View source for Kharga Oasis

{{Short description|Depression in Egypt}}
{{For|the poetic style with the same name|Kharja}}
{{EngvarB|date=November 2017}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=November 2017}}
{{Infobox settlement
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<!-- Basic info  ---------------->| name               = Kharga
| nickname           = 
| official_name      = 
| native_name        = {{lang|ar|الخارجة}}<br/>{{lang|cop|{{script|Copt|ϯⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲛ̀ϩⲏⲃ}}}}, {{lang|cop|{{script|Copt|ϯⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲙ̀ⲯⲟⲓ}}}}
| settlement_type    = <!-- images and maps  ----------->
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| photo2a = Ummm el-Dabadib, fortress (I).jpg
| photo2b = LabakhaQanat.jpg
| photo3a = DeirMuniraOutside.jpg
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| image_caption      = '''Clockwise from top:''' <br/> [[Temple of Hibis]], [[qanat]] shaft near Qasr al-Labakha fortress, Deir al-Munira fortress, Umm al-Dabadib fortress, Kharga Rest-house, Kharga Mosque
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<!-- Location ------------------>| subdivision_type   = [[List of sovereign states|Country]]
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| area_footnotes     = <ref name="citypopulation">{{cite web |title=Al-Wāḥāt al-Khārijah (Kism (urban and rural parts), Egypt) - Population Statistics, Charts, Map and Location |url=https://citypopulation.de/en/egypt/admin/al_w%C4%81d%C4%AB_al_jad%C4%ABd/3201__al_w%C4%81%E1%B8%A5%C4%81t_al_kh%C4%81rijah/ |website=citypopulation.de |access-date=17 March 2023}}</ref>
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<!-- Population   ----------------------->| population_as_of   = 2021
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The '''Kharga Oasis''' ({{langx|ar|الخارجة}} {{transliteration|arz|al-Ḫāriǧa}}, {{IPA|arz|elˈxæɾɡæ|pron}}) {{literal translation|the outer}}; {{langx|cop|{{script|Copt|(ϯ)ⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲛ̀ϩⲏⲃ}}}} {{transliteration|cop|(di)wah enhib}}, "Oasis of [[Temple of Hibis|Hib]]", {{lang|cop|{{script|Copt|(ϯ)ⲟⲩⲁϩ ⲙ̀ⲯⲟⲓ}}}} {{transliteration|cop|(di)wah empsoi}} "Oasis of [[Hor, Besoy, and Daydara|Psoi]]") is the southernmost of [[Egypt]]'s five western [[oasis|oases]]. It is located in the [[Western Desert (Egypt)|Western Desert]], about 200&nbsp;km (125 miles) to the west of the [[Nile]] valley. "Kharga" or "El Kharga" is also the name of a major town located in the oasis, the capital of [[New Valley Governorate]].<ref>Ball, J. 1900. Kharga Oasis: its topography and geology. Survey Department, Public Works Ministry, Geological Survey Report 1899, Part II. Cairo: National Printing Department, 116 pp.</ref> The oasis, which was known as the 'Southern Oasis' to the [[Ancient Egypt]]ians, the 'outer' (''he Exotero'') to the Greeks<ref>Maciej Paprocki, ''Roads in the Deserts of Roman Egypt: Analysis, Atlas, Commentary'' (Oxbow, 2019), p. 259.</ref> and '''Oasis Magna''' to the [[Roman Empire|Romans]], is the largest of the oases in the [[Libyan desert]] of Egypt. It is in a depression about 160&nbsp;km (100 miles) long and from 20&nbsp;km (12 miles) to 80&nbsp;km (50 miles) wide.<ref>[http://www.egyptsites.co.uk/deserts/western/kharga/intro.html Introduction to Kharga Oasis]</ref> Its population is 67,700 (2012).

==Overview==
{{Hiero |''knm(t)''<br />"The Vineyard"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques |volume=5 |date=1928 |page=[https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1928/page/n105/mode/2up 204] |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1928}}</ref>| <hiero>k:n-T35-m-t:niwt</hiero> |align=left |era=nk }}
{{Hiero |''wḥꜣt rswt ḥb''<br />"The Southern Oasis of Hibis"<ref>{{cite book |last1=Gauthier |first1=Henri |title=Dictionnaire des Noms Géographiques Contenus dans les Textes Hiéroglyphiques |volume=1 |date=1925 |page=[https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1925_1/page/n107/mode/2up 203] |url=https://archive.org/details/Gauthier1925_1}}</ref>| <hiero>Aa2:t*Z1-T14-xAst:niwt-rsw-N21:Z1-b-xAst:niwt</hiero> | align=left |era=egypt }}
Kharga is the most modernised of Egypt's western oases. The main town is highly functional with all modern facilities, and virtually nothing left of old architecture. There is extensive thorny [[date palm]], [[acacia]], [[buffalo thorn]], and [[jujube]] growth in the oasis surrounding the modern town of Kharga. Many remnant wildlife species inhabit this region.

==Climate==
The [[Köppen-Geiger climate classification system]] classifies its climate as [[hot desert climate|hot desert]] (BWh).<ref name="Climate-Data">{{cite web|title=Climate: Kharga - Climate graph, Temperature graph, Climate table|url=http://en.climate-data.org/location/32848/|publisher=Climate-Data.org|access-date=14 August 2013}}</ref> Kharga Oasis experiences extreme summers for most of the year with no precipitation and warm winters with cool nights.

{{Weather box
|width=auto
|metric first=yes
|single line=yes
|location= Kharga (2000–2020)
|Jan record high C = 36.0
|Feb record high C = 42.3
|Mar record high C = 47.5
|Apr record high C = 46.4
|May record high C = 49.8
|Jun record high C = 50.3
|Jul record high C = 47.5
|Aug record high C = 46.8
|Sep record high C = 45.4
|Oct record high C = 44.6
|Nov record high C = 39.8
|Dec record high C = 38.7
|year record high C = 50.3
|Jan high C = 	22.6
|Feb high C = 	25.2
|Mar high C = 	29.6
|Apr high C = 	34.5
|May high C = 	38.5
|Jun high C = 	40.6
|Jul high C = 	41.2
|Aug high C = 	41.2
|Sep high C = 	38.8
|Oct high C = 	34.6
|Nov high C = 	28.9
|Dec high C = 	24.1
|Jan low C = 	7.0
|Feb low C = 	9.1
|Mar low C = 	12.7
|Apr low C = 	17.5
|May low C = 	22.0
|Jun low C = 	24.7
|Jul low C = 	25.0
|Aug low C = 	25.2
|Sep low C = 	23.8
|Oct low C = 	20.2
|Nov low C = 	13.9
|Dec low C = 	9.2
|precipitation colour = green
|Jan precipitation mm = 	0.1
|Feb precipitation mm = 	0
|Mar precipitation mm = 	0.1
|Apr precipitation mm = 	0
|May precipitation mm = 	0.1
|Jun precipitation mm = 	0
|Jul precipitation mm = 	0
|Aug precipitation mm = 	0
|Sep precipitation mm = 	0
|Oct precipitation mm = 	0
|Nov precipitation mm = 	0
|Dec precipitation mm = 	0
|Jan precipitation days = 	0
|Feb precipitation days = 	0
|Mar precipitation days = 	0.1
|Apr precipitation days = 	0
|May precipitation days = 	0
|Jun precipitation days = 	0
|Jul precipitation days = 	0
|Aug precipitation days = 	0
|Sep precipitation days = 	0
|Oct precipitation days = 	0
|Nov precipitation days = 	0
|Dec precipitation days = 	0
|Jan record low C = 0.0
|Feb record low C = 0.2
|Mar record low C = 2.6
|Apr record low C = 6.4
|May record low C = 10.6
|Jun record low C = 14.8
|Jul record low C = 16.9
|Aug record low C = 16.9
|Sep record low C = 14.9
|Oct record low C = 9.9
|Nov record low C = 0.8
|Dec record low C = 0.8
|year record low C = 0.0
|Jan humidity = 52
|Feb humidity = 45
|Mar humidity = 38
|Apr humidity = 29
|May humidity = 27
|Jun humidity = 28
|Jul humidity = 30
|Aug humidity = 31
|Sep humidity = 36
|Oct humidity = 41
|Nov humidity = 47
|Dec humidity = 51
|year humidity = 37.9
|Jan sun = 287.8
|Feb sun = 274.4
|Mar sun = 297.8
|Apr sun = 307.2
|May sun = 336.8
|Jun sun = 361.6
|Jul sun = 359.9
|Aug sun = 364.9
|Sep sun = 321.1
|Oct sun = 313.0
|Nov sun = 289.7
|Dec sun = 276.6
|year sun = 3790.8
|source 1 = Meteomanz<ref name=Meteomanz>{{cite web
| url = http://www.meteomanz.com/sy3?l=1&cou=1150&ind=62435&y1=2000&m1=01&y2=2020&m2=12&so=000&fm=00
| title = SYNOP/BUFR observations. Data by months
| publisher = Meteomanz
| access-date = 25 March 2024}}</ref>
|source 2 = NOAA<ref name= NOAA>{{Cite FTP | url = ftp://ftp.atdd.noaa.gov/pub/GCOS/WMO-Normals/TABLES/REG__I/UB/62435.TXT
| server = [[National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration]]
| title = Kharga Climate Normals 1961–1990
| access-date = 17 January 2016}}</ref>
}}

==Darb El Arba'īn caravan route==
[[File:AMS - Series P502 - North Africa - NG-36-09 Al Kharijah.jpg|thumb|200px|left|Map sheet showing Kharga Oasis.]]

A [[trade route]] called [[Darb El Arba'īn]] ("the Way of Forty") passed through Kharga as part of a long caravan route running north–south between [[Middle Egypt]] and [[the Sudan]]. The ancient route connected the [[Al-Fashir]] area of Sudan to [[Asyut]] in Egypt, navigating through a chain of oases including Kharga, [[Selima Oasis]] and [[Bir Natrun]].<ref name=":0">{{Cite web |last=Stephens |first=Angela |orig-date=September/October 1997 |title=Saudi Aramco World : Riding the Forty Days' Road |url=https://archive.aramcoworld.com/issue/199705/riding.the.forty.days.road.htm |access-date=2022-09-27 |website=Saudi Aramco World |pages=16–27}}</ref>

At least 700 years old,<ref name=":0" /> it was likely used from as early as the [[Old Kingdom of Egypt]] for the transport and trade of gold, [[ivory]], spices, wheat, animals and plants.<ref>{{cite journal |last=Jobbins |first=Jenny |title=The 40 days' nightmare |journal=Al-Ahram |date=13–19 November 2003 |issue=664 |location=Cairo, Egypt }}</ref>

The maximum extent of [[Darb El Arba'īn]] was northward from [[Kobbei]] in [[Darfur]] (located about 25 miles north of [[al-Fashir]]) passing through the desert, through [[Bir Natrum]] and [[Wadi Howar]], and ending at the [[Nile|Nile River]] access point of Asyut in [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Burr |first1=J. Millard |first2=Robert O. |last2=Collins |title=Darfur: The Long Road to Disaster |publisher=Markus Wiener |location=Princeton |year=2006 |isbn=1-55876-405-4 |pages=6–7 }}</ref> This is a journey of approximately {{Cvt|1800|km|mi}}. The desert route was less expensive and safer than the more visually appealing Nile route.<ref name=":1">Shaw, W. B. K. “DARB EL ARBA’IN. THE FORTY DAYS’ ROAD.” ''Sudan Notes and Records'', vol. 12, no. 1, 1929, pp. 63–71. ''JSTOR'', {{JSTOR|41719405}}. Accessed 27 Sep. 2022.</ref>[[File:Egypt-region-map-cities-2.gif|thumb|250px|right|Site of the '''Kharga Oasis''' in [[Egypt]] (lower centre).]]

<!-- [[File:Kharga.jpg|thumb|left|225px|A view of a mudbrick settlement at Kharga Oasis.]] The picture shows El Qasr in the Dakhla depression with the northern rocks behind. There aren't such extended mudbrick settlements in the Kharga depression. -->
All the oases have always been crossroads of [[Camel train|caravan]] routes converging from the barren desert. In the case of Kharga, this is made particularly evident by the presence of a chain of fortresses that the Romans built to protect the Darb El Arba'īn route.  The forts vary in size and function, some being just small outposts, some guarding large settlements complete with cultivation.  Some were installed where earlier settlements already existed, while others were probably started from scratch. All of them are made of mud bricks, but some also contain small stone temples with inscriptions on the walls.

Described by [[Herodotus]] as a road "traversed…in forty days," by his time the route had already become an important land route facilitating trade between [[Nubia]] and [[Egypt]].<ref>{{cite web |last=Smith |first=Stuart Tyson |title=Nubia: History |publisher=University of California Santa Barbara, Department of Anthropology |url=http://www.anth.ucsb.edu/faculty/stsmith/research/nubia_history.html |access-date=21 January 2009 }}</ref> The length of the journey is the reason for it being called Darb El Arba`īn, the implication being "the forty-day road".<ref name="Richardson">{{cite book |last=Richardson |first=Dan |year=1991 |title=Egypt: the Rough Guide |publisher=Harrap Columbus |location=Kent |page=ii }}</ref>

After the prominent Christian theologian [[Nestorius]] was condemned as a heretic in the 431 [[Council of Ephesus]], he was removed from his position as [[Ecumenical Patriarch of Constantinople|Patriarch of Constantinople]] and exiled to a [[monastery]] then located in the Great Oasis of Hibis (El Kharga). There he lived for the rest of his life. The monastery suffered attacks by desert bandits, and Nestorius was injured in one such raid. Nestorius seems to have survived there until at least 450 and there had composed the ''Bazaar of Heracleides''—the only one of his writings to survive in full, and of importance to the Christian [[Nestorians]] who follow his teachings.

As part of a caravan proceeding to [[Darfur]], the English explorer [[William George Browne|W.G. Browne]] paused for several days at Kharga, leaving with the rest of the group 7 June 1793. At the time a ''gindi'' (a Turkish horseman, that performs extraordinary feats) was stationed at Kharga, "belonging to Ibrahim Bey El Kebir, to whom those villages appertain; and to [this official] is entrusted the management of what relates to the caravan during the time of its stay there."<ref>{{cite book |last=Browne |title=Travels in Africa, Egypt and Syria, from the years 1792 to 1798 |location=London |year=1799 |page=185 |oclc=25040149 }}</ref>

In 1930 the archaeologist, [[Gertrude Caton–Thompson]], uncovered the [[palaeolithic]] history of Kharga.<ref>{{cite book |first=L. P. |last=Kirwan |chapter=Thompson, Gertrude Caton (1888–1985) |edition=Rev. |title=[[Oxford Dictionary of National Biography]] |publisher=Oxford University Press |year=2004 }}</ref>

==Temple of Hibis==
{{main|Temple of Hibis}}

==Demographics==
In his diary, “Al-Hajj Al-Bari” mentioned the most important families descending of Christians and Romans in the Kharga Oasis. They are the families of “Al-Jawiya, the families of Al-Tawayh, the Al-Bahramah family, the Al-Sanadiyah family, the Al-Azayza family, the Al-Badayrah family, the Al-Mahbasiya family, the Al-Hosnieh family, and the Al-Na’imah family And the Al-Sharayra family, and there are Nubian families in the village of Baris.  There are few Berber families too who are thought to be the indigenous people of Kharga but the majority today are Arab families.

Perhaps the most important of these Arab families that came to the Khargha Oasis from the beginning of the year 300 AH are the families of the Idris from Tunisia or Libya, the family of Rekabia and the family of the jewehera from the Hijaz and the family of shakawera and the family of Al-Radawana and the family from the Arabs of Mecca and the family of Al-Shawami from the Levant and there are families from the countries of the Egyptian country such as Dabatiya and Asawiya from Assiut Or Sohag and the Awlad-el-sheikh from Egypt “It is more likely to mean Cairo”, the family of Njarin from Qalamoun in Dakhla, the family of Al Shaabna from Mallawi, the family of Al-Awamir from Al-Amayem tribe and the family of Al-Alawneh from Al-Alawiya in addition to Turkish families such as Al-Dabashiya, Al-Tarakah Al-Kharja and the Bash families The Qaqamqam, Askari, Tannabur, Qitas, and Kashif.

==Transportation==
A regular bus service connects the oasis to the other Western oases and to the rest of Egypt. In 1907, the narrow gauge [[Western Oasis Lines]] provided twice-weekly train services. A [[standard gauge]] railway line Kharga → [[Qena]] (Nile Valley) → [[Port Safaga]] (Red Sea) has been in service since 1996, but has been decommissioned soon after.

==Archaeological sites==
[[File:Bagawat.jpg|thumb|right|200px|The El Bagawat Christian cemetery at Kharga Oasis]]
[[File:Necklace from the Treasure of Dush.jpg|thumb|right|200px|A Necklace from the Treasure of Dush found in the Kharga Oasis site of [[Dush, Egypt]].]]

The [[Temple of Hibis]] is a [[Saite]]-era temple founded by [[Psamtik II]], which was erected largely c. 500 BC. It is located about 2 kilometres north of modern Kharga, in a palm-grove.<ref>[http://egyptsites.wordpress.com/deserts/western/kharga/hibis.html "Egyptian Monuments: Hibis"]. Retrieved 28 November 2008</ref> There is a second 1st millennium BC temple in the southernmost part of the oasis at [[Dush, Egypt|Dush]].<ref>[http://egyptology.blogspot.com/2007_02_01_archive.html "New Persian temple found at Kharga" ''Egyptology News'' 22 February 2007]. Retrieved 28 November 2008</ref> An ancient Christian cemetery at [[El Bagawat]] also functioned at the Kharga Oasis from the 3rd to the 7th century AD. It is one of the earliest and best preserved Christian cemeteries in the ancient world.

The first list of sites is due to [[Ahmad Fakhri]] but serious archaeological work began in 1976 with [[Serge Sauneron]], director of the [[Institut Français d'Archéologie Orientale]].

;Sites
* Ain El Beleida (Roman)
* Ain El Labakha (Roman)
* Ain Manawir (Persian, Roman)
* Ain Shams El Din (Coptic church)
* Ain El Tarakwa (Roman)
* Ain Tauleib (Roman)
* Deir Mustafa Kashef (Coptic monastery)
* Deir El Munira (Roman)
* [[Dush, Egypt]] (Ptolemaic and Roman) 
* Gabbanat El Bagawat ([[Copts|Coptic]] cemetery)
* Gebel El Teir (Prehistoric times)
* El Nadura (Roman)
* Qasr El Dabashiya (Roman)
* Qasr Dush (Greco-Roman)
* Qasr El Ghuweita (Late Period)
* Qasr El Gibb (Roman)
* Qasr El Zayyan (Greco-Roman)
* Sumeira (Roman)
* Temple of Hibis (Persian - c. 6th century BC.)
* Umm El Dabadib (Roman)
* Umm Mawagir (Middle Kingdom, 2nd Intermediate Period)

===Meteorite dagger===
In June 2016, a report emerged that attributed the [[dagger]] buried with [[Pharaoh]] [[Tutankhamun]] to an iron [[meteorite]], with similar proportions of metals (iron, nickel and cobalt) to one discovered near and named after Kharga Oasis. The dagger's metal was presumably from the same [[meteor shower]].<ref name="20160601_ABC">[http://www.abc.net.au/news/2016-06-02/king-tutankhamun-buried-with-dagger-made-of-space-iron/7470736 King Tutankhamun buried with dagger made of space iron, study finds], [[ABC News Online]], 2 June 2016</ref>

==See also==
* [[List of cities and towns in Egypt]]
* [[Temple of Hibis]]

==Notes==
{{Reflist}}

==Further reading==
*{{cite book |language=fr |first=Frank |last=Bliss |title=Artisanat et artisanat d'art dans les oasis du désert occidental égyptien |publisher=Frobenius-Institut |location=Köln |year=1998 }}
*{{cite book |language=de |first=Frank |last=Bliss |title=Wirtschaftlicher und sozialer Wandel im "Neuen Tal" Ägyptens. Über die Auswirkungen ägyptischer Regionalentwicklungspolitik in den Oasen der Westlichen Wüste |location=Bonn |year=1989 }}
* {{Cite EB1911|wstitle= Kharga | volume= 15 |last= Cana |first= Frank Richardson |author-link= | pages = 771&ndash;772 |short= 1}}
*{{cite book |language=fr |title=Le matériel archéologique et les restes humains de la nécropole d'Aïn el-Labakha (oasis de Kharga) |first1=Françoise |last1=Dunand |first2=Bahgat Ahmed |last2=Ibrahim |first3=Magdi |last3=Hussein |author-link=Françoise Dunand |publisher =Cybèle |year=2008 |isbn=978-2-915840-07-0 <!-- |total pages = 203 --> }}

==External links==
{{Commons category}}
* [https://4care-skos.mf.no/4care-database/ 4CARE (Fourth-Century Christian Archaeological Record of Egypt) Database]
* [https://4care-skos.mf.no/skos-database/ SKOS (South Kharga Oasis Survey) Database]
* {{cite encyclopedia | article = KHARGA OASIS | last = Colburn | first = Henry P. | url = http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/kharga-oasis | encyclopedia  = Encyclopaedia Iranica | year = 2017 }}
* Wilford, John Noble (6 September 2010) [https://www.nytimes.com/2010/09/07/science/07archeo.html "Desert Roads Lead to Discovery in Egypt"] ''The New York Times''
* [http://www1.aucegypt.edu/academic/northkhargaoasissurvey/home.htm Information on the forts and archaeological work]
*{{in lang|de}} [[voy:de:Chārga|Khārga on Wikivoyage]]

{{Coord|25|26|18|N|30|33|30|E|region:EG_type:adm2nd|display=title}}

{{Governorates capital of Egypt}}
{{Sa'id / Upper Egypt Main Cities}}
{{Egyptian Cities}}
{{Egypt oasis areas}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Populated places in New Valley Governorate]]
[[Category:Governorate capitals in Egypt]]
[[Category:Oases of Egypt]]
[[Category:Western Desert (Egypt)]]