View source for Khanate of Kalat

{{Short description|State in Balochistan, present day Pakistan}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=May 2015}}
{{Use Pakistani English|date=December 2018}}

{{Infobox country
| common_name            = Kalat
| conventional_long_name = Khanate of Kalat
| native_name            = کلاتءِ ھانات ، خانات کلات
| empire                 = 
| government_type        = [[Hereditary monarchy]]
| leader_title1          = [[Khan (title)|Khan]]
| leader_name1           = [[Ahmad Yar Khan]]
| era                    = Early Modern Period
| status                 = [[Khanate]]
| image_flag             = FlagofKalat.svg
| image_map              = File:Balochistan region in the year 1789.png
| image_map_caption      = Balochistan in the year 1789, including the Khanate of Kalat and states that are under its suzerainty.
| image_map2             = Baluchistan Agency 1931 Map.png
| image_map2_caption     = Khanate of Kalat (dark green) in [[Baluchistan Agency]] (1931)
| s1                     = Balochistan States Union
| s2                     = Qajar Iran
| s3                     = Emirate of Afghanistan
| flag_s3                = Flag of Afghanistan pre-1901.svg
| flag_s2                = State flag of Persia (1907–1933).svg
| flag_s1                = Flag of Pakistan.svg
| p1                     = Mughal Empire
| flag_p1                = Alam of the Mughal Empire.svg
| p2                     = Afsharid Iran
| flag_p2                = Afsharid Imperial Standard (3 Stripes).svg
| capital                = [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]]
| religion               = {{hlist|[[Islam]]}} ([[State religion|official]])
| languages_type         = Common languages
| languages              = [[Brahui language|Brahui]], [[Balochi language|Balochi]], [[Persian language|Persian]] (administration),<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spooner |first1=Brian |editor1-last=Schiffman |editor1-first=Harold F. |title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004201453 |page=320 |chapter=10. Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language |quote=The medium of administration in this state, which became known as the Khanate of Kalat, was Persian, as was customary down to the 19th century throughout south and central Asia and beyond (see Spooner, this volume).}}</ref> [[Jatki language|Jatki]], [[Dehwari]]
| stat_year1             = 1835
| stat_area1             = 560,000
| stat_pop1              = 
| stat_year2             = 1940
| stat_area2             = 139,850
| year_start             = 1666
| year_end               = 1955
| today                  = [[Pakistan]]<br>[[Iran]]<ref name=s/><br>[[Afghanistan]]<ref name=s/>
}}
{{baloch}}
{{Former administrative units of Pakistan}}

The '''Khanate of Kalat''', also known as the '''Brahui Confederacy''',<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-i |title=BALUCHISTAN i. Geography, History and Ethnography| website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref><ref name="s"/> was a [[Brahui people|Brahui]] [[Khanate]] that originated in the modern-day [[Kalat, Pakistan|Kalat]] region of [[Pakistan]]. Formed in 1666 due to the threat of [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] expansion in the region,<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.uob.edu.pk/journals/TREATY%20OF%20KALAT%201758%20BETWEEN%20QANDHAR%20AND%20KALAT%20AND%20ITS%20IMPACTS.pdf |title=Treaty of Kalat between Balochistan and Afghanistan in 1758 |access-date=29 December 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160304032403/http://www.uob.edu.pk/journals/TREATY%20OF%20KALAT%201758%20BETWEEN%20QANDHAR%20AND%20KALAT%20AND%20ITS%20IMPACTS.pdf |archive-date=4 March 2016 |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref name="IG6-277">"Baluchistan" ''Imperial Gazetteer of India'' Vol. 6, [https://dsal.uchicago.edu/reference/gazetteer/pager.html?objectid=DS405.1.I34_V06_283.gif p. 277], from the Digital South Asia Library, accessed 15 January 2009</ref> it controlled the wider [[Balochistan]] at its greatest extent in the mid-18th century,<ref name="s">{{Encyclopædia Iranica|last1= Elfenbein |first1=Josef| volume = 4 | fascicle = 4 | title = Brahui  |author-link = | url = https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/brahui | pages = 433–443}}</ref> extending from [[Kerman]] in the west to [[Sindh]] in the east and from [[Helmand River]] in the north to the [[Arabian Sea]] in the south.<ref name="Naseer Dashti 280" /> 

The Khanate of Kalat lost considerable area to [[Qajar Iran]] and the [[Emirate of Afghanistan]] in the early 19th century,<ref name="s" /> and the city of Kalat was itself sacked by the [[Kabul Expedition (1842)|British in 1839]]. Kalat became a self-governing state in a [[subsidiary alliance]] with [[British India]] after the signature of the [[Treaty of Kalat]] by the Khan of Kalat and the Brahui Sardars in 1875, and the supervision of Kalat became a task of the [[Baluchistan Agency]].<ref name="BA">{{Cite web |url=http://balochistanarchives.gob.pk/AGG-Balochistan-Records |title=Balochistan Archives – Records of the Agent to the Governor General in Balochistan |access-date=31 July 2015 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150709161724/http://balochistanarchives.gob.pk/AGG-Balochistan-Records |archive-date=9 July 2015 |url-status=dead }}</ref> Kalat was briefly independent from 12 August 1947 until 27 March 1948, when its ruler [[Ahmad of Kalat|Ahmad Yar Khan]] acceded to Pakistan, making it one of the [[Princely states of Pakistan]].

== Origins ==
The Khanate of Kalat was the first unified polity to emerge in the [[history of Balochistan]].<ref name=s/> It took birth from the confederacy of nomadic [[List of Baloch tribes|Baloch and Brahui tribes]]<ref name=":Ahmedza ">{{cite book|author=Mir Naseer Khan Ahmedzai Kambarani Baloch |title=A History of the Baloch and Balochistan (2023)|asin=B0D66DTRMW}}</ref> in 1666 which under ''Mir Ahmad Khan I'' declared independence from the Mughal suzerainty<ref name=s/> and slowly absorbed the [[Baloch people|Baloch]] principalities in the region.

== History ==

=== Background ===
According to Brahui and Baloch traditions, Kalat was ruled by a Hindu ruler named Sewa when they first conquered it.<ref name=v>{{Cite book |last=Khan |first=Sabir Badal |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8N1JCgAAQBAJ&dq=rind+lashari+war&pg=PA27 |title=Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore: Two Essays on Baloch History and Folklore |date=2013 |publisher=Università di Napoli, "l'Orientale" |pages=68 |language=en}}</ref> Historically, the regions surrounding Kalat were part of the [[Mughal Empire|Mughal]] province of [[Kandahar]] during 17th century. During the reign of [[Shah Jahan]], Mughal expansion reached its high point, and caused the emergence for the first time a strong, unified "Baloch and Brahui Confederacy" or the Khanate of Kalat.<ref name=":Anousha">{{cite book |last= Sedighi |first=Anousha  |year=2023 |title=Iranian and Minority Languages at Home and in Diaspora|publisher= De Gruyter|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=s7GiEAAAQBAJ&dq=baloch+khanate+kalat&pg=PA63|isbn=9783110694314}}</ref><ref name=s/> 

=== Establishment ===
The founder of the Khanate of Kalat was  Ameer Meero Merwani Baloch  in 1405.<ref>{{cite book |last= Dikshit, Dikshit|first= K. R., Jutta K.  |year=2025 |title=Land, People and Economy of Pakistan A Geographic Perspective|publisher= Routledge India |page=148 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RQo-EQAAQBAJ&dq=mirwani+baloch&pg=PA148|isbn=9781032835952}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last=Jalib Baloch|first=Habib|year=2006 |title=Balochistan Statehood and Nationalism|publisher= Routledge IndJ. Perekan Academy of Social Sciencesa |page=38 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=gQBuAAAAMAAJ&q=mirwani}}</ref> The first ruler of the Baloch and Brahui Confederacy was Mir Ahmad Khan I (r.1666–1695).<ref>{{cite book |last= Malik |first= Fida Hussain  |year=2020 |title=Balochistan A Conflict of Narratives|publisher= Saiyid Books |page=12 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=VNwCEAAAQBAJ&dq=baloch+mir+ahmad+khan&pg=PA12|isbn=9789692200028}}</ref> He was strong enough to capture [[Quetta]], [[Mastung District|Mastung]], and [[Pishin District|Pishin]] from the Mughal governor at Kandahar.<ref name=s/> He spent his life fighting the Afghans and [[Kalhora dynasty|Kalhoras]] of Sindh, and became an ally of Mughal emperor [[Aurangzeb]].<ref name="Encyclopedia Iranica"/> During the reign of his successor, Mir Samandar Khan (r.1697–1714), He expanded the state till [[Karachi]] and Placed Mir Noor Muhammad Kalhoro on The Throne under his hand, He Plundered Districts of Zhob which were the country of Pashtuns, a [[Safavid Iran|Safavid]] army under Tahmasb Beg invaded western Balochistan. Safavids were defeated, and Tahmasb was killed. Samandar Khan was rewarded by Mughals with the gift of port of [[Karachi]].<ref name="Encyclopedia Iranica"/>{{sfn|Breseeg|2004|p=117}} 

Under [[Abdullah Khan Ahmadzai|Mir Abdullah Khan]] (r.1716–31), the state expanded from Upper Sindh and Kandahar to Persia till the port of [[Bandar Abbas]].<ref name="Encyclopedia Iranica" /><ref name="s" /> He was later [[Battle of Kachhi|killed while fighting]] against allied army of [[Hussain Hotak]] of [[Hotak dynasty]] and Kalhoras in 1734. His son and successor, Mir Mehrab Khan (r.1734–1749), was given the region of [[Kacchi (Kalat)|Kacchi]], then under Kalhoras, by [[Nader Shah]] as blood compensation of his father.<ref name="Encyclopedia Iranica" />

The Khanate reached its peak during the reign of [[Mir Nasir Khan I]] (r.1749–94), who had unified the Kalat region and conquered cities of [[Khash, Iran|Khash]], [[Bampur]], [[Qasr-e Qand]] and [[Zahedan]] in the Iranian Balochistan.<ref name=s/><ref name="Naseer Dashti 280">{{cite book|author=Naseer Dashti|title=The Baloch and Balochistan: A Historical Account from the Beginning to the Fall of the Baloch State|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=T0Jg3q33mkgC&pg=PA280|access-date=6 August 2013|date=8 October 2012|publisher=Trafford Publishing|isbn=978-1-4669-5897-5|pages=190, 280}}</ref> Since 1748, Kalat was a vassal state of [[Durrani Empire]], and assisted in the campaigns of Ahmad Shah such as in the [[Durrani Campaign to Khorasan (1754-55)|Durrani Campaign to Khorasan]]. However, in 1758 Mir Nasir Khan I revolted against [[Ahmad Shah Durrani|Ahmad Shah]]. The Afghans were dispatched under Shah Wali Khan to Kalat, but were defeated. As a result, Ahmad Shah marched himself with an army and defeated the Baluch armies in battle. 

Ahmad Shah laid siege to Kalat for over 40 days, and attempted to storm it, however it was unsuccessful. In the ensuing 1758 treaty of Kalat, the exact agreements are disputed. Some sources state that the Khanate of Kalat attained a sovereign status.{{sfn|Breseeg|2004|loc= p.120: However, the Afghan attitude towards the Khan provoked Mir Nasir Khan to declare the complete independence of Kalat in 1758. As a result, the Afghan forces under the command of Ahmad Shah himself invaded Balochistan and besieged the Kalat fortress for forty days. Ultimately they came to an amicable agreement and the Afghan troops were withdrawn. The agreement known as the “Treaty of Kalat” (1758), recognised the sovereign status of Balochistan.}}<ref>{{Cite book |last=Webb |first=Matthew J. |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Y0AlDwAAQBAJ&pg=PA31 |title=Separatist Violence in South Asia: A comparative study |date=2016-10-04 |publisher=Taylor & Francis |isbn=978-1-317-39312-2 |language=en|page=318|quote=Baloch separatism, for example, can be traced back to 1758, when Nasir Khan of Kalat won sovereign status from the Afghan empire...}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last1=Banuazizi |first1=Ali |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=l6cmuTfzvZEC&pg=PA273 |title=The State, Religion, and Ethnic Politics: Afghanistan, Iran, and Pakistan |last2=Weiner |first2=Myron |date=1988-08-01 |publisher=Syracuse University Press |isbn=978-0-8156-2448-6 |language=en|page=273|quote=Once he had established his army on a solid basis, however, Nasir Khan took on the Afghans militarily, fighting Ahmad Shah Durrani's forces to a standstill in 1758. Thereafter, Kalat enjoyed sovereign status until the arrival of the British...}}</ref> According to some other accounts, Mir Nasir Khan had recognized suzerainty of Ahmad Shah, who guaranteed non-interference in the matters of Kalat.<ref>{{Cite book |last=Lee |first=Jonathan |title=Afghanistan: A History from 1260 to the Present |publisher=Reaktion Books |year=2019 |isbn=9781789140101 |pages=126 |language=English|quote=Following the loss of the Punjab, Nasir Khan, beglar begi of Kalat, convinced that these defeats marked the beginning of the end of Durrani power, declared independence. Sardar Shah Wali Khan was sent to put down the revolt, but when he was defeated Ahmad Shah set out in person to deal with the troublesome governor. He eventually defeated the Baluch army but was unable to take Kalat by storm. Instead, he agreed to allow Nasir Khan to remain as governor of Kalat in return for his resubmission to Durrani sovereignty}}</ref><ref name="Encyclopedia Iranica">{{Encyclopædia Iranica|last1=Spooner |first1=Brian J. | volume = 3 | fascicle = 6 | title = Baluchistan i. Geography, History and Ethnography  |author-link = | url = https://doi.org/10.1163%2F2330-4804_EIRO_COM_6516 | pages = 598–632}}</ref><ref>{{Cite journal |last=Khan Durrani |first=Ashiq Muhammad |date=1991 |title=The People of Afghanistan: Relations between the Sadozais and the Ahmadzais of Qalat |url=https://drive.google.com/file/d/1VRq1_v1wuGf4MpSS229I3TAHVEpiWt1_/view |journal=Proquest |pages=139 |via=Google drive|quote=The Afghan army besieged the Qalat fort and the siege lasted for forty days. The Afghans failed to capture it. Ultimately through the good offices of the Wazir Shah Wali Khan a peace treaty was concluded. Mir Nasir Khan came to Ahmad Shah and apologized for his misdeeds. According to the treaty Mir Nasir Khan accepted the suzerainty of the Afghan king. Ahmad Shah agreed that Mir Nasir Khan should pay no tribute, but should furnish, when called upon a contingent of troops sending them at his own cost to the royal camp.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Hasan Dani |first=Ahmad |title=History of Civilizations of Central Asia: Development in contrast : from the sixteenth to the mid-nineteenth century |publisher=UNESCO |year=2003 |isbn=9789231038761 |pages=289|quote=Nasir Khan had accompanied Ahmad Shah in three campaigns in India and is said to have performed his duties well and loyally. But in 1758, on hearing the Marathas had conquered Punjab and ousted the Afghans from that province, he declared his independence. In the summer of 1758, Ahmad Shah advanced into Baluchistan. He met considerable resistance. According to a local chronicle, the small fortress of Kalat detained the Shah for 40 days. Ultimately, Nasir Khan was forced to submit. He was allowed his domains on condition he acknowledged the shah's sovereignty and furnished contingents for his campaigns. The Baluch chief was exempted from the annual tax and tribute.}}</ref>{{sfn|Siddiqi|2012|loc=p. 53: "However, in 1758, he declared independence which caused the Afghan-Baloch war. Though the Baloch were successful in the initial stages of the conflict, Ahmad Shah Abdali and his forces were able to subdue the Khan by invading Kalat"}} Nevertheless, Kalat did not pay any tribute to Durrani Empire thereafter, and provided military contingents in exchange of money only.<ref name="Encyclopedia Iranica" /> Following the collapse of the Durranis, any trace of Afghan influence over Kalat ended after the death of Sher Dil Khan, the ruler of the [[Principality of Qandahar]], in 1826.<ref>{{Cite web |last=Balland |first=D |title=AFGHANISTAN x. Political History |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/afghanistan-x-political-history |website=Encyclopaedia Iranica|quote=The political convulsions of the last years of the 18th century and the first quarter of the 19th century had led to the empire’s dismemberment. A Qajar offensive resulted in the loss of western Khorasan (1209/1795) and a direct threat to Herat, which was besieged in 1249/1833 and in 1253/1837. To the north of the Hindu Kush, various Uzbek principalities entered the orbit of khanate of Bokhara. In the south, the khanate of Kalāt became independent.}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Gulzad |first=Zulmay |title=External Influences and the Development of the Afghan State in the Nineteenth Century |publisher=P. Lang |year=1994 |isbn=9780820424576 |pages=31}}</ref><ref>{{Cite book |last=Khan Jalalzai |first=Musa |title=The Foreign Policy of Afghanistan |publisher=Sang-e-Meel Publications |year=2003 |isbn=9789693513998 |pages=33}}</ref>

Mir Nasir Khan, known to the Baloch "The Great",<ref>{{cite book |last1=Khan |first1=Adeel|title=Politics of Identity |publisher=SAGE Publications|pages=111|date=2005 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=RYr6cKyF1o0C|isbn=9780761933045}}</ref>{{sfn|Siddiqi|2012|p=70}}<ref>{{cite book |last= Malik |first= Samaddar |year=2007 |title=The Materiality of Politics: Volume 1|publisher= Anthem Press |page=37|isbn= 978-1-84331-765-4 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LDzgNhV3tHEC}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last= Windfuhr |first=Gernot |year=2013 |title=The Iranian Languages|publisher= Taylor & Francis |page=635-636 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=QtpQZ1DD6tEC|isbn=9781135797041}}</ref><ref>{{cite book |last1= Hanifi|first1=Shah Mahmoud|title=Mountstuart Elphinstone in South Asia |publisher=Oxford University Press|pages=143|date=2019 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=ziaeDwAAQBAJ|isbn=9780190914400}}</ref><ref name="IG6-277"/> undertook 25 military campaigns during his reign, and forced the [[Talpur dynasty]] of Sindh to pay tribute.<ref name="Encyclopedia Iranica"/> He was the first Khan of Kalat to establish a centralized bureaucracy and issue own currency.{{sfn|Breseeg|2004|p=118}} He established the office of [[Grand Vizier]] to look after the affairs of the state, as well as a standing army. He had also established diplomatic relations with [[Ottoman Turkey]], Iran, Afghanistan and [[Sultanate of Oman]].{{sfn|Breseeg|2004|p=121}} In 1784, he gave refuge to the future Sultan of Oman, [[Sultan bin Ahmad]], and gifted him the port of Gwadar. Gwadar continued to be part of Sultanate of Oman until it was purchased by Pakistan in 1958.<ref name="Encyclopedia Iranica"/> Due to his achievements, he is considered a central figure and hero among Brahuis as well as Balochs.{{sfn|Breseeg|2004|p=118}}<ref name="IG6-277"/>

===Decline ===
[[File:A ride to India across Persia and Baluchistan (1891) (14782070024).jpg|thumb|Palace of [[Khudadad Khan (Kalat)|Mir Khudadad]], Khan of Kalat.]]
The Khanate of Kalat declined in the early 19th century, losing much of its territory to [[Qajar Iran]] and [[Emirate of Afghanistan]].<ref name=s/> The internal weakness of the state forced Khan of Kalat to sign the [[Treaty of Kalat]] (1876) with the [[British India|British]] Agent [[Robert Groves Sandeman|Robert Sandeman]] in the late 19th century.<ref name=s/> Parts of the state to the north and northeast were leased or ceded to form the province of [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)|British Baluchistan]], which later gained the status of a Chief Commissioners province. The [[Iran–Pakistan border|Iran–Kalat Border]] was demarcated in 1896, and the former territories of Kalat Khanate now form part of Iranian province of [[Sistan and Balochistan]].<ref name=s/>

=== Accession ===
Balochi language was one of the court languages during the rule of the Kalat Khanate. Writers in the era of the Baloch khanate of Kalat have enriched the Balochi language and literature by writing several books of prose.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-i |title=BALUCHISTAN i. Geography, History and Ethnography| website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref> Jām Durrak, the court poet of [[Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai|Nasir khan]] composed love poems, some of it has been collected and published.<ref>{{Cite web |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/baluchistan-iii |title=BALUCHISTAN iii. Baluchi Language and Literature| website=[[Encyclopædia Iranica]]}}</ref>
The political centralization of the Khanate of Kalat failed to survive through the colonial era and did not lead to the standardization of the [[Baloch language]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Spooner |first1=Brian |editor1-last=Schiffman |editor1-first=Harold F. |title=Language Policy and Language Conflict in Afghanistan and Its Neighbors |date=2011 |publisher=Brill |isbn=978-9004201453 |page=320 |chapter=10. Balochi: Towards a Biography of the Language |quote=Although a Baloch state was established at Kalat (located now in Pakistan) in 1638 (cf. Spooner 1984, 1989), under a dynastic Khan, this political centralization did not survive through the colonial period and did not lead to standardization of the [Baloch] language.}}</ref> However, with the  withdrawal of the British from the [[Indian subcontinent]] in 1947, the [[Indian Independence Act 1947|Indian Independence Act]] provided that the princely states which had existed alongside but outside [[British India]] were released from all their [[subsidiary alliance]]s and other treaty obligations. The rulers were left to decide whether to accede to one of the newly independent states of [[Dominion of India|India]] or Pakistan (both formed initially from the [[British possessions]]) or to remain independent outside both.<ref>[[Ishtiaq Ahmed (political scientist)|Ishtiaq Ahmed]], ''State, Nation and Ethnicity in Contemporary South Asia'' (London & New York, 1998), p. 99</ref> As stated by [[Sardar Patel]], "On the lapse of Paramountcy every Indian State became a separate independent entity."<ref>R. P. Bhargava, ''The Chamber of Princes'' (Northern Book Centre, 1991) [https://books.google.com/books?id=BAQgNE1uSEgC&pg=PA313 p. 313]</ref>

The [[Instrument of Accession|Instruments of Accession]] made available for the rulers to sign transferred only limited powers, namely external relations, defence, and communications. The Shahi Jirga of Baluchistan and the non-official members of the Quetta Municipality, according to [[Pervaiz Iqbal Cheema]], stated their wish to join Pakistan on 29 June 1947;<ref>{{cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=CX6xCwAAQBAJ&pg=PA60|title=Pakistan's Defence Policy 1947–58|author1=Pervaiz I Cheema|author2=Manuel Riemer|date=22 August 1990|publisher=Palgrave Macmillan UK|isbn=978-1-349-20942-2|pages=60–}}</ref> however, according to the political scientist Rafi Sheikh, the Shahi Jirga was stripped of its members from the Kalat State prior to the vote.<ref name="rafisheikh">{{cite book|last1=Sheikh|first1=Salman Rafi|title=The Genesis of Baloch Nationalism: Politics and Ethnicity in Pakistan, 1947–1977|date=2018|publisher=[[Taylor & Francis]]|isbn=978-1-351-02068-8}}</ref>

Kalat remained fully independent from 15 August 1947 until 27 March 1948, when its ruler, [[Ahmad of Kalat|Ahmad Yar Khan]] (1904–1979), finally acceded to Pakistan, becoming the last of the rulers to do so.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2012|p= 58–62}} Show elections were held during this period and a [[Bicameralism|bicameral]] parliament was established.<ref>{{citation |last=Harrison |first=Selig S. |authorlink=Selig S. Harrison |title=In Afghanistan's Shadow: Baluch Nationalism and Soviet Temptations |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=LLnCAAAAIAAJ |year=1981 |publisher=Carnegie Endowment for International Peace |isbn=978-0-87003-029-1 |page=24 |quote=Pakistani leaders summarily rejected this declaration [of independence], touching off a nine-month diplomatic tug of war that came to a climax in the forcible annexation of Kalat... But it is clear that Baluch leaders, including the Khan, were bitterly opposed to what happened... Moreover, the Pakistani version of the accession debate is discredited by a study of the discussion of the Kalat Assembly on the accession issue and by interviews with a variety of Baluch leaders that confirm the authenticity of the official assembly proceedings.}}
</ref><ref>
{{citation |last=Amirali |first=Alia |chapter=Balochistan: A Case Study of Pakistan's Peacemaking Praxis (Volume III) |title=SAGE Series in Human Rights Audits of Peace Processes |editor=Rita Manchanda |chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=bipPDAAAQBAJ&pg=RA2-PA22 |date=2015 |publisher=SAGE Publications |isbn=978-93-5150-213-5 |pages=22–23 |quote=Seven months later, on 27 March 1948, Kalat acceded to Pakistan. Whether it was a willing accession or a coerced one is a disputed matter, with pro-state historians arguing that the Khan willingly made the decision to accede, and nationalist scholars maintaining that Balochistan was annexed. However, what is certain is that it was an unpopular decision, and sparked the first revolt led by the Khan of Kalat's brother (see also the next section in this chapter). The Pakistan Army, which had already been sent in to Kalat, put down the rebellion.}}</ref> On the night of 27 March, [[All India Radio]] carried a story about Yar Khan approaching India with an unsuccessful request for accession in around February.<ref name=":0" /> The next morning, Yar Khan put out a public broadcast rejecting its veracity and declaring an immediate accession to Pakistan — all remaining differences were to be placed before Jinnah, whose decision would be binding.<ref name=":0" />

Dushka H. Saiyid emphasizes that Yar Khan lost all of his bargaining chips with the accession of [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]], [[Las Bela (princely state)|Las Bela]], and [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]], leaving Kalat as an island.<ref name=":0">{{Cite journal|last=Saiyid|first=Dushka H|title=The Accession of Kalat: Myth and Reality|date=2006|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/45242356|journal=Strategic Studies|volume=26|issue=3|pages=26–45|jstor=45242356|issn=1029-0990}}</ref> Salman Rafi Sheikh largely concurs with Saiyid's assessment: multiple other Kalat sardars were preparing to accede to Pakistan and Yar Khan would have hardly any territory left, if he did not accede.<ref name="rafisheikh" />{{Rp||page=80|quote=After these states’ accession to Pakistan, the Khan of Kalat was left practically with no other choice but to sign Kalat’s Instrument of Accession too; for if he had continued to resist, he would have been left with practically no territory under his control, as a number of Kalat sardars, too, had offered their separate accession to Pakistan.}}

On 3 October 1952, the state of Kalat entered into the [[Baluchistan States Union]] with three neighbouring states, 
Kharan, Las Bela, and Makran, with Yar Khan of Kalat at the head of the Union with the title of Khan-e-Azam. The Khanate came to an end on 14 October 1955, when it was incorporated into West Pakistan.{{sfn|Siddiqi|2012|p= 58–62}}

== Geography ==
The Khanate of Kalat covered the area of {{convert|53,995|sqmi|km2|order=flip|abbr=on}}.<ref name=whitaker>Joseph Whitaker, ''Whitaker's Almanack 1951'', vol. 83 (1951), p. 754: "the following States have also acceded to Pakistan : Kalat, area {{convert|53,995|sqmi|km2|abbr=off|disp=sqbr}}, pop. 253.305..."</ref> The territories of the Khanate of Kalat flactuated throughout its history. At the time of death of Mir Nasir Khan I in 1794, it comprised the Iranian province of [[Sistan and Balochistan]], parts of Sindh and [[Afghan Balochistan]] as far as the [[Helmand river]]. Significantly reduced in the late 19th century, the princely state of Kalat occupied the central part of the territory of modern-day Balochistan province in Pakistan. To the north was the [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)]], part of [[British India]].

== Administration ==
Kalat state was divided into following sub-divisions:
* [[Jhalawan]], an ethnic [[Brahui people|Brahui]] subdivision, headed by the chief nawab of the [[Zehri]] tribe, known as Chief of Jhalawan.
* [[Kacchi (Kalat)|Kacchi]], in which various tribes had their own tribal lands under the Khan of Kalat.
* [[Sarawan]], an ethnic [[Baloch people|Baloch]] subdivision, headed by chief nawab of [[Raisani]] tribe, called Chief of Sarawan.<ref>{{Cite book|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=WVw8AAAAMAAJ|title=IDSA News Review on South Asia/Indian Ocean|date=1987|publisher=Institute for Defence Studies and Analyses}}</ref>

== Demographics ==
{{prose|date=January 2025}}
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in Kalat State ([[Baluchistan Agency|British Baluchistan]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1901<ref name="Census1901B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25352844 |jstor=saoa.crl.25352844 |access-date=8 September 2024 |title=Census of India 1901. Vol. 5A, Baluchistan. Pt. 2, Imperial tables. |year=1901 |pages=5}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25393764 |jstor=saoa.crl.25393764 |access-date=8 September 2024 |title=Census of India 1911. Vol. 4, Baluchistan : pt. 1, Report; pt. 2, Tables. |year=1911 |volume=2 |pages=11}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25394124 |jstor=saoa.crl.25394124 |access-date=8 September 2024 |title=Census of India 1921. Vol. 4, Baluchistan : part I, Report; part II, Tables. |year=1921 |pages=165}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.25797115 |jstor=saoa.crl.25797115 |access-date=8 September 2024 |title=Census of India 1931. Vol. 4, Baluchistan. Pts. 1 & 2, Report [and] Imperial and provincial tables. |year=1931 |pages=390}}</ref>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941B">{{cite web|url=https://www.jstor.org/stable/saoa.crl.28215993 |jstor=saoa.crl.28215993 |access-date=8 September 2024 |title=Census of India, 1941. Vol. 14, Baluchistan |year=1941 |pages=17 |author1=India Census Commissioner |volume=14 }}</ref>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 393,667
| {{Percentage | 393667 | 407472 | 2 }}
| 345,906
| {{Percentage | 345906 | 359086 | 2 }}
| 316,985
| {{Percentage | 316985 | 328281 | 2 }}
| 331,234
| {{Percentage | 331234 | 342101 | 2 }}
| 245,208
| {{Percentage | 245208 | 253305 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 13,780
| {{Percentage | 13780 | 407472 | 2 }}
| 10,102
| {{Percentage | 10102 | 359086 | 2 }}
| 11,205
| {{Percentage | 11205 | 328281 | 2 }}
| 10,806
| {{Percentage | 10806 | 342101 | 2 }}
| 7,971
| {{Percentage | 7971 | 253305 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 25
| {{Percentage | 25 | 407472 | 2 }}
| 3,022
| {{Percentage | 3022 | 359086 | 2 }}
| 78
| {{Percentage | 78 | 328281 | 2 }}
| 42
| {{Percentage | 42 | 342101 | 2 }}
| 79
| {{Percentage | 79 | 253305 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 407472 | 2 }}
| 51
| {{Percentage | 51 | 359086 | 2 }}
| 13
| {{Percentage | 13 | 328281 | 2 }}
| 15
| {{Percentage | 15 | 342101 | 2 }}
| 45
| {{Percentage | 45 | 253305 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 407472 | 2 }}
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 359086 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 328281 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 342101 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 253305 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 407472 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 359086 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 328281 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 342101 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 253305 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 407472 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 359086 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 328281 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 342101 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 253305 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 359086 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 328281 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 342101 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 253305 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Tribal religions in India|Tribal]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 342101 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 253305 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 407472 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 359086 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 328281 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 342101 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 253305 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 407,472
! {{Percentage | 407472 | 407472 | 2 }}
! 359,086
! {{Percentage | 359086 | 359086 | 2 }}
! 328,281
! {{Percentage | 328281 | 328281 | 2 }}
! 342,101
! {{Percentage | 342101 | 342101 | 2 }}
! 253,305
! {{Percentage | 253305 | 253305 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="15" | {{small|Note: 1901–1931: Including the divisions of [[Sarawan]], [[Jhalawan]], [[Kachhi District|Kachhi]], [[Dombki]]-Kaheri Country, [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]], and [[Kharan (princely state)|Kharan]].<br><br>1941: Including the divisions of [[Sarawan]], [[Jhalawan]], [[Kachhi District|Kachhi]], and [[Makran (princely state)|Makran]].}}
|}

=== Sarawan Division ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in the Sarawan Division of Kalat State ([[Baluchistan Agency|British Baluchistan]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911B"/>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921B"/>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931B"/>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941B"/>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 62,660
| {{Percentage | 62660 | 63781 | 2 }}
| 53,304
| {{Percentage | 53304 | 54262 | 2 }}
| 27,722
| {{Percentage | 27722 | 28464 | 2 }}
| 27,592
| {{Percentage | 27592 | 28270 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 1,003
| {{Percentage | 1003 | 63781 | 2 }}
| 896
| {{Percentage | 896 | 54262 | 2 }}
| 729
| {{Percentage | 729 | 28464 | 2 }}
| 592
| {{Percentage | 592 | 28270 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 113
| {{Percentage | 113 | 63781 | 2 }}
| 60
| {{Percentage | 60 | 54262 | 2 }}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 28464 | 2 }}
| 61
| {{Percentage | 61 | 28270 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 5
| {{Percentage | 5 | 63781 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 54262 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 28464 | 2 }}
| 25
| {{Percentage | 25 | 28270 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 63781 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 54262 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 28464 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 28270 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 63781 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 54262 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 28464 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 28270 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 63781 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 54262 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 28464 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 28270 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 63781 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 54262 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 28464 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 28270 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Tribal religions in India|Tribal]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 28464 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 28270 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 63781 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 54262 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 28464 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 28270 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 63,781
! {{Percentage | 63781 | 63781 | 2 }}
! 54,262
! {{Percentage | 54262 | 54262 | 2 }}
! 28,464
! {{Percentage | 28464 | 28464 | 2 }}
! 28,270
! {{Percentage | 28270 | 28270 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
|}

=== Jhalawan Division ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in the Jhalawan Division of Kalat State ([[Baluchistan Agency|British Baluchistan]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911B"/>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921B"/>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931B"/>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941B"/>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 83,914
| {{Percentage | 83914 | 84398 | 2 }}
| 79,293
| {{Percentage | 79293 | 79710 | 2 }}
| 88,780
| {{Percentage | 88780 | 88978 | 2 }}
| 52,194
| {{Percentage | 52194 | 52272 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 472
| {{Percentage | 472 | 84398 | 2 }}
| 417
| {{Percentage | 417 | 79710 | 2 }}
| 197
| {{Percentage | 197 | 88978 | 2 }}
| 78
| {{Percentage | 78 | 52272 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 12
| {{Percentage | 12 | 84398 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 79710 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 88978 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 52272 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 84398 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 79710 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88978 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 52272 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 84398 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 79710 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88978 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 52272 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 84398 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 79710 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88978 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 52272 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 84398 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 79710 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88978 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 52272 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 84398 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 79710 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88978 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 52272 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Tribal religions in India|Tribal]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88978 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 52272 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 84398 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 79710 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 88978 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 52272 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 84,398
! {{Percentage | 84398 | 84398 | 2 }}
! 79,710
! {{Percentage | 79710 | 79710 | 2 }}
! 88,978
! {{Percentage | 88978 | 88978 | 2 }}
! 52,272
! {{Percentage | 52272 | 52272 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
|}

=== Kachhi Division ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in the Kachhi Division of Kalat State ([[Baluchistan Agency|British Baluchistan]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911B"/>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921B"/>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931B"/>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941B"/>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 84,389
| {{Percentage | 84389 | 92759 | 2 }}
| 68,144
| {{Percentage | 68144 | 75153 | 2 }}
| 98,852
| {{Percentage | 98852 | 105886 | 2 }}
| 79,016
| {{Percentage | 79016 | 86112 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 7,176
| {{Percentage | 7176 | 92759 | 2 }}
| 7,009
| {{Percentage | 7009 | 75153 | 2 }}
| 7,019
| {{Percentage | 7019 | 105886 | 2 }}
| 7,095
| {{Percentage | 7095 | 86112 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 1,188
| {{Percentage | 1188 | 92759 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 75153 | 2 }}
| 12
| {{Percentage | 12 | 105886 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 86112 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 6
| {{Percentage | 6 | 92759 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 75153 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 105886 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 86112 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 92759 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 75153 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 105886 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 86112 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 92759 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 75153 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 105886 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 86112 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 92759 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 75153 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 105886 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 86112 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 92759 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 75153 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 105886 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 86112 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Tribal religions in India|Tribal]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 105886 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 86112 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 92759 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 75153 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 105886 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 86112 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 92,759
! {{Percentage | 92759 | 92759 | 2 }}
! 75,153
! {{Percentage | 75153 | 75153 | 2 }}
! 105,886
! {{Percentage | 105886 | 105886 | 2 }}
! 86,112
! {{Percentage | 86112 | 86112 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
|}

=== Dombki-Kaheri Country Division ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in the Dombki-Kaheri Country Division of Kalat State ([[Baluchistan Agency|British Baluchistan]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911B"/>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921B"/>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931B"/>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 20,574
| {{Percentage | 20574 | 23543 | 2 }}
| 16,937
| {{Percentage | 16937 | 19558 | 2 }}
| 24,349
| {{Percentage | 24349 | 26953 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 1,707
| {{Percentage | 1707 | 23543 | 2 }}
| 10
| {{Percentage | 10 | 19558 | 2 }}
| 16
| {{Percentage | 16 | 26953 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 1,262
| {{Percentage | 1262 | 23543 | 2 }}
| 2,611
| {{Percentage | 2611 | 19558 | 2 }}
| 2,588
| {{Percentage | 2588 | 26953 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23543 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 19558 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 26953 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23543 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 19558 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 26953 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23543 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 19558 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 26953 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23543 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 19558 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 26953 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23543 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 19558 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 26953 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Tribal religions in India|Tribal]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 26953 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23543 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 19558 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 26953 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 23,543
! {{Percentage | 23543 | 23543 | 2 }}
! 19,558
! {{Percentage | 19558 | 19558 | 2 }}
! 26,953
! {{Percentage | 26953 | 26953 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="11" | {{small|Note: Much of the Dombki-Kaheri Country division was transferred to the administered areas of Sibi District between the 1931 and 1941 census.}}
|}

=== Makran Division ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in the Makran Division of Kalat State ([[Baluchistan Agency|British Baluchistan]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911B"/>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921B"/>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931B"/>
! colspan="2" |1941<ref name="Census1941B"/>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 71,758
| {{Percentage | 71758 | 71942 | 2 }}
| 71,625
| {{Percentage | 71625 | 71860 | 2 }}
| 68,213
| {{Percentage | 68213 | 68462 | 2 }}
| 86,406
| {{Percentage | 86406 | 86651 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 137
| {{Percentage | 137 | 71942 | 2 }}
| 216
| {{Percentage | 216 | 71860 | 2 }}
| 233
| {{Percentage | 233 | 68462 | 2 }}
| 206
| {{Percentage | 206 | 86651 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 40
| {{Percentage | 40 | 71942 | 2 }}
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 71860 | 2 }}
| 11
| {{Percentage | 11 | 68462 | 2 }}
| 20
| {{Percentage | 20 | 86651 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 71942 | 2 }}
| 8
| {{Percentage | 8 | 71860 | 2 }}
| 3
| {{Percentage | 3 | 68462 | 2 }}
| 17
| {{Percentage | 17 | 86651 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 4
| {{Percentage | 4 | 71942 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71860 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 68462 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 86651 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 71942 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71860 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 68462 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 86651 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71942 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71860 | 2 }}
| 2
| {{Percentage | 2 | 68462 | 2 }}
| 1
| {{Percentage | 1 | 86651 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71942 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71860 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 68462 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 86651 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Tribal religions in India|Tribal]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 68462 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 86651 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71942 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 71860 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 68462 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 86651 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 71,942
! {{Percentage | 71942 | 71942 | 2 }}
! 71,860
! {{Percentage | 71860 | 71860 | 2 }}
! 68,462
! {{Percentage | 68462 | 68462 | 2 }}
! 86,651
! {{Percentage | 86651 | 86651 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
|}

=== Kharan Division ===
{| class="wikitable sortable"
|+ Religious groups in the Kharan Division of Kalat State ([[Baluchistan Agency|British Baluchistan]] era)
! rowspan="2" |[[Religion in Pakistan|Religious]]<br>group
! colspan="2" |1911<ref name="Census1911B"/>
! colspan="2" |1921<ref name="Census1921B"/>
! colspan="2" |1931<ref name="Census1931B"/>
|-
![[Population|{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}]]
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
!{{abbr|Pop.|Population}}
!{{Abbr|%|percentage}}
|-
! [[Islam]] [[File:Star and Crescent.svg|15px]]
| 22,611
| {{Percentage | 22611 | 22663 | 2 }}
| 27,682
| {{Percentage | 27682 | 27738 | 2 }}
| 23,318
| {{Percentage | 23318 | 23358 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Hinduism]] [[File:Om.svg|15px]]
| 52
| {{Percentage | 52 | 22663 | 2 }}
| 56
| {{Percentage | 56 | 27738 | 2 }}
| 40
| {{Percentage | 40 | 23358 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Sikhism]] [[File:Khanda.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 22663 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 27738 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23358 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Christianity]] [[File:Christian cross.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 22663 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 27738 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23358 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Zoroastrianism]] [[File:Faravahar.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 22663 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 27738 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23358 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Judaism]] [[File:Star_of_David.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 22663 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 27738 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23358 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Jainism]] [[File:Jain_Prateek_Chihna.svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 22663 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 27738 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23358 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Buddhism]] [[File:Dharma_Wheel_(2).svg|15px]]
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 22663 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 27738 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23358 | 2 }}
|-
! [[Tribal religions in India|Tribal]]
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| {{N/a}}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23358 | 2 }}
|-
! Others
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 22663 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 27738 | 2 }}
| 0
| {{Percentage | 0 | 23358 | 2 }}
|-
! Total population
! 22,663
! {{Percentage | 22663 | 22663 | 2 }}
! 27,738
! {{Percentage | 27738 | 27738 | 2 }}
! 23,358
! {{Percentage | 23358 | 23358 | 2 }}
|- class="sortbottom"
| colspan="11" | {{small|Note: The Kharan division was divided from the Kalat princely state between the 1931 and 1941 censuses to become a separate princely state.}}
|}

== Rulers of Kalat ==

The rulers of Kalat at first held the title of [[Wali]] but in 1739 also took the title of (Begler Begi Khan), usually shortened to Khan. The last '''Khan of Kalat''' ({{langx|bal|خان قلات}}) had the privilege of being the President of the Council of Rulers for the [[Baluchistan States Union]]. They also had the title of [[beylerbey]].

{|class="wikitable"
|-
!Tenure||Khan of Kalat <ref name="Naseer Dashti 280"/>
|-|-
|1656–1666||Mir Altaz Sani Khan Qambrani II
|-
|1666–1695||Mir Ahmad I Khan Qambrani III (Changed his Royal family name from Qambrani to Ahmadzai )
|-
|1695–1697||Mir Mehrab Khan Ahmadzai I
|-
|1697–1714||Mir Samandar Khan Ahmadzai 
|-
|1714–1716||Mir Ahmad II Khan Ahmadzai
|-
|1716–1731||[[Abdullah Khan Ahmadzai|Mir Abdullah Khan Ahmadzai]] 
|-
|1731–1749||Mir Muhabbat Khan Ahmadzai 
|-
|1749–1794|| [[Mir Nasir Khan I|Mir Muhammad Nasir Khan I Ahmadzai]]
|-
|1794–1817||Mir Mahmud Khan I Ahmadzai
|-
|1817–1839|| [[Mehrab Khan II of Kalat|Mir Mehrab Khan Ahmadzai II]]
|-
|1839–1841||Mir Shah Nawaz Khan Ahmadzai
|-
|1841–1857|| Mir Nasir Khan II Ahmadzai 
|-
|1857–1863|| Mir [[Khudadad Khan (ruler)|Khudadad Khan]] Ahmadzai (1st time)
|-
|1863–1864||Mir [[Sherdil Khan]] Ahmadzai (usurped throne) 
|-
|1864–1893||Mir [[Khudadad Khan (ruler)|Khudadad Khan]] Ahmadzai (2nd time)
|-
|1893–1931||Mir Mahmud Khan II Ahmadzai
|-
|1931–1933||Mir Mohammad [[Azam Jan Khan]] Ahmadzai
|-
|1933–1955|| [[Ahmad of Kalat]] (Mir Ahmad Yar Khan Ahmadzai);<br /> declared independent on 12 August 1947; [[Instrument of Accession|acceded]] to Pakistan on 27 March 1948, while keeping internal self-government
|-
|14 October 1955||State of Kalat merged into [[One Unit]] of West Pakistan{{sfn|Siddiqi|2012|p=62}}
|-
|1955–1979|| Mir Ahmad Yar Khan Ahmadzai (titular)
|-
|1979–1998||Mir Dawood Jan Ahmadzai (titular)
|-
|1998–2006||[[Mir Suleman Dawood Jan|Mir Agha Sulaiman Jan Ahmadzai]] (titular)
|-
|2006–present||Prince Mir Mohammad Khan Ahmadzai (titular)
|-
|}

== See also ==
* [[Baluchistan (Chief Commissioner's Province)]]
* [[Makran (princely state)]]
* [[Las Bela (princely state)]]
* [[Kharan (princely state)]]
* [[Kalat State National Party]]
* [[List of princely states of British India]]

== Notes ==
{{Notelist}}

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

== Bibliography ==
* {{EI3|last=Axmann|first=Martin|title=Kalāt, khānate of|year=2019|url=https://referenceworks.brillonline.com/entries/encyclopaedia-of-islam-3/kalat-khanate-of-COM_32943?s.num=28&s.f.s2_parent=s.f.book.encyclopaedia-of-islam-3&s.start=20&s.q=dynasty+india}}
* {{Cite book|last=Breseeg|first=Taj Mohammad|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=cw0DHAAACAAJ|title=Baloch Nationalism: Its Origin and Development|date=2004|publisher=Royal Book Company|isbn=978-969-407-309-5|pages=|language=English}}
* {{citation |last=Siddiqi |first=Farhan Hanif |title=The Politics of Ethnicity in Pakistan: The Baloch, Sindhi and Mohajir Ethnic Movements |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=tDb6i9x1FKgC |year=2012 |publisher=Routledge |isbn=978-0-415-68614-3}}

== External links ==
* Swidler, N. (1972) "[https://www.scribd.com/doc/15573274/The-Development-of-the-Kalat-Khanate The Development of the Kalat Khanate] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130731141434/http://www.scribd.com/doc/15573274/The-Development-of-the-Kalat-Khanate |date=31 July 2013 }}" ''Journal of Asian and African Studies'' 7:  pp.&nbsp;115–21
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20011030054949/http://www.bdd.sdnpk.org/kalat.htm Kalat District – Planning and Development Department of Balochistan Government]
* [http://www.uq.net.au/%7Ezzhsoszy/ips/k/kalat.html Genealogy of the Khans of Kalat]

{{Princely states of India}}
{{Princely states of Pakistan}}
{{Authority control}}

{{Coord|29|01|33|N|66|35|24|E|source:kolossus-nowiki|display=title}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalat, Khanate of}}
[[Category:Khanate of Kalat| ]]
[[Category:States and territories disestablished in 1955]]
[[Category:1666 establishments in Asia]]
[[Category:1955 disestablishments in Pakistan]]
[[Category:Gun salute princely states]]
[[Category:Princely states of Pakistan]]