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{{short description|Capital city of Yunnan, China}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=August 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Kunming
| official_name      = <!-- Official name in English if different from 'name' -->
| native_name        = 昆明市
| native_name_lang   = zh
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
|border = infobox
|total_width = 270px
|image_style = border:1;
|perrow = 1/2/2/1
|image1 = 五华区与盘龙区天际线 - 航拍 - 2025-05-16 03.jpg
|caption1 = Kunming downtown
|image2 = Kunming - Eastern Pagoda - P1340578.JPG
|caption2 = [[Eastern and Western Pagodas|Eastern Pagoda]]
|image3 = 碧鸡坊 - 2025-05-16.jpg
|caption3 = Jinma Biji Gate
|image4 = Kunming Dianchi International Convention and Exhibition Center 02.jpg
|caption4 = Kunming Dianchi International Convention and Exhibition Center
|image5 = 昆明恒隆广场 - 航拍 - 2025-05-16 02.jpg
|caption5 = [[Spring City 66]]
|image6 = 八角亭.jpg
|caption6 = [[Yuantong Temple]]
}}
| imagesize          = 
| image_caption      = 
| nickname           = City of Eternal Spring<br /><small>Formerly known as Yunnan-Fu</small>{{force singular}}
| motto              = 
| image_map          = {{maplink|frame=yes|plain=yes|type=shape|stroke-width=2|stroke-color=#000000|zoom=6}}
| image_map1         = Kunming in Yunnan.svg
| mapsize1           = 
| map_caption1       = Location of Kunming City jurisdiction in Yunnan
| pushpin_map        = China
| pushpin_label_position = 
| pushpin_mapsize    = 
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in China
| coor_pinpoint      = Yunnan People's Government
| coordinates        = {{coord|25.0464|N|102.7094|E|type:adm2nd_region:CN-53_source:Gaode|format=dms|display=it}}
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = China
| subdivision_type1  = [[Provinces of China|Province]]
| subdivision_type2  = [[County-level division|County-level&nbsp;divisions]]
| subdivision_type3  = [[Administrative divisions of the People's Republic of China#Township level|Township&nbsp;divisions]]
| subdivision_name1  = [[Yunnan]]
| subdivision_name2  = 14
| subdivision_name3  = 137
| established_title  = Settled
| established_date   = {{circa|279}} BC{{citation needed|date=February 2022}}
| seat_type          = [[Administrative center|City seat]]
| seat               = [[Chenggong District|Chenggong]]
| parts_type         = [[List of administrative divisions of Yunnan|Admin units]]
| parts_style        = Coll
| parts              = 
| p1                 = [[Chenggong District|Chenggong]]
| government_footnotes = 
| government_type    = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| governing_body     = {{ill|Kunming Municipal People's Congress|zh|昆明市人民代表大會常務委員會}}
| leader_title       = [[Chinese Communist Party Committee Secretary|CCP Secretary]]
| leader_name        = Liu Hongjian
| leader_title1      = [[Kunming Municipal People's Congress|Congress]] Chairman
| leader_name1       = Yan Zhengxiao
| leader_title2      = [[Mayor]]
| leader_name2       = Liu Jiachen
| leader_title3      = [[Chinese People's Political Consultative Conference|CPPCC]] Chairman
| leader_name3       = Xiong Ruili
| area_total_km2     = 21473
| area_land_km2      = <!--See table @ Template:Infobox Settlement for details on automatic unit conversion-->
| area_urban_km2     = 4013
| area_metro_km2     = 2622
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 1892
| population_total   = 8460088
| population_as_of   = 2020 census
| population_urban   = 5950578
| population_metro   = 5604310
| population_footnotes = <ref name="citypopulation.de">{{cite web |url=https://www.citypopulation.de/en/china/yunnan/admin/|title=China: Yúnnán (Prefectures, Cities, Districts and Counties) - Population Statistics, Charts and Map}}</ref>
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_urban_km2 = auto
| population_density_metro_km2 = auto
| population_blank1_title = Rank in China
| population_blank1  = [[List of cities in the People's Republic of China by population|16th]]
| population_blank2_title = Major [[Nationalities of China|nationalities]]
| population_blank2  = <!--[[Han Chinese|Han]]: 96%<br />[[Manchu]]: 2%<br />[[Hui people|Hui]]: 2%<br />[[Mongols|Mongolian]]: 0.3%-->
| population_note    = 
| demographics_type2 = GDP<ref>{{cite book |author=云南省统计局、国家统计局云南调查总队 |title=《云南统计年鉴－2023》|date=December 2023 |publisher=[[China Statistics Press]] |isbn=978-7-5037-9653-1}}</ref>
| demographics2_title1 = [[Prefecture-level city]]
| demographics2_info1 = [[CN¥]] 754.1 billion<br />[[US$]] 111.2 billion
| demographics2_title2 = Per capita
| demographics2_info2 = CN¥ 88,193<br />US$ 13,008
| postal_code_type   = [[Postal code of China|Postal code]]
| postal_code        = 650000
| area_code          = [[Telephone numbers in China|0871]]
| iso_code           = [[ISO 3166-2:CN|CN-YN-01]]
| website            = {{URL|www.km.gov.cn/}}
| image_dot_map      = 
| dot_mapsize        = 
| dot_map_caption    = 
| dot_x              = 
| dot_y              = 
| p2                 = [[Panlong District|Panlong]]
| p3                 = [[Wuhua District|Wuhua]]
| p4                 = [[Guandu District|Guandu]]
| p5                 = [[Xishan District, Kunming|Xishan]]
| p6                 = [[Dongchuan District|Dongchuan]]
| p7                 = [[Anning City|Anning]]
| p8                 = [[Jinning County|Jinning]]
| p9                 = [[Fumin County|Fumin]]
| p10                = [[Yiliang County, Kunming|Yiliang]]
| p11                = [[Songming County|Songming]]
| p12                = [[Shilin Yi Autonomous County|Shilin]]
| p13                = [[Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County|Luquan]]
| p14                = [[Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County|Xundian]]
| timezone           = [[China Standard Time|China Standard]]
| utc_offset         = +08:00
| blank_name         = [[License Plate (China)|License plate prefixes]]
| blank_info         = {{lang|zh-cn|云A}}
| blank5_name        = [[Köppen climate classification|Climate]]
| blank5_info        = [[Subtropical highland climate|Cwb]]
| blank6_name        = Home to
| module             = {{Infobox place symbols| embedded=yes
 | tree = [[Magnolia denudata]]
 | flower = [[Camellia japonica]]
 | bird = 
 | flowering_tree = 
 | butterfly = 
 | fish = 
 | other_symbols = 
}}
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| pic = Kunming_(Chinese_characters).svg
| piccap = "Kūnmíng" in Chinese characters
| picupright = 0.4
| c = {{linktext|lang=zh|昆明}}
<!--Mandarin-->| p = Kūnmíng
| w = K{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|un1-ming2}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|k|un|1|.|m|ing|2}}
| gr = Kuenming
| bpmf = ㄎㄨㄣ&nbsp;&nbsp;&nbsp;ㄇㄧㄥˊ
<!--Yue-->| j = Kwan1 Ming4
| y = Kwān-mìhng
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|kw|an|1|.|m|ing|4}}
| wuu = {{tone superscript|Khuen1min1}}
| poj = Khun-bêng
| l = (transcription of an ancient tribal name)
| tp = Kunmíng
}}
{{Infobox Chinese
| title = Former names
| altname = Yunnan-Fu (former name used during imperial dynasties)
| t2 = {{linktext|雲南|府}}
| s2 = {{linktext|云南|府}}
| p2 = Yúnnánfǔ
| w2 = {{tone superscript|Yün2-nan2-fu3}}
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|yu|n|2|.|n|an|2|.|f|u|3}}
| tp2 = Yúnnánfǔ
| bpmf2 = ㄩㄣˊ ㄋㄢˊ ㄈㄨˇ
}}

'''Kunming'''{{efn|{{IPAc-en|k|U|n|'|m|I|N}};<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Kunming |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210518070057/https://www.lexico.com/definition/Kunming |url-status=dead |archive-date=18 May 2021 |title=Kunming |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]]}}</ref> {{lang-zh|c=昆明|p=Kūnmíng}}}} is the capital and largest city of the province of [[Yunnan]] in [[China]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Illuminating China's Provinces, Municipalities and Autonomous Regions|url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43609.htm|publisher=PRC Central Government Official Website|access-date=17 May 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140618065844/http://www.china.org.cn/english/features/43609.htm|archive-date=18 June 2014|url-status=live}}</ref> The political, economic, communications and cultural centre of the province, Kunming is also a major tourism centre in [[China]]. It is nicknamed the "City of Eternal Spring" for its year-round mild climate. During [[World War II]], Kunming was a Chinese military center and the location of the headquarters for the US Army Forces China-Burma-[[British Raj]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Records of U.S. Army Forces in the China-Burma-India Theaters of Operations |url=https://www.archives.gov/research/guide-fed-records/groups/493.html |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=www.archives.gov}}</ref> [[Kunming Wujiaba International Airport|Wujiaba Airport]] served as the home of the [[Flying Tigers|First American Volunteer Group (AVG)]] of the [[Republic of China Air Force]], nicknamed the [[Flying Tigers]].<ref>{{cite web |last1=Magazine |first1=Smithsonian |last2=Bergin |first2=Bob |title=Kunming Remembers the Flying Tigers |url=https://www.smithsonianmag.com/air-space-magazine/kunming-photo-exhibit-flying-tigers-180960966/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=Smithsonian Magazine}}</ref> Kunming was also a transport terminus for the [[Burma Road]].

Kunming is at an altitude of {{convert|1900|m|0|abbr=off}} [[Above mean sea level|above sea level]] and a [[latitude]] just north of the [[Tropic of Cancer]], and is situated in the middle of the [[Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau]].  Kunming is the fourth most populous city in [[Western China]], after [[Chongqing]], [[Chengdu]], and [[Xi'an]], and the third most populous city in [[Southwestern China]] after Chongqing and Chengdu. As of the 2020 census, Kunming had a total population of 8,460,088 inhabitants, of whom 5,604,310 lived in its built-up (or metro) area made of all urban districts except [[Jinning, Kunming|Jinning]].At the end of 2024, the resident population of the city was 8.687 million.<ref>{{Cite web|title=(云南省)昆明市2024年国民经济和社会发展统计公报-红黑统计公报库|url=https://tjgb.hongheiku.com/xjtjgb/xj2020/65777.html|website=tjgb.hongheiku.com|access-date=2025-12-01}}</ref> It is at the northern edge of [[Dian Lake]], surrounded by temples and lakes and [[List of karst areas#:~:text=Karst topography is a geological,dolomite, but also in gypsum.|karst topography]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Centre |first=UNESCO World Heritage |title=South China Karst |url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/list/1248/ |access-date=7 June 2024 |website=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref>

Kunming consists of an old, previously walled city, several modern commercial districts, residential zones, and university areas. The city is also one of the major centers for scientific research and education in Southwestern China. As of 2024, it was listed among the top 100 [[List of cities by scientific output|cities in the world by scientific research output]].<ref name=":1">{{cite web |title=Leading 200 science cities {{!}} {{!}} Supplements {{!}} Nature Index |url=https://www.nature.com/nature-index/supplements/nature-index-2024-science-cities/tables/overall |access-date=20 November 2024 |website=www.nature.com}}</ref> The city has an [[Yunnan Astronomical Observatory|astronomical observatory]], and its [[List of universities and colleges in Yunnan|institutions of higher learning]] include [[Yunnan University]], [[Kunming University of Science and Technology]], [[Yunnan University of Finance and Economics]], [[Kunming Medical University]], [[Yunnan Normal University]], [[Yunnan Agricultural University]] and [[Southwest Forestry University]]. Kunming is also home to the [[Golden Temple Park|Golden Temple]], China's largest bronze temple dating from the Ming dynasty.

Kunming is a major economic center in Western China. The city's economic importance derives from its geographical position, as it shares a border with various [[Southeast Asia]]n countries, serving them as a transportation hub in Southwest China, linking by rail to [[Vietnam]] and [[Laos]], and by road to [[Myanmar]] and [[Thailand]]. This positioning also makes the city an important commercial center of trade in the region. The city also acts as a gateway to [[Southeast Asia]] and [[South Asia]], the [[Kunming Changshui International Airport]] is one of the top 50-[[List of busiest airports by passenger traffic|busiest airports]] in the world.<ref>{{cite web |date=July 2021 |title=2020 Airport Traffic Report |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR_2020.pdf |access-date=26 September 2021 |publisher=[[Port Authority of New York and New Jersey]] |page=30}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |url=https://www.panynj.gov/content/dam/airports/statistics/statistics-general-info/annual-atr/ATR2019.pdf |title=2019 Annual Airport Traffic Report |publisher=Port Authority of New York and New Jersey. |year=2020 |location=United States}}</ref> As of 2024, the city is also home to six consulates from ASEAN countries.<ref name=":4">{{cite web |title=Foreign consulates in Kunming |url=https://www.embassypages.com/city/kunming |access-date=11 June 2024 |website=www.embassypages.com}}</ref>

The headquarters of many of Yunnan's biggest corporations are based in the city, such as [[Hongta Group]], [[Yunnan Copper Group]], Hongyun Group, Yunnan Power Grid Co, and Fudian Bank.<ref>{{cite web |last=Horton |first=Chris |date=13 November 2007 |title=Rankings: Yunnan's strongest companies |url=https://www.gokunming.com/en/blog/item/425/rankings-yunnans-strongest-companies |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=GoKunming |language=en-US}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Fudian Bank |url=http://english.fudian-bank.com/aboutus/companyprofile/202012/20201201_9330.html |access-date=8 August 2024 |website=english.fudian-bank.com}}</ref> Kunming also houses some manufacturing, chiefly the processing of copper, as well as various chemicals, machinery, textiles, paper and cement. Kunming has a nearly 2,400-year history, but its modern prosperity dates only to 1910, when the railway from [[Hanoi]] was built. The city has continued to develop rapidly under China's modernization efforts. Kunming was designated a special tourism center and, as such, has experienced a proliferation of [[high-rise]]s and [[luxury hotel]]s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunming tour |url=https://www.chinaexploration.com/TopAttractions/yunnan-attractions/Kunming-tour.html? |access-date=2025-09-07 |website=www.chinaexploration.com}}</ref>

== Etymology ==
"Kunming" evolved from the name of an ancient ethnic group called the ''[[Kunming Yi]]'' or ''Kunming Barbarian'' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=昆明夷}}). They were a branch of the [[Di (Five Barbarians)|Di]]-[[Qiang (historical people)|Qiang]] people. The ''Kunming Yi'' lived in the neighbouring region of [[Erhai Lake]] during the [[Western Han]] dynasty. The Han dynasty incorporated the territory of the [[Dian Kingdom]] and set up a commandery called [[Yizhou (Southwest China)|Yizhou]] in 109 BC; the Han dynasty also incorporated the ''Kunming Yi'' into Yizhou Commandery soon after. Therefore, ''Kunming Yi'' expanded east to the [[Lake Dian]] area later. "Kunming" has acted as a place name since the [[Three Kingdoms]] period, but the reference was not clear because this ethnicity occupied a large region. In the [[Yuan dynasty]], the central government set up "Kunming County" in modern Kunming; the name "Kunming" has continued to this day.<ref>{{cite journal |author=《云南各民族历史大事概略》编写组古代史组 |date=1975 |title=云南历史上几个族名、地名的由来和演变 |trans-title=The origin and the evolvement of some ethnic names and the place names in the history of Yunnan |url=https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD7984&filename=SXZX197506018&v=LiQBcpsSMQHM%25mmd2BpKxMw6bGJCWyQMamowpSWFPlERlcIVgTKcafzrh9Lqy4Yq4YyIF |language=zh |journal=思想战线 (Thinking) |issue=6 |pages=83–86 }}</ref>

A 2009 research paper proposes that the name "Kunming" of ''Kunming Yi'' is a [[cognate]] word of "[[Khmer people|Khmer]]" and "[[Khmu people|Khmu]]" that originally meant "people".<ref>{{cite journal |last=Tu |first=Liang-jun |date=2009 |title="昆明"得名来源考 |trans-title=The Original Meaning of the Word "昆明" |url=https://kns.cnki.net/kcms/detail/detail.aspx?dbcode=CJFD&dbname=CJFD2009&filename=YNSF200906019&v=jcgliN2MimtHyl9dnJmaU1IlTxeHbX0L7NyTvgfcjQWrAbTgO57zz3UKpuA0XIC%25mmd2B |language=zh |journal=Journal of Yunnan Normal University (Humanities and Social Sciences Edition) |volume=41 |issue=6 |pages=124–131}}</ref>

== History ==
{{see also|History of Yunnan}}

=== Early history ===
Kunming long profited from its position on the caravan route through to [[South Asia]] and [[Southeast Asia]]. Early townships on the southern edge of [[Dian Lake|Lake Dian]] (outside the contemporary city perimeter) can be dated back to 279 BC, although they have been long lost to history. Early settlements in the area around Lake Dian date back to [[Neolithic]] times. The [[Dian Kingdom]], whose original language likely belonged to the [[Tibeto-Burman languages]], was also established near the area.<ref>''The Peopling of East Asia'', pp. 192</ref>

Dian was ruled by the Chinese [[Han dynasty]] under the reign of [[Emperor Wu of Han]] in 109 BC. The Han dynasty incorporated the territory of the Dian into their [[Yizhou (Southwest China)|Yizhou Commandery]], but left the ruler of Dian with the title.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/dian.html|title=Dian 滇|last=Theobald|first=Ulrich|website=www.chinaknowledge.de |access-date=2 June 2019}}</ref>

The Han dynasty (205 BC–AD 220), seeking control over the [[Tea Horse Road|Southern Silk Road]] running to Burma, [[Pakistan]] and India, brought small parts of Yunnan into China's orbit, but subsequent dynasties could do little to tame what was then a remote and wild borderland until the 13th century.<ref>{{Cite book |title=General History of Yunnan |date=2011 |publisher=[[China Social Sciences Press]] |isbn=978-7500496854}}</ref>{{Contradictory inline|reason=see previous paragraph|date=May 2024}} During the [[Sui dynasty]] (581–618), two military expeditions were launched against the area, and it was renamed ''Kunzhou'' in Chinese sources.<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|title=The geography of China : sacred and historic places|url=https://archive.org/details/geographychinasa00plet|url-access=limited|date=2011|publisher=Britannica Educational Pub. in association with Rosen Education Services|others=Pletcher, Kenneth.|isbn=9781615301829|edition=1st|location=New York, NY|pages=[https://archive.org/details/geographychinasa00plet/page/n260 260]|oclc=656841273}}</ref>

=== Medieval China ===
[[File:地藏寺经幢 左后方摄.jpg|right|thumb|150px|Sutra Stone Pillar, Dali Kingdom period.]]
Founded in 765, Kunming was known to the ancient Chinese as ''Tuodong'' ({{lang-zh|labels=no|t=拓東}}) city in the [[Kingdom of Nanzhao]] (737–902) during the 8th and 9th centuries.<ref name=":0" /> Tuodong later became part of the successor [[Kingdom of Dali]] (937–1253). The possession of Tuodong changed hands when the city came under the control of the [[Yuan dynasty]] during its invasion of the southwest in 1252–1253. During the tenure of provincial governor [[Ajall Shams al-Din Omar]], a "Chinese Style" city named Zhongjing was founded where modern Kunming is today. Shams al-Din ordered the construction of a Buddhist temple, a Confucian temple, and two mosques in the city.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Beyond the Great Wall : urban form and transformation on the Chinese frontiers|last=Gaubatz, Piper Rae, 1962-|date=1996|publisher=Stanford University Press|isbn=0804723990|location=Stanford, Calif.|pages=78|oclc=31970027}}</ref> The Confucian temple, doubling as a school, was the first of its kind in Yunnan, attracting students from minority groups across the province.<ref>{{Cite book|title=Cheng Ho and Islam in Southeast Asia|last=Tan, Ta Sen.|date=2010|publisher=ISEAS|isbn=9789812308375|pages=92|oclc=917840557}}</ref> Coupled with his promotion of Confucian ceremonies and customs, Shams al-Din has been largely credited with the [[sinicization]] of the region.<ref>{{Cite book|title=China's Muslim Hui community : migration, settlement and sects|last=Dillon, Michael|date=7 December 2015|isbn=978-1138970441|pages=23|publisher=Routledge |oclc=941876321}}</ref> The city grew as a trading center between the southwest and the rest of China. It is considered by scholars to have been the city of ''Yachi Fu'' (鸭池府) where people had used [[cowry|cowries]] as cash and ate their meat raw, as described by the 13th-century Venetian traveler [[Marco Polo]].<ref>[https://archive.org/details/marcopolo00polouoft/ The travels of Marco Polo the Venetian]. 1914. pp.243-245.</ref> The area was first dubbed Kunming during the decline of the Yuan dynasty.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Ming and Qing Dynasties ===
[[File:Du Halde - Description de la Chine - Villes de la province de Yun nan.jpg|thumb|right|200px|Maps of "Yun-nan-fou" and "[[Dali City|Ta-li-fou]]" from [[Du Halde]]'s 1736 ''[[Description of China]]'', based on reports from [[Jesuit China missions|Jesuit missionaries]]]]
In the 14th century, Kunming was retaken from Mongolian officials when the Ming dynasty defeated the Yuan dynasty. The Ming later built a [[defensive wall|wall]] surrounding present-day Kunming. 300 years later, Ming turncoat [[Wu Sangui]] held the city as a Qing governor. During the beginning of Wu's rule, the entirety of Yunnan and Guizhou were ruled from Kunming by Wu.<ref>{{citation|last=Spence|first=Jonathan D.|chapter=The K'ang-hsi Reign|editor-first=Willard J.|editor-last=Peterson|title=Cambridge History of China, Vol. 9, Part 1: The Ch'ing Dynasty to 1800|place=Cambridge|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2002|pages=120–182|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=hi2THl2FUZ4C&pg=PA120|isbn=0521243343}}</ref> During the [[Revolt of the Three Feudatories]], the seat of Wu's newly declared Zhou dynasty was moved to [[Hengyang|Hengzhou]] in [[Hunan]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Later in 1678, when Wu died, his grandson [[Wu Shifan]] resisted Qing forces for two more months before committing suicide, reverting control of the city back into Qing hands. During the Ming and Qing dynasties, it was the seat of the [[Yunnan|superior prefecture of Yunnan]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

In 1832, the beginnings of a real city were acknowledged within the city walls and there were significant structures within their confines. The founding of the city can therefore be said to have been a predominantly 19th century affair.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Kunming History – Yunnan Tour, Yunnan Travel, Yunnan Travel Agency, Yunnan Trip, Yunnan Guide |url=https://www.yunnanexploration.com/kunming-history.html |archive-url=http://web.archive.org/web/20250625072124/https://www.yunnanexploration.com/kunming-history.html |archive-date=2025-06-25 |access-date=2025-10-10 |website=www.yunnanexploration.com |language=zh-Hans}}</ref> It was also in this century that the city grew to become the major market and transport centre for the region. {{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}  Many of the city's inhabitants were displaced as a result of the [[1833 Kunming earthquake]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The rebel leader [[Du Wenxiu]], the Muslim Han ruler of [[Kingdom of Dali|Dali]], attacked and besieged the city several times between 1858 and 1868. A great part of the city's wealth did not survive the 1856 [[Panthay Rebellion]], when most of the Buddhist sites in the capital were badly damaged, converted to mosques, or were razed. Decades later, Kunming began to be influenced by the West, especially from the [[French colonial empires|French Empire]]. In the late 1800s, the French started to build the [[Kunming–Haiphong railway|Kunming-Haiphong railway]] between Kunming and [[Haiphong]] in what was then [[French Indochina]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Leung |first1=Chi-Cheung |title=Creativity and Culture in Greater China: The Role of Government, Individuals, & Groups |last2=Lo |first2=Sonny Shiu-Hing |date=June 2015 |publisher=Transaction Publishers |isbn=9781626430099 |chapter=Social Needs and Aspirations: Heritage, Urbanization, Revitalization, Lifestile, and Accessibility |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_E2vBwAAQBAJ&pg=PT64}}</ref> In the 1890s, an uprising against working conditions on the Kunming–Haiphong rail line saw many laborers executed after France shipped in weapons to suppress the revolt. The meter-gauge rail line, only completed by around 1911, was designed by the French so that they could tap into Yunnan's mineral resources for their colonies in Indochina.

Kunming was a [[communications]] [[transport hub|center]] during this time and a junction of two major trading routes, one westward via [[Dali Bai Autonomous Prefecture|Dali]] and [[Tengchong County]] into [[Myanmar]], the other southward through [[Mengzi County]] to the [[Red River (Asia)|Red River]] in [[Indochina]]. Eastward, a difficult mountain route led to [[Guiyang]] in Guizhou province and thence to [[Hunan]] province. To the northeast was a well-established trade trail to [[Yibin]] in Sichuan province on the [[Yangtze River]]. But these trails were all extremely difficult, passable only by mule trains or pack-carrying porters. {{Citation needed|date=September 2024}}

[[File:昆明对月楼 - 2025-05-16 01.jpg|thumb|Old Kunming quarter, containing the narrow and curved ''Sister Buildings'' (姊妹楼) behind the Victory Monument on Guanghua Jie, located across the street to the north of the old Bird and Flower Market]]

=== Republic ===
The opening of the Kunming area began in earnest with the completion in 1906–1910 of the [[Kunming–Haiphong railway|Kunming-Haiphong Railway]] to [[Haiphong]] in north [[Vietnam]] (part of [[France|French]] [[Indochina]]).

Kunming became a [[treaty port]] opening to foreign trade in 1908 and became a commercial center soon after.<ref name=":0" /> A [[Yunnan University|university]] was set up in 1922. In the 1930s, the first highways connected to Kunming were built, linking Kunming with the rest of west China.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

The local warlord General [[Tang Jiyao]] established the [[Kunming Wujiaba International Airport|Wujiaba Aerodrome]] in 1922; an additional 23 airports would be established in Yunnan from 1922 to 1929.<ref>{{Cite web|last=杨亚伦（策划）|first=李晓明|title=民航资源网|url=http://i.carnoc.com/detail/94385|access-date=4 December 2020|website=民航资源网 机场新闻|quote=从1922年巫家坝机场建成到1929年，云南又建成了23个机场，机场数翻了24倍，在中国机场建设史上绝无仅有，机场建设速度之快，创造了一个世界第一！抗战爆发后，出动150万民工再建28个机场，机场总数达到52个，密度之大，堪称亚洲第一，世界少有，云南由此成为中国最主要的抗日空军作战基地。与此同时，云南人民向抗日前线捐献的飞机数量，名列全国第一！修一个机场最快只用20多天...}}</ref>

[[File:Flag of Kunming (1922-49).svg|thumb|Flag and emblem of Kunming City from 1922 until 1949 under the [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|Republic of China]] government.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://m.yunnan.cn/system/2020/04/26/030657257.shtml |script-title=zh:【原创】“昆明”的由来与释义 |language=zh |website=yunnan.cn |date=26 April 2020}}</ref>]]

=== Second World War (1937–1945) ===
Kunming was transformed into a modern city as a result of war [[refugees]] of [[World War II]] fleeing from the north and eastern coastal regions of China to move to Kunming,<ref>{{cite web|last=Sun, Vlasova|first=Lianggang, Evgenia|date=|title=Shanghai 1937 – Where World War II Began|url=http://www.shanghai1937.tv/|access-date=15 January 2021|website=SHANGHAI 1937: WHERE WORLD WAR II BEGAN|language=en-US|quote=When did World War II begin? Shanghai 1937: Where World War II Began answers that question in a way most audiences will find surprising. Americans might say December 7, 1941… The day the Japanese Imperial Navy attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbor, Hawaii. For Europeans, it was September 1, 1939… When Nazi Germany invaded Poland. But in China, people will tell you a different date. August 13, 1937.}}</ref> bringing much commerce and industry into the southwest of China, including Kunming. They carried dismantled industrial plants with them, which were then re-erected beyond the range of Japanese bombers. {{Citation needed|date=September 2016}} In addition, a number of [[National Southwestern Associated University|universities]] and institutes of higher education were evacuated there. The increased trade and expertise quickly established Kunming as an industrial and manufacturing base for the wartime government in [[Chongqing]]. {{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

As the battles of Shanghai, Taiyuan and [[Nanjing Massacre|Nanjing]] were lost by the end of 1937, and with [[Battle of Wuhan|Wuhan]] falling into Japanese occupation by the end of 1938, many more of China's military forces and civilians retreated to cities outside the reach of the Japanese military ground forces a year prior to the outbreak of the [[Second World War]] in Europe in 1939, including the relocation of the [[Republic of China Air Force Academy|Chinese Air Force Academy]] from [[Hangzhou Jianqiao Airport|Jianqiao Airbase]] to Kunming's [[Kunming Wujiaba International Airport|Wujiaba Airbase]], where the airfield was vastly expanded, becoming the new training hub for the battered but regrouped [[Republic of China Air Force|Chinese Air Force]] in which Lieutenant General [[Claire Lee Chennault]] took command of cadet training duties in the summer of 1938. The Chinese Air Force command established the 41st Pursuit Squadron based in Kunming, also known as the French Volunteer Group squadron in June 1938, and with them they brought [[Dewoitine D.500|Dewoitine D.510]] fighters, with the intention of securing the sale of the planes to the Chinese Air Force; the French participated in some combat engagements against Japanese raids, including dogfights against [[Mitsubishi A5M]] fighters with Chinese [[Curtiss BF2C Goshawk|''Hawk III'' fighters]] over [[Nanchang]], but after several setbacks, including a fighter pilot ''[[Killed in action|KIA]]'', the group was disbanded in October 1938.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gustavsson|first=Hakans|date=|title=Hakans Aviation page - Sino-Japanese Air War 1938|url=http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese-1938.htm|access-date=17 January 2021|website=Biplane Fighter Aces - China|quote=In June the 41st PS was organised in Kunming (Yunan Province), and with it served French advisors-volunteers. Their main assignment seemed to have been the securing the purchase of the Dewoitine D.510 from France. At this time the Japanese began continuous attacks on the city... French volunteers... fought the Japanese... repulsing one of the attacks by A5Ms... they lost four machines, from which two pilots baled out. After several days, the Japanese shot down three more and one pilot was killed. After this the group ceased to exist. Machin perceived the reason to be the significant superiority of the A5M over the Hawk.}}</ref>

Although Japan was focused on ending Chinese resistance at the [[Bombing of Chongqing|Battle of Chongqing and Chengdu]], Kunming was not out of the reach of Japanese air raids, facing attacks by [[Imperial Japanese Army Air Service|IJAAF]] and [[Imperial Japanese Navy Air Service|IJNAF]] bombers.<ref>{{Cite news|last=|first=|date=18 June 1940|title=KUNMING BOMBED|pages=1|work=Argus (Melbourne, Vic. : 1848 - 1957)|url=http://nla.gov.au/nla.news-article12473576|access-date=15 January 2021|quote=Tuesday, 18 June 1940, Japanese planes bombed Kunming, on the French Indo-China railway line... causing speculation of possible attack on Haiphong, which for two years an important entry point for imports to China.}}</ref> Chinese military assets and infrastructure were under regular attack, while the [[Development of Chinese Nationalist air force (1937–1945)|RoCAF 18th Fighter Squadron]] and units of the Air Force Academy at Wujiaba were tasked with aerial defense of Kunming.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Gustavsson|first=Hakans|date=|title=Håkans Aviation page – Sino-Japanese Air War 1939|url=http://surfcity.kund.dalnet.se/sino-japanese-1939.htm|access-date=15 January 2021|website=Biplane Fighter Aces - China|quote=In January 1939 the 18th PS relocated to Kunming for defence of the city from air attacks while continuing training on the Hawk 75Ms. Reportedly Claire Chennault led it (but the Squadron Commander was Major Yang Yibai)... 11 January 1939 Led by Squadron Commander Liu Yi-Jun (劉依鈞), the five remaining Hawk 75Ms of 25th PS were flown to Chongqing and transferred to the 18th PS. On returning aboard an air transport plane, all five pilots were killed when the transport plane crashed in an accident. In April, 18th PS took part in intercepting operations over Kunming as part of the Pursuit Group led by Group Commander Hu Zhengyu (胡莊如).}}</ref> The city of Kunming was prepared as an alternate [[National Redoubt]] in case the temporary capital in [[Chongqing]] fell, with an elaborate system of caves to serve as offices, barracks and factories, but it was never utilised. Kunming was to have served again in this role during the ensuing [[Chinese Civil War]], but the [[Kuomintang|Nationalist]] garrison there switched sides and joined the [[Communist Party of China|Communists]]. Instead, [[Taiwan]] would become the last redoubt and home of the Republic of China government, a role it fulfills to this day.<ref>{{cite news|title=Last Stand|url=http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855050,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|publisher=[[Time (magazine)|Time magazine]]|date=19 December 1949|access-date=3 December 2007|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080102121625/http://www.time.com/time/magazine/article/0,9171,855050,00.html?iid=chix-sphere|archive-date=2 January 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

When the city of [[Nanning]] fell to the Japanese during the [[Battle of South Guangxi]], China's sea-access was cut off. However, the Chinese victory at the [[Battle of Kunlun Pass]] kept the Burma Road open. When the Japanese began occupying [[French Indochina]] in 1940, the Burma Road that linked Kunming and the outside-world with unoccupied China grew increasingly vital as much of the essential support and materials were imported through [[Burma]]. After the [[attack on Pearl Harbor]], and the start of the [[Pacific War]] in December 1941, Kunming acted as an Allied military command center, which grouped the Chinese, American, British and French forces together for operations in Southeast Asia. Kunming became the northern and easternmost terminus of the vital war-supply line into China known as "''[[The Hump]]''", which stretched over the Himalayas from British bases in India to port-of-entry Kunming. The [[Office of Strategic Services]]' Service Unit [[Detachment 101]] (predecessor to the [[1st Special Forces Group]]) was also headquartered in Kunming. Its mission was to divert and disrupt Japanese combat operations in Burma.<ref>"Special Operations Association" (2005) By Special Operations Association. Turner Publishing. {{ISBN|1-59652-156-2}}</ref>

[[File:China from the Eyes of the Flying Tigers 1944-1945 01.jpg|thumb|The Flying Tigers and P-40 Warhawk in Kunming Air Base, 1944]]

Kunming, the northern terminus of all three of the Burma Road, the [[Ledo Road]], and "''The Hump''" supply-line, was increasingly targeted by the IJAAF. When the Burma Road was lost to the Japanese, the Hump became China's primary lifeline to the outside world. The 1st American Volunteer Group, known as the "[[Flying Tigers]]", was based in Kunming and tasked with defense of The Hump supply-line against Japanese aerial interceptions.<ref>{{cite web |last=Rossi |first=J.R. |url=http://www.flyingtigersavg.22web.org/tiger1.htm |title=History: The Flying Tigers&nbsp;— American Volunteer Group&nbsp;— Chinese Air Force |access-date=7 June 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130722181853/http://www.flyingtigersavg.22web.org/tiger1.htm |archive-date=22 July 2013 |url-status=live}}</ref>

{{further|Battle of Yunnan-Burma Road}}

Industry became important in Kunming as the large state-owned [[Central Machine Works]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=5413&inst_id=19&nv1=search&nv2= |title=AIM25 collection description |publisher=Aim25.ac.uk |access-date=23 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120330120744/http://www.aim25.ac.uk/cgi-bin/vcdf/detail?coll_id=5413&inst_id=19&nv1=search&nv2= |archive-date=30 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref> was transferred there from [[Hunan]], while the manufacture of electrical products, copper, cement, steel, paper, and textiles expanded.

=== After World War II ===
Until 1952, Kunming was a walled city. The city government in 1952 ordered hundreds of young people to tear down the wall and use its bricks to make a new road running north–south.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} To show its appreciation for the young people that demolished the east wall, the city government named the new street, Qingnian Lu, after them.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} The existence of the walls still echoes today at place names like the district of Xiaoximen ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=小西门|l=Lesser West Gate}}) and Beimen Jie ({{lang-zh|labels=no|s=北门街|l=North Gate Street}}). There are also less obvious connections to the wall, such as Qingnian Lu ({{lang-zh|labels=no|c=青年路 |l=Youth Road}}), in the location of Kunming's east wall.

After 1949, Kunming developed rapidly into an [[Metropolitan Regions of China|industrial metropolis]] with the construction of large iron and steel and chemical complexes, advancing simultaneously with other cities in [[Southwestern China]]. A [[Yunnan Institute for Nationalities|Minorities' Institute]] was set up in the 1950s to promote mutual understanding and access to university education among Yunnan's multiethnic population. The city consolidated its position as a supply depot during the [[Vietnam War]] and subsequent [[Sino-Vietnamese War|border clashes]] with the Vietnamese. Until Mao Zedong's death, in much of the rest of the country Kunming was still generally thought as a remote frontier settlement.
Accordingly, the government utilized Kunming as a place where to exile people who had fallen politically out of favor, especially during the [[Cultural Revolution]].

In 1957, Kunming's rail link to Haiphong and Hanoi was re-opened (after being cut during World War II). It was cut again in 1979 and re-opened again in 1996.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

[[File:KunmingOldNew.jpg|thumb|An old wooden house and a modern skyscraper in the background]]

Since the [[Economic reform in the People's Republic of China|economic reforms]] of the mid-1980s, Kunming has enjoyed increased [[Tourism in China|tourism]] and [[Economy of China|foreign investment]]. Several [[Thai Chinese]] banks have offices in Kunming, for example, [[Kasikorn Bank]] and [[Krung Thai Bank]]. [[Princess Maha Chakri Sirindhorn]] of Thailand has visited Kunming many times to study Chinese culture and promote friendly relations. {{Citation needed|date=September 2016}}

In the 1980s and 1990s, the city center was rebuilt, with Swiss help, in its current 'modern' style to impress visitors attending the [[1999 World Horticultural Exposition]].<ref>{{cite news |date=1 May 1999 |title=China hosts giant horticultural expo |url=https://news.bbc.co.uk/1/hi/world/asia-pacific/333018.stm |access-date=21 January 2008 |work=BBC World Service}}</ref> It was primarily during 1997 and 1998 that much of the city's roads, bridges and high rises were built. Today the after-effects of the Expo are apparent in more than just the physical improvements to the city—it was the Expo that made the outside world take notice of Kunming, which was relatively unknown at the time.{{dubious|date=March 2014}}

In July 2005, the second [[Greater Mekong Subregion]] (GMS) Summit was held in Kunming, with government leaders from China, Laos, Myanmar (Burma), Thailand, Cambodia, and Vietnam participating.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} There, China agreed to lend its neighbors more than $1&nbsp;billion for a series of projects. China promoted GMS cooperation as a first step toward building an eventual China-[[ASEAN]] [[Free Trade Area]].{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

[[2008 Kunming bus bombings|Bus bombings]] occurred on 21 July 2008 when explosions aboard two public buses in downtown Kunming killing 2 people.

Infrastructure improvements were underway to improve links between Kunming and Southeast Asia in time for the 2010 establishment of the China-ASEAN Free Trade Area. The FTA made Kunming a trade and financial center for Southeast Asia.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} In addition to physical improvements to enhance Kunming's trade with Southeast Asia, the central and provincial governments have made financial preparations to assist the city's emergence.

In July 2006, talks at the [[ASEAN Regional Forum]], China, Bangladesh and Myanmar (Burma) agreed to construct a highway from Kunming to [[Chittagong]] through [[Mandalay]] for trade and development.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://english.people.com.cn/200607/31/eng20060731_288288.html |title=(Xinhua) |publisher=English.people.com.cn |date=31 July 2006 |access-date=23 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110318165659/http://english.people.com.cn/200607/31/eng20060731_288288.html |archive-date=18 March 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

On 1 March 2014, 29 people were killed, and more than 130 were injured at Kunming Railway Station in [[2014 Kunming attack|a terrorist attack]].<ref>{{Cite news | title = Chinese security official vows harsh punishment for terrorists | publisher = [[Xinhua News Agency]] | date = 2 March 2014 | url = http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-03/02/c_133153473.htm | access-date = 2 March 2014 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20140305134619/http://news.xinhuanet.com/english/china/2014-03/02/c_133153473.htm | archive-date = 5 March 2014 | url-status = dead}}</ref>

== Geography ==
[[File:Txu-oclc-10552568-ng48-9.jpg|left|thumb|Map including Kunming (labeled as K'UN-MING (YÜNNANFU) {{lang|zh|昆明}}) ([[Army Map Service|AMS]], 1954)]]
[[File:西山远眺滇池.jpg|thumb|[[Lake Dian]]]]
[[File:Kunming from Yu'an Shan.jpg|thumb|Panoramic view of northern central Kunming taken from Yu'an Shan Cemetery ({{lang|zh|玉安山公墓}}), looking northeast to east-southeast.]]

Kunming is located in east-central [[Yunnan]] province. Its administrative area is located between latitudes 24°23' and 26°22' N, and longitudes 102°10' and 103°40' E, with a total area of {{convert|21600|km2|mi2|sigfig=3|abbr=off}}. Its widest stretch from the east to the west amounts to {{convert|140|km|mi|0|abbr=off}} while its longest stretch from the north to the south amounts to {{convert|220|km|mi|0|abbr=off}}.

Situated in a fertile lake basin on the northern shore of the [[Lake Dian]] and surrounded by mountains to the north, west, and east, Kunming has always played a pivotal role in the communications of [[southwestern China]].  Lake Dian, known as "the Pearl of the Plateau"{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}, is the largest lake in Yunnan and the sixth largest freshwater lake in China.  It has an area of approximately {{convert|340|km2|mi2|sigfig=2|abbr=off}}. Kunming's highest point is Mazong Ridge of the [[Jiaozi Snow Mountain]] in [[Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County|Luquan]] with an elevation of {{convert|4247|m|ft|0|abbr=off}}, and its lowest point is the joint of the [[Xiao River]] and the [[Jinsha River]] in [[Dongchuan District]], with an elevation of {{convert|695|m|ft|0|abbr=off}}. Its downtown area is {{convert|1891|m|ft|0|abbr=off}} [[above sea level]]{{Citation needed|date=May 2025}}.

=== Climate ===
Located at an elevation of {{convert|1888|m|ft|abbr=off}} on the [[Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau]] with low latitude and high elevation, Kunming has one of the mildest climates in China, characterized by short, cool, and dry winters and long, pleasant, and humid summers. With its perpetual spring-like weather which provides the ideal climate for plants and flowers, Kunming is known as the "City of Eternal Spring".<ref>{{Cite news|url=https://www.business-standard.com/article/international/china-s-kunming-an-unexplored-tourism-paradise-in-india-s-vicinity-118120800340_1.html|title=China's Kunming: An unexplored 'tourism paradise' in India's vicinity|agency=Press Trust of India|date=8 December 2018|work=Business Standard India|access-date=23 August 2019}}</ref> The weather has seldom reached high temperatures in summer, only exceeding {{convert|30|°C}} on a handful of occasions. However, freak snowfalls occur in occasional winters. Controlled by a [[subtropical highland climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]] ''Cwb''), the monthly 24-hour average temperature ranges from {{convert|9.3|°C|1}} in January to {{convert|20.7|°C|1}} in June, with daily high temperatures reaching their lowest point and peak in December and June, respectively. The city is covered with blossoms and lush vegetation all-year round.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinakunming.travel/Show.aspx?aid=4563 |title=Climate of Kunming |publisher=Chinakunming.travel |access-date=23 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120127125515/http://www.chinakunming.travel/Show.aspx?aid=4563 |archive-date=27 January 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> The period from May to October is the monsoon season and the rest of the year is relatively dry. The city has an annual mean temperature of {{convert|16.0|°C|1}}, rainfall of {{convert|991.0|mm|1}} (nearly three-fifths occurring from June to August) and a frost-free period of 230 days. With monthly percent possible sunshine ranging from 29% in July to 70% in February, the city receives 2,240.9 hours of bright sunshine annually. Extreme temperatures in the city have ranged from {{convert|−7.8|to|32.9|°C|°F|1}} on 29 December 1983 and 25 May 2014 respectively.

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| metric first = y
| single line = y
| collapsed = 
| location = Kunming, elevation {{convert|1888|m|ft|abbr=on}}, (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| Jan high C = 16.3
| Feb high C = 18.5
| Mar high C = 21.8
| Apr high C = 24.3
| May high C = 25.2
| Jun high C = 25.4
| Jul high C = 24.8
| Aug high C = 25.0
| Sep high C = 23.5
| Oct high C = 21.1
| Nov high C = 18.7
| Dec high C = 16.0
| year high C = 
| Jan mean C = 9.3
| Feb mean C = 11.5
| Mar mean C = 14.8
| Apr mean C = 17.8
| May mean C = 19.6
| Jun mean C = 20.7
| Jul mean C = 20.5
| Aug mean C = 20.2
| Sep mean C = 18.8
| Oct mean C = 16.2
| Nov mean C = 12.5
| Dec mean C = 9.5
| year mean C = 16.0
| Jan low C = 4.0
| Feb low C = 5.8
| Mar low C = 8.9
| Apr low C = 12.0
| May low C = 14.9
| Jun low C = 17.3
| Jul low C = 17.6
| Aug low C = 17.2
| Sep low C = 15.7
| Oct low C = 12.9
| Nov low C = 8.2
| Dec low C = 4.8
| year low C = 11.6
| Jan record high C = 24.0
| Jan record low C = −5.7
| Feb record high C = 26.4
| Feb record low C = −2.6
| Mar record high C = 28.8
| Mar record low C = −5.2
| Apr record high C = 32.1
| Apr record low C = -0.2
| May record high C = 32.9
| May record low C = 5.1
| Jun record high C = 32.6
| Jun record low C = 8.8
| Jul record high C = 31.0
| Jul record low C = 10.1
| Aug record high C = 30.9
| Aug record low C = 10.4
| Sep record high C = 30.4
| Sep record low C = 5.4
| Oct record high C = 29.1
| Oct record low C = 0.1
| Nov record high C = 26.4
| Nov record low C = −2.4
| Dec record high C = 25.1
| Dec record low C = −7.8
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 23.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 11.9
| Mar precipitation mm = 19.6
| Apr precipitation mm = 25.4
| May precipitation mm = 80.1
| Jun precipitation mm = 173.1
| Jul precipitation mm = 215.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 195.9
| Sep precipitation mm = 119.3
| Oct precipitation mm = 82.4
| Nov precipitation mm = 30.1
| Dec precipitation mm = 13.7
| year precipitation mm = 991.0
| Jan humidity = 66
| Feb humidity = 58
| Mar humidity = 54
| Apr humidity = 55
| May humidity = 64
| Jun humidity = 75
| Jul humidity = 79
| Aug humidity = 78
| Sep humidity = 78
| Oct humidity = 78
| Nov humidity = 74
| Dec humidity = 71
| unit precipitation days = 0.1 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 4.3
| Feb precipitation days = 3.7
| Mar precipitation days = 5.4
| Apr precipitation days = 6.5
| May precipitation days = 11.1
| Jun precipitation days = 16.5
| Jul precipitation days = 19.7
| Aug precipitation days = 18.9
| Sep precipitation days = 13.9
| Oct precipitation days = 12.0
| Nov precipitation days = 5.3
| Dec precipitation days = 3.7
| year precipitation days = 121.0
| Jan sun = 223.6
| Jan percentsun = 67
| Feb sun = 223.9
| Feb percentsun = 70
| Mar sun = 253.3
| Mar percentsun = 68
| Apr sun = 252.2
| Apr percentsun = 66
| May sun = 217.2
| May percentsun = 52
| Jun sun = 148.0
| Jun percentsun = 36
| Jul sun = 122.6
| Jul percentsun = 29
| Aug sun = 142.9
| Aug percentsun = 36
| Sep sun = 127.1
| Sep percentsun = 35
| Oct sun = 143.2
| Oct percentsun = 40
| Nov sun = 191.5
| Nov percentsun = 59
| Dec sun = 195.4
| Dec percentsun = 60
| year percentsun = 52
| Jan snow days = 1.0
| Feb snow days = 0.4
| Mar snow days = 0.2
| Apr snow days = 0
| May snow days = 0
| Jun snow days = 0
| Jul snow days = 0
| Aug snow days = 0
| Sep snow days = 0
| Oct snow days = 0
| Nov snow days = 0.1
| Dec snow days = 0.4
| year snow days = 
| source 1 = [[China Meteorological Administration]]<ref name="cma graphical">{{cite web |url=http://data.cma.cn/data/weatherBk.html |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网 – WeatherBk Data |publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans |access-date=20 September 2023}}</ref><ref>
{{cite web|url=https://experience.arcgis.com/template/e724038fda394e9d9b7921f10fd1aa55/page/%E7%BA%AF%E8%A1%A8%E6%A0%BC%E7%BB%9F%E8%AE%A1-(%E5%AF%B9%E6%AF%948110%E5%8F%98%E5%8C%96)/?org=UQmaps |script-title=zh:中国气象数据网|publisher=[[China Meteorological Administration]] |language = zh-hans | access-date =20 September 2023 |title=Experience Template }}</ref>
| source 2 = The Yearbook of Indochina (1937-1938, extremes 1907-1938)<ref>[https://seadelt.net/Asset/Source/Document_ID-249_No-01.pdf  The Yearbook of Indochina (1937-1938)]</ref>
| source = 
}}

=== Natural resources ===

Mineral resources include phosphorus, salt, magnesium, titanium, coal, quartz sand, clay, silica, copper. Phosphorus and salt mines are the most plentiful. Kunyang Phosphorus Mine is one of the three major [[phosphorus]] mines in the country. [[Rock salt]] reserves are {{convert|1.222|e9t|e9LT e9ST|lk=out|abbr=off}} and [[mirabilite]] reserves are {{convert|1.908|e9t|e9LT e9ST|abbr=off}}. [[Dongchuan]] is a major copper production base.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Proven reserves of [[Coal bed gas]] is about {{convert|500|e9m3|e9cuft|lk=out|abbr=off}}, equal to {{convert|720|e6t|e6LT e6ST|lk=out|abbr=off}} of standard coal.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.km.gov.cn/showArticle.aspx?cid=57&aid=230|title=ref|work=km.gov.cn}}{{Dead link|date=July 2018 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> [[Geothermal energy|Geothermal]] resources are widely distributed.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Environment ===

Kunming has {{convert|2585|ha|lk=out|abbr=off}} of lawns, trees and flowers, averaging {{convert|4.96|m2|abbr=off}} per capita and a green space rate of 21.7 percent. The city's smoke control area is {{convert|115|km2|abbr=off}} and noise control area {{convert|87|km2|abbr=off}}.{{Citation needed|date=November 2016}}

Kunming is world-famous for its flowers and flower-growing exports. More than 400 types of flowers are commonly grown in Kunming, and flowers are a major industry in the city. The [[camellia]], [[Yulan magnolia]], [[azalea]], [[fairy primrose]], [[lily]] and [[orchid]] are known as the six famous flowers of the city.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} The camellia was confirmed by the Municipality of Kunming as its city flower in 1983.

The Kunming city government planned, as of 2008, to create an environmental [[trial court]] to deal with environment-related lawsuits. It is to be part of the city's intermediate [[Local people's court|people's court]] and will have jurisdiction over appeals by companies that have been found guilty of violating environmental laws in cities throughout Yunnan.<ref>[http://en.chinagate.com.cn/news/2008-09/22/content_16513054.htm Kunming Plans to Establish Environment Court] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081004152138/http://en.chinagate.com.cn/news/2008-09/22/content_16513054.htm |date=4 October 2008 }} (CRIENGLISH.com 22 September 2008)</ref>

== Demographics ==

The population of [[Han nationality|Han]] is 5,542,314, accounting for 86.16%; the population of all [[ethnic minorities]] add up to 889,898, accounting for 13.84%. Some of the 26 [[nationalities]] in the province live in Kunming, and the average life expectancy of the city's population is 76 years old.

{{Clear}}
{| class="wikitable" style="margin: 1em auto 1em auto; font-size:smaller; text-align:right"
|+ '''Ethnic Composition of Kunming (November 2010)'''<ref>{{cite book |author=Yunnan Provincial Census Office, Yunnan Provincial Bureau of Statistics|title="Yunnan Provincial Census Data in 2010"|date=September 2012 |publisher=China Statistics Press |isbn=978-7-5037-6548-3}}</ref>
|-
!National name
!! width="55"|[[Han nationality|Han]] !! width="55" | [[Yi people|Yi]] !! width="55" | [[Hui]] !! width="55" | [[Bai people|Bai]] !! width="55" | [[Hmong people|Hmong]] !! width="55" | [[Hani people|Hani]] !! width="55" | [[Zhuang people|Zhuang]] !! width="55" | [[Dai people|Dai]] !! width="55" | [[Lisu people|Lisu]] !! width="55" | [[Naxi people|Naxi]] !! width="55" | Others
|-
! Population
| 5,542,394 || 444,261 || 158,384 || 82,560 || 59,925 || 25,807 || 23,283 || 20,831 || 19,756 || 11,010 || 43,998
|-
! Proportion of total population (%)
|86.17 || 6.91 || 2.46 || 1.28 || 0.93 || 0.40 || 0.36 || 0.32 || 0.31 || 0.17 || 0.68
|-
! Proportion of minority population (%)
| --- || 49.93 || 17.80 || 9.28 || 6.73 || 2.90 || 2.62 || 2.34 || 2.22 || 1.24 || 4.94
|}

== Cityscape ==

[[File:Kunming square.jpg|thumb|Dongfeng (''East Wind'') Square. The building in the background, Workers' Cultural Hall, has been demolished for subway construction.]]

The city center has three major squares and six major streets: Jinma Biji Square, Nanping Square and Dongfeng Square are the main squares, while Beijing Road, Zhengyi Road, Renmin Road, Dongfeng Road, Jinbi Road, and Qingnian Road are the main streets. Jingxing Street, Guanghua Street, Zhengyi Road, Nanping Street (built on top of a section of Dongfeng Road), Qingnian Road, and Renmin Road are the main commercial areas in Kunming; the most popular pedestrian streets are Nanping Street, Zhengyi Road, and Jingxing Street.

Kunming's modern city center is Nanping Square on the west bank of the [[Panlong River]], at the intersection of Nanping Street and Zhengyi Street. This area is where Kunming's southern city wall once stood. This area is a crowded and dense modern shopping precinct packed with clothing and electronics stores. Surrounding the area are plenty of new high-rises, along with an area of preserved old city to the north. The area formerly considered the city center is Dongfeng Square, located on the east bank of the [[Panlong River]] outside of the old city walls at the intersection of Beijing Road and Dongfeng Road, where in the mornings there are crowds doing [[taijiquan]] and playing [[badminton]]. Weekend amateur theatre is also performed in the square.{{Citation needed|date=September 2025}} The Panlong River has had an artificial flow ever since the construction of the Songhua Dam, and the river has been developed into effectively a canal. The river receives [[sewage]] and [[wastewater]] from surrounding pipes.<ref>{{Cite journal|last1=Duan|first1=Chang-Qun|last2=Hu|first2=Bin|last3=Wang|first3=Zheng-Hong|last4=Wen|first4=Chuan-Hao|last5=Yan|first5=Shen-Qi|last6=Jiang|first6=Xiao-Hua|last7=Wang|first7=Ding-Kang|last8=Li|first8=Qing|last9=Liang|first9=Xiao-Feng|date=19 May 1999|title=Tradescantia bioassays for the determination of genotoxicity of water in the Panlong River, Kunming, People's Republic of China|journal=Mutation Research/Fundamental and Molecular Mechanisms of Mutagenesis|volume=426|issue=2|pages=127–131|doi=10.1016/S0027-5107(99)00054-8|pmid=10350584|bibcode=1999MRFMM.426..127D |issn=0027-5107}}</ref>

The center is an area of importance to Kunming's [[Hui people|Hui]] population, with Shuncheng Street, one of the last old streets in the center of the city, previously forming a Muslim quarter. Under Kunming's rapid modernisation, however, the street has been demolished to make way for apartments and shopping centers.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} Rising behind a supermarket one block north off Zhengyi Road, Nancheng Qingzhen Si is the city's new mosque, its green dome and chevron-patterned minaret visible from afar and built on the site of an earlier [[Qing dynasty|Qing]] edifice.

Running west off Zhengyi Road just past the mosque, Jingxing Street leads into one of the more bizarre corners of the city, with Kunming's huge Bird and Flower Market convening daily in the streets connecting it with the northerly, parallel Guanghua Street. The market offers many plants such as [[orchids]] that have been collected and farmed across the province. {{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

Jinbi Road runs south of Dongfeng Road. Both of them connect to Beijing Road. Two large [[Chinese pagoda]]s rise south of Jinbi Road and the city center, each a solid thirteen stories of whitewashed brick crowned with four iron cockerels. The West Pagoda was built between 824 and 859, during the [[Tang dynasty]]; its original counterpart, the East Pagoda, was built at the same time, but was destroyed by [[1833 Kunming earthquake|an earthquake]] in 1833 and rebuilt in the same Tang style in 1882.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} South down Dongsi Road, past another [[mosque]], the entrance to the [[Eastern and Western Pagodas|West Pagoda]] is along a narrow lane on the right. The [[Eastern and Western Pagodas|East Pagoda]] is a more cosmetic, slightly tilted duplicate standing in an ornamental garden a few minutes' walk east on Shulin Jie. The temples associated with both pagodas are closed to the public.

[[File:昆明市教场中路蓝花楹 - 航拍 - 2025-05-17 17.jpg|thumb|Jacaranda trees in bloom along Jiaochang Middle Road]]
Many streets are lined with [[Jacaranda]] trees, which can be seen blooming abundantly in mid to late April, particularly on Jiaochang Middle Road. The trees are not native to Kunming, but originate from seeds exchanged with [[Algeria]], which were grown in the [[Kunming Institute of Botany|Kunming Botanical Garden]]. Seeds from the botanical garden were then used by the city to plant the trees along streets.<ref>{{Cite web |title=蓝花楹－昆明初夏街边独特的一抹蓝----中国科学院昆明植物研究所 |url=http://www.kib.cas.cn/kxcb/kpdt/201706/t20170607_4808780.html |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=www.kib.cas.cn}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=【七彩文韵】昆明的蓝花楹 |url=https://m.yunnan.cn/system/2024/05/09/033044926.shtml |access-date=9 June 2024 |website=m.yunnan.cn}}</ref>

=== Parks ===
[[File:XishanHuatingTemple.jpg|thumb|upright|[[Huating Temple]] (华亭寺) in the [[Western Hills Forest Reserve|Western Hills]] near Kunming]]

[[Cuihu Park]] (Green Lake Park) is one of Kunming's major parks and is predominately a lake surrounded by greenery. Located in the west side of the park is a statue of [[Nie Er]], the composer of China's [[March of the Volunteers|national anthem]].

Another monument to [[Nie Er]] is located in [[Western Mountains|Xishan Park]], most well known for the Longmen Grottoes (not to be confused with the identically named grottoes in [[Luoyang]]), containing several ancient temples and the titular [[Western Mountains#Dragon Gate|Longmen]] ("dragon gate").

[[Daguan Park]] lies on [[Dian Chi]] in Kunming's southwestern limits. Originally laid out by the [[Kangxi Emperor]] in the [[Qing dynasty]], it has been modified over the years to include a noisy funfair, food stalls and emporiums.

Kunming's zoo, founded in 1950, is adjoined to Yuantong Park, known for the [[Yuantong Temple]] within. The zoo houses 5,000 animals from 140 species and receives 3 million visitors a year.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-06/29/content_343575.htm |title=A farewell to two zoos? |access-date=21 January 2008 |last=Ma |first=Guihua |date=29 June 2004 |work=China Daily|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071105045728/http://www.chinadaily.com.cn/english/doc/2004-06/29/content_343575.htm |archive-date=5 November 2007 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Other parks in Kunming include Black Dragon Pool and the [[Kunming Botanical Gardens]] in the north, the [[World Horti-Expo Garden]] in the northeast, and Wenmiao Tea Garden in [[Wuhua District]].

=== Landmarks ===

The [[World Horti-Expo Garden]] is located in the northern suburbs of Kunming and was built for the 1999 World Horticulture Exposition, which ran from 1 May to 31 October 1999. It had the theme of "Man and Nature—Marching Toward the 21st Century". [[Golden Temple Park]], located on Mingfeng Hill nearby, is connected by cable car to the World Horti-Expo Garden. Constructed in 1602 (the 30th year of the [[Wanli Emperor|Wanli]] reign period of the Ming dynasty), all of its beams, pillars, arches, doors, windows, tiles, Buddhist statues, and horizontal inscribed boards are made of copper, weighing more than 200 tons. It is the largest copper building in China.{{Citation needed|date=February 2025}}

[[Yuantong Temple]] is Kunming's major Buddhist temple. It is Kunming's largest and most famous temple with the original structure being first constructed more than 1,200 years ago during the [[Tang dynasty]]. The temple sits in a depression on the southern side of Yuantong Park. Northwest about {{convert|12|km|abbr=on}} from the city center is the [[Qiongzhu Si]] (Bamboo Temple) built in 639 and rebuilt in 1422 to 1428. Numerous Buddhist temples line the road to the Dragon Gate ({{lang|zh-Hans-CN|龙门}}) in the [[Western Mountains]].

Notable museums in Kunming include:
* [[Yunnan Provincial Museum]]
* [[Kunming City Museum]] (redeveloped in 2014)
* [[Kunming Natural History Museum of Zoology]] (opened in November 2006)
* [[Yunnan Ethnology Museum]] (opened 1995)
[[File:55606-Kunming-Yuantong-Temple.jpg|thumb|[[Yuantong Temple]], the largest Buddhist complex in Kunming]]

== Administrative divisions ==

The prefecture-level city of Kunming has jurisdiction over 14 subdivisions; seven districts, one county-level city, three counties and three autonomous counties.
Kunming also borders with [[Panzhihua]] prefecture level city and [[Liangshan Yi Autonomous Prefecture]] of Sichuan province.

The historical city and current city center of Kunming is in southeastern Wuhua District, close to where the four main districts converge. However, after integrating it into Kunming in 2011, the Kunming city government has built a masterplanned new city center in Chenggong District and moved the city government offices there.

Kunming plans to incorporate the two new districts (Chenggong and Jinning) to its existing four urban districts (Panlong, Wuhua, Guandu, Xishan) over the next few years.

{| class="wikitable" style="font-size:90%;"
! colspan="6" | Map
|-
| colspan="6" | <div style="position: relative" class="center">
{{Image label begin|image=Administrative Division Kunming 1.png|width=430|link=}}
{{Image label|x=750|y=2640|scale=430/2150|text=[[Dian Lake|''Dian<br />Lake'']]}}
{{Image label|x=620|y=2140|scale=430/2150|text=[[Wuhua District|'''Wuhua''']]}}
{{Image label|x=850|y=2000|scale=430/2150|text=[[Panlong District|'''Panlong''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1010|y=2300|scale=430/2150|text=[[Guandu District|'''Guandu''']]}}
{{Image label|x=470|y=2350|scale=430/2150|text=[[Xishan District, Kunming|'''Xishan''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1190|y=680|scale=430/2150|text=[[Dongchuan District|'''Dongchuan''']]}}
{{Image label|x=900|y=2550|scale=430/2150|text=[[Chenggong District|'''Chenggong''']]}}
{{Image label|x=520|y=3030|scale=430/2150|text=[[Jinning District|'''Jinning''']]}}
{{Image label|x=400|y=1860|scale=430/2150|text=[[Fumin County|'''Fumin<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1300|y=2480|scale=430/2150|text=[[Yiliang County, Kunming|'''Yiliang<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1200|y=1880|scale=430/2150|text=[[Songming County|'''Songming<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1600|y=2760|scale=430/2150|text=[[Shilin Yi Autonomous County|'''Shilin<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=500|y=930|scale=430/2150|text=[[Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County|'''Luquan<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=1300|y=1350|scale=430/2150|text=[[Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County|'''Xundian<br />County''']]}}
{{Image label|x=220|y=2640|scale=430/2150|text=[[Anning, Kunming|'''Anning<br />{{small|(city)}}''']]}}
{{Image label end}}
</div>
|-
! Name
! Simplified Chinese
! Hanyu Pinyin
! Population<br />(2020 census)
! Area (km<sup>2</sup>)
! Density<br />(/km<sup>2</sup>)
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"| '''City Proper'''
|-
|[[Chenggong District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|呈贡区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Chénggòng Qū}}
|649,501
|510
|1,273.5
|-
|[[Panlong District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|盘龙区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Pánlóng Qū}}
|987,955
|869
|1,136.9
|-
|[[Wuhua District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|五华区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Wǔhuá Qū}}
|1,143,085
|315
|3,628.8
|-
|[[Guandu District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|官渡区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Guāndù Qū}}
|1,602,279
|633
|2,531.2
|-
|[[Xishan District, Kunming|Xishan District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|西山区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Xīshān Qū}}
|960,746
|880
|1,091.8
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"| '''Suburban and satellite city'''
|-
|[[Jinning District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|晋宁区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Jìnníng Qū}}
|346,268
|1,337
|259.0
|-
|[[Dongchuan District]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|东川区}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Dōngchuān Qū}}
|260,744
|1,866
|139.7
|-
|[[Anning, Kunming|Anning]] city
|{{lang|zh-hans|安宁市}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Ānníng Shì}}
|483,753
|1,303
|371.2
|-
| colspan="7" style="text-align:center; background:#d3d3d3;"| '''Rural'''
|-
|[[Fumin County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|富民县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Fùmín Xiàn}}
|149,506
|1,060
|141
|-
|[[Yiliang County, Kunming|Yiliang County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|宜良县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Yíliáng Xiàn}}
|384,875
|1,913
|201
|-
|[[Songming County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|嵩明县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Sōngmíng Xiàn}}
|410,929
|826
|497.5
|-
|[[Shilin Yi Autonomous County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|石林彝族自治县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Shílín Yízú Zìzhìxiàn}}
|240,827
|1,680
|143.3
|-
|[[Luquan Yi and Miao Autonomous County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|禄劝彝族苗族自治县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Lùquàn Yízú Miáozú Zìzhìxiàn}}
|378,881
|4,234
|89.5
|-
|[[Xundian Hui and Yi Autonomous County]]
|{{lang|zh-hans|寻甸回族彝族自治县}}
|{{transliteration|zh|Xúndiàn Huízú Yízú Zìzhìxiàn}}
|460,739
|3,588
|128.4
|}

== Society and culture ==
[[File:云南省大剧院 2025-09-17.jpg|thumb|Yunnan Grand Theater]]

=== Leisure and entertainment ===
[[File:Mixian Rice Noodles Being Prepared in Copper Pots.jpg|thumb|Mixian (米线) rice noodles being cooked in copper pots (铜锅) on gas elements at a noodle restaurant in Kunming.]]

Within Kunming, the entertainment district has its focus around Kundu Square, with many cinemas, bars, clubs and restaurants. Food aside, one feature of less formal [[Yunnanese cuisine|Yunnanese]] restaurants is that they often have a communal bamboo water pipe and tobacco for their customers.{{Citation needed|date=June 2016}} There are plenty of student bars and clubs. The city has several operatic troupes and indigenous entertainments which include ''huadeng'', a lantern dance. Although indoor performances are lacking, there are often informal shows at the weekend outside the Workers' Cultural Hall and in Cuihu Park. There are similar shows at the Yunnan Arts Theater on Dongfeng Xi Lu. Kunming's main cinema house is on the south side of the Dongfeng Lu/Zhengyi Lu intersection. The other main multiplex, the XJS, at the junction of Wenlin Jie and Dongfeng Xi Lu.

=== Language ===

{{Further|Kunming dialect}}

The Kunming dialect is very similar to that of Sichuan and Guizhou but uses the third tone much less than standard Chinese. Many terms are used only in Kunming dialect, such as "{{lang|zh|板扎}}" meaning 'terrific'.

The pronunciations of certain Chinese characters are very different from [[Mandarin Chinese]]. For example, "{{linktext|lang=zh-Hans|鱼}} (fish)" would be pronounced as "yi" in Kunming dialect instead of "yu" in Mandarin Chinese; "{{linktext|lang=zh|街}} (street)" would be pronounced as "gai" instead of "jie".

When someone speaks Mandarin Chinese with a strong Kunming accent, it'll be called Mapu ({{lang|zh-Hans|马普}}), short for Majie ({{lang|zh-Hans|马街}}, a place in Kunming) Mandarin Chinese.

The Kunming Dialect is slowly dying due to it being 'informal' and is being replaced by Mandarin Chinese. Nevertheless, it is still spoken by a decent number of residents today. Sometimes this is called dirt language or slum language (土话){{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

=== Tourism ===
[[File:昆明市盘龙江桃源广场游船码头 - 2023-08-16.jpg|thumb|Panlong River]]
Kunming attracts domestic and foreign tourists year-round. At the center of Yunnan and as its capital, Kunming is also a [[transport hub]] for tourists heading to other parts of Yunnan such as [[Dali, Yunnan|Dali]], [[Lijiang City|Lijiang]] and [[Shangri-La County|Shangrila]].

Conference and exhibition venues in Kunming include the Kunming International Convention and Exhibition Center and the Yunnan Provincial Science and Technology Hall.

[[Kingdom of the Little People]], a theme park featuring performers with [[dwarfism]], is also located near Kunming.<ref name=tnyt>{{cite news|last=LaFraniere|first=Sharon|title=A Miniature World Magnifies Dwarf Life|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/04/world/asia/04dwarfs.html|access-date=13 May 2011|newspaper=The New York Times|date=26 March 2010|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111006232159/http://www.nytimes.com/2010/03/04/world/asia/04dwarfs.html|archive-date=6 October 2011|url-status=live}}</ref>

Other famous attractions include [[Stone Forest]], [[Golden Temple Park]], [[Yunnan Ethnic Village]],  and [[Jiuxiang Scenic Region]].

== Sports ==

Every year, many Chinese and international athletes come to Kunming for high-altitude training. The city has been China's national high-elevation training base for more than 30 years. There are two major training complexes, [[Hongta Sports Center]] and [[Haigeng National Training Center]].<ref name="highaltitudetrainingcenters">{{cite web |url=http://www.gokunming.com/en/blog/item/526/chinas_highaltitude_training_centers |title=China's high-altitude training centers |date=24 March 2008 |publisher=Gokunming.com |access-date=23 December 2011 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110711110008/http://www.gokunming.com/en/blog/item/526/chinas_highaltitude_training_centers |archive-date=11 July 2011 |url-status=live}}</ref>

Hongta Sports Center was built in 2000 by Hongta (Red Pagoda) cigarette company, at a cost of US$58&nbsp;million. Located near [[Haigeng Park]], the complex is mostly used by professional athletes, but also acts as a sports club for the general public. Every weekend, it hosts amateur football matches. Aside from about 10 football pitches, including one surrounded by a running track, Hongta also has a {{convert|50|m|ft|adj=on|abbr=off}} swimming pool, a badminton gymnasium, tennis courts and a basketball court. It also has one of China's few ice hockey rinks, and a workout room with treadmills and weightlifting machines. There are also game rooms for air hockey; also pool tables and a basement bowling alley. The complex comes complete with a 101-room hotel and restaurant.<ref name="highaltitudetrainingcenters"/>

Haigeng National Training Center is located ten minutes away from Hongta on Dianchi (Lake Dian) near Kunming's award-winning Lakeview Golf Club and new condominium developments. This complex dates from the late 1970s and was built by the government specifically to specialize in high-altitude training.<ref name="highaltitudetrainingcenters"/>

=== Golf ===

[[Golf]] is a major attraction in Kunming. There are four [[golf course]]s within an hour's drive of downtown. For the last six years {{When|date=June 2016}}, Spring City Golf and Lake Resort in nearby Yiliang County has reigned as the best golf course in China and Hong Kong according to ''US Golf Digest''. In 2004, it was named Asia's best golf resort by ''Asian Golf Monthly''.<ref name="springcitybooming">[http://www.sinomedia.net/eurobiz/v200502/regional0502.html Spring City Blooming] {{webarchive |url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080104195940/http://www.sinomedia.net/eurobiz/v200502/regional0502.html |date=4 January 2008 }}</ref> It hosts the Kunming Leg of the [[Omega China Tour]].

Kunming has attracted foreign investment in golf course development. "Spring City" Golf Resort is a US$600&nbsp;million project that began as an investment led by Singapore's Keppel Land Group in 1992. [[Jack Nicklaus]] and course designer [[Robert Trent Jones, Jr]] designed the two courses.<ref name="springcitybooming"/>

=== Sport facilities ===

Major sports facilities include:
* [[Tuodong Sports Center]], a multi-purpose venue
* Golf: Spring City Golf and Lake Resort, its 'Mountain Course' was designed by Jack Nicklaus
* Lakeview Golf Villa
* [[Cuihu Park]] tennis courts
* [[Kunming Municipal Athletic Center]]
* [[Kunming Gymnasium]]
* [[Yunnan Provincial Stadium]], home to [[Hongta Yunnan Football Club]]
* [[Wuhua District Stadium]]

== Economy ==

{{Unreferenced section|date=June 2016}}
[[File:五华区天际线 - 航拍 - 2025-05-16 04.jpg|thumb|upright=1.2|Aerial view of Kunming in May 2025]]
Kunming has three economic advantages over other cities in southwest China: significant natural resources, a large [[consumer market]] and a mild climate. Due to its position at the center of Yunnan, one of China's largest producers of agricultural products, minerals and [[hydroelectricity]], Kunming is the main commercial hub for most of the province's resources.

Kunming's chief industries are [[copper]], [[lead]] and [[zinc]] production. Its [[iron]] and [[steel]] industry has been expanded. [[Salt]] and [[phosphate]] mines around Kunming are some of the largest in China. [[Yunnan Copper Company Limited]], based in Kunming, is one of Yunnan's largest mining corporations. From the late 1970s, Kunming's main industries also came to include food and tobacco processing and the manufacture of [[construction equipment]] and machines. {{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}

In May 1995, the [[State Council of the People's Republic of China|State Council]] approved Kunming as an Open City. By the end of 1995, the city had approved 929 overseas-funded enterprises with a total investment of $2.3&nbsp;billion including $1.1&nbsp;billion of foreign capital. More than 40 projects each had an investment of more than $9&nbsp;million.

Kunming is a center of [[engineering]] and the manufacture of [[machine tool]]s, [[electrical machine]]ry, [[electrical equipment|equipment]] and [[automobile]]s (including [[heavy goods vehicle]]s). It has a [[chemical industry]], and [[plastics]], [[cement]] works and [[textile]] [[factories]]. Its processing [[plant]]s, which include [[tanneries]], [[woodworking]] and [[papermaking]] factories, use [[Agriculture in China|local agricultural products]]. In 1997, Yunnan Tire Co. opened a tire plant in Kunming, with a capacity to produce two million tires per year. {{Citation needed|date=June 2016}}

=== Development zones ===

Kunming has two major development zones, [[Kunming High-tech Industrial Development Zone]] (biological medicine, new materials, electronic information, agriculture) and [[Kunming Economic and Technology Development Zone]] (mechanical equipment production, biological science and food industry, information industry, software).

=== Industrial parks ===

There are 30 key industrial parks promulgated and recognized by [[National Development and Reform Commission]] in Yunnan Province.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://en.km.gov.cn/ColumnInfo.aspx?cid=23&page=2 |title=Kunming - China.GOV |access-date=17 November 2008 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081006225849/http://en.km.gov.cn/ColumnInfo.aspx?cid=23 |archive-date=6 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

The largest include:
* Chenggong Industrial Park
* Anning Industrial Park
* Songming Yanglin Industrial Development Zone
* Dongchuan Special Industrial Park
* Xundian Special Industrial Park
* Kunming Haikou Industrial Park.

=== Companies ===

{{As of|2008}}, Kunming is home to 65 of the Top 100 Enterprises in Yunnan Province. The top 100 enterprises were based on their revenues for 2007. [[Hongta Group]], with revenues of some [[Renminbi|RMB]]39.88&nbsp;billion for 2007 topped the list. The [[tobacco]] sector remains the largest sector in the province.

=== Horticulture ===

Kunming is a significant horticultural center in China, providing products such as grain, wheat, horsebeans, corn, potato and fruit such as peaches, apples, oranges, grapes and chestnuts.{{Citation needed|date=July 2016}} 

Yunnan has developed into the largest flower export base in Asia, with many Dutch experts having transferred technology to the area. The Dounan Flower Market, located in suburban Kunming, is the largest in China with daily sales of 2.5&nbsp;million yuan (US$300,000) from the 2 million sprays of flowers ({{As of|2006|lc=y}}). The provincial government agency, the Yunnan Flower Association, regulates the industry.<ref>{{cite news | url=https://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/25/business/worldbusiness/25flower.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 | work=The New York Times | first=Keith | last=Bradsher | title=Bouquet of Roses May Have Note: 'Made in China' | date=25 September 2006 | access-date=17 February 2017 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20151017052851/http://www.nytimes.com/2006/09/25/business/worldbusiness/25flower.html?pagewanted=1&_r=1 | archive-date=17 October 2015 | url-status=live}}</ref>

Kunming also hosts a specialized Flower Gene Editing Breeding Center. Utilizing CRISPR gene-editing technology, the center develops new flower varieties with enhanced traits such as novel colors, extended bloom periods, and improved disease resistance, strengthening the local floriculture industry's competitiveness.<ref>{{cite web |title=昆明市农业农村局花卉基因编辑育种中心成果展示 |url=http://nyncj.km.gov.cn/ |website=昆明市农业农村局 |access-date=2025-10-26}}</ref>

=== Logistics ===
{{unreferenced section|date=September 2018}}
Kunming East Station is at present Yunnan province's only container handling depot, with direct links to only three provinces; [[Guangdong]], [[Guizhou]] and [[Sichuan]]. It also has direct access to the metropolitan district of [[Chongqing]].

The Jiaying Depot is connected with the new system of highways built linking Yunnan to the increasingly important markets of [[Southeast Asia]], facilitating cheap Chinese exports to the region and granting resource-poor China greater access to the region's massive raw material resources. Yunnan has thereby become a progressively important area in the [[Southwestern China|Southwest]]'s rail logistics both in terms of national and international logistics.

== Solar energy ==
In July 2008, Kunming began to implement a program to transform the city's [[solar energy]] industry into a US$8.8&nbsp;billion industrial base in China by 2013. Kunming receives an annual average sunshine of more than 2,400 hours{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}.

{{As of|2007}}, the Kunming Economic Committee listed about 130 solar energy enterprises in the city. Of these, 118 enterprises produce solar lamps and solar water heaters, with a combined total production value of about US$43.8&nbsp;million, and 10 enterprises are engaged in solar photovoltaic cells manufacturing, with a total production value of about US$51.2&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.emerging-china.com/articles/849470.html|title=Kunming aims to build a city run by solar energy|work=emerging-china.com|access-date=12 December 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080808121943/http://www.emerging-china.com/articles/849470.html|archive-date=8 August 2008|url-status=dead}}</ref>

[[Suntech Power]] announced in December 2008 that it was jointly constructing a solar energy project with Yunnan Provincial Power Investment and other investors. The 1MW first-phase of the [[Shilin Yi Autonomous County|Shilin]] 66MW on-grid solar power station began generating power on 28 December 2009. The initial phase of the 66MW project was originally scheduled to start production in first half of 2010 while the 20MW second phase and 36 MW third phase were under construction.

{{anchor|Transportation}}

== Transport ==
{{See also|Transport in Yunnan}}
[[File:Front view of Kunming Changshui Airport.jpg|alt=|thumb|[[Kunming Changshui International Airport]]]]
Kunming is situated on the [[Yunnan–Guizhou Plateau]]. Rail and air are the main two methods to travel to or from Kunming from outside Yunnan.

=== Air transport ===
{{main|Kunming Changshui International Airport|Kunming Wujiaba International Airport}}

Kunming has air connections with several Chinese and [[Southeast Asia]]n cities. Kunming is served by [[Kunming Changshui International Airport]] ('''KMG'''), which opened in June 2012, replacing the older [[Kunming Wujiaba International Airport|international airport]], which was located {{convert|4|–|5|km|mi|abbr=on}} southeast of central Kunming.

The now defunct [[Yunnan Airlines]] was headquartered in Kunming until it was acquired by [[China Eastern Airlines]]. China Southwest Airlines used to operate routes to and from Kunming, until it was merged with [[Air China]].

[[Lucky Air]] is a budget airline based in Kunming and operates scheduled services from [[Dali City, Yunnan|Dali]] to Kunming and [[Xishuangbanna]], and plans to expand to other areas of China.

Currently, the longest non-stop flight from Kunming is to [[Dubai International Airport|Dubai International]] in the [[United Arab Emirates|UAE]], operated by China Eastern Airlines.

=== Highway ===

{{See also|Asian Highway Network|Eurasian Land Bridge}}
[[File:Kunming Railway Station.jpg|thumb|Kunming's main railway station]]

[[China National Highway]]s [[China National Highway 108|108]], [[China National Highway 213|213]] and [[China National Highway 320|320]] intersect in Kunming. Highways link Kunming to [[Thailand]], [[Vietnam]] and [[Laos]], and provide Yunnan province access to [[seaport]]s of [[Southeast Asia]].

=== Rail ===
{{Update section|date=April 2025}}
Kunming is the main rail hub of Yunnan province. The [[Chengdu–Kunming railway]] from [[Sichuan]], [[Shanghai–Kunming railway]] from [[Guizhou]], and [[Nanning–Kunming railway]] from [[Guangxi]] converge in Kunming from the north, northeast and east. The [[Yunnan–Vietnam Railway]] runs from Kunming southeast to [[Hekou Yao Autonomous County|Hekou]] and [[Lao Cai]] on the Sino-Vietnamese border and then on to [[Haiphong]] The [[Kunming–Yuxi railway]] runs south to [[Yuxi]], where a second rail line to Vietnam is being planned and built. To the west of Kunming, the [[Guangtong–Dali railway]] extends off the Chengdu–Kunming Line to [[Dali City|Dali]] ([[Xiaguan Town]]).

Kunming has three major railway stations:
*[[Kunming railway station]] is at the southern end of Beijing Xi Lu. Compared with the other railway station (North Railway Station), Kunming Railway Station services most of the "conventional" (not high-speed) trains to places to other provinces of China. Trains run north to Chengdu, southeast via Xingyi to Baise and Nanning in Guangxi, and east through Guizhou, via [[Liupanshui]], [[Anshun]], [[Guiyang]], into the rest of the country.
*[[Kunming South railway station]], opened at the end of 2016, is located in [[Chenggong District]], many miles southeast from the historical city center. It is the western terminal of the [[Shanghai–Kunming high-speed railway]] and the Guangzhou–[[Nanning–Kunming high-speed railway]], and has high-speed service to destinations along these lines and elsewhere on the nation's high-speed network.
*[[Kunming North railway station]] (serviced by the No. 23 Bus) is on the heritage {{RailGauge|1000mm|allk=on}} [[Kunming–Hai Phong Railway]], which runs to [[Hekou Yao Autonomous County|Hekou]] and [[Vietnam]]. Most of the station has been converted into a museum. Due to the deterioration of the railway line, the long distance narrow-gauge service has been cancelled; however, {{As of|2012|lc=y}}, some local narrow gauge service still operates at Kunming North Railway Station, in particular two daily trains to Shizui ({{lang|zh|石咀}}) Station on the western outskirts of Kunming, and to Wangjiaying ({{lang|zh-Hans|王家营}}) east of the city.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.mafengwo.cn/i/856012.html|script-title=zh:滇越铁路徒步第一程（昆明——宜良）|website=Mafengwo|access-date=19 November 2012|archive-date=30 December 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121230205509/http://www.mafengwo.cn/i/856012.html|url-status=dead}}</ref>

As of 2017, railway development projects continue to proceed in the Kunming metropolitan area. In February 2017, the railway authorities announced that a connector between the new Kunming South railway station and the old Kunming railway station (also known as the Nanyao Station; {{lang|zh-Hans|南窑火车站}}) will open by the end of 2017, making it possible for some high-speed train to serve Kunming railway station as well.<ref>{{cite web |last1=Qiao |first1=Changhong (乔长红) |url=http://yn.yunnan.cn/html/2017-02/28/content_4742992.htm |script-title=zh:昆明南窑火车站年底有望通高铁. 昆明铁路枢纽扩能改造工程年底完工，滇池环线铁路将闭合 |website=yunnan.cn |language=zh-cn |date=28 February 2017 |access-date=1 March 2017 |archive-date=28 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170228054236/http://yn.yunnan.cn/html/2017-02/28/content_4742992.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==== Urban rail plan ====
{{See also|Kunming Metro}}
In May 2010, Kunming began construction on its first urban rail lines, line 1 and 2 of the [[Kunming Metro]]. An elevated test section had been under construction since 2009. Parts of lines 1 and 2 opened in April 2014.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/kunming-opens-more-metro-lines.html |title=Kunming opens more metro lines |work=Railway Gazette International |publisher=Railwaygazette |access-date=25 July 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140728155316/http://www.railwaygazette.com/news/urban/single-view/view/kunming-opens-more-metro-lines.html |archive-date=28 July 2014 |url-status=live}}</ref> Construction on line 3 began in August 2010 and the Phase 1 was completed in 2018. The entire system consisting of 6 lines and covering a total of {{convert|164|km|0|abbr=off}}.[[File:Kunming Metro System Map.svg|thumb|center|Map of the [[Kunming Metro]]]]

==== High-speed rail plan ====
{{Update section|date=April 2025}}
Kunming will be the hub and terminus for the "[[Kunming–Singapore Railway|Pan Asia High Speed Network]]" using high-speed trains to connect China, Cambodia, Laos, Myanmar, Thailand, Malaysia and Singapore.<ref>{{cite news|title=China continues building the Pan Asian High speed railway network|url=http://nextbigfuture.com/2016/04/china-continues-building-pan-asian-high.html|access-date=29 April 2016|publisher=Next Big Future|date=28 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160430105544/http://nextbigfuture.com/2016/04/china-continues-building-pan-asian-high.html|archive-date=30 April 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>

Completed but under trial high-speed railways:

# [[Shanghai–Kunming High-Speed Railway|Kunming–Shanghai]]. The construction completed on 16 June 2016. It goes through 6 provincial capital cities: Shanghai, Hangzhou, Nanchang, Changsha, Guiyang and Kunming. The overall length is {{convert|2266|km|mi|abbr=off}}. As estimated it would take 3 hours from Shanghai to Nanchang, 2.5 hours from Hangzhou to Nanchang, 4 hours from Kunming to Changsha, 8 hours from Kunming to Hangzhou and 9 hours from Shanghai to Kunming. It is expected to start operating on 30 December 2016.

Construction is underway for the following high-speed railways:

# [[Shanghai–Kunming High-Speed Railway|Kunming–Shanghai]]. The speed will be {{convert|350|km/h|abbr=on}}.
# Kunming–[[Nanning]]. The speed will be {{convert|200|km/h|abbr=on}}. Later the speed may be improved to {{convert|250|km/h|abbr=on}} or 156 miles/h.
# Kunming–Vietnam via Honghe Prefecture.
# [[Kunming–Singapore Railway|Kunming–Singapore]] via [[Laos]], [[Thailand]], and [[Malaysia]].

Study or planning is being done for the following railways:

# Kunming–[[Chengdu]]. The speed will be {{convert|250|km/h|abbr=on}}.
# Kunming–[[Chongqing]]. The speed will be {{convert|350|km/h|abbr=on}}.
# Intercity rail will connect three neighboring cities: [[Qujing]], [[Chuxiong City|Chuxiong]], and [[Yuxi]]. The line to Chuxiong will then be extended to [[Dali City|Dali]]. The speed will be {{convert|250|km/h|abbr=on}}.
# Kunming to [[Kolkata]], India via Myanmar
# Kunming to [[Kyaukphyu]], Myanmar.<ref>[http://www.idsa.in/backgrounder/myanmar-in-chinas-push-into-the-indian-ocean_jmpaul_120316 Myanmar in China's Push into the Indian Ocean] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170120071624/http://idsa.in/backgrounder/myanmar-in-chinas-push-into-the-indian-ocean_jmpaul_120316 |date=20 January 2017 }}, Joshy M Paul, 14 March 2016, retrieved 20 January 2017</ref>
[[File:New highway by Western Hill, Kunming - panoramio.jpg|thumb|A highway in Western Hill, Kunming]]

=== Road and transit ===
[[File:Kunming night.jpg|thumb|Dongfeng Road, one of Kunming's main arteries.]]
Yunnan has built a comprehensive highway system with roads reaching almost all the major cities or towns in the region. Bus travel across the region is extensive. Buses head from Kunming to destinations such as [[Dali, Yunnan|Dali]] and [[Lijiang City|Lijiang]] several times a day.

There are four major long-distance bus stations in Kunming with the South Bus Station and Railway Square Bus Station being the most primary.
* South Bus Station faces the Kunming Railway Station in Beijing Xi Lu, with standard, luxury, express and sleeper buses departing for all over Yunnan and neighboring provinces.
* Railway Square Bus Station is smaller than SBS and the majority of the buses depart from the station are private-run. Usually no fixed schedules are available and buses will leave when they are full. There are standard and sleeper services to Dali, Jinghong and elsewhere in Yunnan.

Leaving China by road into [[Vietnam]] and [[Laos]] is also possible through the respective crossings at Hekou in southeastern Yunnan or [[Bian Mao Zhan]] in [[Xishuangbanna]].

The [[Kunming–Bangkok Expressway]] is the first [[Expressways of China|expressway from China]] to Bangkok via Laos. The {{convert|1800|km|abbr=on}} long Kunming–Bangkok Expressway begins at Kunming going down to [[Ban Houayxay]] in Laos; it then crosses the [[Mekong River]] to [[Chiangkhong]] in [[Thailand]] and eventually reaches [[Bangkok]].

At the 14th [[Greater Mekong Subregion]] Ministerial Conference in July 2007, China, Laos and Thailand signed an agreement on the construction of a new bridge over the Mekong River to connect Chiangkhong in Thailand and Ban Houayxay in Laos, to the Kunming–Bangkok Highway.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} The completion of the new bridge over the Mekong River will help connect China's southeast provinces with Bangkok. With capital investments from both China and Thailand, the bridge is expected to be completed in 2011 and will be the last link in the highway system that winds through the Mekong River region.{{citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==== Local transit ====

Public buses and metro are the two main means of transport within the city.

Nearly two hundred{{citation needed|date=April 2025}} public bus lines crisscross the city center, covering the whole prefecture.

Cycling is common, and many hotels around the Kunming Railway Station provide bicycle rental services.

==== Central Kunming ====
[[File:书香大地 云南师范大学附属中学呈贡校区 雨花毓秀.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of [[Chenggong, Kunming|Chenggong District]] in 2022]]
The city hangs off two main [[thoroughfare]]s: Beijing Lu forms the north–south axis, passing just east of the center as it runs for {{convert|5|km|abbr=on}} between the city's two trains stations; while Dongfeng Lu crosses it halfway along, divided into east (Dongfeng Dong Lu), middle (Dongfeng Zhong Lu) and west (Dongfeng Xi Lu) sections as it cuts right through the business center. The far end runs out of the city as Renmin Xi Lu, the first leg of the [[Burma Road]]. Most of the city's famous hotels and foreign [[consulate]]s lies along Dongfeng Dong Lu and the southern half of Beijing Lu, while the majority of specific landmarks and [[shopping district]] are north and west of the center around Dongfeng Xi Lu and [[Green Lake (Kunming)|Cuihu Park (Green Lake Park)]]. Circling most of this is the city's first [[highway]] [[ring road]], Huancheng Lu, though others are planned.

== Education and research ==

Kunming remains a major educational and cultural center in the [[Southwest China|southwest region of China]], with universities, medical and teacher-training colleges, technical schools, and scientific research institutes. As of 2024, it was listed among the top 100 [[List of cities by scientific output|cities in the world by scientific research output]].<ref name=":1" />

=== Colleges and universities ===

{{See also|List of universities and colleges in Yunnan}}
* [[Kunming Medical University]]
* [[Kunming Metallurgy College]]
* [[Kunming University]]
* [[Kunming University of Science and Technology]] (1925)
* [[Southwest Forestry University]]
* [[Yunnan Agricultural University]]
* [[Yunnan Arts University]]
* [[Yunnan Normal University]]
* [[Yunnan Normal University Business School]]
* [[Yunnan University]] (1922)
* [[Yunnan University of Finance and Economics]]
* [[Yunnan Nationalities University]]
* [[Yunnan University of Traditional Chinese Medicine]]

==== Yunnan University ====
Yunnan University ({{lang-zh|labels=no |s=云南大学}}), located in Kunming, is one of the largest and the most prestigious universities in China and is the only university in Yunnan province which has been developed into a "National Key University". It was founded in 1922, as "University of the Eastern Land". Its name has been changed six times subsequently.  The institution has 17 schools on the local campus and 3 independent schools located in other cities.  It claims the largest and best law school in Yunnan province.

==== Yunnan Normal University ====
Yunnan Normal University ({{lang-zh|labels=no |s=云南师范大学}}) was founded in 1938 as the National Normal College of Southwestern Union University. In 1946, when some faculties returned to the north of China, it changed its name to National Kunming Normal College.  It now as 6 campuses in Kunming itself and other cities.  With 22 schools, it has an enrollment of some 33000 undergraduate students.

==== Kunming University of Science and Technology ====
Kunming University of Science and Technology ({{lang-zh|labels=no |s=昆明理工大学}}) was established in 1954 and was given "key university" status in 2010.  In 2017, it had 3 campuses in Kunming housing 24 schools and had an enrollment of 27000 undergraduates.

==== Yunnan Nationalities University ====
Yunnan Nationalities University was founded in 1951 as Yunnan Nationalities College.  It is now one of six "key" universities in the province.  It has established cooperative relations with 26 foreign universities including University of Bergen in Norway, La Trobe University in Australia, and University of Virginia in the United States.  The university has a Nationalities Museum, which contains more than 20000 rare exhibits. There are more than 23000 undergraduates on campus.

==== Huayang Academy ====
Huayang Academy is a specialist Chinese language training centre considered unique for offering training Kunming dialect as well as standard Mandarin.  Its locality is a popular centre of Western culture in Kunming, attracting numerous foreign-owned businesses.<ref>{{Cite web|url=http://learnchineseinyunnan.com|title=Chinese language school Kunming – Huayang Academy|website=learnchineseinyunnan.com|access-date=29 April 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181028025132/https://learnchineseinyunnan.com/|archive-date=28 October 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Management training ===

The Shanghai-based [[China Europe International Business School]], aka [[CEIBS]], will launch in 2009 its Business Development Certificate Programme in Kunming. With the Business Development Certificate Programme, CEIBS and program partner [[Frankfurt School of Finance & Management]] aim to train approximately 500 Chinese managers in the coming four years, with the first phase of the program beginning in 2008 in [[Hefei]], the capital of Anhui province. Kunming and [[Harbin]] will be the focus of the program's expansion in 2009. The program is part of a two million Euro umbrella project funded by the EU, which also includes another program that provides scholarships for [[MBA]] students from China's less-developed regions.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ceibs.edu/media/archive/32166.shtml |title=CEIBS Launches Business Development Certificate Programme in Hefei |work=CEIBS |publisher=Ceibs.edu |date=5 September 2008 |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120322010256/http://www.ceibs.edu/media/archive/32166.shtml |archive-date=22 March 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Research institutes ===
* Solar Energy Research Institute of Yunnan Normal University
* Kunming Municipal Planning and Design Research Institute

==== Chinese Academy of Sciences ====

The Kunming Branch of the [[Chinese Academy of Sciences]] (CAS) was established in 1957. It was formerly known as Kunming Office of CAS and was promoted and renamed into a branch in 1958. In 1962, Yunnan Branch combined with Sichuan Branch and Guizhou Branch to establish Southwest China Branch of CAS in Chengdu. In October 1978, Kunming Branch was reestablished at the approval of the State Council.

As a working department of CAS, Kunming Branch now administers five research institutes:

* [[Kunming Institute of Botany]], Chinese Academy of Sciences
* [[Kunming Institute of Medical Biology]], Chinese Academy of Sciences
* [[Kunming Institute of Zoology]], Chinese Academy of Sciences
* [[Kunming Primate Research Center]], Chinese Academy of Sciences
* [[Xishuangbanna Tropical Botanical Gardens]] in [[Menglun]], [[Mengla County]], [[Xishuangbanna Dai Autonomous Prefecture]], far southern Yunnan.

At present, it has a total staff of 1,160, of whom 808 are professional researchers, seven are academicians and 343 are senior researchers. There are also 447 PhD degree students and 530 master's degree students. The retired staff is 1,090. The Branch has set up three national key open labs, two CAS key open labs, five key labs set up by CAS and local province, three engineering centers, five doctoral sites, five post doctoral stations and national famous plant herbariums and halls of wildlife specimens and has a series of up-to-date research instruments and apparatus, computer networks and biodiversity information systems. The Branch has become an advanced comprehensive science research base in astronomy, geology and biology.

=== Libraries ===
* [[Yunnan Provincial Library]]

== Twin towns and sister cities ==

Kunming currently maintains sister city agreements with the following foreign cities.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.cifca.org.cn/Web/CityAffiliation.aspx?id=88&name=%u4e91%u5357 |script-title=zh:全国各省、自治区、直辖市建立友好城市统计-云南 |trans-title=Friendly city statics – Yunnan |website=www.cifca.org.cn |publisher=中国国际友好城市联合会 |access-date=30 August 2018 |language=zh }}{{Dead link|date=February 2020 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref>

{| class="wikitable sortable" style="background:#ffffef; float:"
|-
! City
! Region
! Country
! Date
|-
| [[Fujisawa, Kanagawa|Fujisawa]]
| [[Kanagawa Prefecture|Kanagawa]]
| Japan
| 1981-01-15
|-
| [[Zürich]]
| [[Canton of Zürich|Zürich]]
| Switzerland
| 1982-02-17
|-
| [[Chefchaouen]]
| [[Tanger-Tetouan-Al Hoceima]]
| [[Morocco]]
| 1985-05-14
|-
| [[Denver]]
| [[Colorado]]
| United States
| 1986-05-15
|-
| [[Wagga Wagga]]
| [[New South Wales]]
| Australia
| 1988-08-14
|-
| [[Cochabamba]]
| [[Cochabamba Department|Cochabamba]]
| [[Bolivia]]
| 1997-09-25
|-
| [[Chiang Mai]]
| [[Chiang Mai Province|Chiang Mai]]
| [[Thailand]]
| 1999-06-07
|-
| [[Mandalay]]
| [[Mandalay Region|Mandalay]]
| [[Myanmar]]
| 2001-05-10
|-
| [[New Plymouth]]
| [[Taranaki]]
| New Zealand
| 2003-08-11
|-
| [[Chittagong]]
| [[Chittagong Division|Chittagong]]
| [[Bangladesh]]
| 2005-08-18
|-
| [[Jyväskylä]]
| [[Central Finland]]
| Finland
| 2008-09-18
|-
| [[Yangon]]
| [[Yangon Region|Yangon]]
| [[Myanmar]]
| 2008-12-01
|-
| [[Phnom Penh]]
| –
| [[Cambodia]]
| 2011-06-08
|-
| [[Polonnaruwa]]
| [[North Central Province, Sri Lanka|North Central Province]]
| [[Sri Lanka]]
| 2011-07-27
|-
| [[Vientiane]]
| [[Vientiane Prefecture|Vientiane]]
| [[Laos]]
| 2011-10-17
|-
| [[Kuching]]
| [[Sarawak]]
| [[Malaysia]]
| 2012-04-19<ref>{{cite web|url=http://en.kunming.cn/index/content/2012-04/20/content_2923506.htm|title=Kunming and Kuching build sister city relations|author=InKunming|publisher=en.kunming.cn|date=20 April 2012|access-date=9 August 2012|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140604113701/http://en.kunming.cn/index/content/2012-04/20/content_2923506.htm|archive-date=4 June 2014|url-status=dead}}</ref>
|-
| [[Antalya]]
| [[Antalya Province|Antalya]]
| Turkey
| 2013-05-10
|-
| [[Pokhara]]
| [[Gandaki Province]]
| [[Nepal]]
| 2013-07-08
|-
| [[Kolkata]]
| [[West Bengal]]
| India
| 2013-10-23
|-
| [[Schenectady, New York|Schenectady]]
| [[New York (state)|New York]]
| United States
| 2014-03-25
|-
| [[Da Nang]]
| –
| [[Vietnam]]
| 2015-02-06
|-
| [[Grasse]]
| [[Alpes-Maritimes]]
| France
| 2016-03-27
|-
| [[Olomouc]]
| [[Olomouc Region|Olomouc]]
| Czech Republic
| 2017-09-11
|-
| [[Dietzenbach]]
| [[Hessen]]
| Germany
| 2020-02-14<ref>{{cite web | url=https://dietzenbach-kunming.de/index.php/staedtepartnerschaft/ | title=Städtepartnerschaft &#124; Dietzenbach – Kunming }}</ref>
|}
In April 2020, [[City of Wagga Wagga|Wagga Wagga]]'s city council voted to cut sister city ties with Kunming. A week later, the city council voted again and restored the sister city relationship.<ref>{{Cite news |date=15 April 2020 |title=City council severs China relations over 'death and destruction across the world with COVID-19' |author-first1=Verity|author-last1=Gorman|author-first2=Mollie|author-last2=Gorman|language=en-AU |work=ABC News |location=Australia|url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-15/wagga-council-cuts-china-sister-city-ties-due-to-covid-19/12149664 |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |date=15 April 2020 |title=Wagga Wagga severs ties with Chinese sister city over 'death and destruction' from coronavirus |url=http://www.theguardian.com/world/2020/apr/15/wagga-wagga-severs-ties-with-chinese-sister-city-over-death-and-destruction-from-coronavirus |access-date=11 January 2023 |website=The Guardian |language=en|author-last1=Smee|author-first1=Ben}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |date=22 April 2020 |title=Wagga council reverses controversial decision to cut ties with Chinese sister city |language=en-AU |work=ABC News |url=https://www.abc.net.au/news/2020-04-22/coronavirus-wagga-rescinds-vote-to-cut-with-china/12173476 |access-date=11 January 2023}}</ref>

== Health ==

Currently, there are 2,774 medical institutes of various kinds and 33,600 medical professionals in the city. The 170 medical service institutes based on communities cover a population of 1.86&nbsp;million.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.chinakunming.travel/Show.aspx?aid=4561 |title=Economic Situation-Kunming Tour |publisher=Chinakunming.travel |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120714142112/http://www.chinakunming.travel/Show.aspx?aid=4561 |archive-date=14 July 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref> China Health Management Corp (CNHC) is the main [[Health insurance|private healthcare]] provider in the city. It has been predicted that private hospitals will provide 70 percent of total medical health care services by 2012 within Kunming City.<ref>[http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/china-health-management-corp-members,433523.shtml China Health Management Corp.: Members of the Standing Committee of Yunnan Province and Government Officials Pay Visit to Richland International Hospital] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080905053442/http://www.earthtimes.org/articles/show/china-health-management-corp-members,433523.shtml |date=5 September 2008 }} 16 June 2008</ref>

Hospitals in Kunming include:
* Yunnan Provincial Red Cross Hospital and Emergency Center, is the main general hospital in Kunming.
* Yunnan Provincial First People's Hospital
* First Affiliated Hospital of Kunming Medical College
* Kunming Mental Hospital, founded in 1955, houses over 400 patients.
* [[Kunming Physical Rehabilitation Center]]

=== HIV/AIDS ===

{{main|HIV/AIDS in Yunnan}}

In late 2006, China's first provincial-level [[HIV]]/[[AIDS]] treatment center was built. The US$17.5&nbsp;million center is located {{convert|28|km|abbr=on}} from downtown Kunming. The center has six main departments: clinical treatment, technical consulting, research and development, international exchange and cooperation, clinical treatment training and psychological therapy.

Yunnan, with a population of more than 45 million, leads China in HIV/AIDS infections: primarily spread through intravenous drug use and unsafe sex, often involving the sex industry. According to official statistics, by the end of 2005, Yunnan was home to more than 48,000 HIV-infected patients, 3,900 patients with AIDS and a death toll of 1,768.<ref>{{cite journal|title=Modeling the HIV/AIDS Epidemic Among Injecting Drug Users and Sex Workers in Kunming, China|doi=10.1007/s11538-005-9051-y|pmid=16794944|publisher=Springerlink.com|journal=Bulletin of Mathematical Biology|volume=68|issue=3|date=April 2006|first=Nicolas|last=Bacaër|author2=Xamxinur Abdurahman|author3=Jianli Ye|pages=525–550|s2cid=352971|url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01378034/file/Kunming.pdf|access-date=26 March 2020|archive-date=4 August 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200804031608/https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/error/pagenotfound|url-status=dead}}</ref>

== Military ==

Kunming is the headquarters of the [[75th Group Army]].

== Public security and crime ==
The headquarters of the Kunming Municipal [[Public security bureau (China)|Public Security Bureau]] is on Beijing Lu. Its foreign affairs department, located on Jinxing Huayuan, Jinxing Xiao Lu in the northeast of the city, handles immigration and travel visas.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.8599999.net/crjweb/index.asp |script-title=zh:昆明市公安局西山分局涉外网络警务室 |publisher=8599999.net |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624084454/http://www.8599999.net/crjweb/index.asp |archive-date=24 June 2012 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Drug trafficking ===
{{See also|Illegal drug trade in China}}

Kunming has a pivotal role as a major conduit point in international [[drug trafficking]] as it is the closest major Chinese city to the [[Golden Triangle (Southeast Asia)|Golden Triangle]] in [[Southeast Asia]]. The Kunming Municipal Public Security Bureau Narcotics Squad is the specialist counter-narcotics police service.

Police confiscated at least three tons of drugs in Yunnan in 2005. Yunnan province seized 10 tons of illegal drugs in 2006, accounting for 80 percent of the total drugs confiscated nationwide during the period, according to Sun Dahong, then deputy director of Yunnan's provincial [[Public security bureau (China)|Public Security Bureau]]. The total is more than double the amount seized in the province in 2005.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/194657.htm |title=Yunnan Witnesses Record Drug-busting 2006 |publisher=china.org.cn |date=31 December 2006 |access-date=22 July 2012 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120720130145/http://www.china.org.cn/english/China/194657.htm |archive-date=20 July 2012 |url-status=live}}</ref>

[[Heroin]] and [[methamphetamine]] seem to be the main targets of the 30,000+ strong anti-drug police in Yunnan. The majority of heroin coming into China from the Golden Triangle passes through [[Dali City, Yunnan|Dali]]{{Citation needed|date=August 2010}} from where it is then distributed to the rest of China and internationally via China's coastal cities.

Kunming Municipal Compulsory Rehabilitation Center in Kunming is the main rehabilitation center for drug addicts, mostly recovering from heroin addiction. International drug rings have used Yunnan and Kunming to channel new synthetic drugs (like [[methamphetamine]]) as well as traditional drugs like [[heroin]].

== International relations ==

The following countries have a [[List of diplomatic missions in the People's Republic of China|diplomatic mission in Kunming]]:
* Consulates:<ref>{{cite web |url=http://en.km.gov.cn/showArticle.aspx?aid=205&cid=26 |title=Kunming - China.GOV |website=en.km.gov.cn |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081007004826/http://en.km.gov.cn/showArticle.aspx?aid=205&cid=26 |archive-date=7 October 2008 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[Diplomatic missions of Bangladesh|Bangladesh]]
** [[Diplomatic missions of Cambodia|Cambodia]]
** [[Diplomatic missions of Burma|Myanmar (Burma)]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mcg-kunming.com/ |title=Welcoming to the Website of the Consulate-General of the Union of Myanmar in Kunming,P.R.China |website=www.mcg-kunming.com |access-date=11 January 2022 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20031004032321/http://www.mcg-kunming.com/ |archive-date=4 October 2003 |url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[Diplomatic missions of Laos|Laos]]
** [[Diplomatic missions of Malaysia|Malaysia]]<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kln.gov.my/perwakilan/kunming|title=Redirecting|access-date=30 June 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160827071906/http://www.kln.gov.my/perwakilan/kunming/|archive-date=27 August 2016|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** [[Diplomatic missions of Thailand|Thailand]]
** [[Diplomatic missions of Vietnam|Vietnam]]
* Trade offices:
** Australia
** Netherlands

== Notable residents ==
Notable people from Kunming include:

* [[Benedict Anderson]], scholar (born in Kunming)
* [[Cai Xitao]], botanist
* [[Chih-Kung Jen]], physicist
* [[Wang Xiji]], aerospace engineer and recipient of the "[[Two Bombs, One Satellite]]" Meritorious Award
* [[Pierre Jean Marie Delavay]], 19th-century French missionary, lived and died in Kunming
* [[Lamu Gatusa]], professor and writer
* [[He Yunchang]], Chinese performance artist born in Kunming whose early, seminal works were also performed there<ref name="Berghuis2006">{{cite book|last=Berghuis|first=Thomas J.|title=Performance Art in China|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=mRmppyhh9W0C&pg=PA113|year=2006|publisher=Timezone 8 Limited|isbn=978-988-99265-9-5|pages=113–114}}</ref>
* [[Li Weiwei (handballer)|Li Weiwei]], Olympics handball player
* [[Liu Fang]], pipa player
* [[Maran Brang Seng]], Burmese politician (died in Kunming)
* [[Ma Yashu]], actress
* [[Nie Er]], composer (born in Kunming)
* [[Frank Shu]], Chinese-American astrophysicist, born in Kunming
* [[Xing Ruan]], Chinese-Australian author and architect, born in Kunming
* [[Song Wencong]], aerospace engineer and aircraft designer
* [[Tang Jiyao]], general and warlord of Yunnan, died in Kunming
* [[Tong Yao]], actress
* [[Tu Wei-ming]], ethicist (born in Kunming)
* [[Wang Hongni]], triathlete and Asian Games gold medallist
* [[Wen Yiduo]], poet and scholar, (lived and assassinated in Kunming)
* [[Anthony Zee]], physicist
* [[Zhang Xiaogang]], artist, born in Kunming
* [[Zheng He]], [[Ming dynasty]] explorer
* [[Zhu De]], military leader (studied in Kunming)
* [[Zhu Youlang]] (Ming dynasty emperor), (fought and was executed in Kunming)
Diplomats:
* [[Auguste François]], French consul in south China
* [[George Soulié de Morant]], French diplomat
* [[John S. Service]], American diplomat served in Kunming for two years

[[National Southwestern Associated University]]:
* [[Chen Ning Yang]], physicist
* [[Chen Yinke]], linguist
* [[Feng Youlan]], philosopher
* [[Shiing-Shen Chern]], mathematician
* [[Ta-You Wu]], physicist
* [[Tsung-Dao Lee]], physicist
* [[Wang Yuan (mathematician)|Wang Yuan]], mathematician
* [[Wu Ningkun]], professor emeritus
* [[Zhang Boling]], founder of Nankai University

== See also ==
{{portal|China}}
* [[2008 Kunming bus bombings]]
* [[3650 Kunming]], an asteroid
* [[:Category:Films set in Kunming]]
* [[Zheng He]]
* [[List of cities in the People's Republic of China]]
* [[List of twin towns and sister cities in China]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* ''Kunming Statistical Yearbook-2007'' {{in lang|zh}} China Statistics Press [https://archive.today/20121128005005/http://www.sei.gov.cn/].
* {{cite book |title=A Complete Guide Series of Travel and Tourism in China&nbsp;– Kunming |last=Qi Duxia |year=1999 |publisher=China Travel & Tourism Press |isbn=978-7-5032-1491-2 }}
* {{cite book |title=The Kunming Project: Urban Development in China&nbsp;— A Dialogue |last=Carl Fingerhuth, Ernst Joos |year=2002 |publisher=Birkhauser Verlag AG |isbn=978-3-7643-6742-8 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110507045128/http://www.nsl.ethz.ch/index.php/content/download/223/1263/file/ Sustainable Urban Development – the Case Study of Kunming, China Willy Schmid, Markus Eggenberger, 1997.]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20040703184648/http://www.nsl.ethz.ch/index.php/en/content/view/full/415 NSL – Network City and Landscape] – contains Kunming sustainable development papers
* {{cite book |title=600 Days in Kunming China, 1944–45 |last=Franklin, B. Evans |year=2005 |publisher=AuthorHouse |isbn=978-1-4208-2117-8 }}
* {{cite book |title=OSS in China: Prelude to Cold War |last=Maochun Yu |year=1997 |publisher=Yale University Press |isbn=978-0-300-06698-2 }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Cai | first1 = Le | last2 = Chongsuvivatwong | first2 = Virasakdi | year = 2006 | title = Rural-urban differentials of premature mortality burden in south-west China | journal = International Journal for Equity in Health | volume = 5 | article-number = 13 | doi = 10.1186/1475-9276-5-13 | pmid = 17040573 | pmc = 1617105 | doi-access = free }}
* {{cite journal | last1 = Remick | first1 = Elizabeth J. | year = 2007 | title = Police-Run Brothels in Republican Kunming | url = http://intl-mcx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/4/423 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20081208105116/http://intl-mcx.sagepub.com/cgi/content/abstract/33/4/423 | url-status = dead | archive-date = 8 December 2008 | journal = Modern China | volume = 33 | issue = 4 | pages = 423–461 | doi = 10.1177/0097700407304804 | s2cid = 145794588 | url-access = subscription }}
* Chin, K. and Zhang, S. "[http://www.allacademic.com/meta/p127220_index.html Street-Level Heroin Sales in Kunming, China]". American Society of Criminology (ASC) 2008-06-26
* [https://www.un.org/Depts/escap/sps/kunming.htm Kunming Communiqué on Cross-border Collaboration for Drug Demand Reduction and HIV/AIDS Prevention] Social Development Division, United Nations ESCAP
* Kobusingye KA. [https://web.archive.org/web/20110515155209/http://gateway.nlm.nih.gov/MeetingAbstracts/ma?f=102283925.html "Voluntary counseling and testing among injecting drug users in Kunming city, Yunnan Province"] ''Int Conf AIDS''. 2004 Jul 11–16; 15: abstract no. WePeC5999.
* [https://query.nytimes.com/gst/fullpage.html?res=9D0CE7DD1039F933A05756C0A967958260 "China's Disabled Get Helping Hand in High Places"] Kunming Journal. Nicholas D. Kristof. 30 May 1991
* Book about Kunming's regional cooperation with Southeast Asia: ''ASEAN-China Relations: Realities and Prospects'' (2005) Saw Swee Hock, Lijun Sheng, Sheng Lijun, Kin Wah Chin, Chin Kin Wah. Institute of Southeast Asian Studies (ISEAS) {{ISBN|981-230-342-1}}
* Wei Xing. "Prevalence of ethnic intermarriage in Kunming: Social exchange or insignificance of ethnicity?" ''Asian Ethnicity'', Volume 8, Issue 2 June 2007, pages 165–179
* Jianli Li; Mary Francis Marx. "[http://southernlibrarianship.icaap.org/content/v02n01/li_j01.html A Survey of Four Libraries in Kunming: Library Automation and Modernization in a Far Removed Province in China]" ''Journal of Southern Academic and Special Librarianship'' (2000)
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kunming}}
{{Wiktionary|Kunming|K'un-ming}}
{{Wikivoyage}}
* [http://www.km.gov.cn/ Official Kunming Municipal Government Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20101203182740/http://www.km.gov.cn/ |date=3 December 2010 }}
* [http://www.kunming.cn/ Official Kunming Website] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181010031122/http://www.kunming.cn/ |date=10 October 2018 }} {{in lang|zh|en}}
 
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