===
In the middle of the 19th century, Lamu came under the political influence of the [[sultan of Zanzibar]].
The Germans claimed [[Wituland]] in June 1885.{{sfn|McIntyre|McIntyre|2013|p=22}} The Germans considered Lamu to be of strategical importance and an ideal place for a base.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|2009|p=330}} From 22 November 1888 to 3 March 1891, there was a German post office in Lamu to facilitate communication within the German protectorate in the sultanate. It was the first post office to be established on the East African coast; today there is a museum in Lamu dedicated to it: the German Post Office Museum.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museums.or.ke/content/view/53/24/|title=Lamu: German Post Office Historical – Background|publisher=National Museums of Kenya|access-date=9 December 2013|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160624142945/http://www.museums.or.ke/content/view/53/24/|archive-date=24 June 2016|df=dmy-all}}</ref> In 1890, Lamu came under [[Kenya Colony|British colonial rule]] as stipulated in the terms of the [[Heligoland–Zanzibar Treaty]]. Kenya gained political independence in 1963, although the influence of the Kenyan central government has remained low, and Lamu continues to enjoy some degree of local autonomy.{{citation needed|date=February 2021}}

===Modern Lamu===
{{see also|2014 Lamu attacks}}[[File:Lamu Fort Museum's.jpg|thumb|[[Lamu Fort]] Museum|180x180px]]

In a 2010 report titled ''[[Saving Our Vanishing Heritage]]'', [[Global Heritage Fund]] identified Lamu as one of 12 worldwide sites most "On the Verge" of irreparable loss and damage, citing insufficient management and development pressure as primary causes.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/ |title=GHF |publisher=Global Heritage Fund |access-date=9 December 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120820022935/http://globalheritagefund.org/index.php/what_we_do/sites_on_the_verge/ |archive-date=20 August 2012 }}</ref>

While the terror group [[Al-Shabaab (militant group)|Al Shabaab]] kidnappings had placed Lamu off-limits in September 2011, by early 2012 the island was considered safe. On 4 April 2012, the US Department of State lifted its Lamu travel restriction.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://nairobi.usembassy.gov/emergency-messages-for-u.s.-citizens/security-message-and-travel-warning-april-4-2012/ |title=Security message and Travel Warning (April 4, 2012) &#124; Embassy of the United States |publisher=Nairobi.usembassy.gov |access-date=9 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131213183916/http://nairobi.usembassy.gov/emergency-messages-for-u.s.-citizens/security-message-and-travel-warning-april-4-2012/ |archive-date=13 December 2013 |url-status=dead }}</ref>  However, two attacks in the vicinity of Lamu in July 2014, for which Al Shabaab claimed responsibility, led to the deaths of 29 people.<ref name=Reuters>{{cite news|last1=Akwiri|first1=Joseph|title=Gunmen kill at least 29 in latest raids on Kenyan coast|url=https://www.reuters.com/article/us-kenya-attacks-idUSKBN0FB05R20140706|publisher=Reuters|access-date=7 July 2014}}</ref>

On March 17, 2025, around 10 al-Shabaab members with [[AK-47]]s entered the village and gathered all the Muslim residents of the village to preach about Islam, which then a 100 more members started incursions unto the village, which caused Kenyan forces to launch an operation against them.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2025-03-17 |title=Rag ka tirsan al-Shabaab oo galay tuulo ku taalla Kenya khudbadna ka jeediyay |trans-title=Al-Shabaab militants enter Kenyan village and deliver speech |url=https://www.bbc.com/somali/articles/cx2r9d9ylzmo |access-date=2025-03-17 |website=[[BBC Somali Service]] |language=so}}</ref>
==Climate==
Lamu has a [[Tropical savanna climate|tropical dry savanna climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification]] ''As'').
{{Weather box|width = 75%
|location = Lamu
|single line = Yes
|metric first = Yes
|temperature colour = pastel
|Jan high C = 30.9
|Feb high C = 31.3
|Mar high C = 32.1
|Apr high C = 31.1
|May high C = 29.0
|Jun high C = 28.0
|Jul high C = 27.4
|Aug high C = 27.5
|Sep high C = 28.3
|Oct high C = 29.5
|Nov high C = 30.8
|Dec high C = 31.2
|year high C = 29.8
|Jan low C = 24.5
|Feb low C = 24.7
|Mar low C = 25.5
|Apr low C = 25.6
|May low C = 24.5
|Jun low C = 23.7
|Jul low C = 23.2
|Aug low C = 23.1
|Sep low C = 23.5
|Oct low C = 24.3
|Nov low C = 24.6
|Dec low C = 24.6
|year low C = 24.3
|rain colour = green
|Jan rain mm = 6
|Feb rain mm = 4
|Mar rain mm = 25
|Apr rain mm = 130
|May rain mm = 329
|Jun rain mm = 164
|Jul rain mm = 75
|Aug rain mm = 40
|Sep rain mm = 39
|Oct rain mm = 40
|Nov rain mm = 39
|Dec rain mm = 28
|Jan rain days = 1
|Feb rain days = 1
|Mar rain days = 3
|Apr rain days = 10
|May rain days = 15
|Jun rain days = 15
|Jul rain days = 11
|Aug rain days = 8
|Sep rain days = 7
|Oct rain days = 5
|Nov rain days = 6
|Dec rain days = 3
|source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organization]]<ref name = WMO >
{{cite web
| url = http://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1796
| title = World Weather Information Service – Lamu
| publisher= World Meteorological Organization
| access-date = 31 August 2016}}</ref>
}}

==Economy==
[[File:Bord de mer de Lamu.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|Activity on the waterfront]]
Lamu's economy was based on the [[Slave trade in Africa|slave trade]] until  its abolition in the year 1907.<ref>{{cite book|title=Transafrican Journal of History|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=0SQtAQAAIAAJ|year=1980|publisher=East African Publishing House|page=110}}</ref> Other traditional exports included [[ivory]], [[mangrove]], turtle shells and [[rhinoceros]] horn, which were shipped via the Indian Ocean to the Middle East and India. In addition to the abolition of slavery, construction of the [[Rail transport in Kenya|Uganda Railroad]] in 1901 (which started from the competing port of Mombasa) significantly hampered Lamu's economy.

Tourism has gradually benefited the local economy in early 2000's, Lamu is a popular destination for backpackers. Many of the locals are involved in providing trips on [[dhow]]s to tourists.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=565}} 
Harambee Avenue is noted for its cuisine, and has a range of stores, Coconut, mango and grapefruit and seafood such as crab and lobster are common ingredients.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=568}} The town contains a central market.
[[File:Window, Stone House Hotel in Lamu, Kenya (June 30, 2001).jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|View from Stone House Hotel]]
The oldest hotel in the town, Petley's Inn, is situated on the waterfront.<ref name="TIK"/>
Other hotels include recently renovated Amu House, the 20-room Bahari Hotel, Doda Villas, the Swedish-owned Jannat House, the 3-storey 23-room Lamu Palace Hotel, the 13-room Stone House Hotel, which was converted from an 18th-century house, and the 18-room Sunsail Hotel, a former trader's house on the waterfront with high ceilings.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=561}}

[[Mangrove]]s are harvested for building poles, and Lamu has a sizeable artisan community, including boat building and making ornate doors and furniture.<ref name="TIK"/>

The town is served by [[Lamu District Hospital]] to the south of the main centre, operated by the Ministry of Health. It was established in the 1980s,<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.cmkn.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=79&Itemid=115|title=THE SAD CASE OF MOKOWE LAMU DISTRICT HOSPITAL|publisher=Cmkn.org|access-date=9 December 2013}}</ref> and is one of the best-equipped hospitals on the Kenyan coast.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|2009|p=328}}

The [[Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor|Lamu Port]] at [[Manda Island|Manda Bay]], the cornerstone of the [[Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor|LAPSSET project]],<ref>{{Cite web |title=LAPSSET Corridor Development Authority – Building Transformative and Game Changer Infrastructure for a Seamless Connected Africa |url=https://lapsset.go.ke/ |access-date=2024-04-07 |language=en-US}}</ref> was first proposed in 1975, but only initiated in 2009 under [[Mwai Kibaki|President Mwai Kibaki]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2016-08-05 |title=A megaproject rises in East Africa |url=https://www.un.org/africarenewal/magazine/august-2016/megaproject-rises-east-africa |access-date=2024-04-07 |website=Africa Renewal |language=en}}</ref>  When international funding for the project was sought, the Chinese government seized the opportunity to make LAPSSET part of their [[String of Pearls (China)|String of Pearls]] geopolitical strategy.<ref>{{cite news|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/01/12/world/africa/12lamu.html?partner=rss&emc=rss|title=Future Kenya Port Could Mar Pristine Land|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=12 January 2010 |access-date=9 December 2013|last1=Gettleman |first1=Jeffrey }}</ref>

==Notable landmarks==
The town was founded in the 14th century and it contains many fine examples of [[Swahili (people)|Swahili]] architecture. The old city is inscribed on the [[World Heritage List]] as "the oldest and best-preserved Swahili settlement in East Africa".

Once a centre for the [[History of slavery|slave trade]], the population of Lamu is ethnically diverse. Lamu was on the main Arabian trading routes, and as a result, the population is largely [[Muslim]].{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=566}} To respect the Muslim inhabitants, tourists in town are expected to wear more than shorts or bikinis.

There are several museums, including the [[Lamu Museum]], home to the island's ceremonial [[horn (anatomy)|horn]] (called ''siwa'');{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|2009|p=343}} other museums are dedicated to [[Swahili culture]] and to the local [[Mail|postal service]]. Notable buildings in Lamu town include:

===Lamu Fort===

Lamu Fort is a fort in the town. [[Fumo Madi ibn Abi Bakr]], the [[Rulers of Pate|sultan of Pate]], started to build the fort on the seafront, to protect members of his unpopular government. He died in 1809, before the first storey of the fort was completed. The fort was completed by the early 1820s.

===Riyadha Mosque===
[[File:Riadha Mosque in Lamu.jpg|thumb|Riadha Mosque in Lamu]]
[[Habib Salih]], a [[Sharif]] from Comoros Island with family connections to the [[Hadramaut]], [[Yemen]], settled on Lamu in the 1880s, and became a highly respected religious teacher. Habib Salih had great success gathering students around him, and in 1892 the Riyadha Mosque was built.{{sfn|Briggs|2010|p=204}} He opened up the doors of knowledge to everyone, introduced [[Simthud Durar|Habshi ''Maulidi'']], where his students sang verse passages accompanied by tambourines. After his death in 1935 his sons continued the [[madrassa]], which became one of the most prestigious centres for Islamic studies in East Africa. The Mosque is the centre for Islamic Studies and the Maulidi Festival, which is held every year during the last week of the month of the [[Muhammad|Prophet]]'s birth. During this festival, pilgrims from [[Sudan]], [[Democratic Republic of the Congo|Congo]], [[Uganda]], [[Zanzibar]] and [[Tanzania]] join the locals to sing the praise of Mohammad. Mnarani Mosque is also of note.

===Donkey sanctuary===
[[File:Lamu Donkey Sanctuary.jpg|thumb|Lamu Donkey Sanctuary]]
Since the island has no motorised vehicles, transportation and other heavy work is done with the help of donkeys. There are some 3000 donkeys on the island.{{sfn|Fitzpatrick|2009|p=330}} Dr. [[Elisabeth Svendsen]] of [[The Donkey Sanctuary]] in England first visited Lamu in 1985. Worried by the conditions for the donkeys, the Sanctuary was opened in 1987.{{sfn|Trillo|2002|p=566}} The Sanctuary provides treatment to all donkeys free of charge.

==Culture==
[[File:Lamu Boats.jpg|thumb|upright=1.25|Dhows competition during the Lamu cultural festival 2012]]
Lamu is home to the [[Maulidi]] Festival, held in January or February, which celebrates Mohammed's birth. It features a range of activities from "donkey races to [[dhow]]-sailing events and swimming competitions".{{sfn|Bain|Bruyn|Williams|2010|p=284}} The Lamu Cultural Festival, a colourful carnival, {{Sfn|Ham|Butler|Starnes|2012|p=215}} is usually held in the last week of August, which since 2000 has featured traditional dancing, crafts including ''kofia'' embroidery, and dhow races.{{sfn|Parkinson|Phillips|Gourlay|2006|p=219}} The Donkey Awards, with prizes given to the finest donkeys, are given in March/April.{{sfn|Parkinson|Phillips|Gourlay|2006|p=219}} Women's music in the town is also of note and they perform the ''[[chakacha]]'', a wedding dance. Men perform the ''hanzua'' (a sword dance) and wear ''[[kanzu]]s''.{{sfn|Senoga-Zake|1986|p=68}}

Lamu Old Town was designated as a UNESCO World Heritage site in 2001, based on 3 criteria:
* The architecture and urban structure of Lamu graphically demonstrate the cultural influences that have come together there over several hundred years from Europe, [[Arabia]], and [[India]], utilising traditional Swahili techniques to produce a distinct culture.
* The growth and decline of the seaports on the East African coast and interaction between the [[Bantu people|Bantu]], Arabs, [[Persian people|Persians]], Indians, and Europeans represents a significant cultural and economic phase in the history of the region which finds its most outstanding expression in Lamu Old Town.
* Its paramount trading role and its attraction for scholars and teachers gave Lamu an important religious function in the region, which it maintains to this day.<ref>[https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1055 Lamu Old Town], UNESCO</ref>

==Transport==
[[File:Lamu eseltransport.JPG|thumb|upright=1.25|Locals using a donkey for transport]]
In 2011, proposals were being advanced to build a deep-water port which would have much greater capacity in terms of depth of water, number of berths, and ability for vessels to arrive and depart at the same time than the country's main port at [[Mombasa]].<ref>''[[African Business]]'', May 2011</ref>

Manda Airport is located on Manda Island in the Lamu Archipelago of Lamu County on the western shore of the Indian Ocean, on the Kenya coast serves the Lamu and the county.

Its location is approximately 450 kilometres (280&nbsp;mi) by air, southeast of Nairobi International Airport, the country's largest civilian airport. Several airlines serves the area including, Air Kenya, Safari Link and Fly 540 — there are daily flights to Malindi, Mombasa and Nairobi.

==Notable residents==
* [[Ustadh Mau]] (born 1952),<!-- {{Q|113354989}} --> Muslim scholar, poet and imam<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kresse |first1=Kai |last2=Swaleh |first2=Kadara |date=February 6, 2023 |editor-first= |title=In this fragile world : Swahili poetry of commitment by Ustadh Mahmoud Mau |publisher=Brill |orig-date= |pages=10–29 |chapter=Ustadh Mahmoud Mau, mtu wa watu (“A man of the people”): poet, imam, and engaged local intellectual |doi=10.1163/9789004525726_003 |chapter-url= https://doi.org/10.1163/9789004525726_003 |isbn= 978-90-04-52571-9|name-list-style=amp}}</ref>

==In popular culture==
The song "Lamu"<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.michaelwsmith.com/ |title=Artist, Christian, Worship Leader – Community, News, Tour Dates, Cruise and More |publisher=Michael W. Smith |date=21 November 2013 |access-date=9 December 2013}}</ref> by Christian singer [[Michael W. Smith]] is inspired by the island. In the song, Smith refers to Lamu as "an island hideaway...the place we soon will be a rebirth from life's demise...where the world is still". The song is about running away from life's problems.

Lamu is the setting of [[Anthony Doerr]]'s short story "The Shell Collector" from his collection of stories by the same name.

Part of the events in the novel ''Our Wild Sex in Malindi'' (Chapters 14 and 15) by [[Andrei Gusev]] takes place in Lamu and on the neighboring [[Manda Island]].<ref>[http://mliterature.narod.ru/In_Malindi.htm  Review of  ''"Our Wild Sex in Malindi"''] on  the site of public fund "Union of writers of Moscow", 2020</ref><ref>[https://proza.ru/2018/02/25/7 "Наш жёсткий секс в Малинди" ''(Our Wild Sex in Malindi)''] by [[Andrei Gusev]], 2020.</ref>

Lamu is featured in [[Wilbur Smith]]'s novel ''[[Monsoon (novel)|Monsoon]]''.

Lamu is also the setting of the protagonist in three chapters of the novel ''Blue Yarn'' by Carrie Classon.

==See also==
* ''[[Juma and the Magic Jinn]]'', a United States children's picture book set on Lamu Island
* [[Lamu Port and Lamu-Southern Sudan-Ethiopia Transport Corridor]]
*[[List of Swahili settlements of the East African coast|Historic Swahili Settlements]]
*[[Swahili architecture]]

==References==
{{Reflist|25em}}
;Bibliography
*Allen, James de Vere: ''Lamu, with an appendix on Archaeological finds from the region of Lamu by [[Neville Chittick|H. Neville Chittick]].'' Nairobi: Kenya National Museums.
*{{cite book|last1=Bain|first1=Keith|last2=Bruyn|first2=Pippa de|last3=Williams|first3=Lizzie|title=Frommer's Kenya and Tanzania|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gtIuj0DenGwC&pg=PA284|date=22 April 2010|publisher=John Wiley & Sons|isbn=978-0-470-64546-8}}
*Beckwith, Carol and Fisher, Angela, Text: Hancock, Graham: "African Ark, People and Ancient Cultures of Ethiopia and the Horn of Africa," New York: Harry N. Abrams, Inc, 1990. {{ISBN|0-8109-1902-8}}
*{{cite book|last=Briggs|first=Philip|title=Kenya Highlights|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6EHI46DsW4gC&pg=PA204|year=2010|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-267-5}} 
*Couffer, Jack: "The Cats of Lamu." New York: The Lyons Press, c1998. {{ISBN|1-85410-568-X}}
*{{cite book |last=Eliot |first=Charles |title=The East African Protectorate |year=1966 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=0-7146-1661-3 }}
*{{cite book|last1=Engel|first1=Ulf|last2=Ramos|first2=Manuel João|title=African Dynamics in a Multipolar World|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=xQP_F_tA7ScC&pg=PA163|date=17 May 2013|publisher=BRILL|isbn=978-90-04-25650-7}}
*{{cite book|last=Fitzpatrick|first=Mary|title=East Africa|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q3e8P7XvcokC&pg=PA330|year=2009|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74104-769-1}}
*Ghaidan, Usam: ''Lamu:  A study of the Swahili town.''  Nairobi: [[East African Literature Bureau]], 1975. 
*{{cite book|last1=Ham|first1=Anthony|last2=Butler|first2=Stuart |first3=Dean |last3=Starnes|title=Lonely Planet Kenya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jvI-JTP35jMC&pg=PT215|date=1 June 2012|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74321-306-3}}
*{{cite book|last=Jackson|first=Guida M.|title=Women Leaders of Africa, Asia, Middle East, and Pacific: A Biographical Reference|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6y4DTgEkMCoC&pg=PA89|year=2009|publisher=Xlibris Corporation|isbn=978-1-4415-5843-5}}{{Self-published inline|certain=yes|date=December 2017}}
*{{cite book|last1=McIntyre|first1=Chris|last2=McIntyre|first2=Susan|title=Zanzibar|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Rtpv6DqJK6cC&pg=PA22|date=1 April 2013|publisher=Bradt Travel Guides|isbn=978-1-84162-458-7}}
* Naipaul, Shiva: North of South, An African Journey, 1978. Page 177 ff, Penguin Travel, {{ISBN|978-0-14-018826-4}}
*{{cite book|last1=Parkinson|first1=Tom|last2=Phillips|first2=Matt|last3=Gourlay|first3=Will|title=Kenya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=TTf0Aki6AUQC&pg=PA219|year=2006|publisher=Lonely Planet|isbn=978-1-74059-743-2}}
*[[A. H. J. Prins|Prins, A.H.J.]]: ''Sailing from Lamu: A Study of Maritime Culture in Islamic East Africa.'' Assen: van Gorcum & Comp., 1965.
*Romero, Patricia W.: ''Lamu: history, society, and family in an East African port city.'' Princeton, N.J.: Markus Wiener, c1997. {{ISBN|1-55876-106-3}}, {{ISBN|1-55876-107-1}}
*{{cite book|last=Senoga-Zake|first=George W.|title=Folk Music of Kenya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=yoJ-WGuOzLIC&pg=PA68|year=1986|publisher=Uzima Publishing House|isbn=978-9966-855-02-2}}
*{{cite book|last=Trillo|first=Richard|title=Kenya|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=99x5ea1Gq-cC&pg=PA566|year=2002|publisher=Rough Guides|isbn=978-1-85828-859-8}}

==External links==
{{wikivoyage|Lamu}}
{{Commons category|Lamu}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20150529214825/http://www.lamuisland.co.ke/ Official lamu island website]
* [http://www.ovpm.org/en/kenya/lamu Lamu on Organization of World Heritage Cities]
* [https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1055 UNESCO World Heritage Centre – Lamu Old Town]
* [http://www.aluka.org/action/showCompilationPage?doi=10.5555%2FAL.CH.COMPILATION.HERITAGE-SITE.LAMU+ARCHIPELAGO&ste= Lamu Collection Page in Aluka]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20111007061858/http://ghn.globalheritagefund.org/?id=992 Explore Lamu with Google Earth] on [[Global Heritage Network]]

{{Lamu Archipelago}}{{Ports in Kenya}}{{First and second-level administrative divisions of Kenya}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Lamu| ]]
[[Category:1370 establishments]]
[[Category:14th-century establishments in Africa]]
[[Category:Lamu Archipelago]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Kenya]]
[[Category:World Heritage Sites in Kenya]]
[[Category:Swahili people]]
[[Category:Swahili city-states]]
[[Category:Swahili architecture]]
[[Category:County capitals in Kenya]]
[[Category:Populated coastal places in Kenya]]
[[Category:Populated places established in the 1370s]]
[[Category:Populated places in Lamu County]]
[[Category:Road-inaccessible communities]]
[[Category:Ports and harbours of Kenya]]