View source for Khongirad

{{short description|Major division of the Mongol tribes}}
{{redirect|Red tasseled Mongols|the other ethnicity who were called "Red tasseled Mongols" by Khalkha Mongols|Manchu people}}
{{History of Mongolia}}
[[File:Mongol Empire c.1207.png|thumb|[[Mongol Empire]] c. 1207, Khongirad and their neighbours]]
The '''Khongirad'''{{efn|Variations on the name include Onggirat, Ongirat,<ref name =CSCSRV20p494/> Qongrat, Khungirat,<ref name =CSCSRV20p494>''The Chinese Social and Political Science Review'', Volume 20, pub Chinese Social and Political Science Association, 1937, p494.</ref> Kungrad,<ref name=McChesneyp202>Central Asia: Foundations of Change'', by R. D. McChesney, pub Darwin Press, 1996, p202.</ref> Qunghrãt,<ref name=McChesneyp202/> Wangjila (王紀剌),<ref name =CSCSRV20p494/> Yongjilie (雍吉烈), Qungrat, and Guangjila (廣吉剌) in Chinese sources.}} ({{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|ɒ|ŋ|g|ɪ|r|æ|d}}; {{langx|mn|ᠬᠣᠩᠭᠢᠷᠠᠳ Хонгирад}}; {{langx|kk|Қоңырат|Qoñyrat}}; {{Lang-zh|c=弘吉剌|p=Hóngjílá}}) was one of the major divisions of the Mongol tribes. Their homeland was located in the vicinity of [[Hulun Lake|Lake Hulun]] in [[Inner Mongolia]] and [[Khalkha River]] in Mongolia,<ref>[http://mongol.undesten.mn/wiki/show/name/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3 Хонгирад аймаг mongol.undesten.mn] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304120533/http://mongol.undesten.mn/wiki/show/name/%D0%A5%D0%BE%D0%BD%D0%B3%D0%B8%D1%80%D0%B0%D0%B4+%D0%B0%D0%B9%D0%BC%D0%B0%D0%B3 |date=2016-03-04 }} '''(Mongolian)'''</ref><ref name="Volume I">M. Sanjdorj, History of the Mongolian People's Republic, Volume I, 1966</ref> where they maintained close ties with the ruling dynasties of northern China. Because the various Hongirad clans never united under a single leader, the tribe never rose to great military glory. Their greatest fame comes from being the primary consort clan of the ruling house of [[Genghis Khan]]'s [[Mongol Empire]]. Genghis Khan's mother ([[Hoelun]]), great grandmother, and first wife were all Khongirads, as were many subsequent Mongol Empress and princesses. 

During the [[Yuan dynasty]] they were given the title Lu Wang ("Prince of Lu"; {{Lang-zh|c=鲁王}}), and a few Khongirads migrated west into the territory of modern [[Uzbekistan]] and [[Turkistan Region]] where they became governors of [[Khwarazm]] and were known as the [[Sufi dynasty]]. After a brief period as independent rulers, they were subjected by [[Timur]].

==Origin==
The Khongirads are often identified as the descendants of the ancient Wuku/Wugu tribe in [[Tang dynasty|Tang Dynasty]] records. The tribe's own origin myth claims that they were descended from three brothers born of a golden vessel—Jurluq Mergen, Quba Shira, and Tusbu Da'u. The descendants of these brothers formed the Hongirad tribe, but feuds quickly splintered the tribe and gave rise to the offshoot tribes of the Ikires, [[Olkhonud]], Karanut, [[Gorlos]], and Qongliyuts. Only the descendants of Jurluq Mergen retained the tribal name of Hongirad. One of the most famous Hongirad ancestors was Miser Ulug, an Onggirat Hercules who was super-humanly strong and often slept for days at a time.

Many names of the 12th century's Hongirads and their subtribes have Mongol origin:<ref name="Volume I"/><ref>The Secret History of the Mongols</ref>

*Dei Setsen — tsetsen (wise)
*Jurluq Mergen — zörlög (path) mergen (wise). (See [[Merkit]])
*Quba Shira — goo (beautiful) shar (yellow). In the 1680s [[Zasagt Khan]] of the [[Khalkha]] Mongolia was [[Galdan Boshugtu Khan#Rivalry with Khalkha|Shar]] (Shira). (See [[Alan Gua]]).

===Subtribes===
*Hongirad — khun (swan), khungiin (swan's), ard (person); swan person. Swan is one of Mongol totems. (See [[Oirats]]).
*Qongliyuts — Khonkhluud; khonkh (bell), "iud" or "uud" is plural suffix.
*Gorlos — Modern [[Southern Mongol]] subgroup
*Ikires — Ikhires: ikh (great), ikhes (chief, noble)
*Karanut — Kharnuud: khar (black), "iud" or "uud" is plural suffix
*Olkhunut — Olkhunuud, "uud" is plural suffix. They have three subgroups: 
**Alag aduutan: alag (piebald), aduutan (horse herder); piebald horse herder.
**Shar khonit: shar (yellow), khoni (sheep); yellow sheep breeder.
**Ulaan zalaat: ulaan (red), zalaa (tassel); person who wears hat with red tassel.{{fact|date=January 2014}} Today, Mongols call themselves "red-tasseled Mongols" because Mongols wear hat with red tassel and they adore fire.{{fact|date=January 2014}} Fire is a general symbol of eternal growth, wealth, and success and a figure of fire is used in Mongolian [[Flag of Mongolia|flag]], [[Emblem of Mongolia|coat of arms]] and [[Soyombo symbol]]. The three tongues of the flame represent the past, present, and future.{{fact|date=January 2014}}

Shamanic practices continue in present-day [[Mongol]] culture.<ref>[https://web.archive.org/web/20170428023344/http://faculty.orinst.ox.ac.uk/terhaar/shamanism.htm ''Shamanism in China: bibliography''], by Barend ter Haar, who teaches at the Institute for Chinese Studies.  Mentions that a book called ''Popular Religion and Shamanism'' includes "as well as three studies of shamanism among non-Han cultures (Mongol, Tungusic and Daba)".</ref><ref>[http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/bender4/eall131/EAHReadings/module03/local_beliefs.html ''Local Belief Systems''] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20121106035207/http://people.cohums.ohio-state.edu/bender4/eall131/EAHReadings/module03/local_beliefs.html |date=2012-11-06 }}, by Professor Mark Bender. Ohio State University.</ref>

==Relationship with the Mongols: The Legend of Ergune Khun==
According to Mongol legend, two warriors named Kiyan ([[Khiyad]]) and Negus (Mongolian: Nokhos, dog or wolf) were defeated in battle and forced to seek shelter in an enclosed valley called [[Epic of Ergenekon|Ergune khun]] ("steep cliffs"). After several generations the descendants of these heroes became too numerous for the valley to support, but no one remembered the way out. A [[blacksmith]] came up with a solution—they would create their own way out by melting an exposed iron vein that existed in one of the encircling mountains. Building a massive fire and stoking it with 70 large bellows, the trapped clan did just that and succeeded in creating a passage to the outside world. Once free, the people of Kiyan and Negus went on to create several tribes, including the Mongols and the Hongirads (whose susceptibility to [[gout]] was explained by the "fact" that their ancestors were the first to flee Ergene Qun, so they burned their feet on the hot iron).

==Consort tribe==
[[File:YuanEmpressAlbumAWifeOfAyurbarvada.jpg|thumb|200px|Empress [[Radnashiri]] was from the Khunggirad]]
In addition to having a shared ancestry with the Mongols in general, the Hongirads also shared ancestors with the Mongol royal line, whose originator, Alan Qo'a, was a woman of the Kharlas clan, an offshoot of the Khongirads founded by the legendary Miser Ulug. Down to the 12th century, Mongol rulers such as [[Khabul Khan]] and his great-grandson [[Genghis Khan]] were still taking Khongirad wives. [[Yesugei]] Ba'atur, the father of Genghis Khan, was not a high ranking Mongol leader, but even he secured himself an Onggirat wife by stealing one from another man. The wives of most rulers of the [[Yuan Dynasty]] and [[Golden Horde]] were also from the Hongirad.  That is why they held enormous powers behind the courts in both states. They forced the rulers of the [[Golden Horde]] to make peace with [[Kublai]] in 1280s and convinced [[Tokhta Khan]] to accept supremacy of the [[Great Khan]] in 1304. The Hongirad under queen Dagi and Temüder, the Minister of the Secretariat,  reached their political peak in the Yuan Dynasty, the principal state of 4 khanates, during the reign of [[Gegeen Khan, Emperor Yingzong of Yuan|Gegeen Khan Shidebala]] (r.1321-1323). They built [[Yingchang]] city in modern [[Inner Mongolia]] in 1271.

After the death of the last Yuan emperor, [[Toghan Temur]], who lost his imperial status in [[China]] and other Mongol khanates, a body of the Khongirat and [[Olkhunut]] (Borte's clan) surrendered to the [[Ming Dynasty]] in 1371. Meanwhile, the Khongirad, belonged to the southern [[Khalkha]] [[Tumen (unit)|tumen]] in modern [[Inner Mongolia]] and Olkhunuts lived in modern [[Khovd Province]].

==Transoxiana==
During the 18th century, the basins of the [[Amu Darya]] and [[Syr Darya]] passed under the control of three [[Uzbek khanates]] claiming legitimacy in their descent from Genghis Khan. These were, from west to east, the Khongirads based on Khiva in [[Khwārezm]] (1717–1920), the [[Manghud]] in [[Bukhara]] (1753–1920), and the Mings in [[Kokand]] (Qǔqon; c. 1710–1876). The [[Sufi Dynasty]] (1359–1388) which was founded by the Qongirat elites in Khwārezm ruled their own state under the [[Jochids]] and [[Timur]]. The Qongirat Inaks became de facto rulers of the [[Khanate of Khiva]] in 18th century and their descendants assumed the title of khan themselves in 1804. On 2 February 1920, [[Khiva]]'s last khan, [[Sayid Abdullah]], abdicated before its territory was finally incorporated into the [[Soviet Union]] in 1924.

Descendants are found among the people in [[Mongolia]] and the [[Yugur]]s in [[Gansu]], [[China]], and little bit in the [[Karakalpaks]] and the [[Uzbegs]].{{Citation needed|date=December 2014}}

==Kazakhstan==
Currently a [[Kazakhs|Kazakh]] [[Middle Juz|tribe]] of the Middle Juz named Qoñyrat (or less commonly Qoñğyrat) are considered descendants of Khongirads (Ongrat, Kungrat in (Gumilev, n.d). Around the beginning of the 20th century CE, the Kazakh Qongyrats lived mainly in what is now [[Turkistan Region]] (formerly South Kazakhstan Region), especially in the vicinity of [[Turkistan (city)|the city of Turkistan]].<ref name = "Sobakin1999">[https://my.nps.edu/documents/105988371/107571254/Kazakh_tribal_map.pdf 1999 Copyright Agency BRIF Central Asia, Author A.I.SOBAKIN]</ref> This region borders Uzbekistan, and a majority of the local population has at times been recorded as [[Uzbeks|Uzbek]]; the part of the region in which the Kazakh Qongırats were concentrated was located between the [[Syr Darya|Sır River]] and the lower reaches of the [[Chu River]] where it disappears in the steppe. The Qongyrat tribe of Kazakhs are notable for the extremely high frequency among them (64/95 = 67.37%<ref name = "Ashirbekov2017">E. E. Ashirbekov, D. M. Botbaev, A. M. Belkozhaev, A. O. Abayldaev, A. S. Neupokoeva, J. E. Mukhataev, B. Alzhanuly, D. A. Sharafutdinova, D. D. Mukushkina, M. B. Rakhymgozhin, A. K. Khanseitova, S. A. Limborska, N. A. Aytkhozhina, "Distribution of Y-Chromosome Haplogroups of the Kazakh from the South Kazakhstan, Zhambyl, and Almaty Regions." ''Reports of the National Academy of Sciences of the Republic of Kazakhstan'', ISSN 2224-5227, Volume 6, Number 316 (2017), 85 - 95.</ref>) of Y-DNA that belongs to [[haplogroup C-M217|haplogroup C-M407]], a clade that otherwise has been observed with greatest frequency among [[Buryats]] (117/217 = 53.9%,<ref name = "Malyarchuk2010" /> 40/80 = 50.0%,<ref name = "Karafet2018">Tatiana M. Karafet, Ludmila P. Osipova, Olga V. Savina, Brian Hallmark, and Michael F. Hammer, "Siberian genetic diversity reveals complex origins of the Samoyedic‐speaking populations." ''American Journal of Human Biology'', 08 November 2018. https://doi.org/10.1002/ajhb.23194</ref> 86/298 = 28.9% (mostly northern and western)<ref name = "Kharkov2014">V. N. Kharkov, K. V. Khamina, O. F. Medvedeva, ''et al.'', "Gene Pool of Buryats: Clinal Variability and Territorial Subdivision Based on Data of Y-Chromosome Markers." ISSN 1022-7954, ''Russian Journal of Genetics'', 2014, Vol. 50, No. 2, pp. 180–190. DOI: 10.1134/S1022795413110082</ref>) and other indigenous peoples of [[Buryatia]] (15/28 = 53.6% [[Soyot|Sojots]],<ref name = "Malyarchuk2010">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, ''et al.'', "Phylogeography of the Y-chromosome haplogroup C in northern Eurasia." ''Annals of Human Genetics'' (2010) 74, 539–546. doi: 10.1111/j.1469-1809.2010.00601.x</ref> 27/51 = 52.9% [[Hamnigan]]s<ref name = "Malyarchuk2010" />). Members of C-M407 also have been found with lower frequency among [[Mongols]] in Mongolia,<ref name = "Karafet2018" /><ref name = "Balinova2019">Natalia Balinova, Helen Post, Alena Kushniarevich, ''et al.'', "Y-chromosomal analysis of clan structure of Kalmyks, the only European Mongol people, and their relationship to Oirat-Mongols of Inner Asia." ''European Journal of Human Genetics'' 11 April 2019. https://doi.org/10.1038/s41431-019-0399-0</ref> [[Kalmyks]] (especially [[Dörbet Oirat|Dörwöds]]),<ref name = "Malyarchuk2013">Boris Malyarchuk, Miroslava Derenko, Galina Denisova, ''et al.'', "Y-chromosome diversity in the Kalmyks at the ethnical and tribal levels." ''Journal of Human Genetics'' (2013) 58, 804–811; doi:10.1038/jhg.2013.108; published online 17 October 2013.</ref><ref name = "Balinova2019" /> [[Manchus]] in China,<ref name = "Karafet2018" /> and [[Yakuts]] in [[Sakha Republic]].<ref name = "Karafet2018" />

==Rule of Khiva==
They [[Khanate_of_Khiva#Qungrat dynasty (1804–1920)|ruled]] the [[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva khanate]] from 1763 to 1920.

===House of Khongirad of Khiva===
{{Chart top|width=100%|collapsed=no|House of Khongirad}}
{|- valign=top
| colspan=100% style="text-align:left" |
{{Color sample|border=#3F3F3F|#white; border-width:2px}} [[Khanate of Khiva|Khiva Khanate]]
|}
{{Tree chart/start|align=center|style=font-size:90%}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=Ishim
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=Muhammad-Amin
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | |!| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | | | | | A01 | | | | | | | | | |
|A01=Awad
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|+|-|-|-|.| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Eltuzar Muhammad Bahodir Khan|Il-Tazar]]''' <br>{{r.|1804|1806}}
|A02='''[[Mohammed Rahim Khan|Muhammad-Rahim I]]''' <br>{{r.|1806|1825}}
|A03=Qutluq-Murad
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#3F3F3F
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#3F3F3F
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Allah Kuli Bahadur Khan|Allah-Quli]]''' <br>{{r.|1825|1842}}
|A02='''[[Sayyid Muhammad (Khan of Khiva)|Sayyid-Muhammad]]''' <br>{{r.|1855|1865}}
|A03=Ibadullah
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#3F3F3F
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#3F3F3F
}}
{{Tree chart| | |,|-|-|-|(| | | |!| | | |)|-|-|-|.| | |}}
{{Tree chart| | A01 | | A02 | | A03 | | A04 | | A05 | |
|A01='''Rahim-Quli''' <br>{{r.|1842|1845}}
|A02='''[[Muhammad Amin Bahadur Khan|Muhammad-Amin]]''' <br>{{r.|1845|1855}}
|A03='''[[Muhammad Rahim Khan II of Khiva|Muhammad-Rahim II]]''' <br>{{r.|1865|1910}}
|A04='''Abdullah II''' <br>{{r.|1855|1855}}
|A05='''Qutluq-Murad''' <br>{{r.|1855|1855}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#3F3F3F
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#3F3F3F
|boxstyle_ A03 =border-color:#3F3F3F
|boxstyle_ A04 =border-color:#3F3F3F
|boxstyle_ A05 =border-color:#3F3F3F
}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | |,|-|-|-|(| | | | | | | | | | |}}
{{Tree chart| | | | | | A01 | | A02 | | | | | | | | | |
|A01='''[[Isfandiyar Khan|Isfandiyar II]]''' <br>{{r.|1910|1918}}
|A02='''[[Sayid Abdullah|Abdullah III]]''' <br>{{r.|1918|1920}}
|boxstyle_ A01 =border-color:#3F3F3F
|boxstyle_ A02 =border-color:#3F3F3F
}}
{{Tree chart/end}}
{{Chart bottom}}

==Notes==
{{Notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
*[http://www.chinaknowledge.de/History/Altera/onggirats.html Onggirats at Chinaknowledge]
*[[:kk:Қоңырат|Hongirad tribe of Kazakh people - from Wikipedia Hongirad introduction in Kazakh language]]

{{Mongol tribes of the 12th century |state=expanded}}

[[Category:Mongols]]
[[Category:Mongol peoples]]
[[Category:Darlikin Mongols]]
[[Category:Social history of Mongolia]]