View source for Khalaj language

{{Short description|Turkic language spoken in western Iran}}
{{Redirect|Klj||KLJ (disambiguation){{!}}KLJ}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Khalaj
| nativename       = خلج
| image            = File:Khalaj in Nastaliq.svg
| imagecaption     = Khalaj in the Persian [[Nastaliq|Nasta'liq]] form
| states           = [[Iran]]
| region           = Distributed throughout a number of villages in the [[Markazi Province]] from [[Qom]] to [[Ashtian]] and [[Tafresh]]
| ethnicity        = [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]]
| speakers         = 19,000
| date             = 2018
| ref              = <ref name="Hamshahri" />
| speakers2        = 
| familycolor      = Altaic
| fam1             = [[Turkic languages|Turkic]]
| fam2             = [[Common Turkic languages|Common Turkic]]
| fam3             = [[Argu languages|Arghu]]
| iso3             = klj
| glotto           = turk1303
| glottorefname    = Turkic Khalaj
| notice           = IPA
| dia1             = Talx-āb<ref>{{harvnb|Doerfer|1978|p=17}}: "Thus, the western dialects, e.g. of Talx-āb, are regarded by other Khalaj as a different language, and this is a well tenable conception."</ref>
| dia2             = Xarrāb{{sfn|Doerfer|1978|p=18}}
| dia3             = Dāγān{{sfn|Doerfer|1978|p=20}}
| map              = Khalaj Turkic Language distribution map.png
| mapcaption       = Map of the location of the Khalaj Language.
| ancestor         = Arghu
}}

'''Khalaj''' is a [[Turkic language]] spoken in [[Iran]]. Although it contains many old Turkic elements, it has become widely [[Persianization|Persianized]].{{sfn|Knüppel|2010}}{{sfn|Ölmez|1995}}  Khalaj has about 150 words of uncertain origin.{{sfn|Doerfer|1978|p=32}}

Surveys have found that most young [[Khalaj people|Khalaj]] parents do not pass the language on to their children; only 5% of families teach their children the language.<ref name="Hamshahri">{{cite web |url=https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/451382/زبان-خلجی-در-حال-انقراض |date=2019-08-14 |script-title=fa:زبان خلجی در حال انقراض |trans-title=Endangered Khalaj language |website=[[Hamshahri|Hamshahri Online]] |language=fa |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230409160016/https://www.hamshahrionline.ir/news/451382/زبان-خلجی-در-حال-انقراض |archive-date=2023-04-09}}</ref>

The Khalaj language is a descendant of an old Turkic language called Arghu.{{sfn|Johanson|Csató|1998|p=81}}{{sfn|Robbeets|2015|p=8}} The 11th-century Turkic [[lexicographer]] [[Mahmud al-Kashgari]] was the first person to give written examples of the Khalaj language, which are mostly interchangeable with modern Khalaj.{{sfn|Ölmez|1995}}

[[Gerhard Doerfer]], who first [[Linguistic description|scientifically described]] Khalaj, demonstrated that it was an independent branch from [[Common Turkic]].{{sfn|Robbeets|2015|p=8}}

==Classification==
The Turkic languages are a [[language family]] of at least 35 documented languages spoken by the [[Turkic peoples]].{{sfn|Dybo|2006|p=766}}

While initially thought to be closely related to [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]], linguistic studies, particularly those done by [[Gerhard Doerfer]], led to the reclassification of Khalaj as a distinct non-[[Oghuz languages|Oghuz]] branch of the Turkic language family.{{sfn|Kıral|2000|p=89}} Evidence for the reassignment includes the preservation of the vowel length contrasts found in [[Proto-Turkic]] (PT),{{sfn|Cheung|Aydemir|2015|p=80}} word-initial *''h'', and the lack of the sound change *''d'' > ''y'' characteristic of Oghuz languages.{{sfn|Doerfer|1978|p=22}}

The conservative character of Khalaj can be seen by comparing the same words across different Turkic varieties. For example, in Khalaj, the word for 'foot' is ''hadaq'', while the [[Cognate|cognate word]] in nearby Oghuz languages is ''ayaq'' (compare [[Turkish language|Turkish]] {{lang|tr|ayak}}). Because of the preservation of these archaic features, some scholars have speculated that the Khalaj people are the descendants of the Arghu Turks.{{sfn|Kuribayashi|2021|p=469}}

''[[Ethnologue]]'' and [[ISO 639|ISO]] formerly listed a [[Western Iranian languages|Northwestern Iranian language]] named "Khalaj" with the same population figure as the Turkic language.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kjf |title=Khalaj |website=Ethnologue |edition=17th |publisher=SIL International |access-date=2020-03-18 |url-status=unfit |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20130402221134/https://www.ethnologue.com/language/kjf |archive-date=2013-04-02 |quote=Different from Turkic Khalaj [klj] in Iran.}}</ref> The Khalaj speak their Turkic language and [[Persian language|Persian]], and the supposed Iranian language of the Khalaj is [[Spurious languages|spurious]].<ref>Hammarström (2015) Ethnologue 16/17/18th editions: a comprehensive review: online appendices</ref><ref>{{cite web|title=Request Number 2019-026 for Change to ISO 639-3 Language Code|url=https://iso639-3.sil.org/sites/iso639-3/files/change_requests/2019/2019-026.pdf|publisher=SIL International|date=2019-03-12|access-date=2020-03-18}}</ref>

==Geographical distribution==
{{further|List of endangered languages in Asia#Iran}}
Khalaj is spoken mainly in [[Markazi Province]] in Iran distributed throughout a number of villages from [[Qom]] to [[Ashtian]] and [[Tafresh]].{{sfn|Ragagnin|2020|p=574}} Doerfer cites the number of speakers as approximately 17,000 in 1968, and 20,000 in 1978.{{sfn|Doerfer|1978|p=17}} ''Ethnologue'' reports that the population of speakers grew to 42,107 by 2000;<ref>{{E22|klj}}</ref>{{Verify source|date=March 2020}} however, in 2018 Khalaj poet and researcher Ali Asghar Jamrasi estimated the number of speakers to be 19,000.<ref name="Hamshahri" />

===Dialects===
The main dialects of Khalaj are Northern and Southern. Within the dialect groupings, individual villages and groupings of speakers have distinct speech patterns.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

The linguistic difference between the most distant dialects is not smaller (or even bigger) than [[Tatar language|Kazan Tatar]] and [[Bashkir language|Bashkir]] or between [[Rumelian Turkish]] and [[Azerbaijani language|Azerbaijani]].{{sfn|Doerfer|1978|p=17}}

==Phonology==

===Consonants===
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|+ Consonant phonemes{{sfn|Shcherbak|1997|p=472}}
|-
! colspan=2|
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Post-<br>alveolar]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Uvular consonant|Uvular]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan=2| [[Nasal consonant|Nasal]] 
| {{IPAlink|m}}
| {{IPAlink|n}}
|
| {{IPAlink|ŋ}}
| 
| 
|-
! rowspan=2| [[Stop consonant|Stop]]/<br>[[Affricate consonant|Affricate]]
! {{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
| {{IPAlink|p}}
| {{IPAlink|t}}
|ç [{{IPAlink|t͡ʃ}}]
| {{IPAlink|k}}
| {{IPAlink|q}}
| 
|-
! {{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
| {{IPAlink|b}}
| {{IPAlink|d}}
|c [{{IPAlink|d͡ʒ}}]
| {{IPAlink|ɡ}}
| {{IPAlink|ɢ}}
| 
|-
! rowspan="2" | [[Fricative consonant|Fricative]]
!{{small|[[voicelessness|voiceless]]}}
|{{IPAlink|f}}
|{{IPAlink|s}}
|ş [{{IPAlink|ʃ}}]
|{{IPAlink|x}}
| 
|{{IPAlink|h}}
|-
!{{small|[[voice (phonetics)|voiced]]}}
|{{IPAlink|v}}
|{{IPAlink|z}}
|{{IPAlink|ʒ}}
|ğ [{{IPAlink|ɣ}}]
| 
| 
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant consonant|Approximant]]
| 
|{{IPAlink|l}}
|
|{{IPAlink|j}}
| 
| 
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Rhotic consonant|Rhotic]]
| 
|{{IPAlink|r}}
|
| 
| 
| 
|}

===Vowels===
{| class="wikitable" border="1"
|+ Vowel phonemes{{sfn|Shcherbak|1997|p=472}}
|- align="center" cellpadding="4"
! rowspan=2 |
! colspan=2|[[Front vowel|Front]]
! colspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|- align="center"
!<small>unrounded</small>
!<small>rounded</small>
!<small>unrounded</small>
!<small>rounded</small>
|- align="center"
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| i {{IPAblink|i}} í {{IPAblink|iː}}
| ü {{IPAblink|y}} ű {{IPAblink|yː}}
|ı {{IPAblink|ɯ}} ì {{IPAblink|ɯː}}
| u {{IPAblink|u}} ú {{IPAblink|uː}}
|- align="center"
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| e {{IPAblink|e}} é {{IPAblink|eː}}
| ö {{IPAblink|ø}} ő {{IPAblink|øː}}
|
|o {{IPAblink|o}} ó {{IPAblink|oː}} 
|- align="center"
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| ə {{IPAblink|æ}} ə́ {{IPAblink|æː}}
| 
|a {{IPAblink|a}} á {{IPAblink|aː}}
| 
|}

Doerfer claims that Khalaj retains three vowel lengths postulated for Proto-Turkic: long (e.g. ''qán'' {{IPA|[q'''aː'''n]}} 'blood'), half-long (e.g. ''bàş'' {{IPA|[b'''aˑ'''ʃ]}} 'head') and short (e.g. ''hat'' {{IPA|[h'''a'''t]}} 'horse').{{sfn|Doerfer|1971}}{{sfn|Doerfer|Tezcan|1980}} However, [[Alexis Manaster Ramer]] challenges both the interpretation that Khalaj features three vowel lengths and that Proto-Turkic had the same three-way contrast.{{sfn|Manaster Ramer|1995|pp=187–88}} Some vowels of Proto-Turkic are realized as falling [[diphthong]]s, as in {{IPA|[quo̯l]}} 'arm'.{{Citation needed|date=April 2022}}

==Grammar==
{{Unreferenced section|date=May 2022}}

===Morphology===

====Nouns====
Nouns in Khalaj might receive a [[plural]] marker or [[Possession (linguistics)|possessive]] marker. [[Declension|Cases]] in Khalaj include [[Genitive case|genitive]], [[Accusative case|accusative]], [[Dative case|dative]], [[Locative case|locative]], [[Ablative case|ablative]], [[Instrumental case|instrumental]], and [[Equative case|equative]].

Forms of case suffixes change based on vowel harmony and the consonants they follow. Case endings also interact with possessive suffixes. A table of basic case endings is provided below:

{| class="wikitable"
|-
!Case!!Suffix
|-
|Nominative|| ∅ (unmarked)
|-
|Genitive||-Un, -u:y, -i:, -i:n
|-
|Dative||-A, -KA
|-
|Accusative||-I, -NI
|-
|Locative||-čA
|-
|Ablative||-dA
|-
|Instrumental||-lAn, -lA, -nA
|-
|Equative||-vāra
|}

The equative can also be expressed by the words ''täkin'', ''täki'' and other forms.

====Verbs====
Verbs in Khalaj are [[inflection|inflected]] for [[Grammatical voice|voice]], [[Grammatical tense|tense]], [[Grammatical aspect|aspect]], and [[negation]]. Verbs consist of long strings of [[morpheme]]s in the following array:

:'''Stem + Voice + Negation + Tense/Aspect + Agreement'''

Due to Persian influence, Khalaj has, like [[Qashqai language|Qashqai]], lost [[converb]] constructions of the form ''{{nowrap|-Ib/-Ip}}''.

===Syntax===
Khalaj employs [[subject–object–verb]] word order. [[Adjective]]s precede [[noun]]s.

==Vocabulary==
{{Unreferenced section|date=April 2022}}
The core of Khalaj vocabulary is Turkic, but many words have been borrowed from [[Persian language|Persian]]. Words from neighboring Turkic languages (namely Azerbaijani), have also made their way into Khalaj.

For example, Khalaj numbers are Turkic in form, but some speakers replace the forms for "80" and "90" with Persian terms.

==Examples==
Excerpt from Doerfer & Tezcan 1994, transliterated by Doerfer:{{sfn|Doerfer|Tezcan|1994|pp=158–159}}
{| border="0" cellpadding="2" cellspacing="1"
|-
! style="background:#eee;"|Translation
! style="background:#eee;"|[[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! style="background:#eee;"|In [[Latin alphabet]]
! style="background:#eee;"|In [[Arabic script]]<ref>Jemrasi, Ali Asghar. (2014). Acquaintance with Khalaj language grammar (Heleç Tili Giramiri, خلج تیلی گرامری, آشنایی با دستور زبان خلجی) [https://turuz.com/storage/Language/2014/0799-_Dil_Xelec_Tili_Grameri_Ali_Asgher_Cemrasi_Fars_Ebced_Urmu_Turuz_2014.pdf Link] [In Persian]</ref>
|- e&771
|Once, Mullah Nasreddin had a son.
|{{IPA|biː ki.niː mol.laː nas.ɾæd.diː.niːn oɣ.lu vaːɾ-aɾ.ti|wrap=all}}
|Bí kiní mollá nasrəddínín oğlu vár-arti.
|dir="rtl"| {{lang|klj-arab|بیٚ کوٚنیٚ موْللا نصرالدیٚنینْ اوْغلو وار اَرتی.}}
|-
|He said, "Oh Father, I want a wife."
|{{IPA|hay.dɨ ki "æj baː.ba, mæŋ ki.ʃi ʃæj.jo.ɾum"|wrap=all}}
|Haüdı ki "Əy bába, məñ kişi şəyyorum."
|dir="rtl"| {{lang|klj-arab|هاوْدیٛ کی «ای بابا، من کیشی شَی‌یوْروم.»}}
|-
|He said, "My dear, we have a cow; take this cow and sell it. Come with the proceeds, we shall buy you a wife!"
|{{IPA|hay.dɨ ki "bɒː.ba bi.zym biː sɨ.ɣɨ.ɾɨ.myz vaːɾ, je.tip bo sɨ.ɣɨ.ɾɨ saː.tɨ, naɣd ʃæj.i puˑ.lĩn, jæk biz sæ̃ ki.ʃi al.duq"|wrap=all}}
|Haüdı ki "Bába bizüm bí sığırımüz vár, yetip bo sığırı sátı. Nağd şəyi púlín, yək biz sə̃ kişi alduq!"
|dir="rtl"| {{lang|klj-arab|هاوْدیٛ کی «بابا بیزوٚم بیٚ سیٛغیری‌موٚز وار، یئتیپ بوْ سیٛغیری ساتی. نقد شی‌یی پوُلینْ، یک بیز سن کیشی آلدوُق.}}
|}

A piece of [[folk poetry]] by Abdullah Vasheqani, [[Transcription (linguistics)|transcribed]] in the [[Common Turkic alphabet]] and translated into English by Hasan Güzel:{{sfn|Güzel|2022|p=100}}
{{Col-begin}}
{{Col-break}}
;Khalaj
<poem>Vaşqan baluqum xeleç teq var tilim
canumda yiter baluqum o tilim
til o baluqumu dunyalan teyişmem
Vaşqan turpaqum o xeleç teq tilim
</poem>

{{Col-break}}
;English
<poem>Vasheqan my village, Khalaj my language
Better than my life, my language and village
I wouldn’t change my language and village for the world
Vasheqan is my land, and Khalaj is my language
</poem>
{{col-end}}

==References==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin|indent=yes}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Cheung
|first1=Johnny
|last2=Aydemir
|first2=Hakan
|title=Turco-Afghanica
|editor-last=Pelevin
|editor-first=Mikhail
|year=2015
|chapter=Turco-Afghanica: On East Iranian *amarnā and Turkic alma, alïmla, almïla 'apple'
|script-title=ru:"На Пастбище Мысли Благой". Сборник статей к юбилею И. М. Стеблин-Каменского
|trans-title="On the Pasture of Good Thoughts": Collected Articles for the Anniversary of I. M. Steblin-Kamensky
|location=Saint Petersburg
|publisher=Kontrast
|pages=73–94 
|chapter-url=https://hal.archives-ouvertes.fr/hal-01246193
|isbn=9785438001256
|oclc=1038607183|language=ru, en
}}
*{{Cite book 
|last=Doerfer
|first=Gerhard
|date=1971
|title=Khalaj Materials
|location=Bloomington
|publisher=Indiana University Publications
|isbn=9780877501503
|oclc=240052
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Doerfer
|first=Gerhard
|year=1978
|title=Khalaj and its relation to the other Turkic languages
|url=https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/belleten/issue/42810/515476
|journal=Yearbook of Turkic Studies – Belleten 1977
|volume=25
|pages=17–32
|issn=0564-5050
|url-status=live
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210924152436/https://dergipark.org.tr/en/pub/belleten/issue/42810/515476
|archive-date=2021-09-24
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Doerfer
|first1=Gerhard
|last2=Tezcan
|first2=Semih
|year=1980
|title=Wörterbuch des Chaladsch (Dialekt von Charrab)
|trans-title=Khalaj Dictionary (Charrab Dialect)
|series=Bibliotheca Orientalis Hungarica
|volume=26
|location=Budapest
|publisher=Akadémiai Kiadó|language=de, Khalaj<!-- Khalaj language and its code are unsupported by MediaWiki, causes [[Category:CS1 maint: unrecognized language]] -->
|isbn=9789630518420
|oclc=8095415
}}
*{{cite book 
|last1=Doerfer
|first1=Gerhard 
|last2=Tezcan
|first2=Semih 
|year=1994
|title=Folklore-Texte der Chaladsch
|trans-title=Folklore Texts of the Khalaj
|location=Wiesbaden
|publisher=Harrassowitz
|language=de, Khalaj
|isbn=9783447034845
|oclc=32612731
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Dybo
|first=Anna
|author-link=Anna Dybo
|editor1-last=Tenišev
|editor1-first=E. R.
|editor2-last=Dybo
|editor2-first=A. V.
|year=2006
|script-chapter=ru:Хронология тюркских языков и лингвистические контакты ранних тюрков
|trans-chapter=Chronology of Turkic languages and linguistic contacts of early Turks
|url=http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/xronol_tu.pdf
|script-title=ru:Пратюркский язык-основа. Картина мира пратюркского этноса по данным языка
|trans-title=Proto-Turkic Base Language: A Picture of the World of the Proto-Turks According to Their Language
|access-date=2020-03-18
|series=Сравнительно-историческая грамматика тюркских языков [Comparative-Historical Grammar of Turkic Languages]|language=ru
|publisher=Nauka
|location=Moscow
|volume=6
|pages=766–817
|isbn=9785020327108
|oclc=13008487
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181217110833/http://altaica.ru/LIBRARY/xronol_tu.pdf
|archive-date=2018-12-17
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Güzel |first1=Hasan |date=Winter 2022 |title=Khalaj Literary Production in an Electronic Cultural Environment in the Context of Cultural Sustainability |journal=Millî Folklor |volume=17 |issue=136 |pages=94–108 |doi=10.58242/millifolklor.1038429 |doi-access=free |issn=2146-8087}}
*{{cite book
|last=Kıral
|first=Filiz
|year=2000
|chapter= Reflections on –miš in Khalaj
|editor-last=Johanson
|editor-first=Lars
|editor-link=Lars Johanson
|editor-last2=Utas
|editor-first2=Bo
|editor2-link=Bo Utas
|title=Evidentials: Turkic, Iranian and Neighbouring Languages
|publisher=Walter de Gruyter
|place=The Hague
|pages=89–102 
|chapter-url=https://books.google.com/books?id=8VEiAAAAQBAJ&pg=PA89
|isbn=9783110805284
|oclc=868974004
}}
* {{Encyclopædia Iranica Online |last1=Knüppel |first1=Michael |url=https://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-ii-language |title=ḴALAJ ii. Ḵalaji Language |year=2010 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191211214800/http://www.iranicaonline.org/articles/khalaj-ii-language |archive-date=2019-12-11}}
*{{cite book
|last=Kuribayashi
|first=Yuu
|editor-last1=Kageyama
|editor-first1=Taro
|editor-last2=Hook
|editor-first2=Peter E.
|editor-link2=Peter E. Hook
|editor-last3=Pardeshi
|editor-first3=Prashant
|year=2021
|chapter=Turkish and Uyghur verb-verb complexes in contrast
|title=Verb-Verb Complexes in Asian Languages
|series=Oxford Linguistics
|location=Oxford
|publisher=Oxford University Press
|pages=455–470
|doi=10.1093/oso/9780198759508.003.0017
|isbn=9780191077432
|oclc=1245491300
}}
*{{cite book
|last1=Johanson
|first1=Lars
|author1-link=Lars Johanson
|last2=Csató
|first2=Éva Ágnes
|year=1998
|title=The Turkic Languages
|location=London
|publisher=Routledge
|isbn=9780415082006
|oclc=40980286
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Manaster Ramer
|first=Alexis
|title=Khalaj (and Turkic) vowel lengths revisited
|journal=Wiener Zeitschrift für die Kunde des Morgenlandes
|volume=85
|year=1995
|pages=187–197
|jstor=23866156
}}
*{{cite journal
|last=Ölmez
|first=Mehmet
|date=February 1995
|title=Halaçlar ve Halaçça
|trans-title=Khalajis and Khalaj
|url=http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/ESKI%20TURK%20DILI/mehmet_olmez_halaclar_ve_halacca.pdf
|access-date=2020-03-18
|journal=Çağdaş Türk Dili|language=tr
|volume=7
|issue=84
|pages=15–22
|issn=1300-1345
|oclc=222016380
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111112035305/http://turkoloji.cu.edu.tr/ESKI%20TURK%20DILI/mehmet_olmez_halaclar_ve_halacca.pdf
|archive-date=2011-11-12
|url-status=live
}}
* {{cite journal |last1=Ragagnin |first1=E. |title=Major and Minor Turkic Language Islands in Iran with a Special Focus on Khalaj |journal=Iranian Studies |date=August 2020 |volume=53 |issue=3–4 |pages=573–588 |doi=10.1080/00210862.2020.1740881 |s2cid=218924277}}
*{{cite book
|last=Robbeets
|first=Martine
|author-link1=Martine Robbeets
|year=2015
|title=Diachrony of Verb Morphology: Japanese and the Transeurasian Languages
|series=Trends in Linguistics. Studies and Monographs
|location=Berlin & Boston
|publisher=De Gruyter Mouton
|doi=10.1515/9783110399943
|isbn=9783110378238
|issn=1861-4302
|oclc=945754396
}}
*{{cite book
|last=Shcherbak
|first=A. M.
|editor-last=Tenišev
|editor-first=E. R.
|year=1997
|script-chapter=ru:Xaлaджcкий язык
|trans-chapter=Khalaj language
|script-title=ru:Тюркские языки
|trans-title=Turkic Languages
|pages=470–476
|place=Moscow
|publisher=Indrik
|series=Языки мира [Languages of the World]
|volume=2
|isbn=9785857590614
|oclc=68040217|language=ru
}}
{{refend}}

==Further reading==
{{refbegin}}
*{{citation
|last=Bosnalı
|first=Soneli
|title=Dil Edimi Açisindan Halaççanin Konumu
|trans-title=Position of Khalaj Language in Terms of Acquisition
|url=http://www.karam.org.tr/Makaleler/2144445610_004%20bosnali.pdf
|journal=Karadeniz Araştırmaları
|trans-journal=Journal of Black Sea Studies
|year=2012
|volume=9
|issue=32
|pages=45–67|language=tr
|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180424201048/http://www.karam.org.tr/Makaleler/2144445610_004%20bosnali.pdf
|archive-date=2018-04-24
|url-status=live
}}
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{{refend}}

==External links==
* [http://www.language-archives.org/language/klj Resources in and about the Turkic Khalaj language]
* [http://www.britannica.com/EBchecked/topic/316083/Khalaj-language Khalaj language]

{{Languages of Iran}}
{{Turkic languages}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Khalaj Language}}
[[Category:Agglutinative languages]]
[[Category:Turkic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Iran]]