View source for Kowloon Walled City

{{Short description|Former slum in Hong Kong}}
{{Good article}}
{{Use Hong Kong English|date=April 2022}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{for|the park|Kowloon Walled City Park}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Kowloon Walled City
| native_name        = 九龍城寨
| native_name_lang   = zh-Hant-HK
| settlement_type    =
| image_skyline      = [[File:Kowloon Walled City - 1989 Aerial.jpg|300px]]
| image_alt          = A large solid block of ramshackle buildings varying in height, with many taller buildings and some mountains in the background.
| image_caption      = The city in 1989
| pushpin_map        = Hong Kong
| coordinates        = {{coord|22|19|56|N|114|11|25|E|type:landmark|display=inline title}}
| subdivision_type   = Country / City
| subdivision_name   = {{ubli|China<br />(''de facto'', 1898–1912; ''de jure'', 1898–1993)|British Hong Kong<br />(''de facto'', 1912–1941 and 1945–1993)|Japan<br />(''de facto'', 1941–1945)}}
| subdivision_type2  = District
| subdivision_name2  = [[Kowloon City District]]
| subdivision_type3  = Area
| subdivision_name3  = Kowloon City
| established_title  = Settled
| established_date   = {{circa}} 1898
| extinct_title      = Demolished
| extinct_date       = 1993–1994
| government_type    = ''Ungoverned''
| area_total_ha      = 2.6
| population_as_of   = 1990
| population_total   = 35,000
| population_density_km2 = auto
| official_name      =
| population_est     =
| pop_est_as_of      =
}}
{{Chinese
| title = Kowloon Walled City
| picsize = 250
| piccap = An aerial view of the Kowloon Walled City in 1989
| t = {{linktext|九龍|城寨|}}
| s = 九龙城寨
| p = Jiǔlóng Chéng Zhài
| tp = Jiǒulóng Chéng Jhài
| w = {{tone superscript|Chiu3-lung2 Ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|eng2 Chai4}}
| mi = {{IPAc-cmn|j|iu|3|.|l|ong|2|-|ch|eng|2|zh|ai|4|}}
| bpmf = ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄔㄥˊ ㄓㄞˋ
| y = Gáulùhng Sìhng Jaaih
| j = gau2 lung4 sing4 zaai6
| ci = {{IPAc-yue|g|au|2|-|l|ung|4|-|s|ing|4|-|z|aai|6}}
| h = {{Tone superscript|Giu3liung2 shang2 cai4 }}
| t2 = {{linktext|九龍|寨|城}}
| s2 = 九龙寨城
| p2 = Jiǔlóng Zhài Chéng
| tp2 = Jiǒulóng Jhài Chéng 
| w2 = {{tone superscript|Chiu3-lung2 Chai4 Ch}}{{wg-apos}}{{tone superscript|eng2}}
| mi2 = {{IPAc-cmn|j|iu|3|.|l|ong|2|-|zh|ai|4|ch|eng|2}}
| bpmf2 = ㄐㄧㄡˇ ㄌㄨㄥˊ ㄓㄞˋ ㄔㄥˊ
| y2 = Gáulùhng Jaaih Sìhng
| j2 = gau2 lung4 zaai6 sing4
| ci2 = {{IPAc-yue|g|au|2|-|l|ung|4|-|z|aai|6|-|s|ing|4}}
| h2 = {{Tone superscript|Giu3liung2 cai4 shang2}}
}}

'''Kowloon Walled City''' ({{zh|t_hk=九龍城寨}}){{efn|[[Jyutping]]: {{kCantonese|九龍城寨}}}} was an extremely densely populated and largely lawless [[enclave]] of [[China]] within the boundaries of [[Kowloon City]] of former [[British Hong Kong]]. Built as an imperial Chinese [[Fortification|military fort]], the walled city became a ''[[de jure]]'' enclave after the [[New Territories]] were leased to the United Kingdom in 1898. Its population increased dramatically after the end of the [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong]] during [[World War II]], attracting mostly refugees fleeing the renewed [[Chinese Civil War]].

By the late 1980s, the walled city contained roughly 35,000 residents<ref name="scmp" /> within its territory of {{convert|2.6|ha|acre|frac=4}}, resulting in a staggering population density of over {{convert|3|e6PD/sqmi|e6PD/km2|abbr=off|order=flip}}.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://99percentinvisible.org/episode/episode-66-kowloon-walled-city/ | title=Kowloon Walled City | date=19 November 2012 }}</ref> As a result of the absence of any widely recognized bureaucracy, the city's residents and businesses had no municipal codes to govern them. Enabled by the enclave's anarchic nature, trade in banned products thrived, ranging from narcotics to [[Dog meat#Hong Kong|dog meat]]. From the 1950s to the 1970s, it was controlled by local [[Triad (organized crime)|triad gang]]s and had high rates of prostitution, gambling, and drug abuse.<ref>{{cite web |title=Infographic: Life Inside the Kowloon Walled City |url=https://www.archdaily.com/361831/infographic-life-inside-the-kowloon-walled-city?ad_medium=widget&ad_name=recommendation |website=ArchDaily |access-date=11 February 2022 |date=18 April 2013}}</ref>

In January 1987, the British colonial government announced plans to demolish the walled city. After an arduous eviction process and the transfer of ''de jure'' sovereignty of the enclave from China to Britain, demolition began in March 1993 and was completed in April 1994.<ref>{{Cite web |last=McHugh |first=Fionnuala |date=2014-08-30 |title=How Kowloon Walled City survived attempts to knock it down for almost a century |url=https://www.scmp.com/magazines/post-magazine/article/1581649/kowloon-walled-citys-fight-exist |access-date=2023-07-06 |website=[[South China Morning Post]]}}</ref> [[Kowloon Walled City Park]] opened in December 1995 and occupies the area of the former walled city. Some historical artefacts<!-- NOTE! Do not change this to "artifacts"! This article uses Hong Kong English spelling, where "artefacts" is the correct spelling. --> from the walled city, including its ''[[yamen]]'' building and remnants of its southern gate, have been preserved there.

==History==
===Military outpost===
[[File:Kowloon-Walled-City-1898.jpg|right|thumb|[[Lung Tsun Stone Bridge]] and Lung Tsun Pavilion (Pavilion for Greeting Officials) of Kowloon Walled City in 1898|alt=The front entrance of a fort with mountains in the background.]]

The history of the walled city can be traced back to the [[Song dynasty]] (960–1279), when a military outpost was set up to [[Salt in Chinese history|manage the salt trade]] in the area. Little took place for hundreds of years afterward, although 30 guards were stationed there in 1668.<ref name="Wilkinson"/> A small coastal fort was established around 1810 after Chinese forces abandoned [[Tung Lung Fort]].<ref name="Sinn"/> In 1842, during the [[Qing dynasty]], [[Hong Kong Island]] was ceded to Britain by the [[Treaty of Nanking]]. As a result, the Qing authorities felt it necessary to improve the fort to rule the area and check further British influence. The improvements, including the formidable defensive wall, were completed in 1847. The walled city was captured by [[Taiping Heavenly Kingdom|rebels]] during the [[Taiping Rebellion]] in 1854, before being retaken a few weeks later.<ref name="Wilkinson"/><ref>{{cite web|last=Lam|first=Li Long|author-link=Li Long Lam|url=http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=24822524|title=Excavation Report of Kowloon Walled City, Hong Kong|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170827170702/http://www.nssd.org/articles/article_detail.aspx?id=24822524 |archive-date=27 August 2017|volume=6|year=2007}}</ref>

[[File:Victoria City and Kowloon 1915.jpg|thumb|right|1915 map of the Hong Kong region with Kowloon Walled City listed as "Chinese Town" at the upper right-hand corner]]
The [[Convention for the Extension of Hong Kong Territory]] of 1898 handed additional parts of Hong Kong (the [[New Territories]]) to Britain for 99 years, but excluded the walled city, which at the time had a population of roughly 700. China was allowed to continue to keep officials there as long as they did not interfere with the defence of [[British Hong Kong]]. The following year, [[Hong Kong governor]] [[Henry Arthur Blake|Henry Blake]] suspected that the [[Viceroy of Guangdong|viceroy of Canton]] was using troops to aid resistance to the new arrangements. On 14 April 1899, British forces [[Six-Day War (1899)|attacked]] the walled city, only to find the viceroy's soldiers gone, leaving behind only the [[Mandarin (bureaucrat)|mandarin]] and 150 residents.<ref name="Wilkinson"/> The Qing dynasty ended its rule in 1912, leaving the walled city to the British.<ref name="p826">{{cite web | last=Watson | first=Penny | title=Walled City, Hong Kong: The incredible story of the lawless enclave inside Hong Kong | website=[[The Sydney Morning Herald]] | date=14 August 2018 | url=https://www.smh.com.au/traveller/inspiration/walled-city-hong-kong-the-incredible-story-of-the-lawless-enclave-inside-hong-kong-20180628-h11yu7.html | access-date=14 August 2024}}</ref>

Though the British claimed ownership of the walled city, they did little with it over the following few decades. The [[Holy Trinity Church, Shanghai|Holy Trinity Church]] established an [[Retirement home|old people's home]] in the old ''[[yamen]]'' as well as a school and an [[almshouse]] in other former offices. Aside from such institutions, however, the walled city became a mere curiosity for British colonials and tourists to visit; it was labelled as "Chinese Town" in a 1915 map. In 1933, Hong Kong authorities announced plans to demolish most of the decaying walled city's buildings, compensating the 436 squatters that lived there with new homes. That same year, the [[Nationalist government|Nationalist Chinese government]] protested, claiming jurisdiction over the city.<ref>{{Cite journal |last=Miners |first=N. J. |date=1982 |title=A Tale of Two Walled Cities: Kowloon and Weihaiwei |url=https://heinonline.org/HOL/LandingPage?handle=hein.journals/honkon12&div=27&id=&page= |journal=Hong Kong Law Journal |volume=12 |pages=179}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=The National Archives – Historic Hong Kong documents {{!}} Gwulo: Old Hong Kong |url=https://gwulo.com/node/56213 |access-date=11 October 2021 |website=gwulo.com}}</ref> The Nationalist Chinese government continued to make claims on its jurisdiction throughout 1935, 1936, and the first half of 1937, until the [[Second Sino-Japanese War|war between China and Japan]] started.<ref name=":3">{{cite book|title=Britain and China 1945–1950: Documents on British Policy Overseas|volume=8|first1=S.R.|last1=Ashton|first2=G.|last2=Bennett|first3=K|last3=Hamilton|publisher=Routledge|year=2013|pages=127–129|isbn=9781135279585}}</ref>

By 1940, only the ''yamen'', the school, and one house remained. During the World War II [[Japanese occupation of Hong Kong|occupation of Hong Kong]], the Japanese occupying forces demolished the city wall and used the stone to expand the nearby [[Kai Tak Airport]].<ref name="Wilkinson" />

===Urban settlement===
[[File:KWC - 1972 Sing Tao.jpg|thumb|right|An aerial view of Kowloon Walled City and the neighbouring Sai Tau Tsuen village in 1972]]

After [[Surrender of Japan|Japan's surrender]] in 1945, [[Republic of China (1912–1949)|China]] announced its intent to reclaim the walled city. In November 1946, Nationalist Chinese officials created the "Draft Outline Plan for Reinstatement of Administration" of the area, which included an office, schools, police, and other functions.<ref>{{Cite journal |title=The History of Planning for Kowloon City |url=https://hub.hku.hk/bitstream/10722/245207/1/content.pdf?accept=1 |journal=Planning Perspectives| bibcode=2018PlPer..33...97L | last1=Lai | first1=Lawrence W. C. | last2=Chua | first2=Mark Hansley | date=2018 | volume=33 | issue=1 | page=97 | doi=10.1080/02665433.2017.1331751 }}</ref> Refugees fleeing the Chinese Civil War post-1945 poured into Hong Kong, and 2,000 squatters occupied the walled city by 1947. After an attempt to drive them out in 1948, the British adopted a "hands-off" policy in most matters concerning the walled city.<ref name="Wilkinson" /> On 8 January 1948, the Nationalist Chinese government sent a memorandum to the British Ambassador, stating "The Ministry of Foreign Affairs now formally declare to the British Embassy that, in accordance with the provisions of the said Convention, the Chinese Government enjoys jurisdiction over the City of Kowloon and that they have no intention whatsoever of renouncing this jurisdiction."<ref name=":3" /> The British Foreign Office, on 4 February 1948, considered a variety of solutions (including turning the site into a Nationalist Chinese Consulate-General), and ultimately recommended that the British "accept the principle of Chinese jurisdiction over Kowloon Walled City but the Chinese agree not to attempt to exercise that jurisdiction in practice."<ref name=":3" /> Additionally, the British Foreign Office said that "A public garden controlled by the municipal authorities of Kowloon Leased territory offers such a solution and so would a Chinese consular compound, if the Chinese could first be induced to agree in principle to the appointment of a Consul General."<ref name=":3" />

[[File:KWC - 1975.jpg|thumb|left|The south side of Kowloon Walled City in 1975. The elevation of the buildings begins to reach its maximum height.]]

In January 1950, a fire broke out that destroyed over 2,500 huts, home to nearly 3,500 families and 17,000 total people.<ref name = "Smart2006" /> The disaster highlighted the need for proper fire prevention in the largely wooden-built squatter areas, complicated by the lack of political ties with the colonial and Chinese governments.<ref name="Smart2006_2" /> The ruins gave new arrivals to the walled city the opportunity to build anew, causing speculation that the fire may have been intentionally set.<ref name = "Smart2006_2" /><ref name="Booth2006" />

With no government enforcement from the Chinese or the British aside from a few raids by the [[Hong Kong Police]], the walled city became a haven for crime and drugs. It was only during a 1959 trial for a murder that occurred within the walled city that the Hong Kong government was ruled to have jurisdiction there. By that time, however, the walled city was virtually ruled by the organised crime syndicates known as [[Triad (organized crime)|triads]].<ref name ="Wilkinson" />

Beginning in the 1950s, triad groups such as the [[14K (triad)|14K]] and [[Sun Yee On]] gained a stranglehold on the walled city's numerous brothels, gambling parlours, and opium dens. The walled city had become such a haven for criminals that police would venture into it only in large groups.<ref name = scmp>{{cite news |last=Carney |first=John |title=Kowloon Walled City: Life in the City of Darkness |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1191748/kowloon-walled-city-life-city-darkness |access-date=29 January 2014 |newspaper=[[South China Morning Post]] |date=16 March 2013}}</ref> It was not until 1973 and 1974, when a series of more than 3,500 police raids resulted in over 2,500 arrests and over {{convert|1800|kg}} of drugs seized, that the triads' power began to wane. With public support, particularly from younger residents, the continued raids gradually eroded drug use and violent crime. In 1983, the district police commander declared the walled city's crime rate to be under control.<ref name="Wilkinson" />

[[File:Kowloon Walled City - 1991.jpg|left|thumb|One of the outer edges in 1991]]
The city also underwent massive construction during the 1960s, with developers building new modular structures above older ones. The city became extremely densely populated and "a world unto its own", an enclave,<ref name="Harter 92–113">{{Cite journal |last=Harter |first=Seth |date=November 2000 |title=Hong Kong's Dirty Little Secret |journal=Journal of Urban History |volume=27 |issue=1 |pages=92–113 |doi=10.1177/009614420002700106 |s2cid=145574313 |issn=0096-1442}}</ref> with over 33,000 people<ref name="Graudin"/> in 300 buildings occupying little more than {{convert|7|acre}}.<ref name="Graudin"/> As a result, the city reached its maximum size by the late 1970s and early 1980s; a height restriction of 13 to 14 stories had been imposed on the city due to the flight path of planes heading toward [[Kai Tak Airport]].<ref name = "p48" /> As well as limiting building height, the proximity of the airport subjected residents to serious noise pollution. Eight municipal pipes provided water to the entire structure, although more could have come from wells.<ref name = "Water"/> A few of the streets were illuminated by fluorescent lights, as sunlight rarely reached the lower levels<ref name="Graudin"/> due to the outstanding disregard to [[air rights]] within the city.<ref name = "Wilkinson" /> Although the rampant crime of earlier decades diminished in later years, the walled city was still known for its high number of unlicensed doctors and dentists who could operate there without threat of prosecution.<ref name = "Vines" /><ref>{{Citation |last=Wall Street Journal |title=City of Imagination: Kowloon Walled City 20 Years Later |date=2 April 2014 |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=dj_8ucS3lMY |archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/varchive/youtube/20211117/dj_8ucS3lMY |archive-date=17 November 2021 |url-status=live |access-date=8 March 2019}}{{cbignore}}</ref>

Although the walled city was for many years a hotbed of criminal activity, most residents were not involved in any crime and lived peacefully within its walls. Numerous small factories and businesses thrived inside the walled city, and some residents formed groups to organise and improve daily life there.<ref name= "Basler" /> An attempt by the government in 1963 to demolish some shacks in a corner of the city gave rise to an "anti-demolition committee" that served as the basis for a [[kaifong association]]. Charities, religious societies, and other welfare groups were gradually introduced to the city. While medical clinics and schools went unregulated, the Hong Kong government provided some services such as water supply and mail delivery.<ref name="Wilkinson" />

===Eviction and demolition===
[[File:KWC - Alley.jpg|thumb|right|180px|An alley in the city, 1993]]
The quality of life in the city—sanitary conditions in particular—remained far behind the rest of Hong Kong. The [[Sino-British Joint Declaration]] in 1984 laid the groundwork for the city's demolition.<ref name="Wilkinson"/> The mutual decision by the two governments to tear down the walled city was announced on 14 January 1987.<ref name="Goddard"/> On 10 March 1987, following the announcement that the walled city would be converted to a park, the Secretary for District Administration formally requested the [[Urban Council]] to take over the site following demolition. Owing to the presence of numerous other green spaces in the area, the [[Urban Services Department]] doubted the need for "yet another park" from a planning and operations point of view, but the council agreed nonetheless to accept the government's proposal on the condition that the government bear the cost of park construction.<ref>{{cite news |title=Memorandum for Members of the Recreation Select Committee, Capital Works Select Committee, Finance Select Committee, and the Standing Committee of the Whole Council: Proposed Park at the site of Kowloon Walled City 10 April 1987 |publisher=Urban Council}}</ref><ref>{{cite news |title=Memorandum for Members of the Recreation Select Committee: Proposed Park Development at The Kowloon Walled City Site 7 September 1990 |publisher=Urban Council}}</ref>

The government distributed some {{HKD|2.7 billion}} ({{USD|350 million}}) in compensation to the estimated 33,000 residents and businesses in a plan devised by a special committee of the [[Hong Kong Housing Authority]].<ref name="Lau" /> Some residents were not satisfied with the compensation and were forcibly evicted between November 1991 and July 1992.<ref name="Families"/><ref name="Braude"/> While it was deserted, the empty city was used to film a scene in the 1993 movie ''[[Crime Story (1993 film)|Crime Story]]''.<ref name="Strother"/>

After four months of planning,<ref name="Chung"/> demolition of the walled city began on 23 March 1993<ref name="Vines"/> and concluded in April 1994. Construction work on [[Kowloon Walled City Park]] started the following month.<ref name="History"/> Some historic structures within the former walled city have been preserved and integrated into the new park.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Antiquities and Monuments Office - Declared Monuments in Hong Kong - Kowloon (172) |url=https://www.amo.gov.hk/en/historic-buildings/monuments/kowloon/monuments_63/index.html |access-date=2024-05-15 |website=www.amo.gov.hk}}</ref>

==The city before demolition==
===Layout and architecture===
[[File:Kowloon Walled City Statue.jpg|thumb|Model of Kowloon Walled City located at the entrance of Kowloon Walled City Park]]
[[File:Streets in Kowloon Walled City.jpg|thumb|Plan of buildings and streets within Kowloon Walled City]]

The walled city was located in an [[List of places in Hong Kong|area]] of Kowloon that became known as [[Kowloon City]]. In spite of its transformation from a fort into an urban enclave, the walled city retained the same basic layout. The original fort was built on a slope<ref name="p18" /> and consisted of a {{convert|2.6|ha|acre|adj=on}} plot measuring about {{convert|210|by|120|m|ft}}. The stone wall surrounding it had four entrances and measured {{convert|4|m|ft}} tall and {{convert|4.6|m|ft}} thick before it was dismantled in 1943.<ref name="Sinn" /><ref name="Benedetti" />

Construction surged dramatically during the 1960s and 1970s, until the formerly low-rise city consisted almost entirely of buildings with 10 storeys or more (with the notable exception of the yamen in its centre).<ref name="p48" /><ref name="Goddard" /> However, due to [[Kai Tak Airport]]'s position {{convert|800|m|mi}} south of the city, buildings did not exceed 14 storeys.<ref name="p206" /> The two-storey Sai Tau Tsuen settlement bordered the walled city to the south and west until it was cleared in 1985 and replaced with Carpenter Road Park.<ref name="Girard" /><ref name="p71" />

[[File:Kowloon Walled City.jpg|thumb|left|Kowloon Walled City in 1989]]

The city's dozens of [[alley]]ways were often only {{cvt|1|–|2|m|ft|0}} wide, and had poor lighting and drainage.<ref name="W-S" /> An informal network of staircases and passageways also formed on upper levels, which was so extensive that one could travel north to south through the entire city without ever touching solid ground.<ref name="p48" /> Construction in the city went unregulated, and most of the roughly 350 buildings were built with poor [[foundation (engineering)|foundations]] and few or no utilities.<ref name="p48,74,79" /> Because apartments were so small—a typical unit was {{convert|23|m2|ft2|abbr=on}}—space was maximised with wider upper floors, caged balconies and rooftop additions.<ref name="Basler" /><ref name="Goddard" /><ref name="p34,199" /> Roofs in the city were full of television antennas, [[clothes line]]s, water tanks, and rubbish, and could be crossed using a series of ladders.<ref name="Popham" /><ref name="p199,203" />

===Demography===
[[File:KWC - Night.jpg|thumb|right|A street at the edge of the city at night in 1993]]

Kowloon Walled City's early population fluctuated between zero and a few hundred, and began growing steadily shortly after World War II. However, there is no accurate population information available for much of the walled city's later existence. Official census numbers estimated the walled city's population at 10,004 in 1971 and 14,617 in 1981. Informal estimates, on the other hand, often mistakenly included the neighbouring [[squatter village]] of Sai Tau Tsuen.<ref name="W-S" /><ref name="Siu-Fong" /> Population figures of about 50,000 were also reported.<ref name="nosowitz">{{cite web |last=Nosowitz |first=Dan |date=18 April 2013 |title=Life Inside The Most Densely Populated Place on Earth [Infographic] |url=http://www.popsci.com/technology/article/2013-04/life-inside-most-densely-populated-place-earth-infographic#page-2 |access-date=13 April 2018 |website=Popular Science |quote=1990 50,000 inhabitants}}</ref>

A thorough government survey in 1987 gave a clearer picture: an estimated 33,000 people resided within the walled city. Based on this survey, the walled city had a population density of approximately {{convert|1255000|PD/sqkm|PD/sqmi}} in 1987,<ref name="Goddard" /> making it the most densely populated spot in the world.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Chan |first=Wilfred |date=2 January 2015 |title=Kowloon Walled City: In Hong Kong, it was the densest place on Earth |url=https://www.cnn.com/travel/article/kowloon-walled-city/index.html |access-date=13 May 2021 |website=CNN |language=en}}</ref> Names in Kowloon Walled City were mostly Cantonese.<ref name="Graudin2" />

===Culture===
[[File:Kowloon Walled City 1991.jpg|left|upright|thumb|Numerous dental clinics at an edge of the walled city in 1991|alt=A close-up of the walled city's mass of tall buildings]]
[[File:KWC - Playground.jpg|thumb|A playground at the edge of the city]]

In response to difficult living conditions, residents formed a tightly knit community, helping one another endure various hardships.<ref name="p122" /> Within families, wives often did housekeeping, while grandmothers cared for their grandchildren and other children from surrounding households.<ref name="p115,154" /> The city's rooftops were important gathering places, especially for residents who lived on upper floors. Parents used them to relax, and children would play or do homework there after school.<ref name="p203–04" />

The yamen in the heart of the city was also a major social centre, a place for residents to talk, have tea or watch television, and to take classes such as calligraphy. The Old People's Centre also held religious meetings for Christians and others.<ref name="p132" /> Other religious institutions included the Fuk Tak and [[Tin Hau temples in Hong Kong|Tin Hau]] temples, which were used for a combination of [[Buddhist]], [[Taoist]], and [[animist]] practices.<ref name="p26,139" />

=={{anchor|Current status}}Current status as park==
{{for|details on the park itself|Kowloon Walled City Park}}
[[File:Kowloon Walled City Park Overview 201807.jpg|thumb|Aerial view of Kowloon Walled City Park]]

===Design and construction===
The area where the walled city once stood is now [[Kowloon Walled City Park]], adjacent to Carpenter Road Park.<ref name="Film"/> The {{convert|31000|m2|ft2 acre|abbr=on}} park was completed in August 1995 and handed over to the [[Urban Council]]. It was opened officially by Governor [[Chris Patten]] a few months later on 22 December.<ref>{{cite news |last=Flint |first=John |title=Walled City's transformation sparks hopes for other sites |url=https://www.scmp.com/article/143914/walled-citys-transformation-sparks-hopes-other-sites |access-date=28 January 2014 |newspaper=South China Morning Post |date=23 December 1995}}</ref> Construction of the park cost a total of {{HKD|76 million}}.<ref name="History"/>

The park's design is modelled on [[Jiangnan]] [[Chinese garden|gardens]] of the early [[Qing dynasty]]. It is divided into eight landscape features,<ref name="History"/> with the fully restored [[yamen]] as its centrepiece. The park's paths and [[pavilion]]s are named after streets and buildings in the walled city.<ref name="YamenPark"/> Arte<!-- NOTE! Do not change this to "Artifacts"! This article uses Hong Kong English spelling, where "Artefacts" is the correct spelling. -->facts from the walled city, such as five inscribed stones and three old wells, are also on display in the park.<ref name="Film"/> The park was designed by the [[Architectural Services Department]], which won a "prestigious award" from the Central Society of Horticulture of Germany for the redevelopment.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Ng|first1=Kang-Chung|title=Walled City park project wins top award|work=South China Morning Post|date=12 January 1994}}</ref>

[[File:Image-Kowloon Walled City southgate.jpg|right|thumb|The remnants of the city's South Gate and its entrance plaques|alt=On a green lawn surrounded by a brick wall lie broken engraved stones and stone foundations.]]

Components of the park include:
* The Eight Floral Walks, each named after a different plant or flower<ref name="Walks"/>
* The Chess Garden, featuring four {{convert|3|by|5|m|ft|adj=on}} [[Xiangqi|Chinese chessboards]]<ref name="Chess"/>
* The Garden of [[Chinese zodiac]], containing stone statues of the 12 [[Chinese zodiac]] animals<ref name="Zodiac"/>
* The Garden of Four Seasons (named Guangyin Square after the small open area in the walled city), a {{convert|300|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} garden with plants that symbolise the four seasons<ref name="Seasons"/>
* The Six Arts Terrace, a {{convert|600|m2|sqft|abbr=on}} wedding area containing a garden and the Bamboo Pavilion<ref name="Film"/>
* The Kuixing Pavilion, including a [[moon gate]] framed by two stone tablets and the towering Guibi Rock, which represents Hong Kong's return to China<ref name="Guibi"/>
* The Mountain View Pavilion, a two-storey structure resembling a docked boat that provides a good view of the entire park<ref name="Film"/><ref name="Mountain"/>
* The Lung Tsun, Yuk Tong, and Lung Nam Pavilions<ref name="Layout"/>
* The yamen and the remains of the South Gate<ref name="Graudin"/> (see below).

===Declared monuments===
[[File:KWC Yamen1.JPG|right|thumb|The front of the restored [[yamen]] building with one of the original cannons|alt=The front entrance of a building labelled "Almshouse" with a cannon in front of it.]]
[[File:Kowloon Walled City2.jpg|thumb|right|Children of early 20th-century Kowloon Walled City residents playing on the yamen cannons]]

The [[Antiquities and Monuments Office]] conducted archaeological examinations as the walled city was being demolished, and several cultural remains were discovered.<ref name="GIS"/> Among them were the walled city's yamen and remnants of its South Gate, which were officially designated [[declared monuments of Hong Kong]] on 4 October 1996.<ref name="Monuments"/>

The South Gate had originally served as the walled city's main entrance. Along with its foundation, other remains included two stone plaques inscribed with "South Gate" and "Kowloon Walled City" from the South Gate and a flagstone path that had led up to it. The foundations of the city's wall and East Gate were also discovered.<ref name="History"/> The Hong Kong government preserved the South Gate remnants next to a square in front of the yamen.<ref name="GatePark"/>

The yamen building is made up of three halls. Originally the middle hall served the Assistant Magistrate of Kowloon's administrative office, and the rear block was his residence. After the government officials left the area in 1899, it was used for several other purposes, including an old people's home, a refuge for widows and orphans, a school, and a clinic. It was restored in 1996 and is now found near the centre of the park.<ref name="Yamen"/> It contains a photo gallery of the walled city, and two cannons dating back to 1802 sit at the sides of its entrance.<ref name="YamenPark"/>

== Cultural memory ==<!--NOTE: Please provide reliable sources that specifically reference KWC. Mentions of "Kowloon", "Kowloon City", or "Walled City" are NOT necessarily references to KWC itself.-->
	
{{Quote box |width= 25em |align= right |salign= right
|quote= The Walled City of Kowloon has no visible wall around it, but it is as clearly defined as if there were one made of hard, high steel. It is instantly sensed by the congested open market that runs along the street in front of the row of dark run-down flats—shacks haphazardly perched on top of one another giving the impression that at any moment the entire blighted complex will collapse under its own weight, leaving nothing but rubble where elevated rubble had stood.
|source= —[[Robert Ludlum]], ''[[The Bourne Supremacy]]'', p.&nbsp;149<ref name="Bourne"/>}}
A lack of governance, and separation from Hong Kong, provided a distinct culture in the city.<ref name=":1">{{Cite journal|last=Lee|first=Jung Joon|date=2016|title=Kowloon Walled City Revisited: Photography and Postcoloniality in the City of Darkness|url=https://quod.lib.umich.edu/t/tap/7977573.0006.202?view=text;rgn=main#N9|journal=Trans Asia Photography|volume=6|issue=2 |pages=1|doi=10.1215/215820251_6-2-202 |s2cid=192928727 |doi-access=free}}</ref>  Crime and corruption were common; the police were known to co-operate with the triads operating in the city.<ref>{{Cite journal|last=Ho|first=Lawrence|date=2012|title=Un-Forgetting walls by lines on maps: A case study on property rights, cadastral mapping, and the landscape of the Kowloon Walled City.|url=https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0264837716301417|journal=Land Use Policy|volume=57|pages=94–102|doi=10.1016/j.landusepol.2016.05.022|hdl=10722/227423|hdl-access=free}}</ref><ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Fraser|first=Alistair|date=2017|title=The second life of Kowloon Walled City: Crime, Media and cultural memory|journal=Crime, Media, Culture|volume=12|issue=2|pages=217–234|doi=10.1177/1741659017703681|pmc=5732597|pmid=29278247}}</ref> During the 1970s greater police presence reduced crime and the city became home to those seeking to avoid business regulation and taxes.<ref name="Basler" />

While the city was shunned in its early existence, it has since become a source of pride for many Hong Kong residents.<ref name="Girard" /> The rising publicity around Hong Kong following the [[Handover of Hong Kong|1997 handover]] sparked a re-emergence in the public interest of Kowloon Walled City and its disappearance. Popular memory tends to sanitise the city, forgetting the crime and corruption.<ref name=":2">{{Cite book|last=Ackbar|first=Abbas|title=Hong Kong: Culture and the Politics of Disappearance|publisher=University of Minnesota Press|year=1997|isbn=978-0-8166-8798-5|pages=1–15}}</ref> The city has begun to be portrayed with a romantic [[dystopia]]n identity, and many forms of modern media have borrowed the city's culture in their works.<ref name="Girard" /> It serves as an inspiration for fictional [[hive city|hive-like]] cities as seen in various forms of media.<ref>{{cite journal |author=Ross Farnell |year=1998 |title=Posthuman Topologies: William Gibson's 'Architexture' in 'Virtual Light' and 'Idoru.' |url=http://www.jstor.org/stable/4240725 |journal=Science Fiction Studies |volume=5 |issue=3|jstor=4240725 }} pages 459–80</ref> 

=== Literature ===

A few of the people who spent time in Kowloon Walled City have written accounts of their experiences. Evangelist [[Jackie Pullinger]] wrote a 1989 memoir, ''Crack in the Wall'', about her involvement in treating drug addicts within the walled city.<ref name="Pullinger" /> In his 2004 autobiography ''Gweilo'', [[Martin Booth]] describes his exploration of the walled city as a child in the 1950s.<ref name="McDonogh" /> Gordon Jones, a District Officer of [[Kowloon City District]] at the time, also published his recollections of the city during his time in office.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jones |first=Gordon |year=2011 |title=The Kowloon City District and the Clearance of the Kowloon Walled City: Personal Recollections |url=https://hkjo.lib.hku.hk/archive/files/105586149894abb03ac1ce909d27ae55.pdf |journal=Journal of the Royal Asiatic Society Hong Kong Branch |volume=51 |pages=257–278 |issn=1991-7295 |jstor=23891943}}</ref>

{{Quote box |width= 25em |align= left |salign= left
|quote= Hive of dream. Those mismatched, uncalculated windows. How they seemed to absorb all the frantic activity of Kai Tak airport, sucking in energy like a black hole.
|source= —[[William Gibson]], "[[Disneyland with the Death Penalty]]"<ref name="Wired"/>}}

[[Robert Ludlum]]'s novel ''[[The Bourne Supremacy]]'' uses the walled city as one of its settings.<ref name="Bourne"/> {{anchor|gibson}}The city appears as a virtual reality environment (described by [[Steven Poole]] as an "oasis of political and creative freedom") in [[William Gibson]]'s [[Bridge trilogy]], and as a favourable contrast with [[Singapore]] in his ''[[Wired (magazine)|Wired]]'' article "[[Disneyland with the Death Penalty]]".<ref name="Guardian"/><ref name="Wired"/>

[[Chloe Gong|Chloe Gong's]] 2023 adult fantasy novel ''Immortal Longings'' draws inspiration from the walled city for its setting.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Hedlund |first=Dani |year=2023 |title=An Interview With Chloe Gong |url=https://frictionlit.org/an-interview-with-chloe-gong/#:~:text=It%20was%20that%20feeling%20that,story%20to%20do%20with%20that|journal=F(r)iction}}</ref>

===Films and television===
The 1982 [[Shaw Brothers Studio|Shaw Brothers]] film ''[[Brothers from the Walled City]]'' is set in Kowloon Walled City.<ref>{{cite web |title=Review of ''Brothers from the Walled City'' |url=http://www.sogoodreviews.com/reviews/brothersfromthewalledcity.htm |access-date=11 March 2014 |publisher=Sogoodreviews.com}}</ref> The 1984 gangster film ''[[Long Arm of the Law (film)|Long Arm of the Law]]'' features the walled city as a refuge for gang members before they are gunned down by police.<ref name="McDonogh" /> In the 1988 film ''[[Bloodsport (film)|Bloodsport]]'', starring [[Jean-Claude Van Damme]], the walled city is the setting for a martial arts tournament.<ref name="New Age" /> The 1992 non-narrative film ''[[Baraka (film)|Baraka]]'' features several highly detailed shots of the walled city shortly before its demolition. The 1993 film ''[[Crime Story (1993 film)|Crime Story]]'' starring [[Jackie Chan]] was partly filmed in the deserted walled city, and includes real scenes of building explosions.<ref name="Strother" />

A walled neighbourhood called the Narrows in the 2005 film ''[[Batman Begins]]'' was inspired by the walled city.<ref name="Otto" /> The 2006 Hong Kong horror film ''[[Re-cycle]]'' features a decrepit, nightmarish version of the walled city, complete with tortured souls from which the protagonist must flee.<ref name="Shingleton" /> The 2016 TVB martial arts drama ''[[A Fist Within Four Walls]]'' takes place in the triad-ridden walled city in the early 1960s.<ref>{{Cite journal |date=7 September 2015 |title=TVB 周刊 #950 新劇解構 |trans-title=TVB Weekly, #950; New drama explained |journal=TVB Weekly |language=zh |publisher=[[TVB]]}}</ref> The 2024 Hong Kong action crime film ''[[Twilight of the Warriors: Walled In]]'', an adaptation of the manhua City of Darkness by [[Andy Seto]], sets its location and plot premise in Kowloon Walled City during the 1980s.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Twilight of the Warriors: Walled In |url=https://www.festival-cannes.com/en/f/twilight-of-the-warriors-walled-in/ |access-date=2024-05-13 |website=Festival de Cannes |language=en-US}}</ref> In ''[[The Legend of Korra]]'', it served as the aesthetic basis for representing the Lower Ring of Ba Sing Se.<ref name="KAAS3-48">[[The Legend of Korra season 3|''The Legend of Korra—The Art of the Animated Series, Book Three: Change'']], page 48.{{fcn|date=November 2024}}</ref><ref name="Uc">[[Michael Dante DiMartino|DiMartino, Michael Dante]]; [[Bryan Konietzko|Konietzko, Bryan]] & [[Colin Heck|Heck, Colin]] (December 2, 2014). [[Transcript:The Ultimatum (commentary)|"The Ultimatum" commentary]]. [[Book Three: Change|Book Three: Change Blu-ray]].</ref>{{better|date=November 2024}}

=== Anime and manga ===
In the [[manga]] ''[[Crying Freeman]]'', the titular character's wife travels to the walled city to master her swordsmanship and control a cursed sword.<ref name="Bartholow" /> The manga ''[[List of Blood+ chapters#Blood+: Kowloon Nights|Blood+: Kowloon Nights]]'' uses the walled city as the setting for a series of murders.<ref name="Blood" />  The later part of episode 3 and episode 4 of the anime ''[[Street Fighter II V| Street {{nowrap|Fighter II V}}]]'' are set in Kowloon Walled City, depicted as a dark and lawless area where Ryu, Ken and Chun-Li have to fight for their lives at every turn, being rescued by the police once they reach the walled city's limits. The manga and anime ''[[Kowloon Generic Romance]]'' is also set in the walled city.

===Video games===
Kowloon Walled City is depicted in several games, including ''[[Kowloon's Gate]]''<ref name="McDonogh"/> and ''[[Shenmue II]]''.<ref name="McMillan"/> The game ''[[Stranglehold (video game)|Stranglehold]]'', a sequel to the film ''[[Hard Boiled]]'', features a version of the walled city filled with hundreds of Triad members.<ref name="McMillan"/> In the games ''[[Fear Effect]]'' and ''[[Fear Effect 2]]'', photographs of the walled city were used as inspiration "for moods, camera angles and lighting".<ref name="Lui"/> Concept art for the [[MMORPG]] ''[[Guild Wars Factions]]'' depicts massive, densely packed structures inspired by the walled city.<ref name="Guild"/> The pen-and-paper [[Role-playing game|RPG]] ''[[Shadowrun]]'' and [[Role-playing video game|CRPG]] ''[[Shadowrun: Hong Kong]]'' include a crime-ridden, rebuilt version of the Walled City set in 2056.<ref name="Shadowrun"/> The walled city also features in the 2010 game ''[[Call of Duty: Black Ops]].''<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://untappedcities.com/2011/10/02/kill-screen-kowloon-city-behind-these-walls/|title=The Lost Kowloon Walled City in Hong Kong as Represented in Video Games|last=Young|first=Michelle|date=10 February 2011|website=Untapped Cities|access-date=18 August 2019}}</ref> The 2022 video game [[Stray (video game)|''Stray'']]'s environment is influenced by the walled city as well.<ref>{{Cite web|title='Stray' is a futuristic cat simulator for PS4 and PS5|url=https://www.engadget.com/stray-ps4-ps5-teaser-151741892.html|access-date=30 July 2021|website=Engadget|date=12 June 2020 |language=en-US}}</ref>

===Buildings and venues===
[[File:Cyber Kowloon Walled City - 01. 2nd floor - Warehouse Kawasaki, 2014-06-02 (by Ken OHYAMA).jpg|thumb|[[Warehouse Kawasaki]], a former Japanese game arcade with a Kowloon Walled City theme]]
A partial recreation of Kowloon Walled City existed in the [[Warehouse Kawasaki]], an [[amusement arcade]] that operated from 2009 to 2019 in the Japanese suburb of [[Kawasaki, Kanagawa]]. The atmosphere of the walled city was reflected in the arcade's narrow corridors, electrical wires, pipes, postboxes, sign boards, neon lights, frayed posters, and various other small touches.<ref name="scmp-kawasaki">{{cite news |first=Julian |last=Ryall |url=https://www.scmp.com/news/asia/article/1321559/arcade-brings-kowloon-walled-city-back-dead-japan |title=Arcade brings Kowloon Walled City back from the dead... in Japan|work=South China Morning Post|date=1 October 2013 |access-date=27 April 2014}}</ref>

A [[Live house|livehouse]] inspired by the Walled City opened its doors in [[Shibuya]], Tokyo in December 2021. Known as the Shibuya Kinmirai Kaikan ({{lang|ja|渋谷近未来会館}}), the venue hired Hong Kong artists to spray paint Cantonese graffiti on its walls to give an air of authenticity along with neon lights and posters.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Japan Walker@HK編輯Ada |date=2022-03-24 |title=【東京秘景】澀谷驚現九龍城寨港式廢墟 內有大量廣東話禁語！真身其實是… |url=https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E6%9D%B1%E4%BA%AC%E7%A7%98%E6%99%AF-%E6%BE%80%E8%B0%B7%E9%A9%9A%E7%8F%BE%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D%E5%9F%8E%E5%AF%A8%E6%B8%AF%E5%BC%8F%E5%BB%A2%E5%A2%9F-%E5%85%A7%E6%9C%89%E5%A4%A7%E9%87%8F%E5%BB%A3%E6%9D%B1%E8%A9%B1%E7%A6%81%E8%AA%9E-%E7%9C%9F%E8%BA%AB%E5%85%B6%E5%AF%A6%E6%98%AF-113000391.html |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Yahoo News |language=zh-Hant-HK}}</ref>

The Chinese catering brand [[Wenheyou]] runs multi-storey retro-themed restaurant buildings in [[Changsha]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=九行 |date=2021-05-18 |title=走出长沙的文和友，只剩铜臭味了 |url=https://www.foodaily.com/articles/24708 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Foodaily}}</ref> and [[Shenzhen]]<ref>{{Cite web |last=流螢 |date=2021-04-16 |title=灣區打卡｜深圳「小香港」 文和友再現九龍城寨風光 {{!}} 探索深圳 {{!}} 樂活灣區 |url=https://www.ourchinastory.com/zh/1397 |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Our China Story |publisher=Academy of Chinese Studies |language=zh}}</ref> that have been likened to the Kowloon Walled City, with some media outlets calling them either inspired by or even "1:1 recreations" of the city.<ref>{{cite web |last1=梁芷維 |title=深圳文和友神還原昔日九龍城寨 2萬平方米/打卡霓虹燈/湘菜笨羅卜 |url=https://utravel.com.hk/news/detail/20034656/%E6%B7%B1%E5%9C%B3%E6%96%87%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%8B%E7%A5%9E%E9%82%84%E5%8E%9F%E6%98%94%E6%97%A5%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D%E5%9F%8E%E5%AF%A8-2%E8%90%AC%E5%B9%B3%E6%96%B9%E7%B1%B3-%E6%89%93%E5%8D%A1%E9%9C%93%E8%99%B9%E7%87%88-%E6%B9%98%E8%8F%9C%E7%AC%A8%E7%BE%85%E5%8D%9C/1 |website=UTravel |access-date=20 January 2025}}</ref> A branch existed in [[Guangzhou]] until it closed in February 2025.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2020-08-30 |title=九龍城寨重現廣州！全新網紅打卡點 「超級文和友」 |url=https://hk.news.yahoo.com/%E4%B9%9D%E9%BE%8D%E5%9F%8E%E5%AF%A8%E9%87%8D%E7%8F%BE%E5%BB%A3%E5%B7%9E-%E5%85%A8%E6%96%B0%E7%B6%B2%E7%B4%85%E6%89%93%E5%8D%A1%E9%BB%9E-%E8%B6%85%E7%B4%9A%E6%96%87%E5%92%8C%E5%8F%8B-155924961.html |access-date=2025-01-20 |website=Yahoo News |language=zh-Hant-HK}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |last=Lu |first=Yibei |title=广州文和友终撤场 |url=https://www.stcn.com/article/detail/1531310.html |access-date=2025-09-22 |website=[[Securities Times]]}}</ref>
<!--NOTE: Please provide reliable sources that specifically reference KWC. Mentions of "Kowloon", "Kowloon City", or "Walled City" are NOT necessarily references to KWC itself.-->

==See also==
{{Portal|China|Hong Kong|Architecture}}
* [[Centro Financiero Confinanzas]], an abandoned skyscraper in Caracas, Venezuela populated in a similar manner
* [[Dharavi]], a densely populated community within Mumbai which has developed a similar localised economy and unplanned infrastructure system.
* [[Kamagasaki]] in Osaka, Japan
* [[Ras Khamis]], a neighbourhood in East Jerusalem that also has unplanned highrise construction due to uncertain political jurisdiction
* [[Shibam]] in eastern [[Yemen]], nicknamed "the oldest skyscraper city in the world", resembles Kowloon Walled City in manner of urban planning.
* [[Treasure Hill]], formerly an illegal settlement in [[Taipei]] founded by Chinese Nationalist military veterans at the end of the 1940s

==References==
===Citations===
{{notelist}}
{{Reflist
|refs=
<ref name="Wilkinson">{{cite book |last=Wilkinson |first=Julia |chapter=A Chinese Magistrate's Fort |title=City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City |pages=60–71 |isbn=978-1-8732-0013-1 |year=1993 |publisher=Watermark }}</ref>
<ref name="Sinn">{{cite journal |last=Sinn |first=Elizabeth |title=Kowloon Walled City: Its Origin and Early History |journal=Journal of the Hong Kong Branch of the Royal Asiatic Society |volume=27 |pages=30–31 |url=http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401608.pdf |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110430041137/http://sunzi.lib.hku.hk/hkjo/view/44/4401608.pdf |archive-date=30 April 2011 |access-date=25 November 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Graudin">{{Harvnb|Graudin|2014|p=428}}</ref>

<ref name="Smart2006">{{Harvnb|Smart|2006|p=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vZg9Aj80VTIC&pg=PA59 59]}}</ref>
<ref name="Smart2006_2">{{Harvnb|Smart|2006|pp=[https://books.google.com/books?id=vZg9Aj80VTIC&pg=PA65 65–67]}}</ref>
<ref name="Booth2006">{{cite book |first=Martin |last=Booth |title=Golden Boy: Memories of a Hong Kong Childhood |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=v23A3-DTOgMC&pg=PA131 |date= 2006 |publisher=St. Martin's Press |isbn=978-1-4668-1858-3 |page=131 }}</ref>
<ref name="Water">{{cite book |last=Goddard |first=Charles |chapter=The Water Supply |title=City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City |date=September 2007 |pages=36–38 }}</ref>
<ref name= "Lau">{{cite web |url=http://sunzi1.lib.hku.hk/newspaper/view/12_01.04/113867.pdf |title=$2.7 billion package for residents of Walled City |first=Esme |last=Lau |work=The [[Hong Kong Standard]] |date=10 December 1987}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="Siu-Fong">{{cite book |last=Siu-Fong |first=Betty Ho |title=Redevelopment of Kowloon Walled City: A Feasibility Study |publisher=University of Hong Kong |year=1986 |page=52 |url=http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B36228527.pdf |oclc=52017240 |access-date=11 March 2014 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140310120756/http://ebook.lib.hku.hk/HKG/B36228527.pdf |archive-date=10 March 2014 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Goddard">{{cite book |last=Goddard |first=Charles |chapter=The Clearance |title=City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City |pages=208–11 }}</ref>
<ref name="Popham">{{cite book |last=Popham |first=Peter |chapter=Introduction |title=City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City |pages=9–13 }}</ref>
<!-- <ref name="CIA">{{cite web |url= https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/hong-kong/ |title = Hong Kong |work = The World Factbook |publisher=CIA |date=28 October 2009 |access-date = 28 October 2009 }}</ref> -->
<ref name="Families">{{cite news |url=http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7990092506&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=26&resultsUrlKey=29_T7990080037&cisb=22_T7990092556&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=8286&docNo=26 |title=Families evicted from slum city |date=28 November 1991 |work=The [[Toronto Star]] |page=A3 |access-date=25 November 2009 }} {{Subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="Braude">{{cite news |url=http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7990092506&format=GNBFI&sort=BOOLEAN&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7990080037&cisb=22_T7990092556&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=10939&docNo=20 |title=Last squatters evicted in Kowloon |last=Jonathan |first=Braude |date=3 July 1992 |work=The Times |access-date=25 November 2009}} {{Subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="Vines">{{cite news |location=[[Singapore]] |url=http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7989989675&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7989989681&cisb=22_T7989989680&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=11432&docNo=1 |title=Demolition begins on HK's Walled City |last=Vines |first=Stephen |date=24 March 1993 |work=The [[Business Times (Singapore)|Business Times]] |page=4 |access-date=25 November 2009 }} {{Subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="Chung">{{cite news |url=http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/lnacademic/results/docview/docview.do?docLinkInd=true&risb=21_T7990476798&format=GNBFI&sort=RELEVANCE&startDocNo=1&resultsUrlKey=29_T7990478301&cisb=22_T7990478300&treeMax=true&treeWidth=0&csi=11314&docNo=2 |title=Work to start on slum area |last=Kang-Chung |first=Ng |date=19 March 1993 |work=The [[South China Morning Post]] |page=4 |location=[[China]] |access-date=25 November 2009 }} {{Subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="p18">{{harvnb|Lambot|2007|p=18}}</ref>
<ref name="p48">{{harvnb|Lambot|2007|p=48}}</ref>
<ref name="p206">{{harvnb|Lambot|2007|p=206}}</ref>
<ref name="p71">{{harvnb|Lambot|2007|p=71}}</ref>
<ref name="p48,74,79">{{harvnb|Lambot|2007|pp=48, 74, 79}}</ref>
<ref name="p34,199">{{harvnb|Lambot|2007|pp=34, 199}}</ref>
<ref name="p199,203">{{harvnb|Lambot|2007|pp=199, 203}}</ref>
<ref name="Girard">{{cite book |last=Girard |first=Greg |chapter = Foreword |title = City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City |page = 7}}</ref>
<ref name="W-S">{{cite book |last= Wesley-Smith |first= Peter |title = Unequal treaty, 1898–1997: China, Great Britain, and Hong Kong's new territories |pages=189–90 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location = Hong Kong |year = 1998 |edition = rev. |isbn = 0-19-590354-4 }}</ref>
<ref name= "Benedetti">{{cite news |url = http://www.lexisnexis.com:80/us/lnacademic/frame.do?reloadEntirePage=true&rand=1259611718806&returnToKey=20_T8029326180&parent=docview&target=results_DocumentContent&tokenKey=rsh-20.986244.6597036798 | title = A nervy tour of Kowloon's Walled City | last = Benedetti |first=Paul |date=18 September 1982 | work =[[The Globe and Mail]] |access-date= 27 November 2009 }} {{Subscription required}}</ref>
<ref name="Basler">{{cite news |url= https://www.nytimes.com/1992/06/16/world/hong-kong-journal-the-walled-city-home-to-huddled-masses-falls.html |title=The Walled City, Home to Huddled Masses, Falls |last= Basler |first= Barbara |date= 16 June 1992 |newspaper = The New York Times |page=A4 |access-date=27 November 2009}}</ref>
<ref name= "Graudin2">{{Harvnb | Graudin| 2014 | p = 427}}</ref>
<ref name="p122">{{harvnb|Lambot|2007|p=122}}</ref>
<ref name="p115,154">{{harvnb|Lambot|2007|pp=115, 154}}</ref>
<ref name="p203–04">{{harvnb|Lambot|2007|pp=203–204}}</ref>
<ref name="p132">{{harvnb|Lambot|2007|p=132}}</ref>
<ref name="p26,139">{{harvnb|Lambot|2007|pp=26, 139}}</ref>
<!-- Refs for Kowloon Walled City Park -->
<ref name="History">{{cite web |url= http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/ |title= Kowloon Walled City Park – History/Background |publisher= [[Leisure and Cultural Services Department]] |date= 21 October 2004 |access-date= 6 November 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20100207014453/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/ |archive-date= 7 February 2010 |df= dmy-all }}</ref>
<ref name= "Film">{{cite web |url = http://www.fso-createhk.gov.hk/lib/locations_details.cfm?Photo_Num=00011 | title = Location Database | date = 1 June 2009 |publisher = Film Services Office |access-date = 18 November 2009}}{{dead link|date=March 2014}}</ref>
<ref name="GatePark">{{cite web |url = http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/gate.php |title = The Old South Gate |date=21 October 2004 |publisher=Leisure and Cultural Services Department |access-date=19 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091124171803/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/gate.php |archive-date=24 November 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="YamenPark">{{cite web |url = http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/yamen.php |title = The Yamen |publisher=Leisure and Cultural Services Department |date=21 October 2004 |access-date=17 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091123182428/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/yamen.php |archive-date=23 November 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="Walks">{{cite web |url = http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/eight.php |title = Eight Floral Walks |date = 21 October 2004 |publisher = Leisure and Cultural Services Department |access-date = 16 November 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091113111609/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/eight.php |archive-date = 13 November 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Seasons">{{cite web |url = http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/four.php |title=The Garden of Four Seasons |date=21 October 2004 |publisher=Leisure and Cultural Services Department |access-date=16 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091113111614/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/four.php |archive-date=13 November 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="Zodiac">{{cite web |url = http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/zodiac.php |title = The Garden of Chinese Zodiac |date=21 October 2004 |publisher=Leisure and Cultural Services Department |access-date=16 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091113111628/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/zodiac.php |archive-date=13 November 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="Chess">{{cite web |url = http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/chess.php |title=The Chess Garden |date=21 October 2004 |publisher=Leisure and Cultural Services Department |access-date=16 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091101220521/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/chess.php |archive-date=1 November 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="Mountain">{{cite web |url= http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/mountain.php |title= The Mountain View Pavilion |date= 21 October 2004 |publisher= Leisure and Cultural Services Department |access-date= 16 November 2009 |url-status= dead |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20091125062435/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/mountain.php |archive-date = 25 November 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Guibi">{{cite web |url = http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/guibi.php |title=Kuixing Pavilion and Guibi Rock |date=21 October 2004 |publisher=Leisure and Cultural Services Department |access-date=16 November 2009 |url-status=dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091113111623/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/guibi.php |archive-date=13 November 2009}}</ref>
<ref name="Layout">{{cite web |url = http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/layout.php |title = Layout Plan| date = 21 October 2004 |publisher = Leisure and Cultural Services Department |access-date = 19 November 2009 |url-status = dead |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091123183633/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/parks/kwcp/en/layout.php |archive-date = 23 November 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="GIS">{{cite web |url= http://www5.lcsd.gov.hk/gishinter/html/viewer_en.htm |title= The Geographical Information System on Hong Kong Heritage |publisher= Leisure and Cultural Services Department |access-date= 19 November 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20141112135017/http://www5.lcsd.gov.hk/gishinter/html/viewer_en.htm |archive-date= 12 November 2014 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Monuments">{{cite web |url= http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/eia_planning/sea/annex_i.html |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091228001449/http://www.epd.gov.hk/epd/english/environmentinhk/eia_planning/sea/annex_i.html |archive-date = 28 December 2009 |title = Annex I Listing of Declared Monuments |publisher = [[Environmental Protection Department]] |date=28 April 2006 |access-date=6 November 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Yamen">{{cite web |url = http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/ce/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_63.php |title=Former Yamen Building of Kowloon Walled City, Kowloon Walled City Park |publisher=Leisure and Cultural Services Department |date=5 February 2009 |access-date=22 October 2009 |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20091103100348/http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/CE/Museum/Monument/en/monuments_63.php |archive-date=3 November 2009 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

<!-- Refs for Cultural depictions -->
<ref name="Bourne">{{cite book |last=Ludlum |first= Robert |author-link =Robert Ludlum |title=The Bourne Supremacy |date = 1987 |publisher=Bantam Books |isbn = 0-553-26322-6 |title-link= The Bourne Supremacy }}</ref>
<ref name= "Pullinger">{{cite book |last1 = Pullinger |first1 = Jackie |author-link=Jackie Pullinger |first2 = Nick |last2 = Danziger |title = Crack in the Wall |publisher=Hodder & Stoughton Religious |date=1989 |isbn = 978-0-340-49067-9 }}</ref>
<ref name="McDonogh">{{cite book |last1 = McDonogh |first1 =Gary |first2 =Cindy | last2 = Wong |title=Global Hong Kong |publisher = Routledge |date= 2005 |pages=27–28 |isbn = 978-0-415-94770-1 }}</ref>
<ref name="Guardian">{{cite news |first=Steven |last=Poole |author-link = Steven Poole | url = https://www.theguardian.com/books/2003/may/03/sciencefictionfantasyandhorror.williamgibson |title = Tomorrow's man |newspaper = The Guardian |date = 3 May 2009 |access-date = 15 October 2009 |location= London }}</ref>
<ref name="Wired">{{cite magazine |title=Disneyland with the Death Penalty |url = https://www.wired.com/wired/archive/1.04/gibson_pr.html |last = Gibson |first = William |author-link = William Gibson |volume = 1 |issue = 4 |date=September–October 1993 |magazine = [[Wired (magazine)|Wired]] |publisher=Condé Nast |access-date = 16 November 2009 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20210111160326/https://www.wired.com/1993/04/gibson-2/ | archive-date = 11 January 2021 | url-status = live}}</ref>
<ref name="Bartholow">{{cite web |url= http://anime.advancedmn.com/article.php?artid=3190 |title=Crying Freeman Volume 3 TPB |last = Bartholow |first=Michael |date=4 October 2006 |publisher= Advanced Media Network |access-date=26 October 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Blood">{{cite web |url= http://www.darkhorse.com/Books/15-091/Blood-Kowloon-Nights |title= Blood+: Kowloon Nights |publisher= [[Dark Horse Comics]] |access-date= 26 October 2009 |archive-date= 5 July 2017 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20170705031317/http://www.darkhorse.com/Books/15-091/Blood-Kowloon-Nights |url-status= dead }}</ref>
<ref name="New Age">{{cite web |url = http://www.newagebd.com/2005/may/19/time.html |location = [[Bangladesh|BD]] | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20080620083730/http://www.newagebd.com/2005/may/19/time.html |archive-date = 20 June 2008 |title = New Age Timeout |date = 19 May 2005 |publisher = [[New Age (Bangladesh)|New Age]] |access-date=21 October 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Strother">{{cite web |url= http://www.homeandabroad.com/Hong-Kong/browse/attractions/Kowloon-Walled-City-Park/travel-tips |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110722132751/http://www.homeandabroad.com/Hong-Kong/browse/attractions/Kowloon-Walled-City-Park/travel-tips |archive-date= 22 July 2011 |title= Kowloon Walled City Park Information |last=Strother |first= Barbara |publisher = Home & Abroad |access-date=27 October 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name="Otto">{{cite news |first=Jeff |last=Otto |url=http://movies.ign.com/articles/622/622719p1.html |title=Interview: Christopher Nolan |publisher=IGN |date=6 June 2005 |access-date=15 October 2009 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120331134903/http://movies.ign.com/articles/622/622719p1.html |archive-date=31 March 2012 |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Shingleton">{{cite web |url = http://www.dvdtimes.co.uk/content.php?contentid=62753 |title= Re-Cycle |last = Shingleton |first = Matt |date=12 September 2006 |work = The DVD Times |access-date =17 October 2009}}</ref>
<ref name= "McMillan">{{cite web |url= http://www.thunderboltgames.com/reviews/article/stranglehold-review-for-pc.html |title= Stranglehold |last= McMillan |first= Fraser |date= 7 September 2009 |publisher= Thunderbolt |access-date= 24 October 2009 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20120722183521/http://thunderboltgames.com/reviews/article/stranglehold-review-for-pc.html |archive-date= 22 July 2012 |url-status= dead }}</ref>
<ref name="Lui">{{cite web |url = http://www.gamecritics.com/interview-stan-liu-part-1 |title = Interview with Stan Liu – Part 1 |last = Lui |first= Chi Kong |date= 4 April 2001 |publisher= Game Critics |access-date=24 October 2009 }}</ref>
<ref name = "Guild">{{cite web |url=http://gw1101.gtm.guildwars.com/events/press/interviews/20070309-danield.php |title=ArenaNet Art Director Daniel Dociu wins Spectrum 14 gold medal! |publisher=Guild Wars |date=9 March 2007 |access-date=24 October 2009 |archive-date=29 September 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150929082151/http://gw1101.gtm.guildwars.com/events/press/interviews/20070309-danield.php |url-status=dead }}</ref>
<ref name = "Shadowrun">{{cite book |title = Shadowrun: Runner Havens |last = Boyle |first = Rob |publisher= Fanpro |date= 2006 |isbn = 978-1-932564-68-6 |url= https://www.scribd.com/doc/6707787/Runner-Havens |archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20090123192544/http://www.scribd.com/doc/6707787/Runner-Havens |archive-date = 23 January 2009 |pages = 13, 26 |access-date = 17 October 2009 }}</ref>
}}

===Sources===
{{refbegin}}
* {{Cite book |last=Graudin |first=Ryan |title=The Walled City |date=November 2014 |publisher=Little, Brown and Company |others=Non-fictional passages also by Ryan Graudin |isbn=978-0-316-40505-8 |edition=1st |oclc=864752912}}
* {{cite book |first=Ian | last= Lambot |title= City of Darkness: Life in Kowloon Walled City |publisher= Watermark |year= 2007 |isbn = 978-1-873200-13-1 }}
* {{cite book |first = Alan |last = Smart |title = The Shek Kip Mei Myth: Squatters, Fires and Colonial Rule in Hong Kong, 1950–1963 |url = https://books.google.com/books?id=vZg9Aj80VTIC |date =  2006 |publisher = Hong Kong University Press |isbn = 978-962-209-792-6 }}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
===Books and research papers===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite book |last1=Girard |first1=Greg |author-link1=Greg Girard |last2=Lambot |first2=Ian |author-link2= |last3=Goddard |first3=Charles |author-link3= |date=1993 |title=City of Darkness – Life in Kowloon Walled City |language=en |publisher=Watermark |isbn=978-1873200896 |oclc=767526480 |ol=OL8653461M |df=dmy-all}}
* ''City of Darkness: Revisited'', by [[Ian Lambot]] (writer, photographer) and [[Greg Girard]] (photographer), published by [[Watermark Publishing|Watermark]], 2014, {{ISBN|9781873200889}} (revised edition of ''City of Darkness'')
* {{nihongo3|"Kowloon Walled City Exploration: People Who Live in the Devil's Den (City of Darkness)"|九龍城探訪 魔窟で暮らす人々 City of Darkness|''Kyūryūjō Tanbō Makutsu de Kurasu Hitobito: City of Darkness''}}, by [[Ian Lambot]] (writer, photographer) and [[Greg Girard]] (photographer), published by [[EastPress]], 2004, {{ISBN|9784872574234}} (Japanese edition of ''City of Darkness'')
* {{nihongo3|"Grand Kowloon Walled City Schematics"|大図解九龍城|''Daizukai Kyūryūjō''}}, by the Kyūryūjō Tankentai (the "Kowloon Walled City Exploration Team"), including Hitomi Terasawa (illustrator), Takayuki Suzuki (architect) and Hiroaki Kani (supervisor), published by [[Iwanami Shoten]], 1997, {{ISBN|9784000080705}}
* {{nihongo3|"Kowloon Walled City"|九龍城砦|''Kyūryūjōsai''}}, by [[Ryūji Miyamoto]] (photographer), Hiroshi Aramata (text contributor) and Ken'ichi Ōhashi (text contributor), published by [[Heibonsha]], 1997, {{ISBN|9784582277364}}; [[Heibonsha]], 1998, ; [[Heibonsha]], 1999
* {{nihongo3|"The End of Kowloon Walled City"|最期の九龍城砦|''Saigo no Kyūryūjōsai''}}, by Shintarō Nakamura, published by [[Shinpusha]], 1996, {{ISBN|9784883066469}}
* ''An Architectural Study on the Kowloon Walled City: Preliminary Findings'', by Suenn Ho, published by [[Columbia University]], 1992{{ISBN?}}
* ''Jiulong Cheng Zhai shihua'' ({{zh|t=九龍城寨史話|l=Kowloon Walled City's History|labels=no}}), by Lu Jinzhe, published by [[Joint Publishing]], 1997, {{ISBN|9789620406829}}
* {{zh|t=九龍城寨: 一個特殊社區的地理透視|l=Kowloon Walled City: A Geographical Perspective of a Special Community|labels=no}}, by Wong Kwan-yiu et al., published by the [[Chinese University of Hong Kong]] – Department of Geography, 1992
* ''FARMAX: Excursions on Density'', by Winy Maas, Jacob van Rijs and Richard Koek (main contributors), published by [[010 Publishers]], 1998, {{ISBN|9789064502668}}; [[010 Publishers]], 2006, {{ISBN|9789064505874}}
{{refend}}

===Documentary films===
{{refbegin|30em}}
* ''The Walled City'' ({{zh|t=城寨|labels=no}}), as part of ''[[Hong Kong Connection|Hong Kong Connection's]]'' ({{zh|t=鏗鏘集|labels=no}}) 70th segment, produced by [[RTHK|Radio Television Hong Kong]] (RTHK), 1979
* ''Hongkongs geheime Stadt – Ein Labyrinth für 50.000 Menschen'' ("Hong Kong's Secret City: A Labyrinth for 50,000 People"), produced by [[Hugo Portisch]] of the public [[ORF (broadcaster)|Austrian Broadcasting Corporation]] (ORF), 1989
* ''Kowloon Walled City'', as part of ''[[Whicker's World]]'', produced by [[ITV Yorkshire]], 1980
* ''City of Imagination: Kowloon Walled City 20 Years Later'' (archive footage by [[ORF (broadcaster)|ORF]] and Suenn Ho), produced by [[The Wall Street Journal]], 2014
{{refend}}

==External links==
{{external media
|image1={{Commons category-inline|Kowloon Walled City}}
|image2={{Commons category-inline|Kowloon Walled City Park}}
|video1=[https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=WEfs4bB7Yfo Video clip of the City] {{in lang|en}}
|image3=[https://www.scmp.com/sites/default/files/2013/03/16/scm_news_1.1.nws_backart1_1_0.jpg "City of Anarchy", Infographic of Kowloon Walled City] (SCMP News)}}
* {{official website|http://www.lcsd.gov.hk/en/parks/kwcp/index.html}} for [[Kowloon Walled City Park]], [[Leisure and Cultural Services Department]] (LCSD).

;Unofficial analyses<nowiki>:</nowiki>
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20020208225753/http://www.flex.co.jp/kowloon/story/index_e.html A team's exploration of the City before demolition]
* {{usurped|1=[https://web.archive.org/web/20120502075558/http://www.archidose.org/KWC/ Historical, architectural and political overview]}}
* [https://www.scmp.com/news/hong-kong/article/1191748/kowloon-walled-city-life-city-darkness Kowloon Walled City life] ([[South China Morning Post]] article)
* [http://projects.wsj.com/kwc/ Kowloon Walled City project], ''Wall Street Journal''
* [https://www.citylab.com/design/2014/11/rare-maps-show-life-in-hong-kongs-vice-filled-walled-city/382415/ Rare Maps Show Life in Hong Kong's Vice-Filled 'Walled City']
* [http://www.cbc.ca/radio/ideas/dark-tower-of-dreams-inside-the-walled-city-of-kowloon-1.4359114 "Dark tower of dreams: Inside the Walled City of Kowloon"], ''[[Ideas (radio show)|CBC Ideas]]''. [[CBC Radio One]]. 18 October 2017. ''(Retrieved 12 July 2018.)''
* [https://www.atlasobscura.com/articles/kowloon-walled-city "The Strange Saga of Kowloon Walled City"] Atlas Obscura. 06 January 2020 ''(Retrieved 24 September 2022.)''

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{{Kowloon City District}}
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[[Category:Forts in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Declared monuments of Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Landmarks in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Demolished buildings and structures in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Kowloon City]]
[[Category:Former populated places in China]]
[[Category:Former slums]]
[[Category:Former buildings and structures in Hong Kong]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of the Republic of China]]
[[Category:Slums in Asia]]
[[Category:Former enclaves]]
[[Category:Triad (organized crime)]]
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