View source for L&YR Class 8

{{Short description|British steam locomotive class (1908–1920)}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2018}}
{{Use British English|date=March 2018}}
{{Infobox locomotive
|name             = Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Class&nbsp;8 (1908 specification)
|powertype        = Steam
|image            = Railwaysofworld00protrich-p379-LYR-Hughes-460.jpg
|caption          =
|designer         =[[George Hughes (engineer)|George Hughes]]
|builder          = [[Horwich Works]]
|ordernumber      = Horwich Lot 60
|serialnumber     = Horwich 1009–1028
|buildmodel       =
|builddate        = June 1908 – March 1909
|totalproduction  = 20
|rebuilder        =
|rebuilddate      =
|numberrebuilt    =
|whytetype        = [[4-6-0]]
|uicclass         = 2′C n4
|gauge            = {{RailGauge|ussg}}
|leadingdiameter  = {{convert|3|ft|0+1/2|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
|driverdiameter   = {{convert|6|ft|3|in|m|3|abbr=on}}
|minimumcurve     =
|wheelbase        = {{unbulleted list|''Coupled:'' {{convert|13|ft|7|in|m|2|abbr=on}}|''Loco:'' {{convert|25|ft|4|in|m|2|abbr=on}}}}
|length           =
|width            =
|height           =
|axleload         =
|weightondrivers  =
|locoweight       = {{convert|77.05|LT}}
|tenderweight     =
|locotenderweight =
|tendertype       =
|fueltype         = Coal
|fuelcap          =
|watercap         =
|tendercap        =
|sandcap          =
|boiler           =
|boilerpressure   = {{convert|180|lbf/in2|MPa|2|abbr=on}}
|feedwaterheater  =
|firearea         =
|tubearea         =
|fluearea         =
|tubesandflues    =
|fireboxarea      =
|totalsurface     = {{convert|2507|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
|superheatertype  = (None)
|superheaterarea  =
|cylindercount    = Four
|cylindersize     = {{convert|16|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|valvegear        = [[Joy valve gear|Joy]]
|valvetype        = Slide valves
|valvetravel      =
|valvelap         =
|valvelead        =
|transmission     =
|maxspeed         =
|poweroutput      =
|tractiveeffort   = {{convert|27156|lbf|kN|1|abbr=on}}
|factorofadhesion =
|trainheating     =
|locobrakes       =
|locobrakeforce   =
|trainbrakes      = Vacuum
|safety           =
|operator         = [[Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway|L&YR]], [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway|LMS]]
|operatorclass    = L&YR: 8
|powerclass       = LMS: 3P
|numinclass       =
|fleetnumbers     = {{unbulleted list|L&YR: 1506–1525|LMS:10400–10404}}
|officialname     =
|nicknames        =
|axleloadclass    =
|locale           =
|deliverydate     =
|firstrundate     =
|lastrundate      =
|withdrawndate    = 1925–1926
|preservedunits   =
|scrapdate        =
|disposition      = 15 rebuilt 1919–1920, remainder scrapped
}}
{{Infobox Locomotive
|name             = Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Class&nbsp;8 (1919 specification)
|hatnote          = Only items that differ are shown below
|powertype        = Steam
|image            = Britishsteamrail00ahro-p358-L&YR-Class8.jpg
|caption          =
|builder          = [[Horwich Works]]
|ordernumber      = {{unbulleted list|L&YR Lots 79, 80, 81, 83|LMS Lot No. 1}}
|serialnumber     = Horwich 1319–1353, 1364–1383
|buildmodel       =
|builddate        = 1919–1925
|totalproduction  = {{unbulleted list|15 rebuilt from first batch|55 new}}
|rebuilder        = [[Horwich Works]]
|rebuilddate      =
|numberrebuilt    =
|uicclass         = 2′C h4
|minimumcurve     =
|wheelbase        = ''Loco:'' {{convert|25|ft|7|in|m|2|abbr=on}}
|length           =
|width            =
|height           =
|axleload         =
|weightondrivers  =
|locoweight       = {{convert|79.05|LT}}
|tenderweight     =
|locotenderweight =
|tendertype       =
|fueltype         =
|fuelcap          =
|watercap         =
|tendercap        =
|sandcap          =
|boiler           =
|feedwaterheater  =
|firearea         =
|tubearea         =
|fluearea         =
|tubesandflues    =
|fireboxarea      =
|totalsurface     = {{convert|1686|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
|superheatertype  = 28-element Top & Bottom
|superheaterarea  = {{convert|552|sqft|m2|abbr=on}}
|cylindercount    = Four
|cylindersize     = {{convert|16+1/2|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}} or {{convert|15+3/4|x|26|in|mm|0|abbr=on}}
|valvegear        = [[Walschaerts valve gear|Walschaerts]]
|valvetype        = Piston valves
|valvetravel      =
|valvelap         =
|valvelead        =
|transmission     =
|maxspeed         =
|poweroutput      =
|tractiveeffort   = {{convert|26314|lbf|kN|1|abbr=on}} (minimum) or {{convert|28880|lbf|kN|1|abbr=on}} (maximum)
|factorofadhesion = 4.60 (larger cylinders) or 5.05 (smaller cylinders)
|trainheating     =
|locobrakes       =
|locobrakeforce   =
|trainbrakes      = Vacuum
|safety           =
|operator         = {{unbulleted list|[[Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway]]|→ [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]]|→ [[British Railways]]}}
|operatorclass    =
|powerclass       = LMS: 5P
|numinclass       =
|fleetnumbers     = L&YR: 1506-1525 (excl 1507/8, 1512/3, 1515), 1649–1683<br>LMS:10405–10474
|officialname     =
|nicknames        =
|axleloadclass    =
|locale           =
|deliverydate     =
|firstrundate     =
|lastrundate      =
|withdrawndate    = 1934–1951
|preservedunits   =
|scrapdate        =
|disposition      = All scrapped
}}
The '''[[Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway]]{{nbsp}}(L&YR){{nbsp}}Class{{nbsp}}8''' was a four-cylinder [[4-6-0]] express passenger locomotive designed by [[George Hughes (engineer)|George Hughes]] introduced in 1908.

==Design and construction==
The increased weight of trains in the early 1900s and need for improved power on Liverpool—Manchester—Hull expresses and Leeds—Fleetwood boat trains indicated a need for an engine more powerful than the [[L&YR Class 7|Aspinall's 4-4-2 Atlantic]] of 1899.{{sfnp|Marshall|1972|p=180}} Hughes described the requirement in a paper read to the Institute of Mechanical Engineers thus:{{Sfnp|Protheroe|1914|p=379-381}}{{Quote|text=This design was brought about by the further increased weight of trains and the necessity of accurate time-keeping with the accelerated train schedule of the Liverpool, Manchester, and Hull expresses, the Leeds, Bradford and Fleetwood boat trains, and to cope with the gradients on the Bradford, Huddersfield, and Sheffield sections|author=George Hughes}}

Hughes created a design with a boiler producing saturated steam, slide valves and [[Joy valve gear]].{{sfnp|Lane|2010|pp=142–143}}

The first examples came out of [[Horwich Works]] in June 1908, and the original batch of 20 was completed in by March 1909.{{sfnp|Lane|2010|p=142}} Around the time of their construction, they were nicknamed ''"Dreadnoughts"'' on account of their large size, after the then-new Royal Navy battleship {{HMS|Dreadnought|1906|6}}.{{sfnp|Lane|2010|p=146}}

The locomotives proved "sluggish, poor runners and poor steamers".{{sfnp|Lane|2010|p=146}} They were subject to a number of modifications to improve steaming, including enlarged blast pipes and an air duct running to the front and rear of the ashpan in order to improve combustion.{{sfnp|Lane|2010|p=146}}

The high maintenance demands of the class saw a queue needing attention building up at Horwich Works during [[World War I]].  Remedial modifications were restricted but five were fitted with replacement modified boilers to keep them in service.{{sfnp|Lane|2010|p=147}}

===1920 rebuilding===
From 1920 to 1921, fifteen were rebuilt with [[superheater]]s, [[piston valves]], [[Walschaerts valve gear]], a larger cab, and slightly larger cylinders. The nominal tractive effort of the rebuilds was {{convert|28880|lbf|kN|2|abbr=on}} which made these engines for a time the second most powerful in Great Britain (to the Somerset and Dorset 2-8-0s dating from 1914) until 1922 when the [[LNER Gresley Classes A1 and A3|Gresley Pacifics]] appeared. The rebuilt locomotives were reported to be "a good workman-like engine"{{sfn|Nock|1969|p=149}} and "an engine thoroughly master of its work",{{sfn|Mason|1975|p=80}} although still with a coal consumption on the heavy side.{{sfnp|Lane|2010|pp=142–143}}

===Later batches===
Improved performance of the rebuilt locomotives and favourable test comparisons with the [[LNWR Prince of Wales Class]] and [[LNWR Claughton Class]] in 1921 and published in ''The Engineer'' were a trigger for the L&YR to order more of the type.{{sfnp|Lane|2010|p=168}}

Deliveries of the ten locomotives in Lot 80 commenced in August 1921 with the last two being delivered after the amalgamation of the L&YR into the [[London and North Western Railway]] (LNWR) in 1922.{{sfnp|Marshall|1972|p=271}}  Deliveries from the 25 locomotives Lot 81 commenced in November 1922 with only four built before [[Railways Act 1921|grouping]] and creation of the [[London, Midland and Scottish Railway]] and the remainder delivered in 1923.{{sfnp|Marshall|1972|p=271}} The 20 more of Lot 83 were originally part of the 30-locomotive order for the related [[L&YR Hughes 4-6-4T]] and were delivered during 1924 apart from the final locomotive No. 10474 on 5 January 1925.{{sfnp|Marshall|1972|pp=196,272}}

===Compound conversion trial===
No. 10456 was converted to a 4-cylinder [[Compound locomotive|compound]] in July 1926; it was fitted with {{convert|16|in|mm|0|adj=on}} high pressure and {{convert|22|in|mm|0|adj=on}} low pressure cylinders.{{sfn|Baxter|1982|p=93}}

===Build details===

{| class="wikitable" style=text-align:center
|+ Table of orders and locomotives{{sfn|Baxter|1982|pp=82–84}}
|-
! Lot No. !! Qty !! Manufacturer !! Serial Nos. !! Year !! L&Y Nos. !! LMS Nos. !! Notes
|-
| 60 || 20 || Horwich Works || 1009–1028 || June 1908 to March 1909 || 1506–1525 || 10400–10419 || align=left | Numbers 10400-10404 not applied
|-
| 79 || (15) || Horwich Works || — || Rebuilt from November 1920 to July 1921 || {{nowrap|1522/14/23/10/11}}<br>1506/21/16/25/09<br>1520/17/24/19/18 || 10405–10419 || align=left | rebuilds of Lot 60
|-
| 80 || 10 || Horwich Works || 1319–1328 || August to October 1921, March 1922, May 1922 || 1649–1658 || 10420–10429 || align=left | 
|-
| 81 || 25 || Horwich Works || 1329–1353 || November 1922 to September 1923 || 1659–1678<br>(1679–1683) || 10430–10454 || align=left | 
|-
| 83 || 20 || Horwich Works || 1364–1383 || April 1924 to January 1925 || (1694–1713) || 10455–10474 || align=left | 
|}

==Service==
The original unrebuilt locomotives were described as "poor performers" that were prone to suffering mechanical problems causing very poor reliability.{{citation needed|date=August 2019}}  By 1918 there was a case of No. 1519, not one of the better of the class, was recording coal consumption of 100 pounds per mile between Southport and York.{{sfnp|Evans|1966|p=81}}

During the length of the [[National coal strike of 1912]] the unrebuilt Hughes 4-6-0 class were suspended because while able to "shift anything" the amount of coal they used in process was too excessive in a time of shortage.{{sfnp|Bulleid|1967|pp=215–216}}

The rebuilt version of the locomotive has been described as "creditable but not outstanding" and comparable to the [[LNWR Claughton Class]].{{sfnp|Whitehouse|Thomas|1987|p=47}}

As well as former L&YR territory the rebuilt class worked the [[West Coast Main Line]] mainly between Crewe and Carlisle but increasing less frequently south to Euston as the [[LMS Royal Scot Class]] became available.{{sfnp|Lane|2010|p=176}}  The swansong was an enthusiast special excursion from Blackpool to York by what was described as an "old" locomotive on 1 July 1951.{{sfnp|Whitehouse|Thomas|1987|p=177}}

==Withdrawal==
The relatively early withdrawal of most units must be considered in the context that the LMS inherited 393 different locomotive classes at Grouping, and LMS chairman [[Josiah Stamp, 1st Baron Stamp|Sir Josiah Stamp]] thought it desirable to reduce this to just 10 classes.{{sfn|Hunt|Jennison|James|Essery|2006|p=80}}  Also perhaps relevant is that while Hughes became [[chief mechanical engineer]] (CME) of the LNWR following its amalgamation with the L&YR and then CME of the LMS at the grouping,{{sfnp|Lane|2010|p=171}} with his resignation in 1925, influence moved from Horwich to Derby.{{sfnp|Whitehouse|Thomas|1987|pp=38, 47}}  In a paper presented to the Institute of Locomotive Engineers in 1946 E. S. Cox claimed that while the class were capable of some outstanding performances their "steaming, coal consumption and reliability were not outstanding" and seeming considered not suitable for general use on the Anglo Scottish as had been hoped.{{sfnp|Cox|1946|pp=108–109}}

{| class=wikitable
|+ Table of withdrawals {{sfn|Baxter|1982|pp=82–84}}
! Year !! Quantity in<br>service at<br>start of year !! Quantity<br>withdrawn !! Locomotive numbers !! Notes
|-
| 1925 || 75 || 3 || 1507/13/15 ||
|-
| 1926 || 72 || 3 || 1508/12, 10417 || 
|-
| 1933 || 69 || 1 || 10414 || 
|-
| 1934 || 68 || 13 || 10405/10/13/19/21/24/26–27/31/34/41/47/53 || 
|-
| 1935 || 55 || 17 || 10407–08/11/28/30/33/39–40/58/61–63/66/69–70/72/74 || 
|-
| 1936 || 38 || 20 || 10409/15–16/18/25/35–36/38/43/45/49–52/54/56–57/59/68/71 || 
|-
| 1937 || 18 ||  7 || 10406/20/22/44/65/67/73 || 
|-
| 1939 || 11 ||  1 || 10464 || 
|-
| 1946 || 10 ||  2 || 10437/46 || 
|-
| 1947 ||  8 ||  1 || 10460 || 
|-
| 1948 ||  7 ||  1 || 10423 || 
|-
| 1949 ||  6 ||  4 || 10412/29/32/48 || 
|-
| 1950 ||  2 ||  1 || 10442 || 
|-
| 1951 ||  1 ||  1 || 50455 || Only locomotive to have BR livery and number applied.{{sfnp|Lane|2010|p=169}}
|-
|}

==Notes==
{{reflist|colwidth=20em}}

==References==
*{{Baxter-BritishLocoCat3B}}
*{{cite book|last=Bulleid|first=H.A.V.|title=The Aspinall Era|date=1967|publisher=Ian Allan Ltd}}
*{{0-7110-0554-0}}
*{{cite journal|last=Cox|first=E. S.|year=1946|title=A Modern Locomotive History — Ten Years' Development on the L.M.S. — 1923-1932|journal=Journal of the Institution of Locomotive Engineers|issue=457|doi=10.1243/JILE_PROC_1946_036_015_02 |url=http://www.lyrs.org.uk/images/uploads/Paper_-_Cox_1946_-_I.Loco.E_-_A_Modern_Loco_History,_LMS_1923_to_1932.pdf|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161227181233/http://www.lyrs.org.uk/images/uploads/Paper_-_Cox_1946_-_I.Loco.E_-_A_Modern_Loco_History,_LMS_1923_to_1932.pdf|archive-date=27 December 2016|df=dmy-all}}
*{{cite book |last1=Hunt |first1=David |last2=Jennison |first2=John |last3=James |first3=Fred |last4=Essery |first4=Bob |author-link4=Bob Essery |year=2006 |title=LMS Locomotive Profiles, no. 7 - The Mixed Traffic Class 5s, Caprotti valve gear engines and class summary |location=Didcot, Oxon |publisher=Wild Swan |isbn=1-905184-21-2 }}
*{{cite book| last=Lane| first=Barry C.| title=Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway Locomotives| publisher=Pendragon| year=2010|isbn=9781899816170}}
*{{cite book| last=Evans | first=Martin | title=From Inverness to Crewe — The British 4-6-0 Locomotive | publisher=Model Aeronautical Press |location=Hemel Hempstead | year=1966 }}
*{{cite book |last=Mason |first=Eric |year=1975 |orig-date=1954 |title=The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway in the Twentieth Century |publisher=[[Ian Allan Publishing|Ian Allan]] |location=Shepperton, Surrey |isbn=0-7110-0656-3 }}
* {{Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway 2}}
* {{Lancashire & Yorkshire Railway 3}}
*{{cite book |last=Nock |first=O.S. |year=1969 |title=The Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway - a Concise History |location=Shepperton, Surrey |publisher=Ian Allan |isbn=0-7110-0130-8 }}
*{{cite book|last=Protheroe|first=Ernest|edition=1|date=1914|title=The railways of the world|publisher=G. Routledge & Sons, Ltd., E.P. Dutton & Co.|location=London, New York|oclc=3222149| ol=7201905M |url=https://archive.org/details/railwaysofworld00protrich/page/378|author-link=Ernest Protheroe}}
*{{Rowledge-Engines of the LMS}}
*{{cite book |title=LMS 150|date=1987|last1=Whitehouse| first1=Patrick |last2=Thomas|author-link2=David St John Thomas | first2=David St John|publisher=David & Charles |location=Newton Abbot}}

{{Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway Locomotives}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:LandYR Class 8}}
[[Category:Lancashire and Yorkshire Railway locomotives|08]]
[[Category:London, Midland and Scottish Railway locomotives]]
[[Category:4-6-0 locomotives]]
[[Category:Railway locomotives introduced in 1908]]
[[Category:2′C n4 locomotives]]
[[Category:2′C h4 locomotives]]
[[Category:Scrapped locomotives]]
[[Category:Standard-gauge steam locomotives of Great Britain]]
[[Category:Passenger locomotives in the United Kingdom]]