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{{Short description|Opera by Maurice Ravel}}
{{Infobox opera
| name              = L'heure espagnole
| composer          = [[Maurice Ravel]]
| image             = Postcard-1910 Ravel (cropped but not darkened).jpg
| image_upright     = 0.7
| caption           = Ravel in 1910
| librettist        = [[Franc-Nohain]]
| based_on          = Franc-Nohain's play
| language          = French
| premiere_date     = {{Start date|1911|05|19|df=y}}
| premiere_location = [[Opéra-Comique]], Paris
}}
'''''L'heure espagnole''''' is a French one-act [[opera]] from 1911, described as a ''comédie musicale'', with music by [[Maurice Ravel]] to a French [[libretto]] by [[Franc-Nohain]], based on Franc-Nohain's 1904 play ('comédie-bouffe') of the same name<ref name="Annales">{{cite book |author=Stoullig E. |title=[[Les Annales du Théâtre et de la Musique]], 30eme edition, 1904 |publisher=Librairie Paul Ollendorff |location=Paris |date=1905 |page=[https://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/bpt6k9767107k/f180.item.r=espagnole.zoom 144] |via=gallica.bnf.fr}}</ref><ref name="Manuel">{{cite book |author=Roland-Manuel |url=https://archive.org/details/mauriceravel0000rola/page/52/mode/2up?q=56+minutes |title=Maurice Ravel |p=52 |quote=When Franc-Nohain heard Ravel play the work through to him for the first time, he apparently looked at his watch and said to Ravel "56 minutes" |via=archive.org}}</ref> The opera, set in Spain in the 18th century, is about a clockmaker whose unfaithful wife attempts to make love to several different men while he is away, leading to them hiding in, and eventually getting stuck in, her husband's clocks. The title can be translated literally as "The Spanish Hour", but the word "heure" also means "time" – "Spanish Time", with the connotation "How They Keep Time in Spain".

The original play had first been performed at the [[Théâtre de l'Odéon]] on 28 October 1904.<ref name="Annales" /> Ravel began working on the music as early as 1907,<ref>{{cite journal | last=Hill | first=Edward Burlingame | title=Maurice Ravel | journal=The Musical Quarterly | volume=13 | issue=1 | pages=130–146 | date=January 1927 | doi=10.1093/mq/XIII.1.130}}</ref> and the opera was first performed at the [[Opéra-Comique]] on 19 May 1911.<ref name="Wolff" />

==Performance history==
Ravel was closely involved in every aspect of the production as it was prepared for its premiere by the [[Opéra-Comique]] at the [[Salle Favart]] in Paris.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Kilpatrick E. |title=The Carbonne Copy : tracing the première of L’Heure espagnole. |journal=Revue de Musicologie |volume=95/1 |year=2009}}</ref>
The opera was first performed by the Opéra-Comique on 19 May 1911, in a double-bill with ''[[Thérèse (opera)|Thérèse]]'' by [[Jules Massenet]]; after the initial nine performances it was not revived.<ref name="Wolff">{{cite book |author=Wolff, Stéphane |title=Un demi-siècle d'Opéra-Comique 1900–1950 |publisher=André Bonne |location=Paris |date=1953}}</ref> The [[Paris Opéra]] presented it on 5 December 1921 with Fanny Heldy as Concepción, and it enjoyed more success.<ref>Roland-Manuel, p. ??</ref> The opera returned to the Opéra-Comique in 1945 where it continued in the repertoire.<ref name="Wolff"/> Outside France, ''L’heure espagnole'' was first seen at Covent Garden in 1919, Chicago and New York in 1920, Brussels in 1921, followed by Basel and Rotterdam (1923), Prague (1924), Hamburg, Stockholm (1925), reaching Buenos Aires in 1932 and Cairo in 1934.<ref>{{cite magazine |magazine=L'Avant Scène Opéra |title=L'Enfant et les sortilèges & L'Heure espagnole |date=January 1990}}</ref> The opera was performed for the first time in Canada at the 1961 [[Montreal Festivals]].

==Musical background==
In relation to Ravel's vocal writing in the opera, [[Alexis Roland-Manuel]] wrote "The language of the music is linked up as naturally as possible with the music of the language".<ref>Roland-Manuel, p. 120.</ref>
In an interview published two days before the premiere, Ravel explained his approach to his new opera. "I have written an opéra-bouffe. Apart from [Gonzalve] who sings sérénades and cavatines with deliberately exaggerated melodies, the other rôles will give, I think, the impression of being spoken." Ravel also cited Mussorgsky's ''[[Zhenitba|The Marriage]]'' for the effect he was aiming to achieve in the word setting, and underlined the Spanish elements of the score in his use of [[Jota (music)|jota]]s, [[Habanera (music)|habanera]]s and malagueñas.<ref>« C’est un opéra-bouffe » nous dit M. Ravel. Rene Bizet, ''L’Intransigeant'', 17 May 1911. Reproduced in L'Avant Scène Opéra. L'Enfant et les sortilèges & L'Heure espagnole. January 1990, p86.</ref>
Kobbé commented that from "the delightful clock noises of the opening to the Habanera quintet of the end, ''L'Heure Espagnole'' is full of charming music",<ref name="Kobbé">{{cite book |author=Kobbé, Gustave |title=Kobbé's Complete Opera Book |editor1=Harewood |publisher=Putnam |location=London & New York |date=1954 |p=1060}}</ref> while Grove notes that the opera is one of a group of Spanish-influenced works that span Ravel's career and that in it he employed "a virtuoso use of the modern orchestra".<ref>{{cite book |author=Nichols R. |chapter=L'Heure espagnole |title=The New Grove Dictionary of Opera |publisher=Macmillan |location=London & New York|date=1997}}</ref>

==Roles==
{| class="wikitable"
!Role
!Voice type
!Premiere Cast,<br>19 May 1911<br>(Conductor: [[François Ruhlmann]])
|-
|Torquemada, ''a clockmaker'' 
|[[tenor]]<ref>In fact designated as 'trial' (equivalently ''tenor-bouffe'') after the singer [[Antoine Trial]]</ref>
|Maurice Cazeneuve
|-
|Concepción, ''Torquemada's wife'' 
|[[mezzo-soprano]]
|[[Geneviève Vix]]
|-
|Gonzalve, ''a student poet'' 
|tenor
|Maurice Coulomb
|-
|Ramiro, ''a muleteer'' 
|[[baritone]]
|[[Jean Périer]]
|-
|Don Iñigo Gomez, ''a banker'' 
|[[bass (vocal range)|bass]]
|[[Hector Dufranne]]<ref>Although Grove lists Dufranne, Stéphane Wolff (''Un demi-siècle d’Opéra-Comique'', 1953, in both the opera lists and biographical sketches), and the Durand vocal score give '''[[Jean Delvoye|Delvoye]]''' as the premiere singer. [[Roland-Manuel]] lists Delvoye among the premiere cast (''Ravel'', 1938/47, English edition, Dennis Dobson Ltd, p62). In addition, [[Vladimir Jankélévitch]] (''Ravel'', 1939) reproduces a photo-set of the original performers, including Delvoye as Don Inigo (p51, Evergreen Profile edition) and ''L'Avant Scène Opera 127'' on Ravel's operas has a reproduction of the original playbill with Delvoye (p116).</ref>
|-
|}

==Synopsis==
:Time: 18th century

:Place: The workshop of the clockmaker Torquemada in [[Toledo, Spain]].

The opera takes place in 21 scenes, with an introduction.

Torquemada is at work in his shop when the muleteer Ramiro stops by to have his watch fixed, so that he can fulfill his duties at collecting the town's post. It is Thursday, the day that Torquemada goes out to tend the municipal clocks, so Ramiro must wait. Torquemada's wife, Concepción, enters to complain that her husband hasn't yet moved a clock into her bedroom. After Torquemada has left, she takes advantage of his absence to plan assignations with gentleman friends. However, the presence of Ramiro is initially a hindrance. So she asks him to move a grandfather clock to her bedroom, which he agrees to do.

Meanwhile, she waits for Gonzalve, a poet. He arrives, and is inspired to poetry, but not to lovemaking, where Concepción would prefer the latter. When Ramiro is about to return, she sends him back saying that she chose the wrong clock. She then has the idea of having Gonzalve hide in one clock so that Ramiro can carry him upstairs. After Gonzalve is concealed, Don Iñigo, a banker and another of Concepción's gentleman friends, arrives. When Ramiro returns, she persuades him to carry up the clock with Gonzalve concealed in it, and she accompanies him.

On his own, Don Iñigo conceals himself in another clock. Ramiro enters, asked to watch the shop, and musing on how little he understands of women. Concepción then summons him back upstairs, saying that the clock's hands are running backwards. She and Don Iñigo try to communicate, but Ramiro arrives back with the other clock. Don Iñigo has hidden himself again, and Ramiro now carries up the clock with Don Iñigo upstairs.

With Gonzalve now downstairs, Concepción tries to turn him away from poetry towards her, but Gonzalve is too absorbed to follow her lead. Ramiro returns, and Gonzalve must conceal himself again. He offers to take the second clock up again. Impressed by how easily Ramiro carries the clocks (and their load) upstairs, Concepción begins to be physically attracted to him.

With Gonzalve and Don Iñigo now each stuck in clocks, Torquemada returns from his municipal duties.  Both Gonzalve and Don Iñigo eventually escape their respective clock enclosures, the latter with more difficulty. To save face, they each have to purchase a clock. Concepción is now left without a clock, but she muses that she can wait for the muleteer to appear regularly with his watch repaired. The opera ends with a quintet finale, as the singers step out of character to intone the moral of the tale, paraphrasing [[Giovanni Boccaccio|Boccaccio]]:

{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
:"Entre tous les amants, seul amant efficace,
:Il arrive un moment, dans les déduits d'amour,
:Où le muletier a son tour!"
{{col-break}}
"Among all lovers, only the efficient succeed,<br>
The moment arrives, in the pursuit of love,<br>
When the muleteer has his turn!"
{{col-end}}

==Dedication==
Ravel dedicated ''L'heure espagnole'' to [[Louise Cruppi]],<ref>{{cite web |url=https://imslp.org/wiki/L%27heure_espagnole_(Ravel,_Maurice) |title=L'heure espagnole (Ravel, Maurice) |website=imslp.org/wiki |access-date=17 April 2019}}</ref> whose son he would later commemorate with one of the movements of ''[[Le Tombeau de Couperin ]]''.

==Orchestration==
{{col-begin}}
{{col-break}}
'''Woodwinds'''
*[[Piccolo]]
*2 [[Flute]]s
*2 [[Oboe]]s
*[[Cor anglais|English horn]]
*2 [[Clarinet]]s in A/B-flat
*[[Bass clarinet]] in B-flat
*2 [[Bassoon]]s
*[[Sarrusophone]]
{{col-break}}
'''Brass'''
*4 [[French horn|Horn]]s in F
*2 [[Trumpet]]s in C
*3 [[Trombone]]s
*[[Contrabass tuba]] in C
{{col-break}}
'''Percussion'''
*[[Timpani]]
*[[Snare drum]]
*[[Bass drum]]
*[[Cymbal]]s
*[[Spring (device)|Spring]] (Ressort)
*[[Tambourine]]
*[[Gong|Tamtam]]
*[[Triangle (musical instrument)|Triangle]]
*[[Castanet]]s
*[[Ratchet (instrument)|Ratchet]] (Crécelle)
*[[Whip (instrument)|Whip]] (Fouet)
*[[Jingle bell|Sleigh bell]]s (Grelots)
*[[Tubular bell]]s
*[[Glockenspiel]]
*[[Xylophone]]
*3 [[Pendulum clock|Clock pendulum]]s
{{col-break}}
'''Keyboard'''
*[[Celesta]]

'''Strings'''
*[[Violin]]s
*[[Viola]]s
*[[Cello]]s
*[[Double bass]]es
*2 [[Harp]]s
{{col-end}}

==Recordings==
* VAI VAIA CD 1073: Jeanne Krieger (Concepción); Louis Arnoult (Gonzalve); Raoul Gilles (Torquemada); Jean Aubert (Ramiro); [[Hector Dufranne]] (Don Iñigo Gomez), Orchestra; Georges Truc, conductor (1929, recorded under the supervision of the composer)
* [[Institut national de l'audiovisuel|INA]], mémoire vive CD IMV027: [[Géori Boué]] (Concepción); Louis Arnoult (Gonzalve); Jean Planel (Torquemada); [[Roger Bourdin]] (Ramiro); Charles Paul (Don Iñigo Gomez), Orchestra; [[Manuel Rosenthal]], conductor (1944 radio broadcast)
* [[La Voix de son maître]]. [[Denise Duval]] (Concepción); [[Jean Giraudeau]] (Gonzalve); [[René Hérent]] (Torquemada); [[Jean Vieuille]] (Ramiro); Charles Clavensy (Don Iñigo Gomez), Orchestre de l'[[Opéra Comique]]; [[André Cluytens]], conductor (1953)
* [[Decca Records|Decca]]. [[Suzanne Danco]] (Concepción); [[Paul Derenne]] (Gonzalve); Michel Hamel (Torquemada); [[Heinz Rehfuss]] (Ramiro); André Vessières (Don Iñigo Gomez), [[Orchestre de la Suisse Romande]]; [[Ernest Ansermet]], conductor (1953)
* [[Vox Records|Vox]] PL7880. Janine Linda (Concepción); [[André Dran]] (Gonzalve); Jean Mollien (Torquemada); Jean Hoffman (Ramiro); Lucien Mans (Don Iñigo Gomez), L'Orchestre Radio-Symphonique de Paris de la Radiodiffusion Française; [[René Leibowitz]], conductor (1953)
* [[Deutsche Grammophon]] 138 970 (original LP issue): [[Jane Berbié]] (Concepción), [[Michel Sénéchal]] (Gonzalve), [[Jean Giraudeau]] (Torquemada), [[Gabriel Bacquier]] (Ramiro), [[José van Dam]] (Don Iñigo Gomez); Orchestre National de l'ORTF, Paris; [[Lorin Maazel]], conductor (1963)
* [[Erato Records|Erato]] ECD 75318: [[Elizabeth Laurence]] (Concepción), Tibère Raffalli (Gonzalve), Michel Sénéchal (Torquemada), [[Gino Quilico]] (Ramiro), François Loup (Don Iñigo Gomez); [[Nouvel Orchestre Philharmonique de Radio France|Nouvel Orchestre Philharmonique]]; [[Armin Jordan]], conductor  (1987)<ref>{{cite journal | last=Murphy | first=Duff | title=''L'heure espagnole''. Maurice Ravel | journal=The Opera Quarterly | volume=6 | issue=2 | pages=135–137 | year=1988 | doi=10.1093/oq/6.2.135}}</ref>
* [[Deutsche Grammophon]] 0289 457 5902 9: [[Kimberly Barber]] (Concepción), [[John Mark Ainsley]] (Gonzalve), Georges Gautier (Torquemada), [[Kurt Ollmann]] (Ramiro), [[David Wilson-Johnson]] (Don Iñigo Gomez), [[London Symphony Orchestra]]; [[André Previn]], conductor
* Naxos 8.660337: Isabelle Druet (Concepción), Frédéric Antoun (Gonzalve), Luca Lombardo (Torquemada), Marc Barrard (Ramiro), [[Nicolas Courjal]] (Don Iñigo Gomez); [[Orchestre National de Lyon]]; [[Leonard Slatkin]], conductor
* SWR Classic SWR19016CD: [[Stéphanie d'Oustrac]] (Concepción), [[Yann Beuron]] (Gonzalve), [[Jean-Paul Fouchécourt]] (Torquemada), Alexandre Duhamel (Ramiro), [[Paul Gay]] (Don Iñigo Gomez); [[Stuttgart Radio Symphony Orchestra]]; [[Stéphane Denève]], conductor
* BR Klassik 900317: Gaelle Arquez (Concepción), Julien Behr (Gonzalve), Mathias Vidal (Torquemada), Alexandre Duhamel (Ramiro), Lionel Lhote (Don Iñigo Gomez); [[Munich Radio Orchestra]]; [[Asher Fisch]], conductor
* Kultur (DVD), Glyndebourne Festival Opera (1987): [[Anna Steiger]] (Concepción), Thierry Dran (Gonzalve), Remy Corazza (Torquemada), [[François Le Roux]] (Ramiro), François Loup (Don Iñigo Gomez); [[Frank Corsaro]], stage director; [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]]; [[Sian Edwards]], conductor
* Fra Musica (DVD), Glyndebourne Festival Opera (2012): Stéphanie d'Oustrac (Concepción), Alek Shrader (Gonzalve), Francois Piolino (Torquemada), Elliot Madore (Ramiro), Paul Gay (Don Iñigo Gomez); [[Laurent Pelly]], stage director; [[London Philharmonic Orchestra]]; [[Kazushi Ono]], conductor

==References==
;Notes
{{Reflist}}
;Sources
*Clifton, Keith E., ''Maurice Ravel's L'Heure espagnole'': Genesis, Sources, Analysis." Ph.D. dissertation, Northwestern University, 1998.
*[[Alexis Roland-Manuel|Roland-Manuel, Alexis]], ''Maurice Ravel.'' Dover Publications, 1972 {{ISBN|978-0-486-20695-0}}
*Warrack, John and West, Ewan, ''The Oxford Dictionary of Opera'', 1992. {{ISBN|0-19-869164-5}}

== External links ==
* {{IMSLP2|work=L'heure espagnole (Ravel, Maurice)|cname=L’heure espagnole}}

{{Maurice Ravel}}
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{{DEFAULTSORT:Heure Espagnole}}
[[Category:Operas by Maurice Ravel]]
[[Category:French-language operas]]
[[Category:Opera buffa]]
[[Category:Operas]]
[[Category:One-act operas]]
[[Category:1911 operas]]
[[Category:Operas set in Spain]]
[[Category:Opera world premieres at the Opéra-Comique]]