View source for Kinder Scout

{{short description|Mountain in northern England}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=April 2022}}
{{Use British English|date=February 2025}}
{{Infobox mountain
| name = Kinder Scout
| photo = KinderScoutPlateau.jpg
| photo_caption = The Kinder plateau seen from the south
| elevation_m = 636 
| elevation_ref = <ref name=Bathurst_2012>{{cite book |last=Bathurst |first=David |year=2012 |title=Walking the county high points of England |location=Chichester |publisher=Summersdale |isbn=978-1-84-953239-6 |pages=234–241 }}</ref><ref>{{cite book |title=The Mountains of England & Wales – Volume 2: England |last1=Nuttall |first1=J. |last2=Nuttall |first2=A. |year=1990 |publisher=Cicerone |location=[[Milnthorpe]] |isbn=1-85284-037-4 |url=http://www.nuttalls.com/mountains/england.htm |access-date=23 August 2009 |archive-date=20 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210120011300/https://www.nuttalls.com/mountains/england.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>
| prominence_m = 496.6
| prominence_ref =<ref name=hb>[http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=S&rf=2807 ''Kinder Scout''] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160402081512/http://www.hill-bagging.co.uk/mountaindetails.php?qu=S&rf=2807 |date=2 April 2016 }} at www.hill-bagging.co.uk. Retrieved 11 March 2016.</ref>
| parent_peak = [[Cross Fell]]
| map = United Kingdom Peak District#United Kingdom Derbyshire
| map_caption = Location in the Peak District##Location in Derbyshire
| map_size = 200
| label_position = right
| listing = [[Marilyn (hill)|Marilyn]], [[Hewitt (hill)|Hewitt]], [[Hardy (hill)|Hardy]], [[List of English counties by highest point|county top]], [[Nuttall (hill)|Nuttall]]
| translation = 
| language = [[Old Norse language|Old Norse]]
| pronunciation = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɪ|n|d|ər|_|ˈ|s|k|aʊ|t}}
| location = [[Derbyshire]], England
| range = [[Peak District]]
| coordinates = {{Wikidatacoord|Q1741750|type:mountain_scale:100000|display=inline,title}}
| grid_ref_UK = SK084875
| topo = [[Ordnance Survey|OS]] ''Landranger'' 110
}}
'''Kinder Scout''' is a [[moorland]] [[plateau]] and [[National nature reserve (United Kingdom)|National Nature Reserve]]<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/nnr/1460452.aspx |title=Kinder Scout NNR |last=Anon |work=Natural England:Our work |publisher=Natural England |access-date=1 August 2014 |archive-date=19 December 2013 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131219030135/http://www.naturalengland.org.uk/ourwork/conservation/designations/nnr/1460452.aspx |url-status=live }}</ref> in the [[Dark Peak]] of the [[Derbyshire]] [[Peak District]] in England. Part of the moor, at {{convert|636|m|ft}} above [[sea level]], is the highest point in the Peak District, in Derbyshire and the [[East Midlands]].<ref name="Bathurst_2012" />

==Overview==
Kinder Scout is part of the Dark Peak [[Site of Special Scientific Interest]],<ref>{{cite web |title=Dark Peak SSSI |url=http://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/1003028.pdf |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=25 December 2023 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20231225185654/https://designatedsites.naturalengland.org.uk/PDFsForWeb/Citation/1003028.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> and part of the plateau was designated as a National Nature Reserve in 2009.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/63060069d3bf7f3660de63cc/kinder-scout-nnr-declaration-maps.pdf |title=Kinder Scout National Nature Reserve |date=21 June 2022 |publisher=Natural England |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225125758/https://assets.publishing.service.gov.uk/media/63060069d3bf7f3660de63cc/kinder-scout-nnr-declaration-maps.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> Much of the area is owned and managed by the [[National Trust]] as part of its [[High Peak Estate]].<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/peak-district-derbyshire/kinder-edale-and-the-high-peak |title=Kinder, Edale and the High Peak |publisher=National Trust |access-date=25 February 2024 |archive-date=25 February 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240225125758/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/visit/peak-district-derbyshire/kinder-edale-and-the-high-peak |url-status=live }}</ref> The city of [[Manchester]] and the [[Greater Manchester]] conurbation can be seen from the western edges, as can [[Winter Hill (Lancashire)|Winter Hill]] near [[Bolton]] and, in good weather, the mountains of [[Snowdonia]] in [[North Wales]]. To the north, across the [[Snake Pass]], lie the high moors of [[Bleaklow]] and [[Black Hill (Peak District)|Black Hill]], which are of similar elevation; the [[Pennine Way]] long-distance footpath crosses the three hills on its route from nearby [[Edale]] to [[Kirk Yetholm]] in Scotland.

Kinder Scout featured on the BBC television programme ''[[Seven Natural Wonders]]'' (2005) as one of the wonders of the [[English Midlands|Midlands]]; however, it is considered by many to be in [[Northern England]], lying between the cities of Manchester and [[Sheffield]]. In [[chronostratigraphy]], the British [[Stage (stratigraphy)|sub-stage]] of the [[Carboniferous]] period, the ''Kinderscoutian'', derives its name from Kinder Scout. In an early text this summit was identified as "the Peak", and the whole area is often referred to locally as "The Peak" or "The Peaks".<ref>{{multiref|
{{cite book |last1=Bartholomew |first1=John |title=Gazetteer of the British Isles, statistical and topographical |date=1887 |publisher=Adam and Charles Black |location=Edinburgh |page=Plate 2 after text |no-pp=y |chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=uc1.b5036631&view=1up&seq=933 |chapter=Diagram Showing Comparative Heights of Mountains, Places, etc. in the British Isles}}|
{{cite journal |title=Review of ''The Scenery and Geology of the Peak of Derbyshire'' by Elizabeth Dale |journal=Nature |date=November 1900 |volume=63 |issue=1621 |page=80 |doi=10.1038/063080a0 |s2cid=26892266 |language=en |issn=1476-4687 |doi-access=free}}|
{{cite web |first=Jake |last=Robertson |title=The Summit of Kinder Scout via The Cloughs — Peak District Walk |url=https://www.walkingbritain.co.uk/walk-3350-description |website=Walking Britain |quote= |access-date=4 April 2022}}
 }}</ref>

The [[Aetherius Society]] considers it to be one of its 19 [[sacred mountains|holy mountains]].<ref>{{cite web |title=Holy Mountains Of The World |website=The Aetherius Society, New Zealand Branch |date=13 May 2019 |url=https://www.aetherius.org.nz/about/holy-mountains/ |access-date=6 June 2024 |archive-date=6 June 2024 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20240606132504/https://www.aetherius.org.nz/about/holy-mountains/ |url-status=live }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Holy Mountains |website=The Aetherius Society |date=2 June 2022 |url=https://www.aetherius.org/pilgrimages-to-holy-mountains/ |access-date=6 June 2024 }}</ref><ref>{{cite web |title=Aetherius Society Holy Mountains |website=Peakbagger |date=1 November 2004 |url=https://www.peakbagger.com/list.aspx?lid=609 |access-date=6 June 2024 }}</ref>

==Etymology==
The name "Kinder" was first recorded in the [[Domesday Survey]] of 1086 as ''Chendre'',<ref>{{cite book |last=Ekwall |first=Eilert |title=The Concise Oxford Dictionary of English Place-Names |date=1947 |location=Oxford |publisher=Clarendon Press |page=264 |url=https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.184064/page/n309 }}</ref> and is of obscure meaning.<ref name=hey>{{cite journal |title=Kinder Scout and the legend of the Mass Trespass |last=Hey |first=David |journal=Agricultural History Review |volume=59 |issue=2 |date=2011 |page=199 |url=https://www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/59_25_Hey.pdf |archive-date=24 February 2021 |access-date=21 February 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210224181159/https://www.bahs.org.uk/AGHR/ARTICLES/59_25_Hey.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref> It is believed to be pre-English in origin.<ref name=hey/> "Scout" is an old word for a high, overhanging rock (derived from the Norse ''skúte''),<ref>{{Cite OED|Scout |id=173220 }}</ref> and refers to the cliffs on the western side of the plateau.<ref name=hey/>

==Public access==
Kinder Scout is accessible from the villages of [[Hayfield, Derbyshire|Hayfield]] and [[Edale]] in the [[High Peak, Derbyshire|High Peak]] of Derbyshire. It is a popular [[hiking]] location and the [[Pennine Way]] crosses Kinder Scout and the moors to the north. This has resulted in the erosion of the underlying [[peat]], prompting work by [[Derbyshire County Council]] and the [[Peak District National Park]] Authority to repair it, in conjunction with the landowner, the [[National Trust]].<ref>Peak District National Park Authority, Landscape Strategy and Action Plan, September 2009 (section on Dark Peak)</ref> The [[Four Inns Walk]], a competitive hiking event, crosses over Kinder Scout.

The plateau was the location of the [[mass trespass of Kinder Scout|Kinder Scout Mass Trespass]] in 1932. From the National Park's inception, a large area of the high moorland north of Edale was designated as "[[Open Country|open country]]". In 2003, the "[[Freedom to roam#England and Wales|right to roam]]" on uncultivated land was enshrined into law, and this area of open country has been significantly extended.

Parts of the Kinder Scout plateau (except legal rights of way) are still occasionally closed for conservation, public safety, grouse shooting or fire prevention reasons, but prior notice is generally given on the Peak District National Park Authority's website.<ref name="crow">{{cite web |title=Access land restrictions |url=http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/visiting/crow/crow-restrictions |website=www.peakdistrict.gov.uk |publisher=Peak District National Park Authority |access-date=31 January 2017 |archive-date=13 February 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170213183203/http://www.peakdistrict.gov.uk/visiting/crow/crow-restrictions |url-status=dead }}</ref>

==Landmarks==
===Kinder Downfall===
[[File:Kinder Downfall in spate.jpg|thumb|Kinder Downfall in spate]]
Kinder Downfall is the tallest [[waterfall]] in the Peak District, with a 30-metre fall. It lies on the [[River Kinder]], where it flows west over one of the gritstone cliffs on the plateau edge. Although usually little more than a trickle in summer, in spate conditions it is impressive. In certain wind conditions (notably when there is a strong westerly wind), the water is blown back on itself, and the resulting cloud of spray can be seen from several miles away. In cold winters the waterfall freezes providing local mountaineers with an icy challenge that can be climbed with [[ice axes]], ropes and [[crampons]]. Below the Downfall the River Kinder flows into [[Kinder Reservoir]].
[[File:Kinder Downfall frozen.jpg|thumb|Kinder Downfall frozen in winter]]

===Jacob's Ladder<span class="anchor" id="Jacob's Ladder"></span>===
[[File:Packhorse_Bridge_and_Jacob's_Ladder_-_geograph.org.uk_-_616482.jpg|thumb|Packhorse bridge at the foot of Jacob's Ladder]]
Jacob's Ladder is a [[bridleway]] between the Kinder Scout plateau and the hamlet of Upper Booth in the [[Vale of Edale]].<ref name="OS23">{{cite map |publisher=Ordnance Survey |title=OL1 Dark Peak Area |scale=1:25000 |series=Explorer }}</ref> In the 18th century, Jacob Marshall farmed the land at Edale Head, at the top of what became known as Jacob's Ladder. He cut steps into this steep section of the route up to the Kinder plateau.<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |title=Walking in the Peak District: Day one |url=https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/ilam-park-dovedale-and-the-white-peak/trails/walking-in-the-peak-district-day-one |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=National Trust |language=en |archive-date=25 January 2021 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210125225306/https://www.nationaltrust.org.uk/ilam-park-dovedale-and-the-white-peak/trails/walking-in-the-peak-district-day-one |url-status=live }}</ref> The name is a reference to the [[Jacob's Ladder|ladder to heaven]] that [[Jacob]] dreamt about (in the [[Book of Genesis]]).<ref>{{Cite web |title=Genesis 28:12 And Jacob had a dream about a ladder that rested on the earth with its top reaching up to heaven, and God's angels were going up and down the ladder. |url=https://biblehub.com/genesis/28-12.htm |access-date=27 November 2020 |website=biblehub.com |archive-date=11 November 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20201111212349/https://biblehub.com/genesis/28-12.htm |url-status=live }}</ref>

The [[River Noe]] (a tributary to the [[River Derwent, Derbyshire|River Derwent]]) flows alongside the path from its source at Edale Head down the clough (steep valley). At the foot of Jacob's Ladder the Noe is crossed by a Grade II listed gritstone packhorse bridge, with a single span.<ref>{{NHLE|num=1096620|desc=Packhorse Bridge at foot of Jacobs Ladder|grade=II|access-date=27 November 2020 }}</ref> The bridge is on an important [[Middle Ages|medieval]] packhorse route over the [[Pennines|Pennine]] moorland between Hayfield and Edale. Salt and cheese from [[Cheshire]] and cotton from the [[Lancashire]] mills were transported to the east, while coal and lead were carried to the west.<ref name=":0" />

The Pennine Way ascends Jacob's Ladder just {{Convert|2.5|miles||abbr=}} from its start at Edale. The original route of the Pennine Way went up to the Kinder plateau via Grindsbrook Clough. In 1987 the [[Manpower Services Commission]] built a stone paved staircase along the path of Jacob's Ladder.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Wainwright |first=Alfred |title=Pennine Way Companion |publisher=Frances Lincoln |year=2004 |isbn=978-0711222359 |pages=169–171 }}</ref> The Jacob's Ladder footpath runs across land that is owned and managed by the [[National Trust for Places of Historic Interest or Natural Beauty|National Trust]]. Access to the foot of Jacob's Ladder can be made along the Pennine Way trail from [[Edale railway station]] or from the public car park at [[Barber Booth]].<ref name="OS23" />

===The gritstone edges===
Some of Kinder's many gritstone cliffs were featured in the first rock-climbing guide to the Peak District, ''[[Some Gritstone Climbs]]'', published in 1913 and written by [[John Laycock]].

===Edale Cross===
[[File:Kinder Edale Cross 0127.JPG|thumb|100px|Edale Cross]]
The Edale Cross lies immediately south of Kinder Scout, under Kinder Low and on the former Hayfield to Edale road. It marks the former junction of the three wards of the Forest of Peak: [[Glossop]] and [[Longdendale]], [[Hope, Derbyshire|Hopedale]] and Campagna. The first cross on the site may have been set up by the Abbots of [[Basingwerk Abbey]] to mark the southern boundary of their land, granted in 1157. The date of the current cross is unknown, although an adjoining plaque<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Bennet |first1=Roger |title=Edale Cross |journal=Peak & Northern Footpaths Society |date=Winter 2019 |volume=Signpost 63 |issue=Winter 2019 |url=http://peakandnorthern.org.uk/newsletter/1912/04.htm |access-date=16 December 2019 }}</ref> and its listing as a Scheduled Monument<ref>{{NHLE|num=1008615 |desc=Wayside and boundary cross known as Edale Cross |access-date=16 December 2019 }}</ref> date it to the medieval period. At some point it fell down, and was re-erected in 1810, when the date and initials JG, WD, GH, JH and JS were carved into it. These stand for John Gee, William Drinkwater, George and Joseph Hadfield and John Shirt, local farmers of the day who raised the cross.<ref>{{cite book |first=Neville T. |last=Sharpe |title=Crosses of the Peak District |publisher=Landmark Collectors Library |date=2002 |isbn=978-1843060444 }}</ref>

===Mermaid's Pool===
{{Main|Mermaid's Pool (Peak District)}}
[[Mermaid's Pool (Peak District)|Mermaid's Pool]], a small pool below Kinder Downfall, is said, according to legend, to be inhabited by a mermaid who will grant immortality upon whoever sees her on Easter Eve.<ref>{{cite book |last=Hope |first=Robert Charles |title=The Legendary Lore of the Holy Wells of England |url=https://archive.org/details/TheLegendaryLoreOfTheHolyWells |publisher=Elliot Stock |year=1893 |location=London }}</ref>

===Kinder Low===
Kinder Low at {{convert|633|m|ft}} above [[sea level]] is a subsidiary summit at the south west corner of the plateau. Surmounted by a [[Triangulation station|trig point]] and with steep slopes to south and west it is often mistaken as the highest point. The true summit, which is {{convert|3|m|ft}} higher, is an unmarked point on the flat plateau {{convert|900|m|ft}} to the north east.<ref>{{cite web |title=TP4216 - Kinder Low |url=https://hillexplorer.com/trig-pillar/tp4216-kinder-low/ |website=Hill Explorer |access-date=5 December 2020 }}</ref> "Low" is an old dialect word meaning "hill top".

===Kinderlow bowl barrow===
A [[bowl barrow]], thought to be unexcavated and to date from the [[Bronze Age]], stands on Kinder Low, a western projection of the main massif above Hayfield.<ref name="NHLE1008068">{{NHLE |num=1008068 |desc=Kinderlow bowl barrow |fewer-links=yes |access-date=16 December 2019 }}</ref>

==View==
Major English and Welsh peaks visible (in ideal conditions) from Kinder Scout include (clockwise from west) [[Winter Hill (North West England)|Winter Hill]] ({{cvt|31|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Pendle Hill]] ({{cvt|38|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Ingleborough]] ({{cvt|58|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Whernside]] ({{cvt|62|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Pen-y-ghent]] ({{cvt|56|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Fountains Fell]] ({{cvt|54|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Buckden Pike]] ({{cvt|57|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Great Whernside]] ({{cvt|54|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Bleaklow]] ({{cvt|5|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Margery Hill]] ({{cvt|8|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), the [[Weaver Hills]] ({{cvt|26|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Axe Edge]] ({{cvt|11|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[The Roaches]] ({{cvt|16|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Shutlingsloe]] ({{cvt|13|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Shining Tor]] ({{cvt|10|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), the [[Long Mynd]] ({{cvt|71|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Stiperstones]] ({{cvt|71|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Corndon Hill]] ({{cvt|74|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), Cilfaesty Hill ({{cvt|88|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Moel y Golfa]] ({{cvt|68|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Plynlimon]] ({{cvt|102|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Cadair Berwyn]] ({{cvt|72|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Beeston Castle]] ({{cvt|38|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Alderley Edge]] ({{cvt|15|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Arenig Fawr]] ({{cvt|84|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Moel Famau]] ({{cvt|60|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Snowdon]] ({{cvt|94|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Glyder Fach]] ({{cvt|91|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Tryfan]] ({{cvt|90|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Y Garn (Nantlle Ridge)|Y Garn]] ({{cvt|92|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}), [[Carnedd Llewelyn]] ({{cvt|88|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}) and [[Foel-fras]] ({{cvt|87|mi|km|0|order=flip|disp=comma}}).<ref>{{cite web |url=https://viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ENG/KINDERSCOUT.gif |title=View from Kinder Scout |publisher=viewfinderpanoramas.org |first=J. C. |last=de Ferranti |date=1995 |page=11 |access-date=10 August 2016 }}</ref>

==Tone poem==
The orchestral sketch ''Kinder Scout'' was composed by [[Patrick Hadley]], written for the Buxton Spa Orchestra and its occasional director George Cathie. It was first performed in [[Buxton]] in September 1923. Hadley had an emotional attachment to the Derbyshire peaks, which are also celebrated in his later cantata ''The Hills'' (1943).<ref>{{citation |url=https://www.chandos.net/chanimages/Booklets/CH10981.pdf |last=Foreman |first=Lewis |title=Notes to British Tone Poems, Volume 2 |publisher=Chandos Records |date=2019 |page=11 |type=CD liner |access-date=26 November 2019 |archive-date=30 August 2019 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20190830154244/https://www.chandos.net/chanimages/Booklets/CH10981.pdf |url-status=live }}</ref>

==See also==
* [[Pennines]]
* [[Rambling]]
{{Clear}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==Bibliography==
* {{cite book |title=Kinder Scout: The People's Mountain |first1=Ed |last1=Douglas |first2=John |last2=Beatty |date=2018 |edition=1st |publisher=Vertebrate Publishing |isbn=978-1911342502 }}
* {{cite book |editor-first=Roly |editor-last=Smith |title=Kinder Scout: Portrait of a Mountain |publisher=Derbyshire County Council Libraries and Heritage Department |edition=1st |date=2001 |isbn=0903463687 }}

== Picture gallery ==
<gallery>
File:Kinder Scout in extreme mist.jpg|Poor visibility near the summit
File:Kinder Downfall in spate.jpg|Kinder Downfall
File:Kinder upfall.jpg|Kinder Downfall in strong westerly wind
File:Grindsbrook.jpg|Head of Grindsbrook
File:Kinder pan res.jpg|Panoramic view over Kinder Reservoir from Kinder
File:Icy Kinder Downfall.JPG|Ice climbers on Kinder Downfall
</gallery>

==External links==
{{Commons category|Kinder Scout}}
{{Portal|Geography|Derbyshire}}
* [https://viewfinderpanoramas.org/panoramas/ENG/KINDERSCOUT.gif Kinder Scout Computer-generated summit panoramas]. Note: the panorama shown is not all visible from the summit. There is a large summit plateau; to see the entire panorama shown, it is necessary to walk around the summit but nearer the perimeter of the plateau.

{{Derbyshire Places of interest}}
{{Peaks of the Peak District}}
{{High Peak}}
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[[Category:Mountains and hills of Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Plateaus of England]]
[[Category:Marilyns of England]]
[[Category:Hewitts of England]]
[[Category:Mountains and hills of the Peak District]]
[[Category:Nuttalls]]
[[Category:National nature reserves in England]]
[[Category:Highest points of English counties]]
[[Category:Moorlands of England]]
[[Category:High Peak, Derbyshire]]
[[Category:Sacred mountains of the United Kingdom]]