View source for Killivalavan

{{No footnotes|date=March 2023}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=March 2017}}
{{Use Indian English|date=March 2017}}
{{Infobox royalty
| image        = Flag of Chola Kingdom.png
| name         = Killivalavan<br />கிள்ளி வளவன்   
| title        = Kulamuttrathu Tunjiya Killivalavan
| predecessor  = [[Nalankilli]]
| successor    = [[Kopperuncholan]]
}}
{{Chola history}}
'''Killivalavan''' ({{langx|ta|கிள்ளிவளவன்}}) was a [[Tamil People|Tamil]] king of the [[Early Cholas]] mentioned in [[Sangam literature]], and of a period close to that of [[Nedunkilli]] and [[Nalankilli]]. We have no definite details about this Chola or his reign. The only information we have is from the fragmentary poems of Sangam in the ''[[Purananuru]]''.

== Sources ==
The only source available to us on Killivalavan is the mentions in Sangam poetry. The period covered by the extant literature of the Sangam is unfortunately not easy to determine with any measure of certainty. Except for the longer epics [[Cilappatikaram]] and [[Manimekalai]], which by common consent belong to an age later than the Sangam age, the poems have reached us in the forms of systematic anthologies. Each individual poem has generally attached to it a [[Colophon (publishing)|colophon]] on the authorship and subject matter of the poem, the name of the king or chieftain to whom the poem relates and the occasion which called forth the eulogy are also found.

It is from these colophons and rarely from the texts of the poems themselves, that we gather the names of many Kings and chieftains and the poets patronised by them. The task of reducing these names to an ordered scheme in which the different generations of contemporaries can be marked off one another has not been easy. To add to the confusion, some historians have even denounced these colophons as later additions and untrustworthy as historical documents.

Any attempt at extracting a systematic chronology and data from these poems should be aware of the casual nature of these poems and the wide difference between the purposes of the anthologist who collected these poems and the historian's attempts are arriving at a continuous history.

==More than one Killivalavan==

There are a number of poems in Purananuru sung in praise of the Killivalavan who died at Kulamuttram (''Kulamuttrathu Tunjiya Killivalavan'') and a solitary poem of another Killivalavan who died at Kurappalli. As Kovur Kilar is the poet who has written about these two Killis, it is reasonable to suppose that these two kings are identical.

==Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam==

The Vimana of Srirangam temple originally came out of "parkadal" with the penance of [[Brahma]] Deva. This God was brought down by the ancestors of [[Rama]] called [[Ikshvaku]]. This god was worshiped by all kings in the family. The Incarnation of [[Lord Vishnu]] called [[Rama]] was the 80th king in this verse and also performed poojas to this Vimana.<ref>Valmiki Ramayana, Ayodhya kanda, sarga 6, sloka 1, 2 and 3</ref> After killing [[Ravana]] and reaching ayodhya he gave this Vimana to [[Vibishana]] (brother of Ravana) as a symbol of love. While He took this Vimana and was traveling towards Sri Lanka, [[Lord Vishnu]] wanted to stay here which made the Vimanam to stick on the region now called [[Ranganathaswamy Temple, Srirangam|Srirangam Ranganathaswamy temple]], on the banks of River Cauvery. Then Chola kings namely Dharmavarcholan and '''KilliValavan''' developed the shrine into Big Temple seen now. They have laid the basic foundations and primary buildings of the great Temple.{{CN|date=September 2023}} The temple also has mentions in Sangam literature that it has been worshiped by many of the [[Sangam era]] (500 BCE to the 300 CE<ref>[https://www.britannica.com/art/shangam-literature Sangam literature], Encyclopaedia Britannica</ref>), there are mentions in many books like [[Akanaṉūṟu]], [[Purananuru]], [[Paripāṭal]] and ''[[Silappatikaram|Silapadikaram]]''.

Example:- ''[[Silappatikaram|Silapadikaram]]'' (book 11, lines 35–40):{{CN|date=September 2023}}
<blockquote>
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
{{center|
[[Tamil script|Tamil]]<br>
ஆயிரம் விரித்தெழு தலையுடை அருந்திறற்
பாயற் பள்ளிப் பலர்தொழு தேத்த
விரிதிரைக் காவிரி வியன்பெருந் துருத்தித்
திருவமர் மார்பன் கிடந்த வண்ணமும்  
}}
{{Col-break}}
{{center|
[[Transliteration]]<br>
''āyiram viritteḻu talaiyuṭai aruntiṟaṟ''
''pāyaṟ paḷḷip palartoḻu tētta''
''viritiraik kāviri viyaṉperu turuttit''
''tiruvamar mārpaṉ kiṭanta vaṇṇamum'' 
}}
{{col-end}}
{{Cquote| On a magnificent cot having a thousand heads spread out, worshipped and praised by many, in an islet surrounded by Kaveri with billowing waves, is the lying posture of the one who has Lakshmi sitting in his chest.{{CN|date=September 2023}}}}
</blockquote>

==Killivalavan's Reign==

Killivalavan is celebrated in eighteen songs by ten different minstrels and himself figures as the author of a poem sung in praise of his friend Pannan who was the chieftain of Sirukudi (''Purananuru'' – 173). [[Urayur]] was the capital of Killivalavan (''Purananuru'' – 69).

Killivalavan was a capable king and was both brave and generous, but somewhat headstrong. A great deal of good advice was very tactfully offered to him by the poets.

=== Siege of Karur===

The siege and capture of the [[Chera dynasty|Chera]] capital [[Karur]] was the standout military achievement of Killivalavan's reign and has been the subject of a number of poems. The poet Alattur Kilar made an effort to divert Killivalavan's attention from this enterprise in order to save Karur from destruction by gently chiding him for pitting himself against an enemy unworthy of his prowess (''Purananuru'' – 36). However, this effort was futile and the city of Karur fell to the Chola.

===Defeat against Pandya===

[[Purananuru]] poems are silent on Killivalavan's campaigns in the south against the [[Pandyas]], but the poet Nakkirar in a poem in ''[[Akananuru]]'' (poem 345) makes reference to the defeat suffered by the forces of Killivalavan in the hands of the Pandya commander Palayan Maran.

===Malainadu Battle===

Killivalavan also waged a battle against the Malainadu chief [[Malayaman Tirumudikkari]], who was famous for his liberal patronage of poets. The [[Malayaman]] chief was killed in battle and his two children were about to be condemned to a cruel death by the victorious [[Chola]]. The poet Kovur Kilar again pleaded for the lives of these children (''Purananuru'' – 46)

==See also==
* [[Legendary early Chola kings]]

== References ==
{{reflist}}

==General sources==
* Mudaliar, A.S, Abithana Chintamani (1931), Reprinted 1984 Asian Educational Services, New Delhi.
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1935). The CōĻas, University of Madras, Madras (Reprinted 1984).
* Nilakanta Sastri, K.A. (1955). A History of South India, OUP, New Delhi (Reprinted 2002).
* Project Madurai – Purananuru eText - http://tamilnation.co/literature/ettuthokai/pm0057.pdf

[[Category:Chola kings]]