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{{Short description|Musical instrument}}
{{More citations needed|date=April 2021}}
[[Image:Kim Thai Instrument.jpg|thumb|right|A butterfly-shape ''khim'' with two hammers|270x270px]]
The '''''khim''''' ({{langx|th|ขิม}} {{IPA|th|kʰǐm|}}; {{langx|lo|ຂິມ}} {{IPA|lo|kʰĭm|}}; {{langx|km|ឃឹម}} {{IPA|km|kʰɨm|}})  is a [[stringed musical instrument]] derived from the Mesopotamian or Persian [[Santur]]. It is similar to the [[Hammered dulcimer|Hammered Dulcimer]] or [[Cimbalom]].<ref name=":0">{{cite web|author=Jintana, B. |date=2007|title=The Khim in Thai culture: Adoption ana Adaptation. ''Presented at the Syncretism in Southeast Asia 2007'', Bangkok Retrieved May 22–24, 2007|url=https://www.tci-thaijo.org/index.php/liberalarts/article/viewFile/15189/13932|website=Tci-thaijo.org}}</ref> This ''khim'' was introduced to [[Laos]]  [[Thailand]] from [[China]],<ref name="khimhis">{{cite journal | last1=Eambangyung | first1=Somchai | last2=Chareonsuk | first2=Sugree | last3=Amatyakul | first3=Poonpit | last4=Chaisuwan | first4=Phinij | last5=Banjongsilp | first5=Orawan | title=Khim in Thai Educational System | journal=Journal of Fine and Applied Arts | volume=15 | issue=2 | date=16 March 2012 | publisher=Srinakharinwirot University | url=https://ejournals.swu.ac.th/index.php/jfofa/article/view/2113}}</ref>{{rp|60|quote=Thailand gained the Khim culture from China. Khim came into Thailand at the end of 
Ayudhaya period; it came in a Chinese junk sailing to deal in trade with Thailand.}} where a similar (though, since the late 20th century, usually larger) instrument is called ''[[yangqin]].'' It is played with two flexible bamboo sticks with soft leather at the tips to produce a soft tone. This instrument can be played by either sitting down on the floor with the khim on the floor, or by sitting on a chair or standing while the ''khim'' is on a stand. The ''khim'' produces a bright and expressive sound when played. It is made of wood, with [[brass]] strings that are laid across the instrument. The [[Australians|Australian]]-born musician and vocal artist [[Lisa Gerrard]] specialises in the use of a ''khim'' hammered dulcimer, featuring its music on several albums and performing with the instrument live on tour.
[[Image:Chiangmai-market3.jpg|thumb|right|259x259px|A boy playing a ''khim'']]

== History ==
The ''khim'' came to China from Persia during the Ming-Qing dynasty (1368-1911) and was popular in northeast [[Guangdong]].<ref name=":0" /> At the end of the Ayutthaya period, Thai people obtained the knowledge of how to build and play early versions of the ''khim'' from China.<ref name="khimhis"/> This instrument, along with its rise in popularity, came along with various other goods in trading arrangements with Chinese merchants. While the popularity of [[Chinese opera]] was rising, the instrument became popular due to its use within the opera group and this helped to further familiarise Thai people with the ''khim''.<ref name=":0" />

The khim was an especially popular instrument from around 1970-2004 because it was a central part in the Thai novel ''[[Khu Kam]]'', which was later produced as a drama series and movie.{{Citation needed|date=April 2023}} The main character could play the ''khim'' very well, and the adaptations popularised the instrument with the song, "Nang Kruan".<ref>{{Cite journal|title=Kim in Thai Education System|journal=Fine Arts International Journal, Srinakharinwirot University|volume=15| issue =  2}}</ref>

There are many people who have preserved the Khim,such as the Luang Pradit Pairoh Foundation,and some school have even included the Khim as part of basic curriculum in Thai music lesson.

== Shape ==
[[File:Khmer Traditional Music at OBT Khim.webm|thumb|left|Cambodian boy plays a khim.]]

=== Butterfly shape ===
This shape is the smallest size which contains two bridges with 7 notes (in ''khim'', one note means 3 strings join together) and 42 strings. This shape is the original shape which was from China. From the past until these days, the popularity of this shape is still increasing

=== Irregular rectangle shape or trapezoid ===
This shape is the bigger size of ''khim'' with two bridges and 9, 11, or 15 notes. This trapezoid-shaped ''khim'' is very convenient to carry because it is a portable ''khim'' that is easy to carry.

=== Oval shape ===
This is the latest design with two bridges, 7 notes and 42 strings, which is also called a fancy ''khim''. This shape is often painted with deep or bright color, and children who play the ''khim'' usually stick the cartoon sticker on the box. It is very attractive for children as it looks like a toy for them and the size of this shape is suitable for small children as well.

== Construction ==
[[File:Cambodian mine amputees performing native musical instruments.jpg|thumb|200px|Cambodian playing the khim. These musicians are amputees, victims of landmines.]]
=== The bridge (Fret) ===
The bridge is a wooden device for the stringed musical instrument which support their strings and transfers the vibration from the strings to the other structural of the instrument. ''Khim'' has two bridges and there are many notes on the bridge bases on the different type of ''khim''<ref name=":0" />

==== Two bridges with 7 notes and 42 strings ====
Standard size that is popular among the primary students for beginning lessons.
Lowest note ล (La2 or A2) left side, bass bridge. Middle note ล (La3 or A3) right side, treble bridge. Highest note ล (La4 or A4) left side, treble bridge.

==== Two bridges with 9 notes and 54 strings ====
This is popular among ''khim'' musicians because it has more selection on sound.

==== Two bridges with 11 notes and 66 strings ====
The 66-string ''khim'' is a large instrument and very heavy. People who play this type of ''khim'' should be the musician who has a high degree of performance skill. It can be tuned to the level of international scale as it has many strings. This is made for professional musicians and only used for special occasions.

=== Soundbox ===
Using a various type of wood to build the [[Sound box|soundbox]]. To construct the [[Sound board (music)|soundboard]], [[softwood]] is the best selection to construct the soundboard.  Softwood has a light texture which helps creating the sound.<ref name=":0" />

=== Sound holes ===
[[Sound hole]]s are the holes on the soundboard to enhance the bright sound and prevent the humidity in the soundbox which creates the swelling of the wood.

=== Tuning pins and Hitch pins ===
The hitch pins are on the left side of the sound-box and tuning pins are on the right side. There are 42 pins on each side. Tuning this instrument is very easy but time consuming. The player inserts a type of wrench on the pins that stick up from the sides, but only turns the pins on the right side. Turning the pins on the left side can cause the string to break. Then the player turns the wrench which tightens or loosens the string to the desired pitch.

=== Strings ===
The ''khim''’s string is a brass 24 gauge string. It is being hitched on the hitch pins on the left side of the sound box.  There are 14 groups of strings on the ''khim'', and each group has 3 strings. Overall, the ''khim'' has a total of 42 strings

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==See also==
*[[Hammered dulcimer]]
*[[Cimbalom]]
*[[Santur]]

{{Cambodian musical instruments}}
{{Traditional Laotian musical instruments}}
{{Thai musical instruments}}
{{Zithers}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Hammered box zithers]]
[[Category:Cambodian musical instruments]]
[[Category:Thai musical instruments]]
[[Category:Laotian musical instruments]]