View source for Kingisepp

{{Short description|Town in Leningrad Oblast, Russia}}
{{Redirect|Yamburg}}
{{About||the Estonian surname|Kingsepp|the town in Estonia formerly known as "Kingissepa"|Kuressaare}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=February 2024}}

{{Infobox Russian inhabited locality
|en_name=Kingisepp
|ru_name=Кингисепп
|image_skyline=Фотографии Кингисеппа 0002.jpg
|image_caption=Views of Kingisepp
|coordinates = {{coord|59|22|N|28|37|E|display=inline,title}}
|map_label_position=right
|image_coa=Coat of Arms of Kingisepp (Leningrad oblast).png
|coa_caption=
|image_flag=Flag of Kingisepp (Leningrad oblast).png
|flag_caption=
|anthem=
|anthem_ref=
|holiday=
|holiday_ref=
|federal_subject=[[Leningrad Oblast]]
|federal_subject_ref=<ref name="LeningradO_adm" />
|adm_district_jur=[[Kingiseppsky District]]
|adm_district_jur_ref=<ref name="LeningradO_adm" />
|adm_selsoviet_jur=Kingiseppskoye Settlement Municipal Formation
|adm_selsoviet_type=Settlement municipal formation
|adm_selsoviet_jur_ref=<ref name="LeningradO_adm" />
|adm_ctr_of1=[[Kingiseppsky District]]
|adm_ctr_of1_ref=<ref name="LeningradO_adm" />
|adm_ctr_of2=Kingiseppskoye Settlement Municipal Formation
|adm_ctr_of2_ref=<ref name="LeningradO_adm" />
|inhabloc_cat=Town
|inhabloc_cat_ref=<ref name="LeningradO_adm" />
|inhabloc_type=
|inhabloc_type_ref=
|mun_district_jur=Kingiseppsky Municipal District
|mun_district_jur_ref=<ref name="LeningradOKingiseppskyD_mun" />
|urban_settlement_jur=Kingiseppskoye Urban Settlement
|urban_settlement_jur_ref=<ref name="LeningradOKingiseppskyD_mun" />
|mun_admctr_of1=Kingiseppsky Municipal District
|mun_admctr_of1_ref=<ref name="LeningradOKingiseppskyD_mun" />
|mun_admctr_of2=Kingiseppskoye Urban Settlement
|mun_admctr_of2_ref=<ref name="LeningradOKingiseppskyD_mun" />
|leader_title=
|leader_title_ref=
|leader_name=
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|representative_body=
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|area_km2=
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|pop_2010census=48488
|pop_2010census_rank=327th
|pop_2010census_ref=<ref name="2010Census">{{ru-pop-ref|2010Census}}</ref>
|pop_density=
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|established_date=1384
|established_title=First mentioned
|established_date_ref=<ref name="bernadsky" />
|current_cat_date=
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|postal_codes=188480, 188482, 188485, 188487, 188489, 188499
|dialing_codes=81375
|dialing_codes_ref=
|website=http://www.kingisepp-mo.ru/
}}

'''Kingisepp''' ({{langx|ru|Ки́нгисепп}} or {{lang|ru|Кингисе́пп}}), formerly '''Yamburg''' ({{lang|ru|Я́мбург}}), '''Yam''' ({{lang|ru|Ям}}), and '''Yama''' ({{lang|ru|Я́ма}}; [[Votic language|Votic]]: <span lang="vot" dir="ltr">Jaama</span>), is a [[types of inhabited localities in Russia|town]] and the [[administrative center]] of [[Kingiseppsky District]] of [[Leningrad Oblast]], [[Russia]], located along the [[Luga River]] {{convert|138|km|sp=us}} southwest of [[Saint Petersburg|St.&nbsp;Petersburg]], {{convert|20|km|sp=us}} east of [[Narva]], and {{convert|40|km|sp=us}} south of the [[Gulf of Finland]]. Population: {{ru-census|p2010=48,488|p2002=50,295|p1989=49,954}}

==History==
{{Quote box |width=25em |align=left |bgcolor=#B0D4DE
|title=Historical affiliations
|fontsize=85% |quote=<poem>{{flagicon image|Nowogród.svg}} [[Novgorod Republic]] 1384–1478
{{flagicon image|Lob flag moskovskiy.svg}} [[Grand Duchy of Moscow]] 1478–1547
{{flagicon image|Flag of Oryol (variant).svg}} [[Tsardom of Russia]] 1547–1583
{{flag|Kingdom of Sweden}} 1583–1595
{{flagicon image|Flag of Oryol (variant).svg}} [[Tsardom of Russia]] 1595–1617
{{flag|Kingdom of Sweden}} 1617–1721
  {{flagicon image|Flag of Oryol (variant).svg}} [[Tsardom of Russia]] 1703–1721 (''occupation'')
{{flag|Russian Empire}} 1721–1917
{{flagicon|Russia}} [[Russian Republic]] 1917
{{flagicon image|Flag of Russian SFSR (1918-1937).svg}} [[Soviet Russia]] 1917–1919
{{flagicon|Russia}} ''[[White Movement]]'' 1919
{{flagicon image|Flag of Russian SFSR (1918-1937).svg}} [[Soviet Russia]] 1919–1922
{{flag|Soviet Union}} 1922–1991
  {{flag|Nazi Germany}} 1941–1944 (''occupation'')
{{flag|Russian Federation}} 1991–present</poem>
}}

===14th century===
The town was first documented in 1384, when the [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorodians]] under [[Patrikas]] built there a [[Yam fortress|fortress]] against the Swedes.<ref name="bernadsky">{{cite book|title=Новгород и новгородская земля в XV веке (''Novgorod and the Novgorod Land in the 15th century'')|last=Bernadsky|first=Viktor Nikolayevich|year=1961|publisher=published by the [[USSR Academy of Sciences]]|location=[[Saint Petersburg|Leningrad]]|pages=123–124}}</ref> It was called Yama or '''Yamsky Gorodok''', after the [[Izhorians|Izhorian]] (ethnic [[Baltic Finns|Finnic]] group) name Jaama. The environs of the town are still cited as the main location of speakers of the nearly extinct [[Ingrian language|Izhorian language]]. The citadel withstood sieges by the Swedes in 1395 and by the [[Teutonic Knights]] during the 1444–1448 war.

===15-16th century===
The town became the most important economic center of the {{ill|Vodskaya pyatina|ru|Водская пятина}} of the Novgorod Republic. There were 201&nbsp;homesteads in the 15th century in the town; its total population can only be evaluated roughly based on the estimates of three to five persons per homestead.<ref name="bernadsky" /> At the end of the [[Livonian War]], it was ceded to [[Sweden]], only to be returned twelve years later, in 1595.

===17th century===
[[File:Jaaman linna.jpg|thumb|left|Swedish ''Jama'' in the 17th century]]

Following the [[Treaty of Stolbovo]], it again passed to the Swedes, who kept the name which in Swedish orthography became ''Jama'' or ''Jamo''. The town was completely destroyed by Russian armies during the war of 1656–1658, after which only the citadel remained intact. The Swedes demolished the citadel in 1681.<ref>{{Cite web|last=Agrafenin Anatoliy|date=2016-07-24|title=Неизвестная Ленобласть: В поисках древнего Ямбурга (The unknown Leningrad oblast: in search of the old Yamburg)|url=https://www.spb.kp.ru/daily/26559.5/3575394/|access-date=2020-09-22|website=spb.kp.ru - Сайт «Комсомольской правды»}}</ref> It is questionable whether the town, with its exclusively Russian population, ever recovered.

===18th century===
First held by the Russians for a month in late 1700,{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} what was left of the citadel was finally taken by the Russians in the course of the [[Great Northern War]] in 1703.<ref name="gr">{{cite book|title=Энциклопедия Города России|year=2003|publisher=Большая Российская Энциклопедия|location=Moscow|isbn=5-7107-7399-9|pages=188}}</ref> On May&nbsp;14, 1703, Yam was renamed Yamburg<ref name="OffSite">{{cite web|script-title=ru:Кингисепп - официальный сайт Администрации МО Кингисеппское городское поселение - История |url=http://www.kingisepp-mo.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=76&Itemid=369 |publisher=Официальный сайт Администрации |access-date=March 3, 2014 |language=ru |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140303204029/http://www.kingisepp-mo.ru/index.php?option=com_content&task=blogcategory&id=76&Itemid=369 |archive-date=March 3, 2014 }}</ref> (a German version of the name). Five years later, [[Peter the Great]] granted the town to [[Alexander Danilovich Menshikov|Alexander Menshikov]]<ref name="gr" /> in his capacity of the Duke of [[Ingria|Izhora]]. In the course of the [[administrative divisions of Russia in 1708–1710|administrative reform]], Yamburg was included into Ingermanland Governorate (known since 1710 as [[Saint Petersburg Governorate]]).{{citation needed|date=February 2024}} In 1780, [[Catherine the Great]] re-approved with some changes a previously existing coat of arms.<ref name="OffSite" /> [[Uyezd town]] status was granted to it in 1784.<ref name="gr" />

===20th century===

====Russian Civil War====
[[File:Bridge near Jambourg, on the river Luga (1919) (14150975787).jpg|thumbnail|left|Yamburg Bridge, destroyed by the White Army, 1919]]
[[Vladimir Lenin]] reportedly stayed in Yamburg in January 1919, when he ordered the [[Bolsheviks|Bolshevik]] troops to retake the town of [[Narva]] from [[Maavägi|Estonian forces]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Allies Repulse Reds' Attack at the Dvina|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1919-01-29/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=March 3, 2014|newspaper=[[New York Tribune]]|date=January 29, 1919}}</ref> In October 1919, the anti-Bolshevist commander, General [[Nikolai Yudenich]] captured Yamburg, which marked the beginning of the push by the [[White movement|Northwestern White Army]] towards [[Saint Petersburg|Petrograd]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Push on Petrograd Marked by Taking of Russian Town|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn88078751/1919-10-14/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=March 3, 2014|newspaper=The Democratic Banner|date=October 14, 1919|agency=[[Ohio Historical Society]]|location=[[Columbus, OH]]|page=1}}</ref> However, the Bolsheviks subsequently re-captured Yamburg on November&nbsp;14, 1919.<ref>{{cite news|title=Bolsheviki Grain Near Petrograd|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030214/1919-11-15/ed-1/seq-4/|access-date=March 3, 2014|newspaper=New York Tribune|date=November 15, 1919|agency=[[Library of Congress]]|location=Washington, DC|page=4}}</ref> On November&nbsp;16, 1919, the forces of General Yudenich were "crowded together in a small space near Yamburg" "in a serious state of disorganization", reported ''[[The New York Times]]''.<ref>{{cite news|title=Yudenitch a Refuge? Bolshevist Commander Said to Have Arrived in Esthonian Capital.|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1919/11/23/118235900.pdf|access-date=March 3, 2014|newspaper=[[The New York Times]]|date=November 23, 1919|page=7}}</ref>

The German form of the town name was retained until 1922, when the Bolsheviks renamed it in honor of the exiled Estonian Communist leader [[Viktor Kingissepp]].

====Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive====
{{Main|Kingisepp–Gdov Offensive}}

During [[World War II]], Kingisepp was occupied by [[Nazi Germany|German]] troops from August&nbsp;16, 1941 until February&nbsp;1, 1944, when the [[109th Rifle Corps]] captured the town, forcing the [[18th Army (Wehrmacht)|German 18th Army]] into new positions on the eastern bank of Narva.<ref name=glantz>{{cite book|author=David M. Glantz|title=The Battle for Leningrad: 1941-1944|publisher=University Press of Kansas|location=Lawrence|year=2002|isbn=0-7006-1208-4|url-access=registration|url=https://archive.org/details/battleforleningr00glan}}</ref>

====Administrative changes====
In the beginning of the 20th century, Yamburg was the seat of [[Yamburgsky Uyezd]] of [[Saint Petersburg Governorate|St.&nbsp;Petersburg Governorate]] (later known as Petrograd and Leningrad Governorate).<ref>{{cite web|url=http://dic.academic.ru/dic.nsf/brokgauz_efron/147083/%D0%AF%D0%BC%D0%B1%D1%83%D1%80%D0%B3|script-title=ru:Ямбург, город|publisher=Brockhaus and Efron Encyclopedic Dictionary|language=ru|access-date=3 March 2014}}</ref> On May&nbsp;17, 1922, Yamburgsky Uyezd was renamed Kingiseppsky, simultaneously with the town.<ref name="YamburgskyUyezdHist">{{cite web|url=http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/7_jamburg.htm|script-title=ru:Ямбургский уезд (1917 г. - май 1922 г.), Кингисеппский уезд (май 1922 г. - август 1927 г.)|publisher=Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга|language=ru|access-date=March 3, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130411181335/http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/7_jamburg.htm|archive-date=April 11, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref>

On August&nbsp;1, 1927, the uyezds were abolished and Kingiseppsky District, with the [[administrative center]] in Kingisepp, was established.<ref name="YamburgskyUyezdHist" /> The governorates were also abolished, and the district became a part of [[Leningrad Okrug]] of [[Leningrad Oblast]].<ref name="KingiseppskyDHist">{{cite web|url=http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/57_Kingiseppsky_rayon.htm|script-title=ru:Кингисеппский район (август 1927 г.)|publisher=Система классификаторов исполнительных органов государственной власти Санкт-Петербурга|language=ru|access-date=February 28, 2014|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131211121714/http://classif.spb.ru/sprav/np_lo/57_Kingiseppsky_rayon.htm|archive-date=December 11, 2013|url-status=dead}}</ref> On July&nbsp;23, 1930, the okrugs were abolished as well and the districts were directly subordinated to the oblast. Between March&nbsp;22, 1935 and September&nbsp;19, 1940, Kingisepp was the administrative center of [[Kingisepp Okrug]] of Leningrad Oblast, one of the okrugs abutting the state boundaries of the Soviet Union. After Kingisepp Okrug was abolished on September&nbsp;19, 1940, Kingisepp became a town of oblast significance on December&nbsp;17, 1940.<ref name="KingiseppskyDHist" /> In 2010, the administrative structure of Leningrad Oblast was harmonized with the municipal structure<ref>{{cite web|url=http://msu.lenobl.ru/news?id=38614|script-title=ru:Отчет о работе комитета по взаимодействию с органами местного самоуправления Ленинградской области в 2010 году|publisher=Комитет по печати и связям с общественностью Ленинградской области|language=ru|access-date=March 3, 2014}}</ref> and Kingisepp became a town of district significance.

==Geography==
===Climate===
{{Weather box
|location = Kingisepp
|metric first = Yes
|single line = Yes
|width = auto
|collapsed =
|Jan record high C = 8.6
|Feb record high C = 10.3
|Mar record high C = 17.6
|Apr record high C = 27.0
|May record high C = 33.2
|Jun record high C = 34.9
|Jul record high C = 33.6
|Aug record high C = 35.0
|Sep record high C = 29.9
|Oct record high C = 21.0
|Nov record high C = 13.0
|Dec record high C = 11.6
|Jan high C = -2.5
|Feb high C = -2.1
|Mar high C = 2.9
|Apr high C = 10.4
|May high C = 17.0
|Jun high C = 20.8
|Jul high C = 23.3
|Aug high C = 21.6
|Sep high C = 16.1
|Oct high C = 8.8
|Nov high C = 2.6
|Dec high C = -0.6
|Jan mean C = -4.9
|Feb mean C = -5.2
|Mar mean C = -1.1
|Apr mean C = 5.3
|May mean C = 11.3
|Jun mean C = 15.6
|Jul mean C = 18.2
|Aug mean C = 16.4
|Sep mean C = 11.5
|Oct mean C = 5.7
|Nov mean C = 0.6
|Dec mean C = -2.6
|Jan low C = -7.5
|Feb low C = -8.3
|Mar low C = -5.0
|Apr low C = 0.6
|May low C = 5.4
|Jun low C = 10.2
|Jul low C = 13.1
|Aug low C = 11.6
|Sep low C = 7.5
|Oct low C = 2.8
|Nov low C = -1.5
|Dec low C = -4.8
|Jan record low C = -38.1
|Feb record low C = -40.0
|Mar record low C = -32.8
|Apr record low C = -26.1
|May record low C = -6.1
|Jun record low C = -1.1
|Jul record low C = 2.8
|Aug record low C = 0.0
|Sep record low C = -6.1
|Oct record low C = -12.8
|Nov record low C = -22.8
|Dec record low C = -40.0
|Jan precipitation mm = 52
|Feb precipitation mm = 42
|Mar precipitation mm = 40
|Apr precipitation mm = 39
|May precipitation mm = 50
|Jun precipitation mm = 77
|Jul precipitation mm = 74
|Aug precipitation mm = 95
|Sep precipitation mm = 65
|Oct precipitation mm = 74
|Nov precipitation mm = 62
|Dec precipitation mm = 58
|source 1 = www.pogodaiklimat.ru<ref name="pogodaiklimat">
{{cite web
| url = http://www.pogodaiklimat.ru/climate/26059.htm
| title = Климат Кингисеппа - Погода и климат
| access-date = 12 December 2021
| language = ru}}</ref>

}}

==Administrative and municipal divisions==
Within the [[subdivisions of Russia#Administrative divisions|framework of administrative divisions]], Kingisepp serves as the [[administrative center]] of [[Kingiseppsky District]].<ref name="LeningradO_adm">Oblast Law #32-oz</ref> As an administrative division, it is, together with the [[village#Russia|village]] of [[Porkhovo, Leningrad Oblast|Porkhovo]], incorporated within Kingiseppsky District as '''Kingiseppskoye [[Town of district significance|Settlement Municipal Formation]]'''.<ref name="LeningradO_adm" /> As a [[subdivisions of Russia#Municipal divisions|municipal division]], Kingiseppskoye Settlement Municipal Formation is incorporated within Kingiseppsky Municipal District as '''Kingiseppskoye Urban Settlement'''.<ref name="LeningradOKingiseppskyD_mun">Law #81-oz</ref>

==Economy==
===Industry===
The economy of Kingisepp is based on chemical, glass, and food industries. It is the location for the [[EuroChem]] Northwest ammonia plant which has the largest single-train production capacity in Europe, at 1 million tpy.
<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.worldfertilizer.com/nitrogen/07062019/eurochem-opens-new-us1-billion-ammonia-plant-in-kingisepp-russia|title=EuroChem opens new US$1 billion ammonia plant in Kingisepp, Russia|date=June 7, 2019}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.eurochemgroup.com/media-announcements/eurochem-opens-new-1bn-ammonia-plant-in-kingisepp-russia|title = EuroChem opens new $1bn ammonia plant in Kingisepp, Russia - EuroChem Group|date = June 7, 2019}}</ref>

===Transportation===
The railway connecting [[Saint Petersburg|St.&nbsp;Petersburg]] with [[Tallinn]] passes through Kingisepp and has a [[Kingisepp railway station|railway station]] in it. There is infrequent suburban service to the [[Baltiysky railway station]] in St.&nbsp;Petersburg and to [[Ivangorod]].

The [[A180 highway (Russia)|A180 Highway]], connecting St.&nbsp;Petersburg and Ivangorod, passes Kingisepp as well. It coincides with the [[European route E20]] connecting St.&nbsp;Petersburg via Tallinn. Kingisepp is also connected by road with [[Volosovo, Volosovsky District, Leningrad Oblast|Volosovo]] and [[Slantsy, Leningrad Oblast|Slantsy]].

==Culture==
[[File:Кингисепп, Екатерининский собор.JPG|thumb|Yamburg's St.&nbsp;Catherine Cathedral was built in 1764–1782 to a late Baroque design by [[Antonio Rinaldi (architect)|Antonio Rinaldi]]]]
Kingisepp contains thirteen cultural heritage monuments of federal significance and additionally seventeen objects classified as cultural and historical heritage of local significance. The federal monuments include the [[Yam Fortress]], the {{Ill|Saint Catherine Cathedral, Kingisepp|ru|Екатерининский собор (Кингисепп)}} (by [[Antonio Rinaldi (architect)|Antonio Rinaldi]]), and the complex of military barracks of the 19th century.{{RKN_base}}

Kingisepp has a local history museum. It was open in 1960 and is located in the buildings of the St.&nbsp;Catherine Cathedral. In 1990, the cathedral was transferred to [[Russian Orthodox Church]] and the museum was closed until 1999, when it re-opened in the former building of the commercial school, an architecture monument.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.museum.ru/M247 |script-title=ru:Кингисеппский историко-краеведческий музей |publisher=Российская сеть культурного наследия |language=ru |access-date=April 3, 2013 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130413030058/http://www.museum.ru/M247 |archive-date=April 13, 2013 }}</ref>
[[File:Ямбург 0022.jpg|thumb|Kingisepp local museum]]

==Twin towns – sister cities==
{{See also|List of twin towns and sister cities in Russia}}

Kingisepp is [[Sister city|twinned]] with:<ref>{{cite web|title=Международные контакты|url=http://www.kingisepplo.ru/contacts/index.htm|website=kingisepplo.ru|publisher=Kingisepp|language=ru|access-date=2020-02-06|archive-date=February 2, 2020|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200202165741/http://www.kingisepplo.ru/contacts/index.htm|url-status=dead}}</ref>
{{div col|colwidth=15em}}
*{{flagicon|POL}} [[Bielsk Podlaski]], Poland
*{{flagicon|EST}} [[Jõhvi]], Estonia
*{{flagicon|NOR}} [[Narvik Municipality|Narvik]], Norway
*{{flagicon|GEO}} [[Pitsunda]], Georgia
*{{Flagicon|FIN}} [[Raisio]], Finland
*{{flagicon|CHN}} [[Renhuai]], China
*{{flagicon|GER}} [[Sassnitz]], Germany
*{{flagicon|BLR}} [[Svietlahorsk]], Belarus
{{div col end}}

==Notable people==
<!---♦♦♦ Please keep the list in alphabetical order by LAST NAME ♦♦♦--->
*[[Aleksei Ionov]] (1989), association football player
*[[Vera Karelina]] (1870–1931), labor activist and revolutionary
*[[Aleksandr Kerzhakov]] (1982), association football player
*[[Mikhail Kerzhakov]] (1987), association football player
*[[Pavel Mogilevets]] (1993), association football player
*[[Grigory Spiridonovich Petrov]] (1868–1925), politician
*[[Ivan Shpakov]] (1986), association football player
*[[Gustav Heinrich Johann Apollon Tammann]] (1861–1938), scientist

==References==

===Notes===
{{Reflist}}

===Sources===
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|len|adm|list}}
*{{RussiaAdmMunRef|len|mun|list|kingiseppsky}}

==External links==
*{{Commons category-inline}}
*{{Official website|http://www.kingisepp-mo.ru/ }} {{in lang|ru}}
*[http://makewebmap.com/city.php?kod=2371698-ru Pictures of Kingisepp]

{{Leningrad Oblast}}
{{Major fortresses of Western Russia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Cities and towns in Leningrad Oblast]]
[[Category:Kingiseppsky District]]
[[Category:Yamburgsky Uyezd]]