View source for Košice

{{short description|City in Slovakia}}
{{redirect|Kosice}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2025}}
{{Infobox settlement
| name               = Košice
| other_name         = 
| settlement_type    = [[List of cities and towns in Slovakia|City]]
| image_skyline      = {{multiple image
| border             = infobox
| perrow             = 2/1/3
| total_width        = 290
| image1             = Dóm svätej Alžbety.jpg
| caption1           = [[Cathedral of St. Elizabeth]]
| image2             = Kaplnka svätého Michala Koszyce 2SM.jpg
| caption2           = [[St Michael Chapel]]
| image3             = Letecká panoráma Košíc (cropped).jpg
| caption3           = General aerial view
| image4             = Statne divadlo Kosice (1899) (cropped).jpg
| caption4           = [[State Theatre Košice|Košice State Theater]]
| image5             = Szlovákia, Kassa, 6 (cropped).jpg
| caption5           = Center of Main Street
| image6             = Košice (cropped).jpg
| caption6           = Coat of Arms Statue}}
| image_caption      = 
| image_flag         = Flag of Košice.png
| image_shield       = Coat of Arms of Košice.svg
| image_blank_emblem = Kosice logo.png
| blank_emblem_type  = Logo
| motto              = 
| nickname           = City of Tolerance<ref name="city of tolerance">{{cite web |url=http://www.feman.sk/obsah/festival-feman |title= Feman – Európsky festival kultúry národov a národností |year= 2009 |author=Združenie Feman}}</ref>
| subdivision_type   = Country
| subdivision_name   = {{SVK}}
| subdivision_type1  = 
| subdivision_name1  = 
| subdivision_type2  = Region
| subdivision_name2  = [[Košice Self-governing Region]]
| subdivision_type3  = District
| subdivision_name3  = [[Košice I]], [[Košice II]], [[Košice III]], [[Košice IV]]
| image_map          = 
| map_caption        = 
| pushpin_map        = Slovakia#Slovakia Košice Region
| pushpin_relief     = yes
| pushpin_map_caption = Location in Slovakia##Location in Košice Region
| coordinates        = {{coord|48|43|N|21|15|E|display=inline,title}}
| coordinates_footnotes = 
| leader_party       = [[Independent politician|Independent]]
| leader_title       = Mayor
| leader_name        = [[Jaroslav Polaček]]
| established_title  = First mentioned
| established_date   = 1230
| area_footnotes     = 
| area_total_km2     = 243.7
| area_total_sq_mi   = 
| area_land_sq_mi    = 
| area_water_sq_mi   = 
| elevation_footnotes = 
| elevation_m        = 206
| elevation_ft       = 
| population_as_of   = {{Tooltip|2024|2024-01-01}}
| population_footnotes = <ref>{{cite web |title=Obyvatelia - Infopanel Krajské mestá SR |url=https://krajskemesta.statistics.sk/ |website=krajskemesta.statistics.sk |access-date=14 January 2025}}</ref>
| population_total   = 225,044
| population_metro   = 368725
| population_density_km2 = auto
| population_density_sq_mi = 
| population_demonym = Košičan (m.) <br/> Košičanka (f.) ([[Slovak language|sk]])
| timezone1          = [[Central European Time|CET]]
| utc_offset1        = +1
| timezone1_DST      = [[Central European Summer Time|CEST]]
| utc_offset1_DST    = +2
| postal_code_type   = Postal code
| postal_code        = 040 00
| area_code_type     = 
| area_code          = +421-55
| geocode            = 
| iso_code           = 
| blank_name_sec1    = [[Slovak car registration plates|Historical car plate]]
| website            = [https://www.kosice.sk/en kosice.sk/en]
| blank_info_sec1    = KE
| blank_name_sec2    = GDP
| blank_info_sec2    = 2017
| blank1_name_sec2   = &nbsp;– Total
| blank1_info_sec2   = [[Nominal GDP|Nominal]]: €18 billion<br />[[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]: $21 billion
| blank2_name_sec2   = &nbsp;– Per capita
| blank2_info_sec2   = [[Nominal GDP|Nominal]]: 
 €18,100<br />[[Purchasing power parity|PPP]]: $16,300
| footnotes          = 
}}

'''Košice'''{{efn|{{IPA|sk|ˈkɔʂitse|lang|Sk-Košice.wav|link=yes}}; {{IPAc-en|UK|ˈ|k|ɒ|ʃ|ɪ|t|s|ə}} {{respell|KOSH|it|sə}};<ref>{{Cite encyclopedia |title=Košice |dictionary=[[Lexico]] UK English Dictionary |publisher=[[Oxford University Press]] |url=http://www.lexico.com/definition/Ko%C5%A1ice}}{{dead link|date=September 2022|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> {{langx|hu|Kassa}} {{IPA|hu|ˈkɒʃʃɒ||Kassa.ogg}}; {{langx|de|Kaschau}} {{IPA|de|ˈkaʃaʊ||De-Kaschau.ogg}}; {{langx|pl|Коszyce}} {{IPA|pl|kɔˈʂɨt͡sɛ|}}; [[Rusyn language|Rusyn]] and {{langx|ru|Кошице|Koshitse}} {{IPA|ru|ˈkoʂɨtsɨ|}}; {{langx|uk|Кошиці|Koshytsi}} {{IPA|uk|ˈkɔʃɪts⁽ʲ⁾i|}}}} is the largest city in eastern [[Slovakia]]. It is situated on the river [[Hornád]] at the eastern reaches of the [[Slovak Ore Mountains]], near the border with [[Hungary]]. With a population of approximately 230,000, Košice is the second-largest city in Slovakia, after the capital [[Bratislava]].

Being the economic and cultural centre of eastern Slovakia, Košice is the seat of the [[Košice Region]] and [[Košice Self-governing Region]], it belongs to the [[:sk:Košicko-prešovská aglomerácia|Košice-Prešov agglomeration]], and is home to the [[Constitutional Court of Slovakia|Slovak Constitutional Court]], three universities, various dioceses, and many museums, galleries, and theatres. In 2013, Košice was the [[European Capital of Culture]], together with [[Marseille]], France. Košice is an important industrial centre of Slovakia, and the [[U. S. Steel Košice, s.r.o.|U.S. Steel Košice]] [[steel mill]] is the largest employer in the city. The town has extensive railway connections and an [[Košice International Airport|international airport]].

The city has a preserved historical centre which is the largest among [[List of cities and towns in Slovakia|Slovak towns]]. There are [[Cultural heritage|heritage]] protected buildings in [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]], [[Renaissance]], [[Baroque]], and [[Art Nouveau]] styles with Slovakia's largest church: the [[Cathedral of St. Elizabeth]]. The long main street, rimmed with aristocratic palaces, Catholic churches, and townsfolk's houses, is a thriving [[pedestrian zone]] with boutiques, cafés, and restaurants. The city is known as the first settlement in [[Europe]] to be granted [[Coat of arms of Košice|its own coat of arms]].<ref>Lucinda Mallows: [https://books.google.com/books?id=E-xg8GbdZykC&pg=PA296 Slovakia: The Bradt Travel Guide], Globe Pequot Press, Connecticut, 2007</ref>

==Etymology==
The first written mention of the city was in 1230 as "Villa Cassa".<ref name="short2">{{cite web |last=City of Košice |year=2005 |title=Short History of Košice |url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?sekcia=historia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024134127/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?sekcia=historia |archive-date=24 October 2007 |access-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> The name probably comes from the [[Slavic languages|Slavic]] [[personal name]] ''Koš'', ''Koša'' → ''Košici'' (Koš'people) → ''Košice'' (1382{{ndash}}1383) with the patronymic Slavic suffix "-ice" through a natural development in Slovak (similar place names are also known from other [[Slavic countries]]).<ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Z histórie Košíc – 13. storočie |url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_13_stor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070627063426/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_13_stor.htm |archive-date=27 June 2007 |access-date=10 February 2008 |publisher=City of Košice |language=sk}}</ref><ref name="lexikon2">{{cite book |url=http://www.forumhistoriae.sk/e_kniznica/Lexikon-stredovekych-miest.pdf |title=Lexikón stredovekých miest na Slovensku |publisher=Historický ústav SAV |year=2010 |isbn=978-80-89396-11-5 |editor1-last=Štefánik |editor1-first=Martin |location=Bratislava |page=194 |language=sk, en |trans-title=Lexicon of Medieval Towns in Slovakia |access-date=31 May 2019 |editor2-last=Lukačka |editor2-first=Ján |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140302114716/http://www.forumhistoriae.sk/e_kniznica/Lexikon-stredovekych-miest.pdf |archive-date=2 March 2014 |url-status=dead}}</ref> In [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] ''Koša'' → ''Kasa'', ''Kassa'' with a vowel mutation typical for the borrowing of old Slavic names in the region ([[Vojkovce]] → Vajkócz, [[Sokoľ]] → Szakalya, Szakál, [[Hodkovce]] → Hatkóc, etc.).<ref name="varsik2">{{cite book |last=Varsik |first=Branislav |title=Osídlenie Košickej kotliny I. |publisher=Veda, Vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied |year=1964 |location=Bratislava |page=193 |language=sk}}</ref> The Latinized form ''Cassovia'' became common in the 15th century.<ref name="lexikon2" />

Another theory is a derivation from Old Slovak ''kosa'', "clearing", related to modern Slovak ''kosiť'', "to reap".<ref>{{cite book |last1=Room |first1=Adrian |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=PzIer-wYbnQC&q=kosice+etymology&pg=PA189 |title=Placenames of the world: origins and... – Google Books |date=31 December 2003 |publisher=McFarland, Incorporated Publishers |isbn=9780786418145 |access-date=2 June 2011}}</ref> According to other sources the city name may derive from an old Hungarian<ref>{{cite web |year=2009 |title=Old Hungarian names |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/08900/08923/08923.pdf}}</ref> first [[Hungarian names|name]] which begins with "Ko".<ref>Magyar Nyelvtudományi Társaság (Society of Hungarian Linguistics), [https://books.google.com/books?id=IeLVAAAAMAAJ&q=%22Ko%22++Kokos-Kakas,+Kassa Magyar nyelv, Volume 18], Akadémiai Kiadó, 1922, p. 142, Cited: "Kokos (Kakas), Kolumbán (Kálmán), Kopov (Kopó), Kokot (Kakat hn.) stb. Bármely ilyen Ko- szótagon kezdődő tulajdonnévnek lehet a Kosa a származéka. E Kosa szn. van nézetünk szerint Kassa (régen Kossa -=: Kosa) város nevében is/Kokos (Kakas), Kolumbán (Kálmán), Kopov (Kopó), Kokot (Kakat hn.) etc., any proper nouns that begin with 'Ko' syllable may have Kosa derivative, in the name of Kassa as well (its old form Kossa, Kosa)"</ref>

Historically, the city has been known as {{Lang|de|Kaschau}} {{In lang|de|link=yes}}, {{Lang|hu|Kassa}} {{In lang|hu|link=yes}}, {{Lang|tr|Kaşa}} {{In lang|tr|link=yes}}, {{Lang|la|Cassovia}} {{In lang|la|link=yes}}, {{Lang|fr|Cassovie}} {{In lang|fr|link=yes}}, {{Lang|ro|Cașovia}} {{In lang|ro|link=yes}}, {{Lang|mis|Кошице|italic=yes}} {{In lang|ru|uk|rue|link=yes}}, {{Lang|pl|Koszyce}} {{In lang|pl|link=yes}}, {{Lang|yi|קאשוי (Kashoy)|italic=yes}} {{In lang|yi|link=yes}}, and [[Names of European cities in different languages: I-L#K|more]]. Below is a chronology of the various names:<ref>''Vlastivedný Slovník Obcí na Slovensku'', VEDA, vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava 1978.</ref><ref>Milan Majtán (1998), ''Názvy Obcí Slovenskej republiky (Vývin v rokoch 1773–1997)'', VEDA, vydavateľstvo Slovenskej akadémie vied, Bratislava, {{ISBN|80-224-0530-2}}.</ref><ref>Lelkes György (1992), ''Mayar Helységnév-Azonosító Szótár'', Balassi Kiadó, Budapest, {{ISBN|963-7873-00-7}}.</ref><ref name="Turkish2">{{cite journal |last1=Papp |first1=Sándor |title=Slovakya'nın Tarihi |url=http://www.tdvia.org/dia/ayrmetin.php?idno=370337&idno2=c370216 |journal=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |volume=33 |page=337 |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref>
{|class="wikitable"		
|-
!Year||Name||Year||Name	
|- 	
|align="right"|1230||Villa Cassa|| style="text-align:center;"|1420||Caschowia
|-	
|align="right"|1257||Cassa|| style="text-align:center;"|1441||Cassovia, Kassa, Kaschau, Košice
|-	
|align="right"|1261||Cassa, Cassa-Superior||  style="text-align:center;"|1613–1684||Cassovia, Kassa, Kaşa, Kossicze
|-
|align="right"|1282||Kossa|| style="text-align:center;"|1773||Cassovia, Kassa, Kaschau, Kossicze
|-	
|align="right"|1300||Cossa|| style="text-align:center;"|1786||Cassovia, Kascha, Kaschau, Kossice
|-	
|align="right"|1307||Cascha|| style="text-align:center;"|1808||Cassovia, Kaschau, Kassa, Kossice
|-	
|align="right"|1324||Casschaw||align="right"|1863–1913||Kassa
|-	
|align="right"|1342||Kassa||align="right"|1918–1938||Košice
|-	
|align="right"|1388||Cassa-Cassouia||align="right" | 1938–1945||Kassa
|-	
|align="right"|1394||Cassow||align="left"|1945–present||Košice	
|}

== History ==
{{Quote box
| width = 23em
| align = right
| bgcolor = #B0C4DE
| title = Historical affiliations
| fontsize = 90%
| quote = {{flagicon image|Flag_of_Hungary_(15th_century,_rectangular).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary]] 1000–1526<br />
[[File:Coa_Hungary_Country_History_John_I_of_Hungary_(Szapolyai)_(1526-1540).svg|22px]] [[John Zápolya]]'s [[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]] 1526–1551 ''([[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] vassal)''<br />
[[File:Transsylvanian Banner.svg|border|22px]] [[Hajduk]] rebels of [[István Bocskai]] 1604–1606'' (Ottoman-backed)''<br />
[[File:Transsylvanian Banner.svg|border|22px]] [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]] ''(Ottoman vassal)'' 1619–1629, 1644–1648<br />
[[File:Francis_II_Rákóczi's_Iustam_Causam_banner.svg|border|22px]] [[Kuruc]] rebellion 1672–1682 ''(Ottoman-backed)''<br />
[[File:Francis_II_Rákóczi's_Iustam_Causam_banner.svg|border|22px]] [[Imre Thököly]]'s [[Principality of Upper Hungary]] ''(Ottoman vassal)'' 1682–1686<br />
[[File:Francis_II_Rákóczi's_Iustam_Causam_banner.svg|border|22px]] [[Francis II Rákóczi]]'s insurrection 1703–1711<br /> 
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_the_Habsburg_Monarchy.svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1526–1867)|Kingdom of Hungary]] ''(crownland of the [[Austrian Empire]])'' 1804–1867<br>
{{flagicon image|Flag of Austria-Hungary (1867-1918).svg}} [[Austria-Hungary|Austro-Hungarian Empire]] 1867–1918<br>
{{flag|Czechoslovakia}} 1918–1938<br />
{{flagicon image|Flag_of_Hungary_(1920–1946).svg}} [[Kingdom of Hungary (1920–46)|Kingdom of Hungary]] 1938–1945<br />
{{flag|Czechoslovakia}} 1945–1992<br />
{{flag|Slovakia}} 1993–present
}}
[[File:Eastern-hungarian-kingdom1550.JPG|thumb|[[Eastern Hungarian Kingdom]] around 1550, including Košice shown as ''Kassa'']]
[[File:Central europe 1683.png|thumb|Part of the [[Ottoman Empire]] in 1683, including the [[Principality of Upper Hungary]], based around Košice shown as ''Kassa'']]

The first evidence of habitation can be traced back to the end of the [[Paleolithic era]]. The first written reference to the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] town of Košice (as the royal village of ''Villa Cassa'') comes from 1230. After the [[Battle of Mohi|Mongol invasion]] in 1241, King [[Béla IV of Hungary]] invited [[Germany|German]] colonists (see [[Zipser Germans]], [[Germans of Hungary]]) to fill the gaps in population. The city was in the historic [[Abaúj County]] of the [[Kingdom of Hungary]].

There were two independent settlements, Lower Kassa and Upper Kassa, which were amalgamated in the 13th century around the long lens-shaped ''ring'', of today's Main Street (''Hlavná ulica''). The first known [[town privileges]] come from 1290.<ref name="earlymilestones2">{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Zaujímave letopočty z dejín mesta Košice – 1143–1560 |url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_letopoct_rok1143.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070510145748/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_letopoct_rok1143.htm |archive-date=10 May 2007 |access-date=10 February 2008 |publisher=City of Košice |language=sk}}</ref> The town proliferated because of its strategic location on an [[international trade]] route from agriculturally rich [[central Hungary]] to central [[Poland]], itself part of a longer route connecting the [[Balkans]] and the [[Adriatic Sea|Adriatic]] and [[Aegean Sea|Aegean]] seas to the [[Baltic Sea]]. The privileges given by the king were helpful in developing crafts, business, increasing importance (seat of the royal chamber{{clarify|date=August 2023}} for [[Upper Hungary]]), and for building its strong fortifications.<ref name="short3">{{cite web |last=City of Košice |year=2005 |title=Short History of Košice |url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?sekcia=historia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024134127/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?sekcia=historia |archive-date=24 October 2007 |access-date=10 February 2008}}</ref> In 1307, the first [[guild]] regulations were registered here; they were the oldest in the Kingdom of Hungary.<ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Z histórie Košíc – 14. storočie |url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_14_stor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070625082735/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_14_stor.htm |archive-date=25 June 2007 |access-date=10 February 2008 |publisher=City of Košice |language=sk}}</ref>

As a Hungarian [[Royal free city|free royal town]], Košice reinforced the king's troops at the crucial moment of the bloody [[Battle of Rozgony]] in 1312 against the strong aristocratic ''Palatine Amadé'' [[Aba (family)]].<ref name="London2">{{cite book |last=Rady |first=Martyn C. |title=Nobility, land and service in medieval Hungary |publisher=[[University of London]] |year=2000 |isbn=978-0-333-80085-0 |page=51}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Warfare in Fourteenth Century Hungary, from the Chronica de Gestis Hungarorum |url=http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/illuminated1.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110917075441/http://www.deremilitari.org/resources/sources/illuminated1.htm |archive-date=17 September 2011 |access-date=24 September 2014 |publisher=De Re Militari, an international scholarly association}}</ref> In 1347, it became the second-placed city in the hierarchy of the Hungarian free royal towns, with the same rights as the capital [[Buda]]. In 1369, it was granted its [[Coat of arms of Košice|own coat of arms]] by [[Louis I of Hungary]].<ref name="earlymilestones2" /> The Diet convened by Louis I in Košice decided that women could inherit the Hungarian throne.
[[File:Cassovia_1617.jpg|thumb|"Cassovia: Superioris Hungariae Civitas Primaria",<ref>Matica slovenská, [https://books.google.com/books?id=xYjgAAAAMAAJ&q=Cassovia+%E2%80%93+Superioris+Hungariae+Civitas+Primaria Kniha], Matica slovenská, 2008, p. 16</ref> the prospect from [[Civitates orbis terrarum]]. Cassovia ({{Langx|sk|Košice}}'','' {{Langx|de|Kaschau}}'','' {{Langx|hu|Kassa}}), the "capital" of [[Upper Hungary]] in 1617.]]
[[File:Veduta10.jpg|thumb|The military base in Košice at the end of the 18th century.]]
[[File:Divadlo_Kosice_1900.jpg|thumb|National Theater built in 1899]]
[[File:Fő_utcza,_Kassa_-_1902_(1).tif|thumb|Main Street (1902)]]
The significance and wealth of the city at the end of the 14th century were mirrored by the decision to build an entirely new church on the grounds of the previously destroyed smaller St. Elisabeth Church. The construction of the [[St. Elisabeth Cathedral]], the biggest cathedral in the Kingdom of Hungary, was supported by Emperor [[Sigismund, Holy Roman Emperor|Sigismund]], and by the [[apostolic see]] itself. From the beginning of the 15th century, the city played a leading role in the [[Pentapolitana]] – the [[League of cities|league of the five most important cities]] in [[Upper Hungary]] ([[Bardejov]], [[Levoča]], Košice, [[Prešov]], and [[Sabinov]]). During the reign of King [[Matthias Corvinus of Hungary|Matthias Corvinus]] the town reached its medieval population peak. With an estimated 10,000 inhabitants, it was among the largest medieval cities in Europe.<ref>R.O.Halaga: Právny, územný a populačný vývoj mesta Košíc, Košice 1967, p.54</ref>

The history of Košice was heavily influenced by the dynastic disputes over the Hungarian throne which, together with the decline of the continental trade, brought the city into stagnation. [[Władysław III of Poland|Vladislaus III of Varna]] failed to capture the city in 1441. [[John Jiskra]]'s mercenaries from [[Bohemia]] defeated Tamás Székely's Hungarian army in 1449. [[John I Albert]], Prince of Poland, failed to capture the city during a six-month-long siege in 1491. In 1526, the city paid homage to [[Ferdinand I, Holy Roman Emperor|the Holy Roman Emperor Ferdinand I]]. [[John Zápolya]] captured the town in 1536, but Ferdinand I reconquered it in 1551.<ref>{{cite web |title=Pallas Nagy Lexikona |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/00000/00060/html/055/pc005582.html |access-date=10 February 2008 |publisher=City of Kassa |language=hu}}</ref> In 1554, the settlement became the seat of the [[Captaincies of the Kingdom of Hungary#Captaincy of Upper Hungary|Captaincy of Upper Hungary]].

===17th century===
In 1604, [[Catholics]] seized the [[Lutheran church]] in Košice.<ref>{{cite book |last=Mahoney |first=William |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=5qgHE29pikMC&q=turks+in+upper+hungary&pg=PA85 |title=The History of the Czech Republic and Slovakia |date=18 February 2011 |publisher=ABC-CLIO |isbn=9780313363061 |via=Google Books}}</ref> The [[Calvinist]] [[Stephen Bocskay]] then occupied Košice during his Protestant insurrection against the [[House of Habsburg|Habsburg dynasty]], with the backing of the [[Ottoman Empire|Ottomans]]. The future [[George I Rákóczi]] joined him as a military commander there. [[Giorgio Basta]], commander of the Habsburg forces, failed in his attempt to recapture the city. At the 1606 [[Treaty of Vienna (1606)|Treaty of Vienna]], in return for giving back territory that included Košice, the rebels won from the Habsburgs a concession of religious toleration for the Magyar nobility and brokered an Austrian-Turkish [[peace treaty]]. Stephen Bocskay died in Košice on 29 December 1606, and was interred there.

For some decades during the 17th century, Košice was a part of the [[Principality of Transylvania (1570–1711)|Principality of Transylvania]], and consequently a part of the [[Ottoman Empire]], and was referred to as ''Kaşa'' in [[Ottoman Turkish|Turkish]].<ref name="Turkish3">{{cite journal |last1=Papp |first1=Sándor |title=Slovakya'nın Tarihi |url=http://www.tdvia.org/dia/ayrmetin.php?idno=370337&idno2=c370216 |journal=TDV İslâm Ansiklopedisi |volume=33 |page=337 |access-date=24 April 2016}}</ref> On 5 September 1619, the prince of Transylvania, [[Gabriel Bethlen]] captured Košice with the assistance of the future George I Rákóczi in another anti-Habsburg insurrection. By the [[Peace of Nikolsburg]] in 1621, the Habsburgs restored the religious toleration agreement of 1606 and recognized Transylvanian rule over the seven [[Partium]] counties: [[Ugocsa County]], [[Bereg County]], [[Zemplén County]], [[Borsod County]], [[Szabolcs County]], [[Szatmár County]], and [[Abaúj County]] (including Košice).<ref name="books.google.pl2">{{cite book |last=Hötte |first=Hans H. A. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y2LiBQAAQBAJ&q=Treaty+of+Linz+1645+seven+counties&pg=PA12 |title=Atlas of Southeast Europe: Geopolitics and History. Volume One: 1521–1699 |date=17 December 2014 |publisher=BRILL |isbn=9789004288881 |via=Google Books}}</ref> Bethlen married [[Catherine of Brandenburg|Catherine von Hohenzollern]], of [[John Sigismund, Elector of Brandenburg|Johann Sigismund Kurfürst von Brandenburg]], in Košice in 1626.<ref name="Tenderlap2">{{cite web |title=Tenderlap |url=http://utazastender.hu/varoslatogatas_kassa |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070707050123/http://utazastender.hu/varoslatogatas_kassa |archive-date=7 July 2007 |publisher=City of Košice |language=hu}}</ref>

After Bethlen's death in 1629, Košice and the rest of the Partium was returned to the Habsburgs.<ref name="books.google.pl2" />

On 18 January 1644, the Diet in Košice elected George I Rákóczi the prince of Hungary. He took the whole of Upper Hungary and joined the [[Sweden|Swedish]] army besieging [[Brno]] for a projected march against [[Vienna]]. However, his nominal overlord, the [[Ottoman Sultan]], ordered him to end the campaign, though he did so with gains. In the 1645 [[Treaty of Linz]], Košice returned to Transylvania again as the Habsburgs recognized George's rule over the seven counties of the Partium.<ref name="books.google.pl2" /> He died in 1648, and Košice was returned to the Habsburgs once more.<ref>{{cite web |last=a.s. |first=Petit Press |title=HISTÓRIA |url=https://kosice.korzar.sme.sk/c/4478772/historia.html}}</ref>

Subsequently, Košice became a centre of the [[Counter-Reformation]]. In 1657, a printing house and university were founded by the [[Jesuits]], funded by [[Leopold I, Holy Roman Emperor|Emperor Leopold I]]. The 1664 [[Peace of Vasvár]] at the end of the [[Austro-Turkish War (1663–1664)|Austro-Turkish War]] awarded Szabolcs and Szatmár counties to the Habsburgs,<ref>{{cite web |title=The Treaty of Vasvár: What Was Lost, and What Remained |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/03400/03407/html/228.html |website=mek.oszk.hu}}</ref> which put once more positioned Košice further inside the borders of [[Royal Hungary]]. In the 1670s, the Habsburgs built a modern pentagonal fortress ([[citadel]]) south of the city. Also in the 1670s, the city was besieged by [[Kuruc]] armies several times, and it again rebelled against the Habsburgs. The rebel leaders were massacred by the Emperor's soldiers on 26 November 1677.

Another rebel leader, [[Imre Thököly]] captured the city in 1682, making ''Kaşa'' once again a vassal territory of the [[Ottoman Empire]] under the [[Principality of Upper Hungary]] until 1686. The [[Habsburg monarchy|Austrian]] field marshal [[Aeneas de Caprara]] [[Battle of Košice|took Košice back]] from the Ottomans in late 1685. In 1704–1711, [[List of rulers of Transylvania|Prince of Transylvania]] [[Francis II Rákóczi]] made Košice the main base in his [[Rákóczi's War of Independence|War for Independence]]. By 1713, the fortress had been demolished.

When not under Ottoman suzerainty, Košice was the seat of the Habsburg "Captaincy of Upper Hungary" and the seat of the Chamber of [[Szepes County]] (Spiš, Zips), which was a subsidiary of the supreme financial agency in [[Vienna]] responsible for Upper Hungary. Due to Ottoman occupation of [[Eger]], Košice was the residence of [[Archbishopric of Eger|Eger]]'s archbishop from 1596 to 1700.<ref>{{cite web |title=A történeti Magyarország katolikus levéltárai / Eger |url=http://leveltar.katolikus.hu/index.htm?http&&&leveltar.katolikus.hu/eger.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202134312/http://leveltar.katolikus.hu/index.htm?http&&&leveltar.katolikus.hu%2Feger.htm |archive-date=2 February 2009 |publisher=City of Košice |language=hu |df=mdy-all}}</ref>

From 1657, it was the seat of the historic Royal University of Kassa (Universitas Cassoviensis), founded by [[Benedict Kishdy|Bishop Benedict Kishdy]]. The university was transformed into a Royal Academy in 1777, then into a Law Academy in the 19th century. It was to cease to exist in the turbulent year 1921. After the end of the anti-Habsburg uprisings in 1711, the victorious Austrian armies drove the [[Ottoman Army]] back to the south, and this major territorial change created new trade routes which circumvented Košice. The city began to decline and from a rich medieval town became a provincial town known for its military base and mainly dependent on agriculture.<ref>{{cite web |date=n.d. |title=Z histórie Košíc – 18. storočie |url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_18_stor.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925153401/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_18_stor.htm |archive-date=25 September 2006 |access-date=23 January 2007 |publisher=City of Košice |language=sk}}</ref>

In 1723, the [[Plague Pillar (Košice)|Immaculata statue]] was erected on the site of a former [[gallows]] on Main Street (''Hlavná ulica'') to commemorate the [[Black Death|plague]] of 1710–1711.<ref>{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Immaculata |url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_remembrances_immacul.htm |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20060925153614/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_remembrances_immacul.htm |archive-date=25 September 2006 |access-date=10 February 2008 |publisher=City of Košice}}</ref> The city also became one of the centers of the [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] linguistic revival, including the publication of the first Hungarian-language periodical, called the Magyar Museum, in Hungary in 1788.<ref>{{cite web |title=Kazinczy Ferenc |url=http://k2.jozsef.kando.hu/~guczi/MAGYAR/SANGER/kazinczy.doc |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090219155049/http://k2.jozsef.kando.hu/~guczi/MAGYAR/SANGER/kazinczy.doc |archive-date=19 February 2009 |publisher=City of Košice |language=hu}}</ref> The city's walls were demolished step by step from the early 19th century to 1856; only the [[Executioner's Bastion]] remained among limited parts of the wall. The city became the seat of its own [[Prince-bishop|bishopric]] in 1802. The city's surroundings became a theater of war again during the [[Revolutions of 1848]], when the Imperial cavalry general [[Franz Schlik]] defeated the Hungarian army on 8 December 1848, and 4 January 1849. The city was captured by the Hungarian army on 15 February 1849, but the [[Russia|Russian]] troops drove them back on 24 June 1849.<ref>{{cite web |title=MEK (Magyar Elektronikus Könyvtár) |url=http://mek.oszk.hu/01300/01344/html/foglalat.htm |publisher=City of Košice |language=hu}}</ref>

In 1828, there were three manufacturers and 460 workshops.<ref name="milestones2">{{cite web |date=n.d. |title=Zaujímave letopočty z dejín mesta Košice (1657–1938) |url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_letopoct_rok1657.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515154810/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_letopoct_rok1657.htm |archive-date=15 May 2007 |access-date=20 January 2008 |publisher=City of Košice |language=sk}}</ref> The first factories were established in the 1840s (sugar and nail factories). The first telegram message arrived in 1856, and the railway connected the city to [[Miskolc]] in 1860. In 1873, there were already connections to [[Prešov]], [[Žilina]], and [[Chop, Ukraine|Chop]] (in today's [[Ukraine]]). The city gained a public [[Public transport in Košice|transit system]] in 1891 when the track was laid down for a [[horse-drawn tramway]]. The traction was electrified in 1914.<ref name="milestones2" /> In 1906, [[Francis II Rákóczi]]'s house of [[Tekirdağ|Rodostó]] was reproduced in Košice, and his remains were buried in the [[St. Elisabeth Cathedral]].<ref>{{cite web |date=24 February 2006 |title=Rákóczi in Košice 1906–2006 – Who was Francis II Rákóczi? |url=http://www.rakoci.webex.sk/eng/rakoci.php |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202190407/http://www.rakoci.webex.sk/eng/rakoci.php |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=3 March 2008 |publisher=various}}</ref>

After [[World War I]] and during the gradual break-up of [[Austria-Hungary]], the city at first became a part of the transient [[Eastern Slovak Republic]], declared on 11 December 1918, in Košice and earlier in Prešov under the [[Protectorate|protection]] of Hungary. On 29 December 1918, the [[Czechoslovak Legions]] entered the city, making it part of the newly established [[Czechoslovakia]]. However, in June 1919, Košice was occupied again, as part of the [[Slovak Soviet Republic]], a [[Proletariat|proletarian]] [[puppet state]] of Hungary. The Czechoslovak troops secured the city for Czechoslovakia in July 1919,<ref name="20thcentury2">{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Z histórie Košíc – 20. storočie (Slovak) |url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_20_stor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202164833/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_20_stor.htm |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=20 January 2008 |publisher=City of Košice |language=sk}}</ref> which was later upheld under the terms of the [[Treaty of Trianon]] in 1920.

=== Fate of Košice Jews ===
{{further|History of the Jews in Slovakia|History of the Jews in Hungary}}
[[Jews]] had lived in Košice since the 16th century but were not allowed to settle permanently. There is a document identifying the local coiner in 1524 as a Jew and claiming that his predecessor was a Jew as well. Jews were allowed to enter the city during the town fair, but were forced to leave it by night, and lived mostly in nearby [[Rozunfaca]]. In 1840 the ban was removed, and, a few Jews were living in the town, among them a widow who ran a small [[Kosher]] restaurant for the Jewish merchants passing through the town.

Košice was ceded to Hungary, by the [[First Vienna Award]], from 1938 until early 1945. The town was [[Bombing of Kassa|bombarded]] on 26 June 1941, by a still unidentified aircraft,<ref name="Nándor3">{{cite journal |last=Dreisziger |first=Nándor F. |year=1972 |title=New Twist to an Old Riddle: The Bombing of Kassa (Košice), June 26, 1941 |journal=Journal of Modern History |volume=44 |issue=2 |pages=232–42 |doi=10.1086/240751 |s2cid=143124708}}</ref> in what became a pretext for the Hungarian government to declare war on the [[Soviet Union]] a day later.

The [[Operation Margarethe|German occupation of Hungary]] led to the deportation and almost certain extermination of Košice's entire Jewish population of 12,000 and an additional 2,000 from surrounding areas via [[Cattle wagon|cattle cars]] to the [[Nazi concentration camps|concentration camps]]. A [[Concentration Camp]] was established in Košice under Hungarian [[László Csatáry]] (1915-2013). In 1948, Csatary was tried and sentenced to death in absentia in Czechoslovakia, but he fled to Canada. Canadian officials accused him of lying about his wartime activities and in 1997 stripped him of his citizenship. He was discovered living in Budapest in 2011 and detained there. He was arrested on June 18, 2013 aged 98 and died before trial August 12,2013 <ref>[https://www.nbcnews.com/news/world/98-year-old-charged-unlawful-execution-torture-jews-during-world-flna6c10359606 NBC News 98-year-old-charged-unlawful-execution-torture-jews-during-world- June 18,2013]</ref><ref>[https://sfi.usc.edu/news/2013/09/hungarian-nazi-war-criminal-laszlo-csatary-dies-while-awaiting-trial hungarian-nazi-war-criminal-laszlo-csatary-dies-while-awaiting-trial]</ref>

In 1946, after the war, Košice was the site of an orthodox festival, with a [[Mizrachi (religious Zionism)|Mizrachi]] convention and a [[Bnei Akiva]] [[Yeshiva|Yeshiva (school)]] for Jews, which, later that year, moved with its students to [[Israel]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=ארכיון בית העדות - תוצאות חיפוש |url=http://www.catalog-beit-haedut.org.il/list.asp?lang=HEB&dlang=HEB&module=search&page=notebook&rsvr=PHOTO@PHOTO&param=%3Cdlang%3EHEB%3C/%3E%3Cnob%3E7%3C/%3E%3Cstart_entry%3E0%3C/%3E%3Crsvr_id%3EPHOTO%3C/%3E%3Clang_id%3EHEB%3C/%3E%3Cquantity%3E15%3C/%3E%3Cvalue%3E%D7%A7%D7%95%D7%A9%D7%99%D7%A6%D7%94+kosice%3C/%3E%3Cindex_name%3EGPLACE%3C/%3E%3Ccollector%3E0%3C/%3E%3Clif%3EGPLACE%3C/%3E&param2=&site=beit-haedut |website=www.catalog-beit-haedut.org.il}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref>

A memorial plaque in honor to the 12,000 deported and exterminated Jews from Košice and the surrounding areas in Slovakia was unveiled at the pre-war Košice Orthodox synagogue in 1992.<ref>{{cite web |title=Memorial plaque in the synagogue of Košice |url=https://www.gedenkstaetten-uebersicht.de/en/europe/cl/slowakei/inst/gedenktafel-an-der-synagoge-ka/ |access-date=20 October 2019 |website=Holocaust Memorials: Monuments, Museums and Institutions in Commemoration of Nazi Victims |publisher=Stiftung Topographie des Terrors |location=Berlin, Germany}}</ref>

=== Soviet occupation ===
The [[Soviet Union]] captured the town in January 1945, and for a short time, it became a temporary capital of the restored [[Czechoslovak Republic]] until the Soviet's [[Red Army]] reached [[Prague]]. Among other acts, the Košice Government Programme was declared on 5 April 1945.<ref name="20thcentury3">{{cite web |year=2005 |title=Z histórie Košíc – 20. storočie (Slovak) |url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_20_stor.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202164833/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_z_hist_20_stor.htm |archive-date=2 February 2009 |access-date=20 January 2008 |publisher=City of Košice |language=sk}}</ref>

A large population of [[ethnic Germans]] in the area was expelled and sent on foot to Germany or to the Soviet border.<ref>[https://books.google.com/books?id=yKnDEgpK2ncC Forgotten Voices] page 97</ref>

After the [[Communist Party of Czechoslovakia]] seized power in [[Czechoslovakia]] in February 1948, the city became part of the [[Eastern Bloc]]. Several [[cultural institutions]] that still exist were founded, and large residential areas around the city were built. The construction and expansion of the East Slovak Ironworks caused the population to grow from 60,700 in 1950 to 235,000 in 1991. Before the [[Velvet Divorce]], it was the fifth-largest city in the federation.

=== Under Slovakia ===
Following the Velvet Divorce and creation of the Slovak Republic, Košice became the second-largest city in the country and became a seat of the [[Constitutional Court of Slovakia|Slovak Constitutional Court]]. Since 1995, it has been the seat of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Košice|Archdiocese of Košice]].

After the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], Košice, as a regional [[metropolitan area]], became a major hub for administration, transfer and housing of refugees fleeing from Ukraine.<ref>{{Cite web |last=a.s |first=Petit Press |date=1 March 2022 |title=Station in Košice full of refugees, mostly students from Africa |url=https://spectator.sme.sk/c/22851795/station-in-kosice-full-of-refugees-mostly-students-from-africa.html |access-date=20 March 2022 |website=spectator.sme.sk |language=en}}</ref><ref>{{Cite news |last1=Florkiewicz |first1=Pawel |last2=Komuves |first2=Anita |date=26 February 2022 |title=Refugees flee Ukraine across EU borders as Russia renews assault |url=https://www.reuters.com/world/europe/refugees-flee-across-eu-borders-ukrainian-fighting-intensifies-2022-02-26/ |access-date=20 March 2022 |work=Reuters |language=en}}</ref>

==Geography==
Košice lies at an altitude of {{convert|206|m|ft|0}} [[above sea level]] and covers an area of {{convert|242.77|km2|sqmi|1}}.<ref name="statistics2">{{cite web |title=Municipal Statistics |url=http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071217080336/http://www.statistics.sk/mosmis/eng/run.html |archive-date=17 December 2007 |access-date=3 May 2007 |publisher=Statistical Office of the Slovak Republic}}</ref> It is located in eastern Slovakia, about {{convert|20|km|mi|0}} from the [[Hungary|Hungarian]] border, {{convert|80|km|mi|0}} from the [[Ukraine|Ukrainian]] border, and {{convert|90|km|mi|0}} from the [[Poland|Polish]] border. It is about {{convert|400|km|mi|0}} east of Slovakia's capital [[Bratislava]] and a chain of villages connects it to neighboring [[Prešov]] which is about {{convert|36|km|mi|0}} to the north.

Košice is on the [[Hornád]] river in the {{ill|Košice Basin|sk|Košická kotlina}}, at the easternmost reaches of the [[Slovak Ore Mountains]]. More precisely, it is a subdivision of the [[Black Mountain, Slovakia|Black Mountain]] (''Čierna hora'') mountains in the northwest and [[Volovec Mountains]] (''Volovské vrchy'') mountains in the southwest. The basin is met on the east by the [[Slanské Hills]] (''Slanské vrchy'') mountains.

==Climate==
Košice has a [[humid continental climate]] ([[Köppen climate classification|Köppen]]: ''Dfb'', [[Trewartha climate classification|Trewartha]]: ''Dcbo''), as the city lies in the [[Temperate climate|north temperate zone]]. The city has four distinct seasons with long, warm summers with cool nights and long, cold, and snowy winters. Precipitation varies little throughout the year with abundance precipitation that falls during summer and only few during winter. The coldest month is January, with an average temperature of {{convert|-2.6|C|F}}, and the hottest month is July, with an average temperature of {{convert|19.3|C|F}}.

{{Weather box
| width = auto
| location = Košice, Slovakia (1991–2020 normals, extremes 1951–present)
| metric first = yes
| single line = yes
| Jan record high C = 13.2
| Feb record high C = 16.4
| Mar record high C = 25.4
| Apr record high C = 28.7
| May record high C = 32.0
| Jun record high C = 36.0
| Jul record high C = 38.5
| Aug record high C = 37.4
| Sep record high C = 34.1
| Oct record high C = 26.6
| Nov record high C = 22.4
| Dec record high C = 13.4
| year record high C = 38.5
| Jan high C = 1.0
| Feb high C = 3.7
| Mar high C = 9.9
| Apr high C = 16.5
| May high C = 21.2
| Jun high C = 24.8
| Jul high C = 26.6
| Aug high C = 26.8
| Sep high C = 21.2
| Oct high C = 14.8
| Nov high C = 8.2
| Dec high C = 1.8
| year high C = 14.7
| Jan mean C = -1.9
| Feb mean C = 0.0
| Mar mean C = 4.7
| Apr mean C = 10.9
| May mean C = 15.5
| Jun mean C = 19.2
| Jul mean C = 20.8
| Aug mean C = 20.5
| Sep mean C = 15.2
| Oct mean C = 9.7
| Nov mean C = 4.5
| Dec mean C = -0.7
| year mean C = 9.9
| Jan low C = -4.8
| Feb low C = -3.6
| Mar low C = 0.0
| Apr low C = 5.0
| May low C = 9.6
| Jun low C = 13.2
| Jul low C = 14.8
| Aug low C = 14.6
| Sep low C = 10.1
| Oct low C = 5.3
| Nov low C = 1.2
| Dec low C = -3.3
| year low C = 5.2
| Jan record low C = -26.9
| Feb record low C = -22.3
| Mar record low C = -17.1
| Apr record low C = -7.3
| May record low C = -2.6
| Jun record low C = -0.4
| Jul record low C = 4.2
| Aug record low C = 2.7
| Sep record low C = -3.4
| Oct record low C = -8.6
| Nov record low C = -14.0
| Dec record low C = -21.3
| year record low C = -26.9
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 25.7
| Feb precipitation mm = 26.8
| Mar precipitation mm = 23.6
| Apr precipitation mm = 42.4
| May precipitation mm = 69.4
| Jun precipitation mm = 87.5
| Jul precipitation mm = 93.5
| Aug precipitation mm = 66.5
| Sep precipitation mm = 50.1
| Oct precipitation mm = 51.1
| Nov precipitation mm = 40.2
| Dec precipitation mm = 36.1
| year precipitation mm = 613.0
| unit precipitation days = 1.0 mm
| Jan precipitation days = 12.7
| Feb precipitation days = 10.8
| Mar precipitation days = 9.0
| Apr precipitation days = 10.8
| May precipitation days = 13.3
| Jun precipitation days = 13.4
| Jul precipitation days = 12.9
| Aug precipitation days = 9.7
| Sep precipitation days = 10.7
| Oct precipitation days = 11.0
| Nov precipitation days = 11.9
| Dec precipitation days = 14.2
| year precipitation days = 
| Jan snow days = 14.0
| Feb snow days = 10.9
| Mar snow days = 5.0
| Apr snow days = 1.5
| May snow days = 0.0
| Jun snow days = 0.0
| Jul snow days = 0.0
| Aug snow days = 0.0
| Sep snow days = 0.0
| Oct snow days = 0.5
| Nov snow days = 4.8
| Dec snow days = 12.7
| year snow days = 50.4
| Jan humidity = 84.5
| Feb humidity = 78.7
| Mar humidity = 68.4
| Apr humidity = 61.7
| May humidity = 66.0
| Jun humidity = 66.8
| Jul humidity = 67.0
| Aug humidity = 66.3
| Sep humidity = 71.6
| Oct humidity = 78.1
| Nov humidity = 83.5
| Dec humidity = 86.0
| year humidity = 73.2
| Jan sun = 57.0
| Feb sun = 83.9
| Mar sun = 155.5
| Apr sun = 200.5
| May sun = 239.9
| Jun sun = 253.4
| Jul sun = 258.9
| Aug sun = 264.7
| Sep sun = 189.4
| Oct sun = 131.0
| Nov sun = 66.7
| Dec sun = 41.0
| year sun = 1941.9
| source 1 = [[World Meteorological Organisation]]<ref name=WMO>{{cite web
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230807222923/https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1228
|archive-date = 7 August 2023
|url = https://worldweather.wmo.int/en/city.html?cityId=1228
|title = World Weather Information Service – Košice
|publisher = World Meteorological Organization
|access-date = 7 August 2023}}</ref><ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230807223041/https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Slovakia/CSV/KOSICE_AIRPORT_11968.csv
|archive-date = 7 August 2023
|url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/1.1/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Slovakia/CSV/KOSICE_AIRPORT_11968.csv
|title = Kosice Airport Climate Normals 1991–2020
|work = World Meteorological Organization Climatological Standard Normals (1991–2020)
|publisher = National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration
|access-date = 7 August 2023}}</ref>
| source 2 = [[Swedish Meteorological and Hydrological Institute|SHMI]] (extremes, 1951–present)<ref name=shmi>{{cite web
|archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20230829235606/http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/europa/slovacchia/kosice-barca/
|archive-date = 29 August 2023
|url = http://climaintoscana.altervista.org/europa/slovacchia/kosice-barca/
|title = Košice Barca
|access-date = 30 August 2023
|publisher = {{ill|Slovak Hydrometeorological Institute|sk|Slovenský hydrometeorologický ústav}}
|language = it}}</ref>
| source = 
}}

== Demographics ==
[[File:Kosice (Slovakia) - Main Street 4.jpg|thumb|Main Street (''Hlavná ulica'') in historic downtown]]
[[File:133-3381 IMG.JPG|thumb|Statue of [[Coat of arms of Košice|Košice's coat of arms]], the first [[Municipal coats of arms|municipal coat of arms]] in Europe]]{{Historical populations|1869|21700|1890|28900|1910|44200|1921|52900|1930|70111|1950|60700|1961|79400|1970|149555|1980|202368|1991|235160|2001|236093|2011|240688|2021|229040|type=|footnote=}}Košice has a population of 225,044, {{As of|2024|lc=y}}. According to the 2021 census, 84% of inhabitants are of [[Slovaks|Slovak]] nationality, 2% are each [[Hungarians in Slovakia|Hungarians]] and additional 2% [[Romani people in Slovakia|Roma]]. There are also modestly sized [[Czechs in Slovakia|Czech]], [[Ruthenians|Ruthenian]], [[Ukrainians in Slovenia|Ukrainian]] and [[Vietnamese people|Vietnamese]] communities. In terms of religion, 51% of inhabitants are [[Catholics|Catholic]] and 28% had no religious affiliation, with smaller [[Protestantism|Protestant]] denominations also present.<ref>{{cite web |title=Údaje o obyvateľoch |url=https://www.scitanie.sk/storage/app/media/dokumenty/SK599981.pdf |access-date=21 March 2024}}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Základná charakteristika - demografické údaje :: Oficiálne stránky mesta Košice |url=https://www.kosice.sk/mesto/zakladna-charakteristika-demograficke-udaje |access-date=21 March 2024 |website=www.kosice.sk |language=sk}}</ref> The median age as of 2024 is 44 years.

===Historical demographics===
According to the researchers the town had a [[Carpathian Germans|German]] majority until the mid-16th century,<ref name="Kocsis2">Károly Kocsis, Eszter Kocsisné Hodosi, Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin, Simon Publications LLC, 1998, p. 46-47 [https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&q=%22german+ethnic+majority+until%22&pg=PA47]{{Dead link|date=October 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> and by 1650, 72.5% of the population may have been Hungarians,<ref>{{cite book |last1=Kocsis |first1=Karoly |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-zZ_NVM9mNEC&q=%22german+ethnic+majority+until%22&pg=PA47 |title=Ethnic Geography of the Hungarian Minorities in the Carpathian Basin |last2=Kocsis-Hodosi |first2=Eszter |date=1 April 2001 |publisher=Simon Publications, Incorporated |isbn=9781931313759 |via=Google Books}}{{Dead link|date=October 2023|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> 13.2% was German, 14.3% was Slovak or of uncertain origin.<ref name="Kocsis2" /> The [[Ottoman Empire|Ottoman]] [[Turkic peoples|Turkish]] traveller [[Evliya Çelebi]] mentioned that the city was inhabited by "Hungarians, Germans, Upper Hungarians" in 1661 when the city was under the suzerainty of Ottoman Empire and under [[Turkey|Turkish]] control.<ref name="Kocsis2" /> But by 1850, the Slovaks gained a plurality of 46.5%, with Hungarians reduced to 28.5% and Germans at 15.6%.<ref name="HOLEC, Roman 2010, pp. 291-3122">HOLEC, Roman. Trianon rituals or considerations of some features of Hungarian historiography. Historický časopis, 2010, 58, 2, pp. 291-312, Bratislava.</ref>

The linguistic makeup of the town's population underwent historical changes that alternated between the growth of the ratio of those who claimed [[Hungarian language|Hungarian]] and those who claimed [[Slovak language|Slovak]] as their language. With a population of 28,884 in 1891, just under half (49.9%) of the inhabitants of Košice declared Hungarian, then the official language, as their main means of communication, 33.6% Slovak, and 13.5% [[German language|German]]; 72.2% were [[Roman Catholics]], 11.4% [[Jews]], 7.3% [[Lutheranism|Lutherans]], 6.7% [[Greek Catholics]], and 4.3% [[Calvinists]].<ref>{{Cite journal |year=1895 |title=A Pallas nagy lexikona; Az összes ismeretek enciklopédiája |journal=Pallas |edition=1 |publisher=Pallas Irodalmi és Nyomdai Részvénytársaság |volume=X, Kacs−Közellátás |place=Budapest}}</ref> The results of that census are questioned by some historians<ref>{{cite book |last1=Murad |first1=Anatol |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=IMYrryZL9K0C&q=Hungarian+government+manipulated&pg=PA20 |title=Franz Joseph I of Austria and His Empire – Google Knihy |year=1968 |access-date=13 August 2008}}</ref> by claims that they were manipulated, to increase the percentage of the [[Magyars]] during a period of [[Magyarization]].<ref name="HOLEC, Roman 2010, pp. 291-3122" />

By the 1910 census, which is sometimes accused of being manipulated by the ruling Hungarian bureaucracy,<ref name="SlovakiaInHistory2">{{cite book |last=Teich |first=Mikuláš |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jrC1HFgjJxsC&q=census+1910+hungary+manipulated&pg=PA272 |title=Slovakia in History |author2=Dušan Kováč |author3=Martin D. Brown |publisher=Cambridge University Press |year=2011 |isbn=9781139494946 |access-date=15 September 2011}}</ref> 75.4% of the 44,211 inhabitants claimed Hungarian, 14.8% Slovak, 7.2% German and 1.8% [[Polish language|Polish]].<ref>Atlas and Gazetteer of Historic Hungary 1914, [http://www.talmakiado.hu/ Talma Kiadó] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170114044438/http://www.talmakiado.hu/|date=14 January 2017}}</ref> The Jews were split among other groups by the 1910 census, as only the most frequently-used language, not ethnicity, was registered.<ref name="abauj2">{{cite web |title=Abaúj-Torna County |url=http://www.talmamedia.com/php/district/district.php?county=Aba%FAj-Torna |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20011013121738/http://www.talmamedia.com/php/district/district.php?county=Aba%FAj-Torna |archive-date=13 October 2001 |access-date=26 January 2008}}</ref> The population around 1910 was multidenominational and multiethnic, and the differences in the level of education mirror the stratification of society.<ref>{{Cite book |last1=Karády |first1=Viktor |url=https://mek.oszk.hu/16900/16992 |title=Educational inequalities and denominations, 1910 : Vol. 2. Database for Eastern-Slovakia and North-Eastern Hungary |last2=Nagy |first2=Péter Tibor |date=10 January 2006 |publisher=J. Wesley Publ. |isbn=9789638718198 |series=In the course of research : Sociology of religion}}</ref> The town's linguistic balance began to shift towards Slovak after [[World War I]] by [[Slovakization]] in the newly established [[Czechoslovakia]].{{citation needed|date=November 2011}}
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: right;"
|+
'''Ethnic composition of Košice between 1850 and 1921'''
|-bgcolor="#e0e0e0"
| Ethnic group
|census 1650
| census 1850
| census 1880
| census 1890
| census 1900
| census 1910
| census 1921
|-
|align="left"|[[Hungarian people|Hungarians]]
|'''72%'''
|28.5%
|39.8%
|'''49.9%'''
|'''66.3%'''
|'''75.4%'''
|21.2%
|-
|align="left"|[[Slovaks]]
|14%
|'''46.5%'''
|'''40.9%'''
|33.6%
|22.9%
|14.8%
|'''59.7%'''
|-
|align="left"|[[German people|Germans]]
|13%
|15.6%
|16.7%
|13.5%
|8.1%
|7.2%
|4.0%
|}

According to the 1930 census, the city had a population of 70,111, with 230 Gypsies (today [[Romani people|Roma]]), 42,245 Czechoslovaks (today [[Czechs]] and [[Slovaks]]), 11,504 [[Hungarians]], 3,354 [[Germans]], 44 [[Polish people|Poles]], 14 [[Romanians]], 801 [[Ruthenians]], 27 Serbocroatians (today [[Serbs]] and [[Croatians]]), and 5,733 [[Jews]].<ref>Encyklopedie branné moci Republiky Československé.  2006 J. Fidler, V. Sluka</ref>

As a consequence of the [[First Vienna Award|First]] and [[Second Vienna Award|Second Vienna Awards]], Košice was ceded to Hungary. Starting in 15 May 1944, during the German occupation of Hungary towards the end of [[World War II]], approximately 10,000 Jews were deported by the [[Nazism|Nazis]], with the enthusiastic assistance of the Hungarian Interior Ministry and its gendarmerie (the csendőrség).<ref name="zidia2">{{cite web |title=Židia v Košiciach |url=https://www.cassovia.sk/sk/zidia-v-kosiciach |access-date=26 January 2008 |language=sk}}</ref> The last transport to [[Auschwitz concentration camp|Auschwitz]] left the city on 2 June, three months before the [[Arrow Cross Party]] gained control over Hungary. The ethnic makeup of the town was dramatically changed by the persecution of the town's large Hungarian majority, [[Hungarians in Slovakia#Population exchanges|population exchanges between Hungary and Slovakia]] and [[Slovakization]] and by mass migration of Slovaks into newly built [[Communist era of Czechoslovakia|communist]]-block-microdistricts, also known as [[Panelák|''paneláks'']], which increased the population of Košice four times by 1989 and made it the fastest growing city in [[Czechoslovakia]].<ref>KOROTNOKY, Ľudovít (ed.). ''Košice : sprievodca''. Košice : Východoslovenské tlačiarne, 1989. 166 s. {{ISBN|80-85174-40-5}}.</ref><timeline>
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==Culture==
{{Multiple image
| direction         = vertical
| width             = 
| image1            = Kasárne-Kulturpark - panoramio (3).jpg
| width1            = 210
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = Barracks Cultural Park (''Kasárne Kulturpark'')
| image2            = KunsthalleKošice.JPG
| width2            = 210
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = {{ill|Kunsthalle Košice|sk|lt=Kunsthalle}}
| image3            = SPOT Važecká.jpg
| width3            = 210
| alt3              = 
| caption3          = SPOT Važecká
| image4            = Kosice State Theatre, Slovakia.jpg
| width4            = 210
| alt4              = 
| caption4          = [[State Theatre Košice|Košice State Theatre]] (''Národné divadlo Košice'')
}}

===Performing arts===
There are several theatres in Košice. The [[State Theatre Košice|Košice State Theater]] (''Národné divadlo Košice'') was founded in 1945 (then under the name East Slovak National Theater (''Východoslovenské národné divadlo'')). It consists of three ensembles: [[drama]], [[opera]], and [[ballet]]. Other theatres include the Marionette Theatre (''Marionetové divadlo'') and the Old Town Theatre (''Staromestské divadlo''). The presence of Hungarian and Roma minorities makes it also host the Hungarian Thália Theatre (''Thália Színház'') and the professional Roma Romathan Theatre (''Divadlo Romathan'').<ref>{{cite web |year=2008 |title=Košice – metropola východného Slovenska |url=http://www.kosice.info/sk/ |access-date=29 January 2008 |publisher=Košice.info |language=sk}}</ref>

Košice is the home of the [[State Philharmonic Košice]] (''Štátna filharmónia Košice''), established in 1968 as the second professional [[Orchestra|symphonic orchestra]] in Slovakia. It organizes festivals such as the [[Košice Music Spring Festival]] (''Košická hudobná jar''), the [[International Organ Music Festival]] (''Medzinárodný organový festival''), and the Festival of [[Contemporary art]] (''Medzinárodný festival súčasného umenia'').<ref>{{cite web |date=n.d. |title=The Slovak State Philharmonic, Košice – History |url=http://www.sfk.sk/eng_version/index.php?id=historia |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090202172945/http://www.sfk.sk/eng_version/index.php?id=historia |archive-date=2 February 2009 |publisher=The Slovak State Philharmonic, Košice}}</ref>

===Museums and galleries===
Some of the museums and galleries based in the city include the [[East Slovak Museum]] (''Východoslovenské múzeum''), originally established in 1872 under the name Upper Hungary Museum (''Felső-magyarországi Múzeum''). The [[Slovak Technical Museum]] (''Slovenské technické múzeum'') with a [[planetarium]], established in 1947, is the only museum in the technical category in Slovakia that specializes in the history and traditions of [[science]] and [[technology]].<ref>{{cite web |date=n.d. |title=Slovenské technické múzeum – História múzea |url=http://www.cassovia.sk/stm/historia.php3 |access-date=29 January 2008 |language=sk}}</ref> The [[East Slovak Gallery]] (''Východoslovenská galéria'') was established in 1951 as the first regional gallery with the aim to document artistic life in present-day eastern Slovakia.<ref>{{cite web |date=n.d. |title=Východoslovenská galéria |url=http://www.cassovia.sk/vsgaleria/ |access-date=29 January 2008 |publisher=cassovia.sk |language=sk}}</ref>

=== European Capital of Culture ===
In 2008, Košice won the competition among [[List of cities and towns in Slovakia|Slovak cities]] to hold the prestigious title [[European Capital of Culture]] 2013. Project Interface aims at the transformation of Košice from a centre of [[heavy industry]] to a [[Post-industrial society|postindustrial city]] with creative potential and new cultural infrastructure. Project authors bring Košice a concept of the [[creative economy]] – merging of [[economy]] and industry with [[The arts|arts]], where transformed [[Urban area|urban space]] encourages development of certain fields of [[Creative industries|creative industry]] (design, media, architecture, music and film production, IT technologies, creative tourism). The artistic and cultural program stems from a conception of sustained maintainable activities with long-lasting effects on cultural life in Košice and [[Košice Region|its region]]. The main project venues are:

* '''Kasárne Kulturpark''' (''Barracks'' ''Cultural Park'') – 19th-century military [[barracks]] turned into new urban space with a centre of contemporary art, exhibition and concert halls and workshops for the creative industry.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kasárne Kulturpark |date=29 April 2022 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://k13.sk/ |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=sk}}</ref>
* '''Kunsthalle Košice''' – a 1960s disused swimming pool turned into the first [[Kunsthalle]] in Slovakia.<ref>{{Citation |title=Kunsthalle Košice |date=5 May 2022 |work=Wikipédia |url=https://k13.sk/ |access-date=12 June 2022 |language=sk}}</ref>
* '''SPOTs''' – the 1970s and 1980s disused heat exchangers turned into cultural "spots" in [[Communist era of Czechoslovakia|Communist era]] block-of-flats ([[Panelák|paneláks]]) districts.<ref>{{Cite web |last=s.r.o |first=Adsulting |title=EN |url=https://vymenniky.sk/who-we-are/ |access-date=12 June 2022 |website=Výmenníky |language=sk}}</ref>
* '''City park, Park Komenského and Moyzesova''' – revitalisation of urban spaces.
* '''Castle of Košice, Amphitheater, Mansion of Krásna, Handicrafts Street''' – reconstruction.
* '''Tabačka''' – a 19th-century [[tobacco factory]] turned into a centre of independent culture. The Tabačka Kulturfabrik, DIG gallery, Kotolňa (''Boiler room'') and several artistic residents are located in the area of the former tobacco factory.

=== Media ===
The first and the oldest international festival of local [[Television broadcaster|TV broadcasters]] (founded in 1995) – The [[Golden Beggar]] (''Zlatý žobrák''), takes place every year in June in Košice.

The oldest evening [[newspaper]] is [[Košický večer|Košice's Evening]] (''Košický večer''). The daily paper in Košice is [[Korzár]]. Recently, the daily paper [[Košice:Dnes|Košice:Today]] (''Košice:Dnes'') came into existence.

[[Television channel|TV stations]] based in Košice: [[TV Naša]], [[TV Region]] and public TV broadcaster [[Slovak Television and Radio|STVR]] [[Televízne štúdio Košice]]. [[TV JOJ]] was also stationed in Košice between [[2nd March]] and [[27th September]] [[2002]].<ref>{{Cite AV media |url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=r3ru3OIFH2U |title=TV JOJ - Črepiny - Sťahovanie TV JOJ |date=2018-08-28 |last=Morc |access-date=2025-05-09 |via=YouTube}}</ref>

[[Radio broadcasting|Radio stations]] based in Košice: [[Rádio Košice]], [[Dobré rádio]], [[Rádio Kiss]], [[Rádio Šport]], and the public broadcaster RTVS [[Rádio Regina Košice]].

==Economy==
[[File:Aupark-Košice.jpg|thumb|Aupark Shopping Centre]]
Košice is the economic hub of eastern [[Slovakia]]. It accounts for about 9% of the Slovak [[gross domestic product]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2012}} The steel mill, [[U. S. Steel Košice, s.r.o.|U.S. Steel Košice]] with 13,500 employees, is the largest employer in the city and the largest private employer in the country.<ref name="zamestnavatelia2">{{cite news |title=Najväčší zamestnávatelia Slovenska |url=http://firmy.etrend.sk/17775/firmy/najvacsi-zamestnavatelia-slovenska |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080125074717/http://firmy.etrend.sk/17775/firmy/najvacsi-zamestnavatelia-slovenska |archive-date=25 January 2008 |access-date=24 January 2008 |work=Trend |language=sk}}</ref>{{Needs update|date=March 2025|reason=The source is more than a decade old, information might be outdated.|?=?}} The second-largest employer in the east of the country is [https://www.deutschetelekomitsolutions.sk/en Deutsche Telekom IT Solutions Slovakia]. It was established and has been based in Košice since 2006. Deutsche Telekom IT Solutions Slovakia had 4,545 employees in Košice in Q4 of 2020, which makes it the second-largest shared service center in Slovakia and one of the top fifteen largest employers in Slovakia.

As part of the growing [[Information and communications technology|ICT]] field, the [http://www.kosiceitvalley.sk/en/ Košice IT Valley association] was established in 2007 as a joint initiative of [[Education in Slovakia|educational institutions]], [[Government of Slovakia|government]] and leading [[Information technology|IT]] companies. In 2012, it was transformed into the cluster. In 2018, the cluster was for the second time certified for '''"Cluster Management Excellence Label GOLD"''' as the first in [[central Europe]] and is one of three certified clusters in the area of information and communication technologies. [[Volvo Cars]] has invested 1.2 billion [[Euro|euros]] (1.25 billion [[United States dollar|USD]]) in a new plant which is set to start construction in 2023,{{Needs update|date=March 2025}} for opening in 2026. Other major sectors include [[mechanical engineering]], [[food industry]], [[Service (business)|services]], and [[trade]].<ref name="urbanaudit2">{{cite web |title=Urban Audit |url=http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles.aspx?CityCode=SK002C&CountryCode=SK |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111109032349/http://www.urbanaudit.org/CityProfiles.aspx?CityCode=SK002C&CountryCode=SK |archive-date=9 November 2011 |access-date=24 January 2008}}</ref> GDP per capita in 2001 was €4,004, which was below Slovakia's average of €4,400.<ref name="urbanaudit2" /> The [[Unemployment|unemployment rate]] was 8.32% in November 2015, which was below the country's average 10.77% at that time.<ref>{{cite web |year=2015 |title=Nezamestnanosť – mesačné štatistiky |url=http://www.upsvar.sk/statistiky/nezamestnanost-mesacne-statistiky/2015.html?page_id=467299 |access-date=8 January 2016 |publisher=Central Office of Labour, Social Affairs and Family |language=sk}}</ref>

The city has a [[balanced budget]] of 224 million euros, {{As of|2019|lc=y}}.<ref>{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Uznesenie z II. rokovania Mestského zastupiteľstva v Košiciach, zo dňa 22. februára 2007 |url=http://www.kosice.sk/docustore_getByID.asp?id=4986 |access-date=25 January 2008 |publisher=City of Košice |language=sk |format=[[Rich Text Format|RTF]]}}</ref>

==Sights==
[[File:Dóm svätej Alžbety a Kaplnka sv. Michala, Košice, Slovensko.jpg|thumb|The [[Cathedral of St. Elizabeth]] in Košice is Slovakia's largest church.]]

The city centre, and most historical monuments, are located in or around Hlavná ulica (''Main Street''), and the town has the largest number of protected historical monuments in Slovakia.<ref name="slovakia.travel2">{{cite web |year=2007 |title=Town monument reserve – Košice |url=http://www.slovakia.travel/entitaview.aspx?l=2&idp=3640 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071025165857/http://www.slovakia.travel/entitaview.aspx?idp=3640&l=2 |archive-date=25 October 2007 |access-date=23 January 2007 |publisher=Slovak Tourist Board}}</ref>

The most dominant historical monument of the city is Slovakia's largest church, the 14th century [[Gothic architecture|Gothic]] [[Cathedral of St. Elizabeth]]; it is the easternmost cathedral of western-style Gothic architecture in central Europe,<ref name="slovakia.travel2" /> and is the cathedral of the [[Roman Catholic Archdiocese of Košice|Archdiocese of Košice]]. In addition to the St. Elizabeth Cathedral, there is the 14th century [[St. Michael Chapel]], the [[St. Urban Tower]], and the [[Baroque Revival architecture|Neo-baroque]] [[State Theatre Košice|Košice State Theater]] in the center of town.

The [[Executioner's Bastion]] and the Mill Bastion are the remains of the city's previous fortification system. The [[Greek-Catholic Church of Virgin Mary's Birth (Košice)|Church of the Virgin Mary's Birth]] is the cathedral for the [[Eastern Catholic Churches|Greek Catholic]] [[Eparchy of Košice]]. Other monuments and buildings of cultural and historical interests are; the old Town Hall, the Old University, the Captain's Palace, Liberation Square, as well as a number of galleries (the [[East Slovak Gallery]]) and museums (the [[East Slovak Museum]]). There is a [[Urban park|Municipal Park]] located between the historical city centre and the main railway station. The city also has a [[Košice Zoo|zoo]] located northwest of the city, within the borough of [[Kavečany]].

=== Places of worship ===
{{div col|colwidth=30em}}
*Dóm svätej Alžbety (''[[Cathedral of St. Elizabeth]]'')
*Dominikánsky kostol (''[[Dominican Church (Košice)|Dominican Church]]'')
*Františkánsky kostol (''[[Franciscan Church (Košice)|Franciscan Church]]'')
*Kostol svätého Ducha (''[[Holy Spirit Church (Košice)|Hospital Church of Holy Spirit]]'')
*Morová kaplnka svätej Rozálie (''[[Plague Chapel of St. Rosalie]]'')
*Premonštrátny kostol (''[[Premonstratensian Church (Košice)|Premonstratensian Church]]''), former [[Jesuits|Jesuit]] Church
*Kalvínsky kostol (''[[Calvinist Church at Hrnčiarska Street|Calvinist Church]]'')
*Evanjelický kostol (''[[Evangelical Church of Košice|Evangelical Church]]'')
*Nová ortodoxná synagóga (''[[New Orthodox Synagogue (Košice)|New Orthodox Synagogue]]'')
{{div col end}}

{{Multiple image
| align             = center
| direction         = horizontal
| width             = 
| image1            = ZofiaBatoriKostol.jpg
| width1            = 120
| alt1              = 
| caption1          = [[Late Renaissance#Architecture|Late Renaissance]], early [[Baroque architecture|Baroque]] Jesuits Church
| image2            = Vedecká knižnica.jpg
| width2            = 240
| alt2              = 
| caption2          = [[Empire style]] Pongrác-Forgács Palace (''Pongrácovsko-forgáčovský palác'')
| image3            = Košice - Jakabov palác-1.jpg
| width3            = 220
| alt3              = 
| caption3          = [[Historicism (art)|Historicism]] style Jakab's Palace (''Jakabov palác'')
| image4            = ImmaculataAndrášihoPalác.jpg
| width4            = 240
| alt4              = 
| caption4          = [[Neo-Renaissance]] Andrássy Palace (''Andrášiho Palác'')
| image5            = SláviaKošice2.jpg
| width5            = 120
| alt5              = 
| caption5          = [[Art Nouveau]] style coffeehouse Slávia
}}

==Government==
{{main|Boroughs and localities of Košice}}

[[File:Košice - Úrad Košického samosprávneho kraja.jpg|thumb|Divízia – seat of the [[Košice Self-governing Region]]]]
[[File:ÚSSR.jpg|thumb|The seat of the [[Constitutional Court of Slovakia|Slovak Constitutional Court]]]]

Košice is the seat of the [[Košice Region]] ({{Langx|sk|Košický kraj}}), and since 2002 it is the seat of the autonomous [[Košice Self-governing Region]] ({{Langx|sk|Košický samosprávný kraj|links=no}}). Additionally, it is the seat of the [[Constitutional Court of Slovakia|Slovak Constitutional Court]] (''Ústavný súd Slovenskej republiky''). The city hosts a regional branch of the [[National Bank of Slovakia]] (''Národná banka Slovenska'') and consulates of [[Belgium]], [[Greece]], [[Hungary]], [[Russia]], [[Spain]] and [[Turkey]].

The local government is composed of a [[mayor]] (''primátor''), a [[city council]] (''mestské zastupiteľstvo''), a city board (''mestská rada''), [[City commission government (Slovakia)|city commissions]] (k''omisie mestského zastupiteľstva''), and a [[City magistrate|city magistrate's office]] (''magistrát''). The [[Direct election|directly elected]] mayor is the head and chief executive of the city. The term of office is four years. The previous mayor, [[František Knapík]], was nominated in 2006 by a coalition of four political parties [[Christian Democratic Movement|KDH]], [[Hungarian Alliance (Slovak political party)|SMK]], and [[Slovak Democratic and Christian Union – Democratic Party|SDKÚ-DS]]. In 2010, he finished his term of office.<ref name="knapik2">{{cite web |title=František Knapík |url=http://www.thedaily.sk/2010/11/29/political-affairs/those-are-the-results-in-the-main-towns/ |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120120092215/http://www.thedaily.sk/2010/11/29/political-affairs/those-are-the-results-in-the-main-towns/ |archive-date=20 January 2012 |access-date=19 March 2011}}</ref> The present mayor is Ing. [[Jaroslav Polaček]]. He was inaugurated on 10 December 2018.<ref>{{Cite web |last=a.s |first=Petit Press |title=Nový košický primátor sľúbil návrat trolejbusov aj protikorupčný audit |url=https://kosice.korzar.sme.sk/c/22005381/novy-kosicky-primator-slubil-navrat-trolejbusov-aj-protikorupcny-audit.html |access-date=2018-12-10 |website=kosice.korzar.sme.sk |language=sk}}</ref>

In 2021, the municipality recycled 24.64% of its [[Municipal solid waste|municipal waste]].<ref>{{Cite web |title=Komunálny odpad :: Oficiálne stránky mesta Košice |url=https://www.kosice.sk/obcan/komunalny-odpad |access-date=23 March 2022 |website=www.kosice.sk |language=sk}}</ref>

Administratively, the city of Košice is divided into four districts: [[Košice I]] (covering the center and northern parts), [[Košice II]] (covering the southwest), [[Košice III]] (east), and [[Košice IV]] (south), which are further divided into 22 [[Borough|boroughs]] (city wards):
{|class=wikitable
|+Administrative division of Košice
|-
! ''District''
! ''Boroughs''
|-
! [[Košice I]]
|[[Džungľa]], [[Kavečany]], [[Košice-Sever|Sever]], [[Sídlisko Ťahanovce]], [[Old Town, Košice|Staré Mesto]], [[Ťahanovce]]
|-
! [[Košice II]]
|[[Lorinčík]], [[Luník IX]], [[Myslava]], [[Pereš]], [[Poľov]], [[Sídlisko KVP]], [[Šaca]], [[Košice-Západ|Západ]]
|-
! [[Košice III]]
|[[Dargovských hrdinov]], [[Košická Nová Ves]]
|-
! [[Košice IV]]
|[[Košice-Barca|Barca]], [[Košice-Juh|Juh]], [[Krásna]], [[Nad jazerom]], [[Šebastovce]], [[Vyšné Opátske]]
|}

== Education ==
{{Update section|date=March 2025|reason=Majority of the references are old, making it '''possible''' for there to be outdated information}}
Košice is the second [[College town|university town]] in Slovakia, after [[Bratislava]]. The [[Technical University of Košice]] is its largest university, with 16,015 students, including 867 doctoral students.<ref name="uips242">{{cite web |title=Technická univerzita Košice |url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P24.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227040640/http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P24.PDF |archive-date=27 February 2008 |access-date=14 February 2008 |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=sk}}</ref> A second major university is the [[University of Pavol Jozef Šafárik|Pavol Jozef Šafárik University]], with 7,403 students, including 527 doctoral students.<ref name="uips42">{{cite web |title=Univerzita Pavla Jozefa Šafárika |url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P04.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227040634/http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P04.PDF |archive-date=27 February 2008 |access-date=14 February 2008 |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=sk}}</ref> Other universities and colleges include the [[University of Veterinary Medicine in Košice]] (1,381 students),<ref name="uips162">{{cite web |title=Univerzita veterinárneho lekárstva |url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P1.PDF |access-date=14 February 2008 |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=sk}}{{dead link|date=September 2018|bot=medic}}{{cbignore|bot=medic}}</ref> and the private [[Security Management College in Košice]] (1,168 students).<ref name="uips962">{{cite web |title=Vysoká škola bezpečnostného manažérstva |url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P96.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227040621/http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/VS_P96.PDF |archive-date=27 February 2008 |access-date=14 February 2008 |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=sk}}</ref> Additionally, the [[University of Economics in Bratislava]], the [[Slovak University of Agriculture]] in [[Nitra]], and the [[Catholic University in Ružomberok]] each have a branch based in the city.

There are 38 public elementary schools, six private elementary schools, three religious elementary schools, and one International Baccalaureate (IB) Primary Years Programme (PYP) candidate international school.<ref name="uips7">{{cite web |year=2006 |title=Prehľad základných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 |url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/ZS_P8.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227040558/http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/ZS_P8.PDF |archive-date=27 February 2008 |access-date=14 February 2008 |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=sk}}</ref> Overall, they enroll 20,158 pupils.<ref name="uips7" /> The city's system of secondary education (some [[Middle school|middle schools]] and all high schools) consists of 20 [[Gymnasium (school)|gymnasia]] with 7,692 students,<ref name="uips22">{{cite web |title=Prehľad gymnázií v školskom roku 2006/2007 |url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/GYM_P8.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227040606/http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/GYM_P8.PDF |archive-date=27 February 2008 |access-date=14 February 2008 |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=sk}}</ref> 24 specialized high schools with 8,812 students,<ref name="uips32">{{cite web |title=Prehľad stredných odborných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 |url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/SOS_P8.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227040626/http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/SOS_P8.PDF |archive-date=27 February 2008 |access-date=14 February 2008 |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=sk}}</ref> and 13 [[Vocational school|vocational schools]] with 6,616 students.<ref name="uips52">{{cite web |title=Prehľad združených stredných škôl v školskom roku 2006/2007 |url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/ZSS_P8.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070710064008/http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/ZSS_P8.PDF |archive-date=10 July 2007 |access-date=14 February 2008 |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=sk}}</ref><ref name="uips62">{{cite web |title=Prehľad stredných odborných učilíšť a učilíšť v školskom roku 2006/2007 |url=http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/SOU_P8.PDF |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080227040613/http://www.uips.sk/statis/pdf/SOU_P8.PDF |archive-date=27 February 2008 |access-date=14 February 2008 |publisher=Ústav informácií a prognóz školstva |language=sk}}</ref>

Kosice International School (KEIS) is the first international primary school in eastern Slovakia. It will be an International Baccalaureate (IB) Primary Years Programme (PYP) international school. Opening in September 2020.<ref name="Kosice International School2">{{cite web |title=Kosice International School |url=http://www.keis.sk |access-date=26 March 2020 |publisher=KEIS |language=en, sk}}</ref>{{Needs update|date=March 2025}}

==Notable people==
{{main|List of people from Košice}}

==Transport==
{{main|Public Transport in Košice}}
[[File:Kosice (KSC - LZKZ) AN2006029.jpg|thumb|[[Košice International Airport]]]]
Public transport in Košice is managed by the Public Transport Company of the City of Košice (''Dopravný podnik mesta Košice'').<ref>{{cite web |title=Dopravný podnik mesta Košice, a.s. – DPMK |url=http://www.dpmk.sk/ |website=www.dpmk.sk}}</ref> The municipal [[mass transit system]] is the oldest one in present-day Slovakia, with the first [[Horsecar|horse-car]] line beginning operation in 1891 (electrified in 1914).<ref name="milestones3">{{cite web |date=n.d. |title=Zaujímave letopočty z dejín mesta Košice (1657–1938) |url=http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_letopoct_rok1657.htm |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070515154810/http://www.kosice.sk/clanok.asp?file=history_letopoct_rok1657.htm |archive-date=15 May 2007 |access-date=20 January 2008 |publisher=City of Košice |language=sk}}</ref> Today, the city's public transportation system is composed of [[Bus|buses]] (in use since the 1950s), [[Tram|trams]], and [[Trolleybus|trolleybuses]] (1993-2014).

The [[Košice railway station]] (''Železničná stanica Košice'') is a [[rail hub]] of eastern Slovakia. The city is connected by rail to [[Prague]], [[Bratislava]], [[Prešov]], [[Čierna nad Tisou]], [[Humenné]], [[Miskolc]] (Hungary), and [[Zvolen]]. There is a [[Uzhhorod–Košice broad-gauge track|broad gauge track]] from Ukraine, leading to the [[U. S. Steel Košice, s.r.o.|steel mill]] southwest of the city. The [[D1 motorway (Slovakia)|D1 motorway]] connects the city to [[Prešov]], and more motorways and roads are planned around the city.<ref>{{cite web |author=Ján Gana |year=2007 |title=Highways and tunnels in Slovakia |url=http://www.highways.sk/indexE.html |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080201030508/http://www.highways.sk/indexE.html |archive-date=1 February 2008 |access-date=20 January 2008}}</ref>{{Needs update|date=March 2025|reason=The reference attributed to this claim is more than a decade old.}}

[[Košice International Airport]] (''Medzinárodné letisko Košice'') is located south of the city. Regular [[Direct flight|direct flights]] from the airport are available to [[Luton Airport|London Luton]] and [[London Stansted Airport|Stansted]] (from April 2020), [[Vienna]], [[Warsaw]], [[Düsseldorf]], and [[Prague]].<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Košice International Airport – Departures |url=http://eng.airportkosice.sk/c/portal_public/layout?p_l_id=26.51 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070706121548/http://eng.airportkosice.sk/c/portal_public/layout?p_l_id=26.51 |archive-date=6 July 2007 |access-date=22 March 2010 |publisher=Košice International Airport}}</ref> Regular flights are provided by [[Czech Airlines]], [[Austrian Airlines]], [[Eurowings]], [[LOT Polish Airlines]] and [[Wizz Air]], and in [[Codeshare agreement|code-share]] by [[Air France-KLM]] and [[Lufthansa]]. At its peak in the year 2008, it served 590,919 passengers, but the number has since declined.<ref>{{cite web |year=2010 |title=Košice International Airport – Statistics |url=http://eng.airportkosice.sk/c/portal_public/layout?p_l_id=26.15 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111003102343/http://eng.airportkosice.sk/c/portal_public/layout?p_l_id=26.15 |archive-date=3 October 2011 |access-date=22 March 2010 |publisher=Košice International Airport}}</ref>

==Sports==
[[File:Steel Aréna 4.JPG|thumb|Steel Arena]]

The [[Košice Peace Marathon]] (''Košický maratón mieru''), founded in 1924, is the oldest annual [[marathon]] in Europe and the third oldest in the entire world, after the [[Boston Marathon]] and the [[Yonkers Marathon]]. It is run in the historic part of the city and is organized every year on the first Sunday of October.

[[Ice hockey]] club [[HC Košice]] is one of the most successful Slovak hockey clubs. It plays in Slovakia's highest league, the [[Slovak Extraliga|Extraliga]], and has won eight titles in 1995, 1996, 1999, 2009, 2010, 2011, 2014, and 2015; and two titles (1986 and 1988) in the former [[Czechoslovak First Ice Hockey League|Czechoslovak Extraliga]]. Since 2006, their home is the [[Steel Arena (arena)|Steel Arena]] which has a capacity of 8,343 spectators. Košice was once home to [[Football team|football club]] [[MFK Košice]] until it folded due to bankruptcy. It was the first club from Slovakia reach the group stages of the [[UEFA Champions League]] and won the domestic league twice (1998 and 1999). Another football club, [[FC VSS Košice]] last played in the [[2. Liga (Slovakia)|2. Liga]] (2nd League) in the 2016-17 season, with a new home stadium known as the Košice Football Arena (''Košická futbalová Arena (KFA)''). It merged with [[FK Košice-Barca]] in 2018 to become [[FC Košice (2018)|FC Košice]].

Košice, along with [[Bratislava]], hosted the [[2011 IIHF World Championship|2011]] and [[2019 IIHF World Championship]] in ice hockey.

Košice became the 2016 [[European City of Sport]]<ref>{{Cite web |title=EMS Košice - PZP |url=https://www.emskosice.sk/ |website=EMS Košice}}</ref> by the [[European Capitals of Sports Association]] (ACES Europe). The sporting events in 2016 included the International Peace Marathon (''Medzinárodný maratón mieru'' or ''Košický maratón mieru''), several urban runs, a swimming relay contest, the Košice-[[Tatra Mountains|Tatry]]-Košice cycling race, the [[dancesport]] world championships, the [[Basketball Euroleague]], [[Volleyball World League]], and [[Water Polo World League]].<ref>{{Cite web |date=2012 |title=Kosice 2016 International City of Sport |url=http://www.airportkosice.sk/en/kosice/European-city-of-sport-2016/ |website=Kosice International Airtport |publisher=bart.sk}}</ref>

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Slovakia}}
[[File:Kosice (Slovakia) - Tree of Partnership.jpg|thumb|160px|The Tree of Partnership on Main Street (''Hlavná ulica'')]]
Košice is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref name=twin>{{cite web |title=Twin cities of the City of Košice|url=https://www.kosice.sk/city/twin-cities-of-the-city-of-kosice|publisher=Košice|access-date=20 April 2022}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=18em}}
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Abaújszántó]], Hungary (2007)
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Budapest]], Hungary (1997)
*{{flagicon|TUR}} [[Bursa]], Turkey (2000)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Cottbus]], Germany (1992)
*{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Da Nang]], Vietnam (2015)
*{{flagicon|VIE}} [[Ho Chi Minh City]], Vietnam (2016)
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Katowice]], Poland (1991)
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Krosno]], Poland (1991)
*{{flagicon|HUN}} [[Miskolc]], Hungary (1997)
*{{flagicon|USA}} [[Mobile, Alabama|Mobile]], United States (2000)
*{{flagicon|SRB}} [[Niš]], Serbia (2000)
*{{flagicon|CZE}} [[Ostrava]], Czech Republic (2001)
*{{flagicon|BUL}} [[Plovdiv]], Bulgaria (2000)
*{{flagicon|FIN}} [[Raahe]], Finland (1987)
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Rzeszów]], Poland (1991)
*{{flagicon|UKR}} [[Uzhhorod]], Ukraine (1993)
*{{flagicon|SVK}} [[Vysoké Tatry (town)|Vysoké Tatry]], Slovakia (2006)
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Wuhan]], China (2012)
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Wuppertal]], Germany (1980)
{{div col end}}

===Former twin cities===
As a result of the [[2022 Russian invasion of Ukraine]], the City Council had terminated cooperation with the following cities:<ref>{{Cite web |title=Tlačová agentúra Slovenskej republiky - TASR.sk |url=https://www.tasr.sk/tasr-clanok/TASR:2022031700000104 |access-date=25 January 2023 |website=www.tasr.sk}}</ref>
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Vitebsk]], Belarus (2015)
*{{flagicon|RUS}} [[Saint Petersburg]], Russia (1995)

==See also==
{{Portal bar|Europe|Slovakia|European Union}}
*[[List of municipalities and towns in Slovakia]]
*[[Zlaty dukat]]

== Notes ==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

===Bibliography===
*{{cite journal |first=Nándor F. |last=Dreisziger |title=New Twist to an Old Riddle: The Bombing of Kassa (Košice), June 26, 1941 |journal=Journal of Modern History |volume=44 |issue=2 |year=1972 |pages=232–42 |doi=10.1086/240751|s2cid=143124708 }}
*{{cite book |last=Kinselbaum |first=Stanislav J. |year=2006 |title=The A to Z of Slovakia. |series=A to Z Guide Series, 236 |location=Toronto, Canada |publisher=The Scarecrow Press}}

==External links==
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{{Spoken Wikipedia|En-Kosice.ogg|date=1 May 2009}}

=== Official sites ===
*{{commons category-inline}}
*[https://www.kosice.sk/en Official website of the town of Košice]
*[https://www.visitkosice.org/en Official Tourism and Travel Guide to Košice]
*[https://www.dpmk.sk DPMK – Public Transport Office Site]

=== Tourism and living information ===
*{{Wikivoyage inline}}
*[https://www.kosice.info Tourist guide]
*[http://www.cassovia-digitalis.eu/startseite_en Cassovia Digitalis] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131212072359/http://www.cassovia-digitalis.eu/startseite_en |date=12 December 2013 }} The Digital City Library {{In lang|de|sk|hu|en}}
*[http://en.funiq.eu/kassa Košice at funiq.eu] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140421082735/http://en.funiq.eu/kassa |date=21 April 2014 }}

===Photographs===
*[https://www.fotokosice.eu Comprehensive photo gallery of Košice] {{in lang|sk}}
*[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927043409/http://www.panoramy.net/index.php?cat=13&lang=english Panoramic photo gallery of Košice]

{{Boroughs of Košice by district}}
{{Košice Region}}
{{Slovak Seats}}
{{European Capital of Culture}}
{{Authority control}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kosice}}
[[Category:Košice| ]]<!--leave the empty space as standard-->
[[Category:Cities and towns in Slovakia]]
[[Category:Fortified settlements]]
[[Category:First Vienna Award]]
[[Category:Holocaust locations in Czechoslovakia]]