View source for LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin

{{Short description|German rigid airship (1928–1940)}}
{{DISPLAYTITLE:LZ 127 ''Graf Zeppelin''}}
{{About|the first ''Graf Zeppelin''||Graf Zeppelin (disambiguation)}}

{{Use British English|date=October 2019}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2022}}
<!-- This article is a part of [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft]]. Please see [[Wikipedia:WikiProject Aircraft/page content]] for recommended layout. -->
{{Infobox aircraft
| name            = LZ 127 ''Graf Zeppelin''
| image           = ZeppelinLZ127a.jpg
| alt             = A black-and-white (sepia) image of a cigar-shaped airship flying from right to left over a crowd of people. Four of its five engines and the gondola are visible, as is the registration D-LZ127.
| type            = Commercial passenger airship
| national_origin = Germany
| manufacturer    = [[Luftschiffbau Zeppelin]]
| designer        = [[Ludwig Dürr]]
| first_flight    = 18 September 1928
| introduction      = 11 October 1928
| retired         = 18 June 1937
| status          = scrapped March 1940
| construction_number  = LZ 127
| civil_registration   = D-LZ 127
| radio_code           = DENNE{{Sfnp|Lehmann|1937|p=24}}
| owners               = {{indented plainlist|
* [[DELAG|Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft]]
* from 1935, [[Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei]]
}}
| flights              = 590
| total_hours          = 17,177
| total_distance       = {{nowrap|1.7 million km}} {{nowrap|(1.1 million mi)}}
}}

'''LZ 127 ''Graf Zeppelin''''' ({{Lang|de|Deutsches Luftschiff Zeppelin 127}}) was a German passenger-carrying [[hydrogen]]-filled [[rigid airship]] that flew from 1928 to 1937. It offered the first commercial [[transatlantic flight|transatlantic passenger flight]] service. The ship was named after the German airship pioneer [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]], a count ({{Lang|de|[[Graf]]}}) in the German nobility.  It was conceived and operated by [[Hugo Eckener]], the chairman of [[Luftschiffbau Zeppelin]].

''Graf Zeppelin'' made 590 flights totalling almost 1.7 million kilometres (over 1 million miles). It was operated by a crew of 36 and could carry 24 passengers. It was the longest and largest airship in the world when it was built. It made the first circumnavigation of the world by airship, and the first nonstop crossing of the Pacific Ocean by air; its range was enhanced by its use of [[Blau gas]] as a fuel. It was built using funds raised by public subscription and from the German government, and its operating costs were offset by the sale of special [[postage stamp]]s to [[stamp collecting|collectors]], the support of the newspaper magnate [[William Randolph Hearst]], and cargo and passenger receipts.

After several long flights between 1928 and 1932, including one to the [[Arctic]], ''Graf Zeppelin'' provided a commercial passenger and mail service between Germany and Brazil for five years. When the [[Nazi Party]] came to power, they used ''Graf Zeppelin'' as a propaganda tool. The airship was withdrawn from service after the [[Hindenburg disaster|''Hindenburg'' disaster]] in 1937 and scrapped for military aircraft production in April 1940.
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==Background==
The first successful flight of a [[rigid airship]], [[Ferdinand von Zeppelin]]'s [[Zeppelin LZ 1|LZ1]], was in Germany in 1900.{{sfnp|Hoyt|1969|pp=26–27}} Between 1910 and 1914, Deutsche Luftschiffahrts-Aktiengesellschaft ([[DELAG]]) transported thousands of passengers by airship.{{sfnp|Hoyt|1969|p=37}}<ref>{{cite journal|last=Marsh|first=W Lockwood|journal=[[Flight International|Flight]]|title=Twenty-One Years of Airship Progress|date=3 January 1930|pages=87–88|url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%200088.html|archive-date=5 March 2016|access-date=2 November 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160305170543/https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%200088.html|url-status=live}}</ref> During World War I, Germany [[German strategic bombing during World War I|used airships to bomb London and other strategic targets]].{{sfnp|Layman|1996|p=72}} In 1917, the German [[LZ 104 (L 59)]] was the first airship to make an intercontinental flight, from [[Yambol|Jambol]] in Bulgaria to [[Khartoum]] and back, a nonstop journey of {{convert|6800|km|mi nmi}}.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|pp=74–76}}{{sfnp|Hoyt|1969|pp=106–107}}{{refn|L 59 was tasked to deliver supplies to German forces [[East African campaign (World War I)|fighting in East Africa]]. The mission was cancelled, and it returned to Jamboli.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|pp=74–76}}{{sfnp|Hoyt|1969|pp=106–107}}|group=nb}}

During and just after the war, Britain and the United States built airships, and France and Italy experimented with confiscated German ones. In July 1919 the British [[R33-class airship|R34]] flew from [[East Fortune]] in Scotland to New York and back.<ref>{{cite journal |title=The Transatlantic Voyage of R.34 |journal=Flight |date=10 July 1919 |pages=906–912 |url=http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1919/1919%20-%200906.html |archive-date=23 January 2011 |access-date=28 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110123203935/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1919/1919%20-%200906.html |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|In 1921 Britain's [[Imperial Airship Scheme]] aimed to connect the [[British Empire]] using passenger airships.{{sfnp|Duggan|Meyer|2001|pp=130, 174}}|group=nb}} [[Luftschiffbau Zeppelin]] delivered [[USS Los Angeles (ZR-3)|LZ 126]] to the [[US Navy]] as a [[World War I reparations|war reparation]] in October 1924. The company chairman [[Hugo Eckener]] commanded the delivery flight, and the ship was commissioned as {{USS|Los Angeles|ZR-3}}.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=40}}{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|pp=207–213}}

The [[Treaty of Versailles]] placed limits on German aviation which the [[Allies of World War I|Allies]] relaxed in 1925. Eckener saw an opportunity to start an intercontinental air passenger service,<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Lindley |first1=John M |title=Commercial Aviation and the Mastery of Transoceanic Flight |journal=Naval Aviation News |date=1978 |pages=36–37 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2r63AAAAIAAJ&pg=PA37 |publisher=Chief of Naval Operations |language=en}}</ref> and began lobbying the government for funds and permission to build a new civil airship.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=44–45}} Public subscription raised {{Reichsmark|2.5&nbsp;million|link=yes}} (the equivalent of [[US dollar|US$]]600,000 at the time,<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/exchangeglobal/result.php?year_source=1928&year_result=1928&countryE%5B%5D=Germany |website=Measuring Worth|title=Exchange Rates Between the United States Dollar and Forty-one Currencies}}</ref> or ${{Inflation|US|0.6|1928|fmt=c|r=0}} million in 2018 dollars{{Inflation/fn|US}}), and the government granted over {{Reichsmark|1&nbsp;million}} (${{Inflation|US|0.24|1928|fmt=c|r=0}} million).{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=261}}<ref name="Times44851">{{Cite newspaper The Times|title=New German Airship – A visit to the works at Friedrichshafen|department=News |date=26 March 1928 |page=8 |issue=44851 |column=E}}</ref>

==Design and operation==
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-00834, Friedrichshafen, Luftschiff Graf Zeppelin 127 highlighted construction.png|thumb|left|upright|Construction of ''Graf Zeppelin'' in Friedrichshafen: the keel and axial gangways are highlighted green with main rings in red; two people are shown in yellow|alt=Looking down the interior of a partially completed airship frame. Two passageways are highlighted; one along the bottom and one right through the middle. The closest two structural polygons are also highlighted; the cantilevers on the nearest one are visible. The two people in the foreground are barely visible.]]
The LZ 127 was designed by [[Ludwig Dürr]]{{sfnp|Swinfield|2013|p=218}}{{sfnp|Hammack|2016|pp=216, 221}} as a "stretched" version of the zeppelin LZ 126 rechristened the [[USS Los Angeles (ZR-3)|USS ''Los Angeles'']]).{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=262}} It was intended from the beginning as a technology demonstrator for the more capable airships that would follow.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|pp=253–254}} It was built between 1926 and September 1928 at the Luftschiffbau Zeppelin works in [[Friedrichshafen]], on [[Lake Constance]], Germany, which became its home port for nearly all of its flights. Its [[duralumin]] frame was made of eighteen 28-sided structural polygons joined lengthwise with {{convert|10|miles|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} of girders and braced with steel wire. The outer cover was of thick [[cotton]], painted with [[aircraft dope]] containing aluminium to reduce solar heating, then sandpapered smooth. The gas cells were also cotton, lined with [[goldbeater's skin]]s, and protected from damage by a layer containing {{convert|17|miles|km|order=flip|abbr=on}} of [[ramie]] fibre.{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=262}}{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=47–50}}

''Graf Zeppelin'' was {{convert|236.6|m|ft|abbr=on}} long and had a total gas volume of {{convert|105000|m3|abbr=on}}, of which {{convert|75000|m3|abbr=on}} was hydrogen carried in 17 [[lifting gas]] cells (''Traggaszelle''), and {{convert|30000|m3|abbr=on}} was [[Blau gas]] in 12 fuel gas cells (''Kraftgaszelle'').{{refn|Blau gas was a mixture of saturated and [[unsaturated hydrocarbon]]s and hydrogen, produced by [[pyrolysis]] of [[fuel oil]].{{sfnp|Hammack|2016|p=235}} It was about as heavy as air,{{sfnp|Hammack|2016|pp=231–232}} and could be substituted with a mixture of [[propane]] and hydrogen.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=103}}{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=34}}|group=nb}} The ''Graf Zeppelin'' was built to be the largest possible airship that could fit into the company's construction hangar,{{sfnp|de Syon|2005|p=128}}{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|p=254}} with only {{convert|18|in|cm|order=flip|abbr=on}} between the top of the finished vessel and the hangar roof.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|p=47}} It was the longest and most voluminous airship when built,{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=34}}<ref>{{cite web |title=Ninety-year anniversary of the longest standing FAI records set by airship pilot Dr Hugo Eckener |url=https://www.fai.org/news/ninety-year-anniversary-longest-standing-fai-records-set-airship-pilot-dr-hugo-eckener |website=www.fai.org |language=en |date=19 October 2018}}</ref>{{refn|Its volume record was beaten by the British airship [[R101]] in October 1929, and its length by [[USS Akron|USS ''Akron'']] in 1931.|group=nb}} but it was too slender for optimum aerodynamic efficiency,{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=47}}<ref name="niderost">{{cite journal |last1=Niderost |first1=Eric |title=Globetrotting Leviathan: Graf Zeppelin's amazing voyage |journal=Aviation History |date=19 August 2019 |issue=July 1993 |url=https://www.navytimes.com/news/your-navy/2019/08/19/globetrotting-leviathan-graf-zeppelins-amazing-voyage/}}</ref> and there were worries that the shape would compromise its strength.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=65–66}}

''Graf Zeppelin'' was powered by five [[Maybach VL II]] 12-cylinder {{convert|550|hp|kW|abbr=on|order=flip}} engines, each of {{convert|33.251|litres|cuin|abbr=on}} capacity, mounted in individual streamlined [[nacelle]]s{{refn|One of the nacelles is preserved and displayed at [[Zeppelin Museum Friedrichshafen]].<ref>{{cite web |url=http://zeppelin-museum.de/851.html|title=Zeppelin Museum / The Museum / The Collections / Technology Collection / Engine nacelle of the LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin|publisher=Zeppelin Museum Friedrichshafen|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140426233746/http://zeppelin-museum.de/851.html |archive-date=26 April 2014}}</ref>|group=nb}} arranged so that each was in an undisturbed airflow.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=51–52}} The engines were reversible,<ref>{{cite web |title=Maybach VL-2, V-12 Engine |url=https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/maybach-vl-2-v-12-engine |website=National Air and Space Museum |language=en |date=10 March 2016 |access-date=21 November 2019 |archive-date=20 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191020170812/https://airandspace.si.edu/collection-objects/maybach-vl-2-v-12-engine |url-status=dead }}</ref> and were monitored by crew members who accessed them during flight via open ladders.<ref name="niderost"/> The two-bladed wooden [[pusher configuration|pusher propellers]] were {{convert|3.4|m|abbr=on}} in diameter,{{sfnp|Hammack|2016|p=225}} and were later upgraded to four-bladed units.<ref name="niderost"/> On longer flights, the ''Graf Zeppelin'' often flew with one engine shut down to conserve fuel.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=73, 116}}

''Graf Zeppelin'' was the only rigid airship to burn [[Blau gas]];{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=51}}{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=355}} the engines were started on [[gasoline|petrol]]{{refn|The liquid fuel used was a blend of commercial petrol and [[benzole]].{{sfnp|Hammack|2016|p=232}}|group=nb}} and could then switch fuel.{{sfnp|Hammack|2016|pp=231–232}} A liquid-fuelled airship loses weight as it burns fuel, requiring the release of lifting gas, or the [[buoyancy compensator (aviation)|capture of water from exhaust gas or rainfall]], to avoid the vessel climbing. Blau gas was about the same density as air, so burning it had little effect on buoyancy.<ref>{{cite journal|title='Blue' Gas|journal=Naval Institute Proceedings|date=1928|volume=54|page=1096|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=aebNAAAAMAAJ|publisher=United States Naval Institute}}</ref>{{sfnp|de Syon|2005|p=129}} On a typical transatlantic journey, the  ''Graf Zeppelin'' used Blau gas 90% of the time, only burning petrol if the ship was too heavy, and used ten times less hydrogen per day than the smaller zeppelin [[LZ 104 (L 59)| ''L 59'']] did on its [[Khartoum]] flight in 1917.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=76}}{{refn|The amount of Blau gas the airship carried could power it for 100 hours; if the ship had had all-hydrogen gas cells and the extra lift had been used to carry petrol, it could have run for only 67.{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=262}}|group=nb}}

''Graf Zeppelin'' typically carried {{convert|3500|kg|lbs|abbr=on}} of [[ballast]] water and {{convert|650|kg|lbs|abbr=on}} of spare parts, including an extra propeller.{{sfnp|Hammack|2016|p=236}} [[Calcium chloride]] was added to the ballast water to prevent freezing. The ship retained [[grey water]] from the sinks for use as additional ballast.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=143}} Both fresh and wastewater could be moved forward and aft to control trim.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=69}}
[[File:LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin port engine car - Zeppelin Museum Friedrichshafen - DSC06812.jpg|thumb|right|One of the engine nacelles, preserved in [[Zeppelin Museum Friedrichshafen]]|alt=A dilapidated egg-shaped streamlined nacelle on display in a museum. The pointed end is towards the camera and has a large adjustable rectangular vent.]]
The airship usually took off vertically using static lift ([[buoyancy]]), then started the engines in the air, adding [[lift (force)|aerodynamic lift]].{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=52}} Normal cruising altitude was {{cvt|650|ft|disp=flip}}; it climbed if necessary to cross high ground or poor weather, and often descended in stormy weather.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=53}} To measure the wind speed over the sea, and calculate drift, floating pyrotechnic [[flare]]s were dropped.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|pp=263–264}}

When preparing to land, the crew advised the ground either by radio or [[flag signals|signal flag]]. Ground crew lit a smoky fire to help the airshipmen judge wind speed and direction. The airship slowed, then adjusted buoyancy to neutral by valving off hydrogen or dropping ballast. [[Echo sounding]] with the report from an 11-mm [[blank (cartridge)|blank round]] was used to measure altitude accurately.<ref name="my flight"/>{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=144}}{{refn|This was later replaced by a device using compressed air to produce a burst of [[ultrasound]], which was less disturbing for the passengers.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=186}}|group=nb}} The ship flew in with its nose trimmed slightly down, made its [[final approach (aeronautics)|final approach]] into the wind descending at {{cvt|100|ft|disp=flip}} per minute, then used [[thrust reversal|reverse thrust]] to stop over the landing flag, where it dropped ropes to the ground. Landing in rough weather required a faster approach.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=70}}<ref name="flight1930">{{cite journal |title=Graf Zeppelin visits England |journal=Flight |date=2 May 1930 |page=474 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/FlightPDFArchive/1930/UNTITLED0%20-%200508.PDF}}</ref> Up to 300 people manhandled the airship into a hangar or secured it by the nose to a mooring mast.{{sfnp|de Syon|2005|p=135}}{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=263}}

''Graf Zeppelin''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s top airspeed was {{convert|128|km/h|m/s mph kn|abbr=on}} at {{convert|2650|hp|kW|abbr=on|order=flip}}; it cruised at {{convert|117|km/h|m/s mph kn|abbr=on}}, at {{convert|2150|hp|kW|abbr=on|order=flip}}. It had a total lift capacity of {{convert|87000|kg|abbr=on}} with a usable [[payload (air and space craft)|payload]] of {{convert|15000|kg|abbr=on}} on a {{convert|10000|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} flight.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|p=254}} It was slightly unstable in [[aircraft principal axes|yaw]],{{sfnp|Hammack|2016|pp=230, 238}} and to make it easier to fly, had an [[autopilot|automatic pilot]] which stabilised it in that axis.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=186}} Pitch was controlled manually by an elevatorman who tried to limit the angle to 5° up or down, so as not to upset the bottles of wine which accompanied the elaborate food served on board.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=187}} Operating the elevators was so demanding and strenuous that an elevatorman's shift was only four hours, reduced to two in rough weather.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=187}}

===Layout===
[[File:LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin Gondola Plan.jpg|thumb|center|upright=1.75|Gondola deck plan|alt=A plan of the airship's gondola accommodation, as described in the text.]]
The operational spaces, common areas, and passenger cabins were built into a gondola structure in the forward part of the airship's ventral surface, with the flight deck well forward in a "chin" position.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|p=252}} The gondola was {{convert|30|m|ft}} long and {{convert|6|m|ft}} wide;{{sfnp|Botting|1980|p=105}} its streamlined design reflected contemporary aesthetics,{{sfnp|de Syon|2005|pp=132–133}}{{sfnp|Votolato|2007|p=182}} minimised overall height, and reduced [[parasitic drag|drag]].{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=51}} Behind the flight deck was the map room, with two large hatches to allow the command crew to communicate with the navigators, who could take readings with a [[sextant]] through the two large windows.<ref name="niderost"/> There was also a radio room and a [[galley (kitchen)|galley]] with a double electric oven and hot plates.{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=210}}
[[File:1928, LZ 127, Graf Zeppelin, 3.jpg|thumb|left|[[Theo Matejko]]'s drawing of the crew accommodation on the keel corridor from the first transatlantic flight|alt=A graphite drawing on coarse-weave paper. The view inside the keel corridor; a series of V-shaped trellis girders are coming down from the structural members above. At their apex they support a narrow walkway. Along the walkway are small beds, each one with a large fabric hood at the head end. We can see one on the left and three on the right. The nearer ones are occupied by resting crewmen. At the let, behind a dark shape, a man is leaning forwards.]]
The galley staff served three hot meals a day in the main dining and sitting room, which was {{convert|5|m|ft}} square.{{sfnp|Botting|1980|p=104}} It had four large arched windows, wooden inlays, and [[Art Deco]]-upholstered furniture.{{sfnp|Votolato|2007|p=182}}{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=187–188}} Between meals, the passengers could socialise and look at the scenery. On the round-the-world flight, there was dancing to a [[phonograph]], fine wine, and [[Ernst Lehmann]], one of the officers, played the [[accordion]].{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=93–94}}  A corridor led to ten passenger cabins capable of sleeping 24, a pair of washrooms, and dual [[aircraft lavatory|chemical toilet]]s.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=143}} The passenger cabins were set by day with a sofa, which converted at night into two beds.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=37}} The cabins were often cold, and on some sectors passengers wore furs and huddled under blankets to stay warm.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=62}} There was a noticeable smell from the Blau gas, especially when the ship was stationary.{{sfnp|Hammack|2016|p=219}}{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=53–54}}

A ladder from the map room led up to the keel corridor inside the hull, and accommodation for the 36 crewmen. Officers' quarters were towards the nose;{{sfnp|Ridley-Kitts|2012|p=287}} behind them were the baggage store, the crew mess room, and the quarters for the ordinary crew, who slept in wire-frame beds with fabric screens.<ref name="my flight">{{cite journal |last1=Whiting |first1=Oliver K |title=My Flight from Friedrichshafen |journal=Flight |date=28 August 1931 |page=855 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1931/1931%20-%200909.html}}</ref> Also along this corridor were petrol, oil and water tanks, and stowage for cargo and spare parts. Branches from the keel corridor led to the five engine nacelles, and there were ladders up to the axial corridor, just below the ship's main axis, which gave access to all the gas cells.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|p=256}}

===Electrical and communications systems===
[[File:ZeppelinLZ127b.jpg|thumb|right|Many people were needed to hold down the airship. The [[ram air turbine]] electric generator is just under the radio room window.|alt=The gondola while the airship is being manoeuvred on the round. Around forty people on the ground are manhandling it. Two officers are visible in the gondola, one looking down at the people, the other looking backwards. The ram air turbine is folded flush with the gondola's side.]]

The main generating plant was in a separate compartment mostly inside the hull. Two {{convert|12|hp|kW|abbr=on|order=flip}} [[Wanderer (company)|Wanderer]] car engines adapted to burn Blau gas, only one of which operated at a time, drove two [[Siemens & Halske]] dynamos each. One dynamo on each engine powered the oven and hotplates, and one the lighting and [[gyrocompass]]. Cooling water from these engines heated radiators inside the passenger lounge.{{sfnp|Hammack|2016|pp=232–233}} Two [[ram air turbine]]s attached to the main gondola on swinging arms provided electrical power for the radio room, internal lighting, and the galley. Batteries could power essential services like radios for half an hour,<ref name="Busch">{{cite web |title=Funkverkehr auf dem Luftschiff LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin |url=http://www.seefunknetz.de/lzzep.htm |website=www.seefunknetz.de |access-date=12 March 2008 |archive-date=10 October 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071010044933/http://www.seefunknetz.de/lzzep.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>{{sfnp|Hammack|2016|p=233}} and there were small petrol generators for emergency power.{{sfnp|Hammack|2016|p=233}}

Three radio operators used a one-kilowatt [[vacuum tube]] transmitter (about 140 W antenna power) to send telegrams over the [[low frequency]] (500–3,000&nbsp;m) bands.<ref name="Busch"/> A 70 W antenna power emergency transmitter carried telegraph and radio telephone signals over 300–1,300&nbsp;m wavelength bands.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=37}}<ref name="Busch"/> The main aerial consisted of two [[lead]]-weighted {{convert|120|metre|feet|adj=on}}-long wires deployed by electric motor or hand crank; the emergency aerial was a {{convert|40|metre|feet|adj=on}} wire stretched from a ring on the hull.<ref name="Busch"/> Three six-tube receivers served the wavelengths from 120 to 1,200&nbsp;m ([[medium frequency]]), 400 to 4,000&nbsp;m (low frequency) and 3,000 to 25,000&nbsp;m (overlapping low frequency and [[very low frequency]]).<ref name="Busch"/> The radio room also had a [[shortwave receiver]] for 10 to 280&nbsp;m ([[high frequency]]).<ref name="Busch"/>

A [[radio direction finder]] used a loop antenna to determine the airship's bearing from any land radio station, or a ship with a known position. Two or more bearings would give the airship's position.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=37}} During the first transatlantic flight in 1928, the radio room sent 484 private [[telegraphy|telegram]]s and 160 press telegrams.<ref name="Busch"/>

==Operational history==
{{main|LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin operational history}}
[[File:1934 "Graf Zeppelin" South America Schedule.jpg|thumb|left|upright|1934 South America timetable|alt=A pale green handbill or poster. In black is the title "To South America by Zeppelin", followed by the schedule for the ten departures of 1934, roughly every two weeks from June to October. There is an aeroplane connection from Rio de Janeiro to Buenos Aires. There is a price list and the booking address is that of HAPAG in London.]]
The LZ 127 was christened ''Graf Zeppelin'' by Countess Brandenstein-Zeppelin on 8 July 1928, after her father Ferdinand von Zeppelin, the founder of the company, on the 90th anniversary of his birth.<ref name="Times44941">{{Cite newspaper The Times|title=The New Zeppelin|department=News in Brief|date=10 July 1928|page=15|issue=44941|column=B}}</ref>{{sfnp|Brookes|1992|p=9}} During most of its career, it was operated by Luftschiffbau Zeppelin's commercial flight arm, [[DELAG]], in conjunction with the [[Hamburg-American Line]] (HAPAG); for its final two years it flew for the [[Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei]] (DZR). 

Passengers paid premium fares to fly on the ''Graf Zeppelin'' ({{Reichsmark|1,500|link=yes}} from Germany to [[Rio de Janeiro]] in 1934, equal to US$590 then,<ref>{{Cite web|url = http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/exchangeglobal/result.php?year_source=1934&year_result=1934&countryE%5B%5D=Germany|title = Exchange Rates Between the United States Dollar and Forty-one Currencies|access-date = 8 August 2014|website = MeasuringWorth.com|archive-date = 9 August 2014|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140809025340/http://www.measuringworth.com/datasets/exchangeglobal/result.php?year_source=1934&year_result=1934&countryE%5B%5D=Germany|url-status = live}}</ref> or ${{Inflation|US|590|1934|fmt=c|r=-3}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}), and fees collected for valuable freight and air mail also provided income. On the first transatlantic flight, ''Graf Zeppelin'' carried 66,000 postcards and [[cover (philately)|covers]].{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|p=268}}

Eckener had earned his doctorate in [[Psychology]] at [[Leipzig University]] under [[Wilhelm Wundt]],{{sfnp|Meyer|1991|pp=184, 199}} and could use his knowledge of mass psychology to the benefit of the ''Graf Zeppelin''.{{sfnp|Meyer|1991|pp=190–191}} He identified safety as the most important factor in the ship's public acceptance, and was ruthless in pursuit of this.{{sfnp|Meyer|1991|p=233}} He took complete responsibility for the ship, from technical matters, to finance, to arranging where it would fly next on its years-long public relations campaign, in which he promoted "zeppelin fever".{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=130–131}}{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=xxxviii}} On one of the Brazil trips British [[Pathé News]] filmed on board.<ref>{{cite web|publisher=British Pathé|title=Flying Down To Rio – No. 2|url=https://www.britishpathe.com/video/flying-down-to-rio-no-2/query/flying+down+to+rio|website=www.britishpathe.com|access-date=24 November 2019|archive-date=3 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803133853/https://www.britishpathe.com/video/flying-down-to-rio-no-2/query/flying+down+to+rio|url-status=live}}</ref> Eckener cultivated the press, and was gratified when the British journalist [[Grace Marguerite Hay Drummond-Hay|Lady Grace Drummond-Hay]] wrote, and millions read, that:
{{quote|The ''Graf Zeppelin'' is a ship with a soul. You have only to fly in it to know that it's a living, vibrant, sensitive and magnificent thing.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=132}}}}

''Graf Zeppelin'' was greeted by large crowds on most of its early voyages. There were 100,000 at Moscow and possibly 250,000 at Tokyo to see it.<ref name="NYTMoscow">{{cite news |title=Graf Zeppelin Makes First Trip to Moscow: 100,000 Pack October Field to Get View.|work=New York Times |date=11 September 1930|page=5}}</ref>{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=98–99}} At Stockholm, spectators launched firework rockets around it, and on the return flight from Moscow it was punctured by rifle shots near the Soviet Union-Lithuania border.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=133}} On one visit to Rio de Janeiro people released hundreds of small toy petrol-burning hot air balloons near the flammable craft.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=188}} The airship captured the public imagination and was used extensively in advertising.{{sfnp|de Syon|2005|p=133}} On visits to England, it photographed [[Royal Air Force]] bases, the [[Blackburn Aircraft|Blackburn aircraft]] factory in Yorkshire, and the [[HMNB Portsmouth|Portsmouth naval dockyard]]; it is likely that this was [[espionage]] at the behest of the German government.{{sfnp|Swinfield|2013|pp=238, 316}}

===Proving flights===
During 1928, there were six proving flights. On the fourth one, Blau gas was used for the first time. ''Graf Zeppelin'' carried [[Oskar von Miller]], head of the [[Deutsches Museum]]; [[Charles E. Rosendahl]], commander of USS ''Los Angeles''; and the British airshipmen Ralph Sleigh Booth and [[George Herbert Scott]]. It flew from Friedrichshafen to [[Ulm]], via [[Cologne]] and across the Netherlands to [[Lowestoft]] in England, then home via [[Bremen]], [[Hamburg]], Berlin, [[Leipzig]] and [[Dresden]], a total of {{convert|3140|km|mi nmi}} in 34 hours and 30 minutes.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|pp=264–266}} On the fifth flight, Eckener caused a minor controversy by flying close to [[Huis Doorn]] in the Netherlands, which some interpreted as a gesture of support for the former [[Wilhelm II, German Emperor|Kaiser Wilhelm II]] who was living in exile there.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=54–56}}{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=265}}

===First intercontinental flight (1928)===
[[File:Fin damage to Graf Zeppelin I 1928.jpg|thumb|right|''Graf Zeppelin'' in Lakehurst, with damage to the port fin after hitting a squall line, 16 October 1928]]
[[File:DLZ 127 Graf Zeppelin Fabric.jpg|thumb|right|A piece of the damaged fabric removed from ''Graf Zeppelin'' in October 1928|alt=A piece of badly distressed fabric on a red background. The fabric is crossed by three seams and there are three eyelets at the bottom of it.]]
In October 1928, ''Graf Zeppelin'' made its first intercontinental trip, to [[Lakehurst Naval Air Station]], New Jersey, US, with Eckener in command and Lehmann as first officer.{{refn|Lehmann commanded most of ''Graf Zeppelin''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s flights, 272 to Eckener's 133. Four other captains commanded a total of 100 flights.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|p=340}}|group=nb}} Rosendahl and Drummond-Hay flew the outward leg.{{sfnp|Bradley|1929|p=146}}{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|p=268}} [[Ludwig Dettmann]] and [[Theo Matejko]] made an artistic record of the flight.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=9}}

On the third day of the flight, a large section of the fabric covering of the port tail fin was damaged while passing through a mid-ocean [[squall line]],<ref>{{cite news |title=Zeppelin Speeds North of Bermuda and is Expected Here This Afternoon; Damaged Fin is Repaired in the Air. |work=New York Times |date=14 October 1928}}</ref> and volunteer riggers (including Eckener's son, Knut) climbed outside the airship and made repairs to the torn fabric. Eckener directed Rosendahl to make a [[distress call]]; when this was received, and nothing else was heard from the airship, many believed it was lost.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=4–18}} After the ship arrived safely, there was some annoyance from the Lakehurst personnel that the Zeppelin had not answered repeated calls for its position and estimated arrival time. Eckener explained that because the airship was forced to fly at a reduced speed due to the damaged fin, the wind-driven generator could not generate enough power to send messages.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Graf Zeppelin's Atlantic Voyage |journal=Flight |date=18 October 1928 |page=903 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1928/1928%20-%200973.html}}</ref> The {{convert|9926|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} crossing, the longest non-stop flight at the time, had taken 111 hours 44 minutes.{{sfnp|Botting|1980|p=112}}

[[Clara Adams]] became the first female paying passenger to fly transatlantic on the return flight.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|p=274}} The ship endured an overnight gale that blew it backwards in the air and {{convert|320|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}} off course, to the coast of [[Newfoundland]].<ref name="flight1932">{{cite journal |title=Visit of the Graf Zeppelin to England |journal=Flight |date=8 July 1932 |page=624 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1932/1932%20-%200672.html |archive-date=27 July 2015 |access-date=1 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150727010241/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1932/1932%20-%200672.html |url-status=live }}</ref> A [[stowaway]] boarded at Lakehurst and was discovered in the mail room mid-voyage.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=62–63}}<ref>{{cite magazine |last1=Shapiro |first1=Laurie Gwen |title=The Stowaway Craze |magazine=The New Yorker |date=8 January 2018 |url=https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-stowaway-craze |language=en |issn=0028-792X |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-date=18 March 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190318104903/https://www.newyorker.com/culture/culture-desk/the-stowaway-craze |url-status=live }}</ref> The airship returned home and on 6 November flew to Berlin [[Staaken]], where it was met by the German president, [[Paul von Hindenburg]].{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|pp=252–254}}

===Mediterranean flights (1929)===
[[File:ירושלים - הצפלין מעל ירושלים.-JNF034673.jpeg|thumb|right|''Graf Zeppelin'' over Jerusalem on 26 March 1929]]
''Graf Zeppelin'' visited [[Mandatory Palestine]] in late March 1929. At Rome it sent greetings to [[Benito Mussolini]] and King [[Victor Emmanuel III of Italy|Victor Emmanuel III]]. It entered Palestine, flew over [[Haifa]], [[Jaffa]], [[Tel Aviv]] and [[Jerusalem]], and descended to near the surface of the [[Dead Sea]], 150 metres below sea level.  The ship delivered 16,000 letters in mail drops at [[Jaffa]], [[Ramla]], [[Athens]], [[Budapest]] and [[Vienna]].<ref name="Times45160">{{Cite newspaper The Times|title= Zeppelin's Flight Over Mediterranean |department=News |date=25 March 1929 |page=12 |issue=45160 |column=C }}</ref> The Egyptian government (under pressure from Britain) refused it permission to enter their airspace.<ref name="aramco">{{cite journal |last1=McGregor |first1=Alan |title=Contrary Winds: Zeppelins Over the Middle East |journal=Saudi Aramco World |date=July–August 1994 |volume=45 |issue=4 |url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199404/contrary.winds-zeppelins.over.the.middle.east.htm |access-date=27 October 2019 |archive-date=5 December 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191205103531/https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199404/contrary.winds-zeppelins.over.the.middle.east.htm |url-status=live }}</ref> The second Mediterranean cruise flew over France, Spain, Portugal and [[Tangier]],<ref name="Times45185">
{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Zeppelin's Flight – Second Mediterranean Cruise |department=News in Brief |date=24 April 1929 |page=15 |issue=45185 |column=F }}</ref> then returned home via [[Cannes]] and [[Lyon]] on 23–25 April.{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=268}}<ref name="Times45187">{{Cite newspaper The Times |title=Graf Zeppelin |department=News in Brief  |date=26 April 1929 |page=16 |issue=45187 |column=E }}</ref>

===Forced landing in France (1929)===
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-07785, Notlandung des "Graf Zeppelin" in Frankreich.jpg|thumb|left|Emergency landing in France, May 1929|alt=A black-and-white photograph from under the airship's hull while on the ground. In the right middle ground a crewman wearing a leather cap is leaning out of one of the engine nacelles. The wooden grain is visible in the two-bladed propeller, which is stationary and horizontal. The rear engine nacelle is visible and the bottom of the fin. Around 30 people are visible, and about 10 are around the rear nacelle. One man is walking briskly towards the camera. In the background are two large hangars, of unequal size.]]
On 16 May 1929, on the first night of its second trip to the US, ''Graf Zeppelin'' lost four of its engines.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|pp=258–261}} With Eckener struggling for a suitable place to force-land, the French Air Ministry allowed him to land at [[Cuers|Cuers-Pierrefeu]], near [[Toulon]].{{sfnp|Meyer|1991|p=172}} Barely able to control the ship, Eckener made an emergency landing.<ref>{{cite news |title=Zeppelin Battles Gale to Safety; Reaches Cuers, France, on One Motor; Eckener and Crew Avert Disaster.|work=New York Times |date=18 May 1929}}</ref> The incident, and the forced comradeship it engendered, softened France's attitude to Germany and its airships slightly.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=81}} The incident was caused by adjustments that had been made by the chief engineer to the four engines that failed.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=75}}{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=269}}

On 4 August, the airship made it to Lakehurst on the second attempt. Aboard was Susie, an [[eastern gorilla]] who had been captured near [[Lake Kivu]] in the [[Belgian Congo]] and sold by her German owner to an American dealer.{{sfnp|Newman|2013|pp=117–118}}{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=72}}

===Round-the-world flight (1929)===

[[File:Lakehurst LZ126-LZ127.jpg|thumb|right|''Graf Zeppelin'' and [[USS Los Angeles (ZR-3)|USS ''Los Angeles'']] in the airship hangar at [[Lakehurst Maxfield Field|NAS Lakehurst]], August 1929]]
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 102-08192, Lady Grace Drummond-Hay an Bord der "Graf Zeppelin".jpg|thumb|right|Drummond-Hay on board the ''Graf Zeppelin'', August 1929]]
[[File:LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin flies into Tokyo.jpg|thumb|right|''Graf Zeppelin'' over Tokyo on 19 August 1929]]

American newspaper publisher [[William Randolph Hearst]]'s media empire paid half the cost of the project to fly ''Graf Zeppelin'' around the world,{{sfnp|Swinfield|2013|p=236}} with four staff on the flight: [[Grace Marguerite Hay Drummond-Hay|Lady Hay Drummond-Hay]], [[Karl Henry von Wiegand|Karl von Wiegand]], Australian explorer [[Hubert Wilkins]], and cameraman Robert Hartmann. Drummond-Hay became the first woman to circumnavigate the world by air.<ref>{{cite news |title=In pictures: Britain's female adventurers |url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatpicturegalleries/10594827/In-pictures-Britains-female-adventurers.html?frame=2803565 |work=Daily Telegraph |date=12 January 2016 |archive-date=19 December 2019 |access-date=17 October 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191219160059/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/expat/expatpicturegalleries/10594827/In-pictures-Britains-female-adventurers.html?frame=2803565 |url-status=live }}</ref>{{refn|A semidocumentary film titled [[Grace Marguerite Hay Drummond-Hay#Semidocumentary Farewell|''Farewell'']] was released in 2009 which featured much of Hartmann's newsreel footage of her. The film was later aired on [[BBC]] under the title ''Around The World by Zeppelin''.<ref>{{cite web|title=BBC Four – Around the World by Zeppelin |url=https://www.bbc.co.uk/programmes/b00qpjpr |website=BBC}}</ref>|group=nb}}
Hearst stipulated that the flight in August 1929 officially start and finish at Lakehurst.<ref name="Time">{{cite magazine|title=Aeronautics: Los Angeles to Lakehurst |magazine=Time|date=9 September 1929 |url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737828,00.html |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080603214015/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,737828,00.html |url-status=dead |archive-date=3 June 2008 |issn=0040-781X}}</ref>{{sfnp|de Syon|2005|p=136}} Round-the-world tickets were sold for almost $3000 ({{Inflation|US|3000|1929|fmt=eq|r=-3}}),{{Inflation/fn|US}} but most participants had their costs paid for them.{{sfnp|Swinfield|2013|p=237}} The flight's expenses were offset by the carriage of souvenir mail between Lakehurst, Friedrichshafen, [[Tokyo]], and Los Angeles.{{sfnp|Swinfield|2013|p=236}} A US franked letter flown on the whole trip from Lakehurst to Lakehurst required $3.55 ({{Inflation|US|3.55|1929|fmt=eq}}){{Inflation/fn|US}} in postage.

''Graf Zeppelin'' set off from Lakehurst on 8 August, heading eastwards.<ref>{{cite book |title=Astronautics & Aeronautics |date=1979 |publisher=American Institute of Aeronautics and Astronautics |page=58 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=zmkqAQAAMAAJ |language=en}}</ref>  The ship refuelled at Friedrichshafen, then continued across Eastern Europe and the Soviet Union to Tokyo. After five days at a former German airship shed that had been removed from [[Jüterbog]] and rebuilt at [[Kasumigaura Air Field|Kasumigaura Naval Air Station]],{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=270}}{{sfnp|Robinson|Keller|1982|p=120}} ''Graf Zeppelin'' continued across the Pacific to California. Eckener delayed crossing the coast at San Francisco's [[Golden Gate]] so as to come in near sunset for aesthetic effect.{{sfnp|Duggan|Meyer|2001|p=5}}{{sfnp|Swinfield|2013|p=238}} The ship landed at [[Mines Field]] in Los Angeles, completing the first ever nonstop flight across the Pacific Ocean.<ref>{{cite news |title=Graf Zeppelin Reaches Pacific Coast; Passes San Francisco, Nearing Goal; Thousands Wait at Los Angeles Field.|work=New York Times |date=26 August 1929|page=1}}</ref>{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=39}} The takeoff from Los Angeles was difficult because of high temperatures and an [[inversion (meteorology)|inversion layer]]. To lighten the ship, six crew and some cargo were sent on to Lakehurst by aeroplane.{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=274}} The airship suffered minor damage from a [[tail strike]] and barely cleared electricity cables at the edge of the field.<ref name="niderost"/>{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=105–107}} The ''Graf Zeppelin'' arrived back at Lakehurst from the west on the morning of 29 August, three weeks after it had departed to the east.

Flying time for the four Lakehurst to Lakehurst legs was 12 days, 12 hours, and 13 minutes; the entire circumnavigation (including stops) took 21 days, 5 hours, and 31 minutes to cover {{convert|33234|km|mi nmi|abbr=on}}.{{sfnp|Swinfield|2013|p=238}}<ref>{{cite journal |title=Graf Zeppelin's World Flight |journal=Flight |date=6 September 1929 |page=992 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1929/1929-1%20-%201031.html}}</ref> It was the fastest [[circumnavigation]] of the globe at the time.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://blog.modernmechanix.com/around-the-world-with-the-graf-zeppelin/|title=Around the World with the Graf Zeppelin|magazine=Modern Mechanics|date=November 1929|pages=64–65|access-date=7 May 2015|archive-date=18 May 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150518081519/http://blog.modernmechanix.com/around-the-world-with-the-graf-zeppelin/|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Eckener became the tenth recipient and the third aviator to be awarded the Gold Medal of the [[National Geographic Society]], which he received on 27 March 1930 at the Washington Auditorium.<ref>{{Cite magazine|url=http://content.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,787618,00.html|title=Aeronautics: Zeppelin Pool|date=7 April 1930|magazine=Time}}</ref> Before returning to Germany, Eckener met President [[Herbert Hoover]], and successfully lobbied the US Postmaster General for a special three-stamp issue (C-13, 14 & 15) for mail to be carried on the Europe-Pan American flight due to leave Germany in mid-May.<ref>{{cite news |title=Eckener Receives Geographic Medal: 5,000 at Capital Witness the Bestowal of World Honor on Zeppelin Commander.|work=New York Times |date=28 March 1930|page=6}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675056180_Hugo-Eckener_head-of-Luftschiffbau-Zeppelin_National-Geographic-Society_gold-medal|title=Hugo Eckener receives a gold medal by the National Geographic Society in Washington DC.|website=www.criticalpast.com|access-date=16 October 2019|archive-date=21 January 2021|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210121012750/https://www.criticalpast.com/video/65675056180_Hugo-Eckener_head-of-Luftschiffbau-Zeppelin_National-Geographic-Society_gold-medal|url-status=live}}</ref> Germany issued a commemorative coin celebrating the circumnavigation.{{sfnp|de Syon|2005|p=136}}

===Europe-Pan American flight (1930)===
[[File:Graf Zeppelin stamp $2 60 1930 issue.jpg|thumb|right|$2.60 [[1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps|Europe-Pan American issue]] (C-15), 24 April 1930|alt=A rectangular postage stamp, torn from a perforated sheet. It is in landscape format and is printed with blue ink on a white background. At the top it says "Graf Zeppelin: Pan-American Flight" and on the bottom "$2.60 United States Postage $2.60". In between is a depiction of the airship, flying from right to left, against a background of the planet Earth. Stylised clouds swim across the scene, and rays of sunlight are shining in from the top-left corner.]]

On 26 April 1930, ''Graf Zeppelin'' flew low over the [[1930 FA Cup Final|FA Cup Final]] at [[Wembley Stadium (1923)|Wembley Stadium]] in England, dipping in salute to King [[George V]], then briefly moored alongside the larger [[R100]] at [[Cardington Airfield|Cardington]].<ref name="flight1930"/> On 18 May, it left on a triangular flight between Spain, Brazil, and the US, carrying 38 passengers, many of them in crew accommodation.{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=274}} The ship arrived at [[Recife]] (Pernambuco) in Brazil, docking at Campo do Jiquiá on 22 May, where 300 soldiers helped land it.<ref name="Flight1930Br">{{cite journal |title=The Graf Zeppelin |journal=Flight |date=30 May 1930 |page=576 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%200600.html}}</ref>{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=145}} It then flew to [[Rio de Janeiro]], where there was no post to tether to, so it was held down by the landing party for the two hours of the visit.<ref name="Flight1930Br"/>{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|pp=275–276}}

During the flight north via Recife to Lakehurst, a storm damaged the rear engine nacelle, which was repaired in the hangar at Lakehurst. During ground handling of the airship there, it suddenly lifted, causing serious injury to one of the [[United States Marine Corps|US Marines]] who was assisting.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Progress of the Graf Zeppelin |journal=Flight |date=6 June 1930 |page=608 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1930/untitled0%20-%200640.html}}</ref> A few hours from home, when the ''Graf Zeppelin'' flew through a heavy [[hail]]storm over the [[Saône]], the envelope was damaged, and the ship lost lift. Eckener ordered full power and flew the ship out of trouble, but it came within {{cvt|60|m}} of hitting the ground.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=153–154}}{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|pp=276–277}}

The Europe-Pan American flight was largely funded by the sale of special stamps issued by Spain, Brazil, and the US for franking mail carried on the trip. The US issued [[1930 Graf Zeppelin stamps|stamps in three denominations]]: 65¢, $1.30, and $2.60, all on 19 April 1930.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=138–139}}

===Middle East flight (1931)===
The second flight to the Middle East took place in 1931, beginning on 9 April. ''Graf Zeppelin'' crossed the Mediterranean to [[Benghazi]] in Libya, then flew via [[Alexandria]], to [[Cairo]] in Egypt, where it saluted King Fuad at the Qubbah Palace, then visited the [[Great Pyramid of Giza]] and hovered {{cvt|20|m}} above the top of the monument.<ref name="aramco"/> After a brief stop, the ship flew to Palestine where it circled Jerusalem, then returned to Cairo to pick up Eckener, who had stayed for an audience with the King. It returned to Friedrichshafen on 13 April.<ref name="aramco"/>

===Polar flight (1931)===
[[File:USSR 1931-07-25 Graf Zeppelin postcard.jpg|thumb|left|USSR franked postcard delivered to the ''Malygin''|alt=The reverse side of a postcard. A Cyrillic inscription is printed at the top, then "Par Avion". The two stamps are for 30 kopecks (magenta on white) and 1 rouble (black on white). They show a dramatic depiction of the airship above the icebreaker, with a polar bear on a spur of ice in the foreground. At the top is the hammer and sickle of the Soviet Union and the words "Pole du Nord 1931". At the bottom is a legend in Cyrillic script. There are four postmarks; bottom-left says "25 VII 31 Leningrad" and the bottom right "27.8.31 Lorch". An address in Lorch, Germany, is type-written below. At left are three cachets and a "Par Avion" sticker with Cyrillic translation.]] [[File:Graf Zeppelin and Icebreaker Malygin blue2rub 1931.jpg|thumb|The ''Graf Zeppelin'' and icebreaker [[Malygin (1912 icebreaker)|''Malygin'']] on a Soviet stamp (1931)]]
The polar flight (''Polarfahrt 1931'') lasted from 24 to 31 July 1931. The ship rendezvoused with the [[Malygin (1912 icebreaker)|Soviet icebreaker ''Malygin'']], which had Italian polar explorer [[Umberto Nobile]] aboard. It exchanged {{convert|120|kg|lb|abbr=on}} of souvenir mail with the airship, which Eckener landed on the [[Arctic Ocean]].{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=117}} Fifty thousand cards and letters, weighing {{convert|300|kg|lb|abbr=on}}, were carried. The costs of the expedition were met largely by the sale of special postage stamps issued by Germany and the Soviet Union to [[franking|frank]] the mail carried on the flight.{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=277}}{{sfnp|Swinfield|2013|p=307}}

Writer [[Arthur Koestler]] was one of two journalists on board, along with a multinational team of scientists led by Soviet Professor Samoilowich <small>([[:ru:Самойлович, Рудольф Лазаревич|ru]])</small>, who measured the [[Earth's magnetic field]], and a Soviet radio operator.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=113}}{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=40}} The expedition photographed and mapped [[Franz Josef Land]] accurately for the first time, and came within {{convert|910|km|mi nmi}} of the [[North Pole]].{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=119}} It deployed three early [[radiosonde]]s over the Arctic to collect meteorological data from the upper atmosphere.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=120–121}}

===South American operations (1931–1937)===
[[File:LZ 127 Graf Zeppelin over Rio.jpg|thumb|right|''Graf Zeppelin'' over Rio de Janeiro on 25 May 1930|alt=A black-and-white photograph. The Graf Zeppelin flies from left to right, with a high sun glinting off its envelope. The two right and the rear engine nacelles are visible, and the very base of the control room is catching the sun. Behind it are rocks, mountains and sea and a large city, Rio de Janeiro, built around a bay.]]
From the beginning, Luftschiffbau Zeppelin had plans to serve South America.<ref name="Times45000">{{Cite newspaper The Times|title=New Zeppelin's Flight Postponed. Airship Service To South America|department=News |date=17 September 1928|page=11|issue=45000|column=C}}</ref>{{sfnp|Meyer|1991|p=125}} There was a large community of [[German Brazilians|Germans in Brazil]], and existing sea connections were slow and uncomfortable.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=139}} ''Graf Zeppelin'' could transport passengers over long distances in the same luxury as an ocean liner, and almost as quickly as contemporary [[airliner]]s.{{sfnp|Botting|1980|p=96}}

''Graf Zeppelin'' made three trips to Brazil in 1931<ref name="stats">{{cite journal |title=Some Graf Zeppelin Statistics |journal=Flight |date=17 November 1932 |pages=1095 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1932/1932%20-%201173.html |archive-date=24 June 2015 |access-date=2 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150624162852/http://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1932/1932%20-%201173.html |url-status=live }}</ref> and nine in 1932.<ref>{{cite journal |title=Graf Zeppelin's Last Trip for the Season |journal=Flight |date=3 November 1932 |page=1132 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1932/1932%20-%201112.html}}</ref> The route to Brazil meant flying down the Rhône valley in France, a cause of great sensitivity between the wars. The French government, concerned about espionage, restricted it to a {{convert|12|nmi|km mi|abbr=on|adj=on}}-wide corridor in 1934. ''Graf Zeppelin'' was too small and slow for the stormy North Atlantic route,{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=83}}{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|pp=291–292}} but because of the Blau gas fuel, could carry out the longer South Atlantic service.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=76}} On 2 July 1932 it flew a 24-hour tour of Britain.<ref name="flight1932"/>
[[File:Service Zeppelin.jpg|thumb|left|Food and drinks service on board was of a high standard.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=187}}{{sfnp|Votolato|2007|p=184}}|alt=An elegant drinking cup on a saucer. Both are in white ceramic with pale blue and gold decoration.]]
While returning from Brazil in October 1933, ''Graf Zeppelin'' stopped at [[Coast Guard Air Station Miami|NAS Opa Locka]] in Miami, Florida, and then [[Akron, Ohio]], where it moored at the [[Goodyear Airdock|Goodyear Zeppelin airdock]].{{sfnp|Meyer|1991|p=97}} The airship then appeared at the [[Century of Progress]] World's Fair in Chicago.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|p=305}} It displayed [[swastika]] markings on the left side of the fins, as the [[Nazi Party]] had [[Adolf Hitler's rise to power#Seizure of control (1931–1933)|taken power in January]]. Eckener circled the fair clockwise so that the swastikas would not be seen by the spectators.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=40}}{{sfnp|Hancock|2017|pp=104–105}} The [[United States Post Office Department]] issued a special 50-cent airmail stamp (C-18) for the visit, which was the fifth and final one the ship made to the US.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=154}} 
[[File:D-LZ127 First South America Flight 1934.jpg|thumb|right|German "First 1934 South America Flight" cover|alt=The reverse of a postcard. The consignee's address is in Buenos Aires, Argentina. It bears (on the right, above the address) {{Reichsmark|25}} worth of postage stamps and a special Deutsche Luftpost stamp for {{Reichsmark|2}}. The stamps are cancelled by a postmark: "Berlin, 26.5.34", and a red cachet saying: "Deutsche Luftpost: Europa-Sudamerika" with a motif of a zeppelin and a Dornier Wal. On the left is the receiving postmark: "Buenos Aires, Argentina 31 May 1934"]]
The airship's cotton envelope absorbed moisture from the air in humid tropical conditions. When the [[relative humidity]] reached 90%, the ship's weight rose by almost {{convert|4000|lbs|kg|order=flip}}.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|pp=70–71}} Exposure to tropical downpours could greatly add to this, but when under way the ship had enough reserve power to generate dynamic lift to compensate.{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=77}} In April 1935 it made a rough forced landing at Recife after it was caught in a rainstorm at low speed on the [[final approach (aeronautics)|approach to land]] and the added weight of several tons of water caused it to sink to the ground. The lower rudder was lost, the outer envelope was ripped in several places, and a petrol tank was punctured by a palm tree.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=188}}{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=57}}
[[File:Graf Zeppelin Palacio Barolo 30 de junio de 1934.jpg|thumb|right|''Graf Zeppelin'' flying near the [[Palacio Barolo|Barolo Palace]] in [[Buenos Aires]] (1934)]]
In late 1935 ''Graf Zeppelin'' operated a temporary [[airmail|postal shuttle service]] between Recife and [[Banjul|Bathurst]], in the British African [[Gambia Colony and Protectorate|colony of the Gambia]]. On 24 November, during the second trip, the crew learned of an insurrection in Brazil, and there was some doubt whether it would be possible to return to Recife. ''Graf Zeppelin'' delivered its mail to [[Maceió]], then loitered off the coast for three days until it was safe to land, after a flight of 118 hours and 40 minutes.{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=281}}
[[File:Hangar de Zeppelins.jpg|thumb|left|Airship hangar near Rio de Janeiro|alt=A large tall grey concrete hangar, with the main doors slightly open. In the background, a blue sky. In the foreground are a row of individual aircraft shelters. In one of them, an F-5 is visible in silhouette.]]
Brazil built a hangar for airships at [[Bartolomeu de Gusmão Airport]], near Rio de Janeiro, at a cost of $1&nbsp;million (equivalent to ${{Inflation|US|1|1936|fmt=c}}&nbsp;million in {{Inflation/year|US}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}). Brazil charged the DZR $2000 (${{Inflation|US|2000|1936|fmt=c|r=-3}} in {{Inflation/year|US}}{{Inflation/fn|US}}) per landing, and had agreed that German airships would land there 20 times per year, to pay off the cost.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=189}} The hangar was constructed in Germany and the parts were transported and assembled on site. It was finished in late 1936,<ref name="watts">{{cite news |last1=Watts |first1=Jonathan |title=Dead zeppelins: Brazilian gravesite is airships' stairway to heaven |url=https://www.theguardian.com/world/2016/nov/27/brazil-zeppelin-hangar-nazis |access-date=26 October 2019 |work=The Guardian |date=27 November 2016}}</ref> and was used four times by ''Graf Zeppelin'' and five by ''Hindenburg''.{{sfnp|Brooks|1992|p=167}} It now houses units of the [[Brazilian Air Force]].<ref name="watts"/>

''Graf Zeppelin'' made 64 round trips to Brazil, on the first regular intercontinental commercial air passenger service,{{sfnp|Dick|Robinson|1985|p=41}} and it continued until the [[Hindenburg disaster|loss of the ''Hindenburg'']] in May 1937.{{sfnp|Brooks|1992|p=167}}

===Propaganda (1936)===
Eckener was outspoken about his dislike of the Nazi Party, and was warned about it by [[Rudolf Diels]], the head of the [[Gestapo]].{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=158–163}}{{sfnp|Swinfield|2013|p=240}} When the Nazis gained power in 1933, [[Joseph Goebbels]] (Reich Minister of Propaganda) and [[Hermann Göring]] (Commander-in-chief of the Luftwaffe) sidelined Eckener by putting the more sympathetic Lehmann in charge of a new airline, [[Deutsche Zeppelin Reederei]] (DZR), which operated German airships.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|p=350}}

On 7 March 1936, in violation of the Treaty of Versailles and the [[Locarno Treaties]], German troops [[Remilitarization of the Rhineland|reoccupied the Rhineland]]. Hitler called a [[1936 German parliamentary election and referendum|plebiscite for 29 March]] to retrospectively approve the reoccupation and adopt a list of exclusively Nazi candidates to sit in the new [[Reichstag (Weimar Republic)|Reichstag]]. Goebbels commandeered ''Graf Zeppelin'' and the newly launched ''Hindenburg'' for the Reich [[Ministry of Public Enlightenment and Propaganda]].<ref>{{cite news |title=Propaganda 'attack' made by Zeppelins.|work=New York Times |date=29 March 1930}}</ref> The airships flew in tandem around Germany before the vote, with a joint departure from Löwenthal on the morning of 26 March.<ref>{{cite news |title=Two Reich Zeppelins on Election Tour.|work=New York Times |date=27 March 1936}}</ref> They toured the country for four days and three nights, dropping propaganda leaflets, playing martial music and slogans from large loudspeakers, and broadcasting political speeches from a makeshift radio studio on ''Hindenburg''.{{sfnp|Lehmann|1937|pp=326–332}}

==Retirement and aftermath==
[[File:ETH-BIB-Deutscher Zeppelin-Inlandflüge-LBS MH05-41-03.tif|thumb|right|''Graf Zeppelin'' flying over Germany later in its career, with swastikas on the tail fins|alt=A black-and-white photograph from slightly above of the Graf Zeppelin, a large slim airship, flying from right to left against a low sun. The ground below is misty and consists of rolling hills, woods, and a meandering road which is catching the sun. The silvery airship is also reflecting the sun. It bears black swastikas on white circles on its vertical tail surfaces.]]
The crew heard of the [[Hindenburg disaster|''Hindenburg'' disaster]] by radio on 6 May 1937 while in the air, returning from Brazil to Germany; they delayed telling the passengers until after landing on 8 May so as not to alarm them.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|pp=196–198}}{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=294}} The disaster, in which Lehmann and 35 others were killed, destroyed public faith in the safety of hydrogen-filled airships, making continued passenger operations impossible unless they could convert to non-flammable [[helium]]. ''Hindenburg'' had originally been planned to use helium,{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=284}}<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Smith |first1=G Geoffrey |journal=Flight |title= LZ 129 Nearing Completion|date=3 October 1935|pages=352–354 |url=https://www.flightglobal.com/pdfarchive/view/1935/1935%20-2-%200386.html}}</ref> but almost all of the world's supply was controlled by the US, and its export had been tightly restricted by the [[Helium Act of 1925]].<ref>{{cite news |last=Krock|first=Arthur|title=In Washington: A Star Witness on Our Helium Export Policy.|work=New York Times |date=12 May 1937|page=22}}</ref>

''Graf Zeppelin'' was permanently withdrawn from service shortly after the disaster.{{sfnp|Vaeth|1958|p=202}}{{sfnp|Brookes|1992|p=18}} On 18 June, its 590th and last flight took it to Frankfurt am Main, where it was deflated and exhibited to visitors in its hangar.{{sfnp|Swinfield|2013|p=240}}{{sfnp|de Syon|2005|p=201}} [[Franklin D. Roosevelt|President Roosevelt]] supported exporting enough helium for the ''Hindenburg''-class [[LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin II|LZ 130 ''Graf Zeppelin II'']] to resume commercial transatlantic passenger service by 1939,<ref>{{cite news|title=President Backs Export of Helium: Sends to Congress Report by Cabinet Committee Advising Sale for Airship Lines.|work=New York Times |date=26 May 1937|page=2}}</ref> but by early 1938, the opposition of [[United States Secretary of the Interior|Interior Secretary]] [[Harold L. Ickes|Harold Ickes]], who was concerned that Germany was likely to use the airship in war, made that impossible.<ref name="ickes">{{cite news|title=Ickes Stand Halts Helium Gas Sale: His Opposition, Under Law, Prevents Roosevelt Action to Aid Dirigible.|work=New York Times |date=12 May 1938|page=9}}</ref>{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=295}} On 11 May 1938, Roosevelt's press secretary announced that the US would not sell helium to Germany. Eckener, who had unsuccessfully intervened, responded that it would be "the death sentence for commercial lighter-than-air craft."<ref name="ickes"/>{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=295}} ''Graf Zeppelin II'' made 30 test, promotional, propaganda and military surveillance flights around Europe using hydrogen between September 1938 and August 1939; it never entered commercial passenger service. On 4 March 1940, Göring ordered ''Graf Zeppelin'' and ''Graf Zeppelin II'' to be scrapped, and their airframes to be melted down for the German military aircraft industry.{{sfnp|Bauer|Duggan|1998|pp=173, 189–195}}

During its career, ''Graf Zeppelin'' had flown almost 1.7&nbsp;million km (1,053,391 miles), the first aircraft to fly over a million miles. It made 144 oceanic crossings (143 across the Atlantic, and one of the Pacific), carried 13,110 passengers and {{convert|235300|lbs|kg|order=flip|abbr=on}} of mail and freight.{{sfnp|Brewer|1991|p=2}} It flew for 17,177 hours (717 days, or nearly two years),{{sfnp|Ridley-Kitts|2012|p=287}} without injuring a passenger or crewman.{{sfnp|Hancock|2017|pp=102–103}} It has been called "the world's most successful airship",{{sfnp|Brookes|1992|p=9}}{{sfnp|Swinfield|2013|p=358}} but it was not a commercial success; it had been hoped that the [[Hindenburg-class airship|''Hindenburg''-class airships]] that followed would have the capacity and speed to make money on the popular North Atlantic route.{{sfnp|Hoyt|1969|p=121}} ''Graf Zeppelin''<nowiki>'</nowiki>s achievements showed that this was technically possible.{{sfnp|Brookes|1992|p=9}}

By the time the two ''Graf Zeppelin''s were recycled, they were the last rigid airships in the world,{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=246}} and heavier-than-air long-distance passenger transport, using aircraft like the [[Focke-Wulf Fw 200 Condor|Focke-Wulf Condor]] and the [[Boeing 307 Stratoliner]], was already in its ascendancy.{{sfnp|de Syon|2005|pp=201–202}} Aeroplanes were faster, less labour-intensive and safer;{{sfnp|Robinson|1975|p=324}}{{sfnp|Brookes|1992|p=23}} by 1958 they developed into passenger jets like the [[Boeing 707]] which could cross the Atlantic reliably in a few hours. By 2017 annual air passenger journeys had surpassed 4&nbsp;billion.<ref>{{cite web |title=Traveler Numbers Reach New Heights |url=https://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2018-09-06-01.aspx |website=www.iata.org |publisher=IATA |access-date=4 November 2019 |language=en |archive-date=4 November 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191104215723/https://www.iata.org/pressroom/pr/Pages/2018-09-06-01.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> 

Modern airships like the [[Zeppelin NT]] use [[semi-rigid airship|semi-rigid designs]] and are lifted by helium on their mainly sight-seeing duties.<ref>{{cite web|last=Mueller|first=Joseph B.|author2=Michael A. Paluszek |author3=Yiyuan Zhao |year=2004|title=Development of an aerodynamic model and control law design for a high altitude airship|publisher=American Institute of [[Aeronautics]] and Astronautics|page=2|url=https://apps.dtic.mil/sti/pdfs/ADA451761.pdf|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111111146/http://www.dtic.mil/cgi-bin/GetTRDoc?AD=ADA451761&Location=U2&doc=GetTRDoc.pdf|url-status=live|archive-date=11 November 2011}}</ref>

==Specifications==
[[File:Zeppelin-LZ-127 internal and gas cells.svg|thumb|right|upright=2|Internal components and gas cell locations shown schematically, excluding passenger and engine gondolas]]
{{Aircraft specs
|ref={{sfnp|Brooks|1992|pp=163–168}}
|prime units?=met
<!--
        General characteristics
-->
|crew=36
|capacity=20 passengers / Typical disposable load {{cvt|19900|kg}}
|length m=236.6
|length ft=
|length in=
|length note=
|dia m=30.5
|dia ft=<!-- airships etc -->
|dia in=<!-- airships etc -->
|dia note=maximum<br />
*'''Fineness ratio:''' 7.25
|width m=<!-- if applicable -->
|width ft=<!-- if applicable -->
|width in=<!-- if applicable -->
|width note=
|height m=33.5
|height ft=
|height in=
|height note=
|volume m3=75000
|volume ft3=<!-- lighter-than-air -->
|volume note= [[hydrogen]] + {{cvt|30000|m3}} [[Blau gas]] capacity<br />
*'''Number of gas cells:''' 16
|empty weight kg=67100
|empty weight lb=
|empty weight note=
|gross weight kg=
|gross weight lb=
|gross weight note=
|max takeoff weight kg=
|max takeoff weight lb=
|max takeoff weight note=
|fuel capacity={{cvt|8000|kg}} petrol  + {{cvt|30000|m3}} Blau gas
|lift kg=87000
|lift lb=<!-- lighter-than-air -->
|lift note=typical gross lift
|more general=
<!--
        Powerplant
-->
|eng1 number=5
|eng1 name=[[Maybach VL II]]
|eng1 type=V-12 water-cooled reversible piston engines
|eng1 kw=<!-- prop engines -->
|eng1 hp=550

|prop blade number=2, later 4
|prop name=propellers
|prop dia m=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia ft=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia in=<!-- propeller aircraft -->
|prop dia note=
<!--
        Performance
-->
|max speed kmh=128
|max speed mph=
|max speed kts=
|max speed note=
|cruise speed kmh=
|cruise speed mph=
|cruise speed kts=
|cruise speed note=
|stall speed kmh=
|stall speed mph=
|stall speed kts=
|stall speed note=
|never exceed speed kmh=
|never exceed speed mph=
|never exceed speed kts=
|never exceed speed note=
|range km=10000
|range miles=
|range nmi=
|range note=at {{cvt|117|km/h|mph kn}}
|combat range km=
|combat range miles=
|combat range nmi=
|combat range note=
|ferry range km=
|ferry range miles=
|ferry range nmi=
|ferry range note=
|endurance=<!-- if range unknown -->
|ceiling m=
|ceiling ft=
|ceiling note=

|climb rate ms=
|climb rate ftmin=
|climb rate note=
|time to altitude=

|sink rate note=
|lift to drag=
|fuel consumption kg/km=
|fuel consumption lb/mi=
|power/mass=
|thrust/weight=

|more performance=
}}

==See also==
* [[List of Zeppelins]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
'''Notes'''
{{reflist|group=nb}}
'''Citations'''
{{reflist|30em}}
'''Bibliography'''
{{Refbegin}}
*{{cite book |last1=Bauer |first1=Manfred |last2=Duggan|first2=John|title=LZ 130 Graf Zeppelin und das Ende der Verkehrsluftschiffahrt |date=1998 |publisher=Zeppelin-Museum |location=Friedrichshafen, Germany|isbn=978-3-926162-79-3|edition=First}}
*{{cite book |last1=Botting |first1=Douglas |author-link=Douglas Botting|title=Dr. Eckener's Dream Machine: The Historic Saga of the Round-the-world Zeppelin |date=2001 |publisher=HarperCollins |location=New York, US|isbn=0-0065-3225-X }}
*{{cite book |last1=Botting |first1=Douglas |title=The giant airships |date=1980 |publisher=Time-Life Books|location=Alexandria, Virginia, US|isbn=0-8094-3271-4}}
*{{cite book |editor1-last=Bradley|editor1-first=Samuel S |title=Aircraft Yearbook 1929|date=1929 |publisher=Aeronautical Chamber of Commerce of America|location=New York City, US}}
*{{cite book |last1=Brewer |first1=G Daniel |title=Hydrogen aircraft technology |date=1991 |publisher=CRC Press|location=Boca Raton, Florida, US|isbn=978-0-8493-5838-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Brookes|first1=Andrew |author-link=Andrew Brookes|title=Disaster in the Air |date=1992 |publisher=Ian Allan|location=Shepperton, UK|isbn=978-0-7110-2037-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Brooks |first1=Peter W |title=Zeppelin: rigid airships, 1893–1940 |date=1992 |publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington DC, US|isbn=978-1-56098-228-9}}
*{{cite book|last1=Dick|first1=Harold G|author-link=Harold G. Dick|last2=Robinson|first2=Douglas H|title=The golden age of the great passenger airships: Graf Zeppelin & Hindenburg|date=1985|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington DC, US|isbn=978-1-56098-219-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/goldenageofgreat0000dick}}
*{{cite book |last1=Duggan |first1=J |last2=Meyer|first2=H Cord|title=Airships in International Affairs 1890–1940|date=2001|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan|location=London, UK|isbn=978-1-349-41234-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hammack|first1=Bill|author-link=William S. Hammack|title=Fatal Flight: The True Story of Britain's Last Great Airship|date=2016|publisher=Articulate Noise Books|url=http://www.engineerguy.com/airship/pdf/fatal-flight-appendix-d.pdf|isbn=978-1-945441-03-5}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hancock|first1=Peter|title=Transports of Delight: How Technology Materializes Human Imagination|date=2017|publisher=Springer|location=New York City, US|isbn=978-3-319-55247-7}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hoyt|first1=Edwin Palmer|author-link=Edwin Palmer Hoyt|title=The Zeppelins|date=1969|publisher=Lothrop, Lee & Shepard|location=New York City, US}}
*{{cite book|last1=Layman|first1=R D|title=Naval aviation in the First World War|date=1996|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland, US|isbn=978-1-55750-617-7|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/navalaviationinf00laym}}
*{{cite book |last1=Lehmann |first1=Ernst|author-link=Ernst Lehmann|title=Zeppelin: The Story of Lighter-than-air Craft |date=1937 |publisher=Longmans, Green and Co|location=London, UK|isbn=978-1-78155-012-0|ol=25072641M}} 
*{{cite book|last1=Meyer|first1=Henry Cord|author-link=Henry Cord Meyer|title=Airshipmen, businessmen, and politics, 1890–1940|date=1991|publisher=Smithsonian Institution Press|location=Washington DC, US|isbn=978-1-56098-031-5|ol=1864423M|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/airshipmenbusine00meye}}
*{{cite book |last1=Newman |first1=James L |title=Encountering gorillas: a chronicle of discovery, exploitation, understanding, and survival|date=2013|publisher=Rowman & Littlefield |location=Lanham, Maryland, US|isbn=978-1-4422-1957-1}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ridley-Kitts |first1=Daniel George |title=Military, Naval and Civil Airships Since 1783|date=2012|publisher=The History Press Ltd|location=Cheltenham, UK|isbn=978-0752464718}}
*{{cite book|last1=Robinson|first1=Douglas H|title=Giants in the sky: a history of the rigid airship|date=1975|publisher=University of Washington Press|location=Seattle, Washington, US|isbn=978-0-295-95249-9|ol=5291361M|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/giantsinskyhisto0000robi}}
*{{cite book |last1=Robinson |first1=Douglas H |last2=Keller|first2=Charles|title=Up Ship!: A History of the U.S. Navy's Rigid Airships 1919–1935|date=1982|publisher=Naval Institute Press|location=Annapolis, Maryland, US|isbn=978-0-87021-738-8}}
*{{cite book |last1=Swinfield |first1=John |title=Airship: Design, Development and Disaster |date=2013 |publisher=Bloomsbury Publishing |location=London, UK|isbn=978-1-84486-209-2}}
*{{cite book |last1=de Syon |first1=Gillaume |title=Zeppelin!: Germany and the airship, 1900–1939 |date=2005 |publisher=Johns Hopkins University Press |location=Baltimore, Maryland, US |isbn=978-0-8018-6734-7}}
*{{cite book |last1=Vaeth |first1=J Gordon |title=Graf Zeppelin: The Adventures of an Aerial Globetrotter|date=1958|publisher=Harper & Brothers |location=New York City, US|ol=4113768W}}
*{{cite book |last1=Ventry|first1=Lord|last2=Kolesnik|first2=Eugene M|title=Airship saga: the history of airships seen through the eyes of the men who designed, built, and flew them |date=1982 |publisher=Blandford Press |location=Poole, UK |isbn=978-0-7137-1001-4}}
*{{cite book |last1=Votolato|first1=Gregory|title=Transport Design: A Travel History |date=2007 |publisher=Reaktion Books |location=London, UK |isbn=9781861894786}}
{{Refend}}

==External links==
{{commons}}
* [https://www.britishpathe.com/workspaces/df699ffd537d4e0c74710ad015dfd64d/Graf-Zeppelin British Pathe video clips]
* [https://www.flickr.com/search/?user_id=49487266%40N07&view_all=1&text=Meyer%20LZ%20127 San Diego Air & Space Museum: Henry Cord Meyer Collection, Flickr]

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