View source for Kingman Reef

{{Short description|Reef and unincorporated U.S. territory in the Pacific Ocean}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=January 2020}}
{{Infobox islands
| name                             = Kingman Reef
| native_name                      = <!-- or |local_name= -->
| native_name_link                 = 
| native_name_lang                 = 
| sobriquet                        = <!-- or |nickname= -->
| image_name                       = Kingman Reef NWR. Photo credit- Susan White-USFWS (12198955306).jpg
| image_caption                    = Southeast part of Kingman Reef, looking north
| image_map                        = 
| map_alt                          = 
| map_size                         = 
| map_caption                      = 
| pushpin_map                      = Oceania#Pacific Ocean
| pushpin_label                    = 
| pushpin_label_position           = bottom
| pushpin_map_alt                  = 
| pushpin_relief                   = 
| pushpin_map_caption              = Location in Oceania
| coordinates                      = {{coord|6|23|N|162|25|W|type:isle_region:UM|display=it}}
| etymology                        = 
| location                         = Oceania
| grid_reference                   = <!-- UK only -->
| archipelago                      = 
| waterbody                        = 
| total_islands                    = 2
| major_islands                    = 
| area_km2                         = 0.03<ref name="Britannica_Kingman"/>
| area_footnotes                   = <br />(Land area – not including the lagoon)
| rank                             = 
| length_km                        = 17
| length_footnotes                 = 
| width_km                         = 8
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| coastline_km                     = 
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| elevation_m                      = 
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| country                          = United States
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| population                       = 0
| population_as_of                 = 2016<ref>{{cite web | url=https://coralreef.noaa.gov/gallery/infographic/pri-fast-facts.html | title=Pacific Remote Island Fast Facts }}</ref><ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Kingman-Reef | title=Kingman Reef &#124; Coral Atoll, Wildlife Refuge, Uninhabited &#124; Britannica }}</ref>
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| timezone1                        = [[Samoa Time Zone]]
| utc_offset1                      = -11:00
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}}

'''Kingman Reef''' ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɪ|ŋ|m|ən}}) is a largely submerged, uninhabited, triangle-shaped [[reef]], geologically an [[atoll]], {{convert|9.0|nmi|km|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} east-west and {{convert|4.5|nmi|km|sigfig=1|abbr=on}} north-south,<ref name=chart/><!-- dimensions changed from Jane Resture to NOAA on September 5, 2019 --> in the North Pacific Ocean, roughly halfway between the [[Hawaiian Islands]] and [[American Samoa]].<ref name=CIA/><ref>Coordinates are near the dry land spits.</ref> It has an area of 3 [[hectares]] (0.03&nbsp;km<sup>2</sup>; 7.4 [[acre]]s) and is an [[Unincorporated territories of the United States|unincorporated territory]] of the [[United States]]<ref name=":0">{{Cite book|last=USA|first=St John's School, Guam|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=W1cudnPlxEsC&q=Kingman+Reef+united+states+oceania&pg=PA28|title=Oceania in the 21st Century - Color|date=2010|publisher=Lulu.com|isbn=978-0-557-44505-9|language=en}}</ref> in [[Oceania]].<ref name=":0" /> The reef is administered by the [[United States Fish and Wildlife Service]] as the '''Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge'''. It was claimed by the United States in 1859 and later used briefly as a stopover for commercial Pacific flying boat routes in the 1930s going to New Zealand; however, the route was changed with a different stopover. It was administered by the Navy from 1934 to 2000 and thereafter by the Fish and Wildlife Service. It has since become a marine protected area. In the 19th century, it was noted as a maritime hazard, earning the name Hazard Rocks, and is known to have been hit once in 1876. In the 21st century, it has been noted for its marine biodiversity and remote nature. Hundreds of fish and coral species are on and around the reef.

==History==
[[File:Reef2322 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|thumb|left|[[Scuba diving|Scuba diver]] explores corals at Kingman Reef]]
[[File:Habitats at Kingman Reef - Peerj-81-fig-2E.png|thumb|The shallow reef with wave breaking overhead]]
[[File:Habitats at Kingman Reef - Peerj-81-fig-2F.png|thumb|The edge of reef as a slope down to the depths of 30 to 40 degrees]]
[[File:Shipwreck on Kingman Reef.jpg|thumb|A derelict shipwreck at Kingman Reef]]
Kingman Reef was discovered on June 14, 1798, by the American captain [[Edmund Fanning]] of the ship ''Betsey''. It was first described by Captain W. E. Kingman (whose name the island bears) of the ship ''Shooting Star'' on November 29, 1853. It was claimed in 1859 by the United States Guano Company, under the name "Dangers Rock," along with several other islands.<ref>{{aut|Bryan, E.H. Jr.}} (1941): ''American Polynesia and the Hawaiian Chain'' (1st ed.). Tongg Publishing Co., Honolulu, Hawaii. p.154.</ref> The claim was made under the U.S. [[Guano Islands Act]] of 1856, although there is no evidence that guano existed or was ever mined on Kingman Reef.<ref name="Rogers1933">{{cite report|title=The Sovereignty of Guano Islands in the Pacific Ocean|last=Rogers|first=E.S.|date=January 9, 1933|publisher=Department of State, Office of the Legal Advisor|location=Washington, D.C.|url=https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/server/api/core/bitstreams/b3266546-ba11-41ea-b0ad-df1b40106580/content |pages=43–45}}</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=GAO/OGC-98-5 – U.S. Insular Areas: Application of the U.S. Constitution |date = November 7, 1997 |url=http://www.gpo.gov/fdsys/pkg/GAOREPORTS-OGC-98-5/content-detail.html |publisher= U.S. Government Printing Office |access-date=March 23, 2013}}</ref> The British steamship ''Tarta'' struck the reef in June 1874, and it was later surveyed by {{HMS|Penguin|1876}} in 1897, establishing that Kingman Reef was the same hazard previously charted as Caldew Reef and Maria Shoal, among other names.<ref>{{cite book |title=Pacific Islands Pilot |volume= 2 (Eastern Groups) |edition=3rd |publisher=U.S. Navy Hydrographic Office |location=Washington, D.C. |year=1926 |series=H.O. No. 166 |author=<!--no byline--> |pages=557–558 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2EUPAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA557 |access-date=2023-05-09 |via=Google Books}}</ref>

On May 10, 1922, [[Lorrin A. Thurston]] became the first person to raise the American flag on the atoll and read an annexation proclamation.<ref name="Isle of Amnesia">Rauzon, Mark J. (2016). ''Isles of Amnesia: The History, Geography, and Restoration of America's Forgotten Pacific Islands''. University of Hawaiʻi Press, Latitude 20. Page 106. {{ISBN|9780824846794}}.</ref> The Palmyra Copra Co. intended to use Kingman as a fishing base, as demand for [[copra]] had declined after World War I and [[Palmyra Island]] lacked a suitable anchorage.<ref name="Rogers1933"/> Thurston formally claimed Kingman for the United States by reading the following declaration while standing on its shore:
<blockquote>Be it known to all people: That on the tenth of May, A.D. 1922, the undersigned agent of the Island of Palmyra Copra Co., Ltd., landed from the motorship Palmyra doth, on this tenth day of May, A.D. 1922, take formal possession of this island, called Kingman Reef, situated in longitude 162 degrees 18' west and 6 degrees 23' north, on behalf of the United States of America and claim the same for said company.</blockquote> A copy of the declaration, along with a U.S. flag and clippings from ''[[The Honolulu Advertiser]]'' newspaper, were left on Kingman to document the claim.<ref name="Rogers1933"/>

On December 29, 1934, the [[U.S. Navy]] assumed jurisdiction over Kingman Reef.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.doi.gov/oia/islands/kingmanreef |website=doi.gov |publisher=Office of Insular Affairs, Department of the Interior |title=Kingman Reef |date=June 12, 2015 |access-date=August 14, 2017 }}</ref> In 1935, the reef was visited by [[William T. Miller]], representing the U.S. [[Bureau of Air Commerce]].<ref name="Isle of Amnesia" />

In 1935, [[Pan American World Airways|Pan American Airways]] wanted to expand its routes to the Pacific and include Australia and New Zealand in its "Clipper" air routes, with a stopover in Pago Pago, American Samoa. However, an additional stopover point was sought. It had been decided that the Kingman Reef lagoon, located {{convert|1600|mi|km}} north of Samoa, would be suitable for overnight stops for planes en route from the U.S. to New Zealand. A supply ship, the ''North Wind,'' was stationed at Kingman Reef to provide fuel, lodging, and meals. On March 23, 1937, the S42B Pan American Clipper II, named ''[[Samoan Clipper]]'' and piloted by Captain [[Ed Musick]], en route from [[Hawaii]] to [[American Samoa]], became the first flight to land in Kingman Reef's lagoon.<ref>Rauzon, Mark J. (2016). Isles of Amnesia: The History, Geography, and Restoration of America's Forgotten Pacific Islands. University of Hawaiʻi Press, Latitude 20. Page 106. {{ISBN|9780824846794}}.</ref><ref name="PIM37-9">{{cite news| last = | first = | work=Pacific Islands Monthly |volume=VII |issue=9 |pages=5–6 |title= P.-A. Airways Clipper Spans Central Pacific, North to South|date =23 April 1937|url= https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-312663075/view?partId=nla.obj-312676296#page/n6/mode/1up| access-date=28 September 2021 |via=Trove}}</ref>

During the next several months, Pan Am successfully used the lagoon several times as a halfway station for its [[flying boat]]s ([[Sikorsky S-42]]B) when they traveled between those two points.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.clipperflyingboats.com/transpacific-airline-service |title=Pan Am Clipper Flying Boats |website=clipperflyingboats.com |publisher=HM Magazine |access-date=August 14, 2017 }}</ref> 
However, a Clipper flight on January 11, 1938, ended in tragedy. Shortly after the early-morning takeoff from [[Pago Pago]], as it was bound for [[New Zealand]], the plane exploded. The right outboard engine had developed an oil leak, and the aircraft burst into flames while dumping fuel; there were no survivors.<ref name="PIM38-6">{{cite news| last = | first = | work=Pacific Islands Monthly |volume=VIII |issue=6 |pages=7–8, 11 |title= Air Disaster: P.A.A. Flying-Boat and Crew Lost Near Samoa |date =24 January 1938|url=https://nla.gov.au/nla.obj-314365111/view?partId=nla.obj-314382544#page/n8/mode/1up| access-date=28 September 2021 |via=Trove}}</ref> As a result of the tragedy, Pan Am ended flights to New Zealand via Kingman Reef and Pago Pago. It established a new route in July 1940 that used [[Canton Island]] and [[New Caledonia]] as stopovers instead.

On February 14, 1941, President [[Franklin D. Roosevelt]] issued [[Executive order (United States)|Executive Order]] 8682 to create naval defense areas in the central Pacific territories. The proclamation established the "Kingman Reef Naval Defensive Sea Area", encompassing the territorial waters between the extreme high-water marks and the three-mile marine boundaries surrounding the atoll. "Kingman Naval Airspace Reservation" was also established to restrict access to the airspace over the naval defense sea area. Only U.S. government ships and aircraft were permitted to enter the naval defense areas at Kingman Reef unless authorized by the [[United States Secretary of the Navy|Secretary of the Navy]].

In 2012, Kingman Reef Atoll Development LLC, owned by descendants of the owners of the Palmyra Copra Co., Ltd., sued the U.S. government for its designation as a national wildlife refuge. The plaintiff sought $54.5 million in compensation for losing fishing rights, ecotourism, and other economic activity. However, in 2014, the federal court ruled that any such claim had expired by 1950 at the latest.<ref>{{cite court|litigants=Kingman Reef Atoll Development LLC v. United States|vol=116|reporter=Fed. Cl.|opinion=708|court=[[United States Court of Federal Claims]]|date=June 30, 2014|url=https://ecf.cofc.uscourts.gov/cgi-bin/show_public_doc?2006cv0828-139-0}}</ref>

In 2016, the ARRL Awards Committee of the [[American Radio Relay League]] removed Kingman Reef from its [[DXCC]] list, with the reef now considered part of the [[Palmyra Island]] / [[Jarvis Island]] DXCC Entity.<ref>{{cite web |title=DXCC Deletion of Kingman Reef |url=https://www.dx-world.net/dxcc-deletion-of-kingman-reef/ |website=DX World |date=March 28, 2016 |publisher=DX-World.net |access-date=2021-10-08}}</ref>
{{clear}}

== Geography ==
[[File:Kingman Reef - 2014-02-18 - Landsat 8 - 15m.png|thumb|left|[[NASA]] [[Landsat 8]] true-color photo of Kingman Reef]]
[[File:Orthographic projection over Kingman Reef.png|thumb|Orthographic projection over Kingman Reef]]
[[File:Kingman Reef NOAA chart.jpg|thumb|[[NOAA]] nautical chart of Kingman Reef]]
It is the northernmost of the Northern [[Line Islands]] and lies {{convert|36|nmi|km}} northwest of the next closest island ([[Palmyra Atoll]]), and {{convert|930|nmi|km}} south of [[Honolulu]].<ref name=CIA/>

The reef encloses a lagoon up to {{convert|53|fathom|ft m}} deep in its eastern part near the northeastern spit of land.<ref name=chart>{{citation |author=NOAA |title=Kingman Reef nautical chart |url=https://upload.wikimedia.org/wikipedia/commons/4/44/Kingman_Reef_NOAA_chart.jpg}}</ref> The total area within the outer rim of the reef is {{convert|20|nmi2|km2|abbr=on|-1}}.<ref>Because the reef is a [[Triangle#Computing the area of a triangle|triangle]], its area is {{nowrap|{{sfrac|1|2}}(base)(height) {{=}}}} {{nowrap|{{sfrac|1|2}}(9.0 nmi)(4.5 nmi) ≈ 20 nmi{{sup|2}}}}.</ref> There are two small strips (spits) of dry land composed of coral rubble and giant clamshells on the eastern rim with areas of {{convert|2|and|1|acre|ha|1}}<ref name=NWR>{{cite web |url=http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/ |title=Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge |publisher=U.S. Fish & Wildlife Service |access-date=August 14, 2017 |date=March 28, 2016 |archive-date=July 25, 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130725053054/http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/ }}</ref><ref name=CIA/> having a coastline of {{convert|2|mi|km|sigfig=1}}, a short spit on the northeast side of the lagoon and a spit twice as long but thinner on its south side.<ref name=chart/>

The highest point on the reef is less than {{convert|5|ft|m}} above sea level,<ref name=NWR/> which is wet or awash most of the time, making Kingman Reef a maritime hazard. It has no natural resources and supports no economic activity.<ref name=CIA>[https://www.cia.gov/the-world-factbook/countries/united-states-pacific-island-wildlife-refuges/ United States Pacific Island Wildlife Refuges – CIA World Factbook] Last updated April 7, 2010.</ref> In the 1930s, it was used as a stopover along with Palu Palu for flying boats crossing the Pacific for commercial airline routes.

==Political status==
Kingman Reef has the status of an [[unincorporated territory]] of the United States, administered from Washington, D.C., by the [[United States Department of the Interior|U.S. Department of Interior]]. The atoll is closed to the public.<ref>[https://swap.stanford.edu/20170316210937/https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/kq.html CIA World Factbook]. Kingman Reef. Retrieved September 5, 2019.</ref> For statistical purposes, Kingman Reef is grouped as part of the [[United States Minor Outlying Islands]]. In January 2009, Kingman Reef was designated a marine national monument.

The pre-20th century names Danger Rock, Caldew Reef, Maria Shoal, and Crane Shoal refer to this atoll, which was entirely submerged at high tide. [[Thomas Hale Streets]] described its state in the 1870s, when it had:
<blockquote>... hardly, as yet, assumed the distinctive features of an island. It is entirely under water at high tide, and but a few coral heads project here and there above the surface at low water. In the course of time, however, it will undoubtedly be added to the [northern Line Islands].<ref>{{Aut|Streets, Thomas H.}} (1877): [https://www.jstor.org/stable/2448050 "Some Account of the Natural History of the Fanning Group of Islands"]. ''[[American Naturalist]]'' '''11'''(2): 65–72. p.65.</ref></blockquote>

Kingman Reef is considered to be a county-equivalent by the [[U.S. Census Bureau]].<ref>[https://www.census.gov/library/reference/code-lists/ansi/ansi-codes-for-states.html Census Bureau Code Lists]. American National Standards Institute (ANSI) Codes for States. Retrieved September 5, 2019.</ref> With only 0.01 square miles (0.03 square kilometers) of land,<ref name="Britannica_Kingman">[https://www.britannica.com/place/Kingman-Reef Britannica.com. Kingman Reef]. Retrieved September 5, 2019.</ref> Kingman Reef is the [[County statistics of the United States|smallest]] county or county-equivalent by land area in the United States.

==Ecology==
[[File:Kingman Reef Oct 2003.jpg|thumb|left|Dry strip of land on Kingman Reef with a [[coconut]] [[Arecaceae|palm]] seedling; October 2003]]
Kingman Reef supports a vast variety of [[marine life]]. [[Giant clam]]s are abundant in the shallows, and there are approximately 38 genera and 130 species of stony corals on the reef. This is more than three times the species diversity of corals in the main Hawaiian Islands. The ecosystem of the reef and its subsequent food chain is known for the distinct quality of being primarily [[predator]]-based. Sharks comprised 74% of the top predator biomass (329 g·m{{sup|−2}}) at Kingman Reef and 57% at [[Palmyra Atoll]] (97 g·m{{sup|−2}}). Low shark numbers have been observed at [[Tabuaeran]] and [[Kiritimati]].<ref name="SAS">{{cite journal|last= Stuart A. Sandin |display-authors=etal |title = Baselines and Degradation of Coral Reefs in the Northern Line Islands |journal=PLOS ONE |date=February 27, 2008 |volume=3 |issue=2 |article-number=e1548 |publisher= 3 (2) PLoS ONE |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0001548 |pmid=18301734 |pmc=2244711 |bibcode=2008PLoSO...3.1548S |s2cid=12343048 |doi-access=free }}</ref>

The percentage of the total fish biomass on the reef is made up of 85% [[apex predator]]s, creating a high level of competition for food and nutrients among local organisms – particularly sharks, jacks, and other carnivores.<ref>{{Cite journal |last1=DeMartini |first1=Edward E. |last2=Friedlander |first2=Alan M. |last3=Sandin |first3=Stuart A. |last4=Sala |first4=Enric |date=2008-08-18 |title=Differences in fish-assemblage structure between fished and unfished atolls in the northern Line Islands, central Pacific |url=https://www.int-res.com/abstracts/meps/v365/p199-215/ |journal=Marine Ecology Progress Series |language=en |volume=365 |pages=199–215 |doi=10.3354/meps07501 |bibcode=2008MEPS..365..199D |issn=0171-8630|hdl=10261/58525 |hdl-access=free }}</ref> The threatened green sea turtles that frequent nearby Palmyra Atoll travel to Kingman Reef to forage and bask on the coral rubble spits at low tide.

However, above sea level, the reef is usually barren of macroorganisms. Mainly constructed of dead and dried coral skeletons, providing only [[calcite]] as a source of nutrients, the small and narrow strips of dry land are only habitable by a handful of species for short periods. Most flora that begin to grow above water—primarily [[coconut palm]]s—die out quickly due to the fierce tides and lack of resources necessary to sustain plant life.

==National Wildlife Refuge==
[[File:Reef2321 - Flickr - NOAA Photo Library.jpg|thumb|upright|NOAA scuba diver studying the reefs in 2008]]
[[File:A school of manini at Kingman Reef NWR (12197790793).jpg|thumb|School of [[Acanthurus triostegus|Manini fish]] at Kingman reef]]
On September 1, 2000, the Navy relinquished its control over Kingman Reef to the [[U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service]]. On January 18, 2001, Secretary of the Interior [[Bruce Babbitt]] created the Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge during his final days in office with Secretary's Order 3223. It is composed of the emergent coral rubble spits and all waters out to {{convert|12|nmi|km}}. While there are only {{convert|3|acre|km2}} of land, {{convert|483754|acre|km2}} of water area is included in the Refuge.<ref>{{cite web | last = White | first = Susan | title = Welcome to Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge | publisher = U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service | date = March 30, 2011 | url = http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/ | access-date = March 4, 2012 | archive-date = July 25, 2013 | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20130725053054/http://www.fws.gov/kingmanreef/ }}</ref> Along with six other islands, the reef was administered as part of the Pacific Remote Islands National Wildlife Refuge Complex. In January 2009, that entity was upgraded to the [[Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument]] by President [[George W. Bush]].<ref>{{cite web  | last = Bush | first = George W. | author-link = George W. Bush | title = Establishment of the Pacific Remote Islands Marine National Monument: A Proclamation by the President of the United States of America | publisher = [[White House]] | date = January 6, 2009 | url = https://georgewbush-whitehouse.archives.gov/news/releases/2009/01/20090106-6.html | access-date = March 4, 2012}}</ref> In 2025, this was renamed ''Pacific Islands Heritage Marine National Monument''.

==Amateur radio expeditions==
Since the early 1940s, Kingman Reef has had minimal human contact. However, [[amateur radio]] operators from around the world have occasionally visited the reef to put it "on the air" in what is known as a [[DX-pedition]]. In 1974, a group of [[radio amateur|amateurs]] using the callsign KP6KR sailed to the reef and set up a temporary radio station and antenna. Other groups visited the island in subsequent years, including 1977, 1980, 1981, 1988, and 1993.

More recently, 15 amateur radio operators from the ''Palmyra DX'' Group visited the reef in October 2000. Using the FCC-issued special event callsign ''K5K'', the group made more than 80,000 individual contacts with amateurs worldwide for 10 days.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.qsl.net/krpdxg/ |title=The Kingman Reef/Palmyra DX Group proudly presents Kingman Reef 2000 |website=qsl.net |access-date=August 14, 2017 |author=N1DG |date=March 11, 2001 }}</ref>

Between November 15, 1945, and March 28, 2016, Kingman Reef was considered a discrete entity to earn awards such as the [[DX Century Club]]. A video shot by amateur radio operators traveling to the K5P DX-pedition on Palmyra in January 2016 shows Kingman Reef mostly awash, raising questions as to whether a future activation of Kingman Reef would be possible.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://groups.google.com/forum/#!topic/cidxca/eT1vQakQ2kw |title=K5P Jet Footage |date=February 7, 2016 |first=Valerie NV9L |last=Hotzfeld |access-date=August 14, 2017 }}</ref>

On March 28, 2016, the [[Amateur Radio Relay League|ARRL]] DXCC desk deleted Kingman Reef from the list of collectible entities<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.arrl.org/news/kingman-reef-kh5-deleted-from-dxcc-list |title=Kingman Reef (KH5) Deleted from DXCC List |date=March 28, 2016 |access-date=August 14, 2017 |website=arrl.org  |publisher=[[Amateur Radio Relay League]] }}</ref> effective March 29, 2016, and deeming Kingman a part of the [[Palmyra Atoll|Palmyra]] and [[Jarvis Island|Jarvis]] entity due to proximity of the islands and common administration of the islands by the Fish and Wildlife Service.

==See also==
* [[Dependent territory]]
* [[Insular area]]
* [[List of Guano Island claims]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{commons category}}
{{wikiatlas|Kingman Reef}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20120511121850/http://janeresture.com/kingman_reef/index.htm Kingman Reef History by Jane Resture]
* [https://www.fws.gov/refuge/kingman_reef/ Kingman Reef National Wildlife Refuge]
* [http://www.qsl.net/krpdxg/ K5K Amateur Radio Expedition to Kingman Reef]
* Kennedy Warne: [https://web.archive.org/web/20080620094507/http://ngm.nationalgeographic.com/2008/07/kingman-reef/warne-text "An Uneasy Eden"] — [[National Geographic Magazine]], July 2008

{{United States political divisions}}
{{Territories of the United States}}
{{Protected areas of the United States Minor Outlying Islands}}
{{National Wildlife Refuges of the United States}}

{{authority control}}

[[Category:Pacific islands claimed under the Guano Islands Act]]
[[Category:Pacific Islands Heritage Marine National Monument]]
[[Category:Coral reefs of the United States]]
[[Category:Insular areas of the United States]]
[[Category:Line Islands]]
[[Category:Reefs of the Pacific Ocean]]
[[Category:Uninhabited Pacific islands of the United States]]
[[Category:United States Minor Outlying Islands]]
[[Category:National Wildlife Refuges in the United States insular areas]]
[[Category:Protected areas established in 2001]]
[[Category:Reefs of the United States]]