View source for Keloid

{{Infobox medical condition (new)
| name            = Keloid
| image           = Keloid, Post Surgical.JPG
| caption         = Bulky keloid forming at the site of abdominal surgery
| field           = [[Dermatology]]
| pronounce       = {{IPAc-en|ˈ|k|iː|l|ɔɪ|d}}
| symptoms        =
| complications   =
| onset           = [[scar]]  formation
| duration        =
| types           =
| causes          =
| risks           = [[Sub-Saharan African]], [[Asians|Asian]] or [[Latin American]] ancestry
| diagnosis       =
| differential    =
| prevention      =
| treatment       =
| medication      =
| prognosis       =
| frequency       =
| deaths          =
}}

'''Keloid''', also known as '''keloid disorder''' and '''keloidal scar''',<ref name="Bolognia">{{cite book | vauthors = Rapini RP, Bolognia JL, Jorizzo JL |title=Dermatology: 2-Volume Set |publisher=Mosby |location=St. Louis |year=2007 |page=1499 |isbn=978-1-4160-2999-1 }}</ref> is the formation of a type of [[scar]] which, depending on its maturity, is composed mainly of either type III (early) or type I (late) [[collagen]]. It is a result of an overgrowth of [[granulation tissue]] (collagen type III) at the site of a healed skin injury, which is then slowly replaced by collagen type I.  Keloids are firm, rubbery lesions or shiny, fibrous [[Nodule (medicine)|nodules]], and can vary from pink to the color of the person's skin or red to dark brown. A keloid scar is [[benign]] and not contagious, but sometimes accompanied by severe itchiness, pain,<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Ogawa R | title = The most current algorithms for the treatment and prevention of hypertrophic scars and keloids | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 125 | issue = 2 | pages = 557–568 | date = February 2010 | pmid = 20124841 | doi = 10.1097/PRS.0b013e3181c82dd5 | s2cid = 21364302 }}</ref> and changes in texture. In severe cases, it can affect the movement of the skin. In the United States, keloid scars are seen 15 times more frequently in people of sub-Saharan African descent than in people of European descent.<ref name="pmid11708945" /> There is a higher tendency to develop a keloid among those with a family history of keloids and people between the ages of 10 and 30 years.<ref name="pmid13288798" />

Keloids should not be confused with [[hypertrophic scar]]s, which are raised scars that do not grow beyond the boundaries of the original wound.

==Signs and symptoms==
[[Image:Keloid.jpg|thumb|Postoperative keloid on the wrist]]
Keloids expand in claw-like growths over normal skin.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Babu M, Meenakshi J, Jayaraman V, Ramakrishnan |date = July 2005 |title=Keloids and hypertrophic scars: A review |journal=Indian Journal of Plastic Surgery |volume=38 |issue=2 |pages=175–9 |doi=10.4103/0970-0358.19796|doi-access= free}}</ref> They can hurt with a needle-like pain or to itch, the degree of sensation varying from person to person.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keloid scars: Signs and symptoms |url=https://www.aad.org/public/diseases/a-z/keloids-symptoms |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=www.aad.org |language=en}}</ref>

Keloids typically form within [[scar|scar tissue]]. [[Collagen]], used in [[wound repair]], tends to overgrow in this area, sometimes producing a lump many times larger than that of the original scar. They can also range in color from pink to red.<ref>{{Cite web | vauthors = Cole GW | veditors = Stöppler MC | date = 27 July 2022 |title = Keloid Scar: Find Causes, Symptoms, and Removal|url = http://www.medicinenet.com/keloid/article.htm|website = MedicineNet|access-date = 2016-02-11}}</ref> Although they usually occur at the site of an injury, keloids can also arise spontaneously.  They can occur at the site of a [[piercing]] and even from something as simple as a pimple or scratch. They can occur as a result of severe [[Acne vulgaris|acne]] or [[chickenpox]] scarring, infection at a wound site, repeated trauma to an area, excessive skin tension during wound closure or a foreign body in a wound. Keloids can sometimes be sensitive to chlorine.<ref>{{cite journal | pmid=7577833 | date=1995 | last1=Matsumoto | first1=Y. | last2=Mori | first2=H. | last3=Hayakawa | first3=A. | last4=Ohashi | first4=M. | title=Influence of free residual chlorine on cultured human epidermal keratinocytes from normal skin and hypertrophic scars | journal=Journal of Dermatological Science | volume=10 | issue=1 | pages=1–7 | doi=10.1016/0923-1811(94)00381-n }}</ref> If a keloid appears when someone is still growing, the keloid can continue to grow as well.<ref>{{cite web | url=https://www.nhs.uk/conditions/keloid-scars/ | title=Keloid scars | date=March 2022 }}</ref>
{{cot|title=Images}}
<gallery>
File:Keloid_Papule.JPG |Small size keloid papules
File:Keloid-Nodular, Keloid Tumor.JPG |Keloid nodules (1–2&nbsp;cm in diameter) and a keloid tumor >2&nbsp;cm in diameter
File:Liner_Keloids.JPG |Two linear keloids
File:Flat_keloid.JPG |Patch of flat keloid
File:Butterfly_Keloid.JPG  |Butterfly type keloid
File:Guttate_Keloid.JPG |Guttate keloid
File:Keloid-Hyperinflammatory , Chest Wall Keloid, Butterfly Keloid.JPG |Hyper-inflammatory keloid of the chest wall
File:Superficially_Spreading_Keloid.jpg|Superficially spreading keloid
File:Pedunculated_Earlobe_Keloid.jpg |Pedunculated keloid that grows with a stalk, much like a mushroom
File:Earlobe_Keloid,_Bulky.JPG |Bulky keloid
File:Massive_Keloids.jpg |Large keloids
File:Keloid_Scalp,_Occipotal_Keloid.JPG|Scalp keloid in occipital area
File:Earlobe_Keloid_2.JPG|Earlobe keloid
File:Keloid-Earlobe_Massive.JPG|Large earlobe keloid forming after repeated surgeries
File:Posterior_Auricular_Keloid.JPG|Posterior auricular keloid triggered by otoplasty surgery
File:Keloid-Face_Nodular,_Facial_Keloid.JPG|Facial nodular keloids in African American male
File:Keloid-Neck,_Bulky_Keloid.JPG|Bulky keloid of the neck
File:Chest_Wall_Keloid.JPG|Inflammatory keloid of the chest wall, worsened with surgery
File:Upper_Arm_Keloid.JPG|Flat, superficially spreading keloid in the upper arm area
File:Keloid_Disorder_-_Umbilical_Keloid,_Keloid_on_belly_button.jpg|Pedunculated umblical keloid
File:Pubic_keloids.JPG|Multi-nodular conglomerate of the pubic area, worsened with surgery.
File:Sole_of_Foot_Keloid.JPG|Keloid in the sole in a patient with large keloids elsewhere
File:Umbilical_Keloid_from_Piercing.JPG| Well-healed midline scar of surgery, with keloid forming in the navel area following piercing
File:Tattoo_keloid.JPG|Keloid formation triggered by tattooing
</gallery>
{{cob}}

==Location==
Keloids can develop in any place where skin trauma has occurred. They can be the result of pimples, insect bites, scratching, burns, or other skin injuries. Keloid scars can develop after surgery. They are more common in some sites, such as the central chest (from a [[sternotomy]]), the back and shoulders (usually resulting from acne), and the ear lobes (from ear piercings). They can also occur on body piercings. The most common spots are the earlobes, arms, pelvic region, and over the collarbone.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Keloids in Children {{!}} Boston Children's Hospital |url=https://www.childrenshospital.org/conditions/keloids#:~:text=Keloids%20can%20appear%20anywhere%20on,shoulders,%20earlobes,%20and%20cheeks. |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=www.childrenshospital.org}}</ref><ref>{{Cite web |title=Keloids |url=https://www.yalemedicine.org/conditions/keloids |access-date=2025-06-22 |website=Yale Medicine |language=en}}</ref>

==Cause==
Most skin injury types can contribute to scarring. This includes [[burn]]s, [[acne]] scars, [[chickenpox]] scars, ear piercing, scratches, surgical incisions, and vaccination sites.

According to the [[National Center for Biotechnology Information|US National Center for Biotechnology Information]], keloid scarring is common in young people between the ages of 10 and 20. Studies have shown that those with darker complexions are at a higher risk of keloid scarring as a result of skin trauma. They occur in 15–20% of individuals with sub-Saharan African, Asian, or Latino ancestry, significantly less in those of a Caucasian background. Although it was previously believed that people with albinism did not get keloids,<ref name="ReferenceA">{{cite journal | vauthors = Andrews JP, Marttala J, Macarak E, Rosenbloom J, Uitto J | title = Keloids: The paradigm of skin fibrosis - Pathomechanisms and treatment | journal = Matrix Biology | volume = 51 | pages = 37–46 | date = April 2016 | pmid = 26844756 | pmc = 4842154 | doi = 10.1016/j.matbio.2016.01.013 }}</ref> a recent report described the incidence of keloids in Africans with albinism.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Kiprono SK, Chaula BM, Masenga JE, Muchunu JW, Mavura DR, Moehrle M | title = Epidemiology of keloids in normally pigmented Africans and African people with albinism: population-based cross-sectional survey | journal = The British Journal of Dermatology | volume = 173 | issue = 3 | pages = 852–854 | date = September 2015 | pmid = 25833201 | doi = 10.1111/bjd.13826 | s2cid = 20641975 }}</ref> Keloids tend to have a genetic component, which means one is more likely to have keloids if one or both of their parents have them.

No single gene has yet been identified as a causing factor in keloid scarring, although several susceptibility loci have been discovered, most notably in Chromosome 15.<ref name="ReferenceA"/><ref>{{cite web | title = Keloids | date = 5 October 2010 | work = PubMed Health | publisher = U.S. National Library of Medicine | url = https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001852/ | archive-url = https://web.archive.org/web/20110216153149/https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmedhealth/PMH0001852/ | archive-date = 16 February 2011 }}</ref>

== Genetics ==
[[File:The Surgical history of the naval war between Japan and China - during 1894-95; translated from the original Japanese report (1900) (14595050100).jpg|thumb|Japanese sailor with keloid scarring during the [[First Sino-Japanese War]]. People of Asian descent are among the groups more likely to develop keloid scars.]]
People who have ancestry from [[Sub-Saharan Africa]], Asia, or [[Latin America]] are more likely to develop a keloid. Among [[Han Chinese|ethnic Chinese]] in Asia, the keloid is the most common skin condition. In the United States, keloids are more common in African Americans and Hispanic Americans than European Americans. Those who have a family history of keloids are also susceptible since about 1/3 of people who get keloids have a first-degree blood relative (mother, father, sister, brother, or child) who also gets keloids. This family trait is most common in people of African and/or Asian descent.

The development of keloids among twins also lends credibility to the existence of a genetic susceptibility to develop keloids. Marneros et al. (1) reported four sets of identical twins with keloids; Ramakrishnan et al.<ref name="pmid4813760">{{cite journal | vauthors = Ramakrishnan KM, Thomas KP, Sundararajan CR | title = Study of 1,000 patients with keloids in South India | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 53 | issue = 3 | pages = 276–280 | date = March 1974 | pmid = 4813760 | doi = 10.1097/00006534-197403000-00004 }}</ref> also described a pair of twins who developed keloids at the same time after vaccination. Case series have reported clinically severe forms of keloids in individuals with positive family history and black African ethnic origin.

==Pathology==
[[File:Keloid -1.jpg|thumb|Micrograph of keloid. Thick, hyalinised collagen fibres are characteristic of this aberrant healing process. H&E stain.]]

[[Histologically]], keloids are fibrotic tumors characterized by a collection of atypical [[fibroblast]]s with excessive deposition of [[extracellular matrix]] components, especially [[collagen]], [[fibronectin]], [[elastin]], and [[proteoglycan]]s. Generally, they contain relatively acellular centers and thick, abundant collagen bundles that form nodules in the deep dermal portion of the lesion. Keloids present a therapeutic challenge that must be addressed, as these lesions can cause significant [[pain]], {{lang|la|[[pruritus]]}} (itching), and physical disfigurement. They may not improve in appearance over time and can limit mobility if located over a joint.<ref>{{Cite web |date=2019-04-01 |title=Keloids |url=https://www.health.harvard.edu/a_to_z/keloids-a-to-z |access-date=2024-08-12 |website=Harvard Health |language=en}}</ref>

Keloids affect all sexes equally, although the incidence in young female patients has been reported to be higher than in young males, probably reflecting the greater frequency of [[earlobe piercing]] among women. The frequency of occurrence is 15 times higher in highly pigmented people. People of African descent have an increased risk of keloid occurrences.<ref>{{EMedicine|article|1298013|Wound Healing, Keloids}}</ref>

==Treatments==
Prevention of keloid scars in patients with a known predisposition to them includes preventing unnecessary trauma or surgery (such as ear piercing and elective [[Melanocytic nevus|mole]] removal) whenever possible. Any skin problems in predisposed individuals (e.g., acne, infections) should be treated as early as possible to minimize areas of inflammation.

Treatments (both preventive and therapeutic) available are pressure therapy, [[silicone gel sheeting]], intra-lesional [[triamcinolone acetonide]] (TAC), [[cryosurgery]] (freezing), radiation, [[pulsed dye laser]] (PDL), [[interferon]] (IFN), [[fluorouracil]] (5-FU) and surgical excision as well as a multitude of extracts and topical agents.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gauglitz GG, Korting HC, Pavicic T, Ruzicka T, Jeschke MG | title = Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies | journal = Molecular Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 113–125 | year = 2011 | pmid = 20927486 | pmc = 3022978 | doi = 10.2119/molmed.2009.00153 }}</ref> Appropriate treatment of a keloid scar is age-dependent: radiotherapy, anti-metabolites, and [[corticosteroid]]s would not be recommended to be used in children, to avoid harmful side effects, like growth abnormalities.<ref name="auto">{{cite journal | vauthors = Arno AI, Gauglitz GG, Barret JP, Jeschke MG | title = Up-to-date approach to manage keloids and hypertrophic scars: a useful guide | journal = Burns | volume = 40 | issue = 7 | pages = 1255–1266 | date = November 2014 | pmid = 24767715 | pmc = 4186912 | doi = 10.1016/j.burns.2014.02.011 }}</ref>

In adults, corticosteroids combined with [[5-FU]] and PDL in triple therapy enhance results and diminish side effects.<ref name="auto" />

[[Cryotherapy]] (or cryosurgery) refers to the application of extreme cold to treat keloids. This treatment method is easy to perform, effective, safe, and has the least chance of recurrence.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Zouboulis CC, Blume U, Büttner P, Orfanos CE | title = Outcomes of cryosurgery in keloids and hypertrophic scars. A prospective consecutive trial of case series | journal = Archives of Dermatology | volume = 129 | issue = 9 | pages = 1146–1151 | date = September 1993 | pmid = 8363398 | doi = 10.1001/archderm.1993.01680300074011 }}</ref><ref>{{Cite web|date=2016-11-07|title=Keloid Research Foundation|url=http://www.keloidresearchfoundation.org/treatment-options.php|access-date=2020-07-13|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161107173532/http://www.keloidresearchfoundation.org/treatment-options.php|archive-date=2016-11-07}}</ref>

Surgical excision is currently still the most common treatment for a significant number of keloid lesions. However, when used as the solitary form of treatment, there is a large recurrence rate of between 70 and 100%. It has also been known to cause a larger lesion formation on recurrence. While not always successful alone, surgical excision when combined with other therapies dramatically decreases the recurrence rate. Examples of these therapies include but are not limited to radiation therapy, pressure therapy, and laser ablation. Pressure therapy following surgical excision has shown promising results, especially in keloids of the ear and earlobe. The mechanism of how exactly pressure therapy works is unknown at present, but many patients with keloid scars and lesions have benefited from it.<ref name="ReferenceA" />

Intralesional injection with a corticosteroid such as triamcinolone acetonide does appear to aid in the reduction of fibroblast activity, inflammation and [[pruritus]].<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Griffith BH | title = The treatment of keloids with triamcinolone acetonide | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 38 | issue = 3 | pages = 202–208 | date = September 1966 | pmid = 5919603 | doi = 10.1097/00006534-196609000-00004 }}</ref>

[[Tea tree oil]], salt, or other topical oil does not affect keloid lesions.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.txid.org/?page_id=4043|title=Keloid Treatment|access-date=22 November 2018 | work = Texas Institute of Dermatology |date=29 May 2012 }}</ref>

A 2022 [[systematic review]] included multiple studies on laser therapy for treating keloid scars. There was not enough evidence for the review authors to determine if laser therapy was more effective than other treatments. They were also unable to conclude whether laser therapy leads to more harm than benefits compared with no treatment or different kinds of treatment.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Leszczynski R, da Silva CA, Pinto AC, Kuczynski U, da Silva EM | title = Laser therapy for treating hypertrophic and keloid scars | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 2022 | issue = 9 | article-number = CD011642 | date = September 2022 | pmid = 36161591 | pmc = 9511989 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD011642.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Wounds Group }}</ref>

Another 2022 systematic review compared silicone gel sheeting with no treatment, treatment with non-silicone gel sheeting, and treatment with intralesional injections of triamcinolone acetonide. The authors only found two small studies (36 participants in total) that compared these treatment options, so they were unable to determine which (if any) was more effective.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Tian F, Jiang Q, Chen J, Liu Z | title = Silicone gel sheeting for treating keloid scars | journal = The Cochrane Database of Systematic Reviews | volume = 1 | issue = 1 | article-number = CD013878 | date = January 2023 | pmid = 36594476 | pmc = 9808890 | doi = 10.1002/14651858.CD013878.pub2 | collaboration = Cochrane Wounds Group }}</ref>

==Epidemiology==
[[File:Medical aspect, Hiroshima, Japan, 1946-03-23, 342-USAF-11034.ogv|thumb|Hiroshima atomic bombing survivors showing numerous burn scars, including keloids]]
People of any age can develop a keloid. Children under 10 are less likely to develop keloids, even from ear piercing. Keloids may also develop from [[pseudofolliculitis barbae]]; continued shaving when one has razor bumps will irritate the bumps, infection, and over time, keloids will form. Persons with razor bumps are advised to stop shaving for the skin to repair itself before undertaking any form of hair removal. The tendency to form keloids is speculated to be hereditary.<ref>{{cite journal | vauthors = Halim AS, Emami A, Salahshourifar I, Kannan TP | title = Keloid scarring: understanding the genetic basis, advances, and prospects | journal = Archives of Plastic Surgery | volume = 39 | issue = 3 | pages = 184–189 | date = May 2012 | pmid = 22783524 | pmc = 3385329 | doi = 10.5999/aps.2012.39.3.184 }}</ref> Keloids can tend to appear to grow over time without even piercing the skin, almost acting out a slow tumorous growth; the reason for this tendency is unknown.

Extensive burns, either thermal or [[Radiation burn|radiological]], can lead to unusually large keloids; these are especially common in firebombing casualties and were a signature effect of the [[atomic bombings of Hiroshima and Nagasaki]].

The true incidence and prevalence of keloid in the United States are not known. Indeed, there has never been a population study to assess the epidemiology of this disorder. In his 2001 publication, Marneros<ref name=pmid11708945>{{cite journal | vauthors = Marneros AG, Norris JE, Olsen BR, Reichenberger E | title = Clinical genetics of familial keloids | journal = Archives of Dermatology | volume = 137 | issue = 11 | pages = 1429–1434 | date = November 2001 | pmid = 11708945 | doi = 10.1001/archderm.137.11.1429 | doi-access =  }}</ref> stated that "reported incidence of keloids in the general population ranges from a high of 16% among the adults in the Democratic Republic of the Congo to a low of 0.09% in England," quoting from Bloom's 1956 publication on heredity of keloids.<ref name=pmid13288798>{{cite journal | vauthors = Bloom D | title = Heredity of keloids; review of the literature and report of a family with multiple keloids in five generations | journal = New York State Journal of Medicine | volume = 56 | issue = 4 | pages = 511–519 | date = February 1956 | pmid = 13288798 }}</ref> Clinical observations show that the disorder is more common among sub-Saharan Africans, African Americans and Asians, with unreliable and very wide estimated prevalence rates ranging from 4.5 to 16%.<ref name="pmid17628822">{{cite journal | vauthors = Froelich K, Staudenmaier R, Kleinsasser N, Hagen R | title = Therapy of auricular keloids: review of different treatment modalities and proposal for a therapeutic algorithm | journal = European Archives of Oto-Rhino-Laryngology | volume = 264 | issue = 12 | pages = 1497–1508 | date = December 2007 | pmid = 17628822 | doi = 10.1007/s00405-007-0383-0 | s2cid = 25168874 }}</ref><ref name=pmid20927486>{{cite journal | vauthors = Gauglitz GG, Korting HC, Pavicic T, Ruzicka T, Jeschke MG | title = Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies | journal = Molecular Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 113–125 | year = 2011 | pmid = 20927486 | pmc = 3022978 | doi = 10.2119/molmed.2009.00153 }}</ref>

==History==
[[File:Scourged back by McPherson & Oliver, 1863, retouched.jpg|thumb|Gordon or "Whipped Peter", enslaved African American man displaying severe keloid scars]]
The word is derived from the Ancient Greek {{wikt-lang|grc|χηλή}}, {{transliteration|grc|chele}}, meaning "crab [[Pincer (biology)|pincers]]", and the suffix ''-oid'', meaning "like".  In the 19th century it was known as the "Keloid of Alibert" as opposed to "Addison's keloid" ([[Morphea]]).<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.whonamedit.com/synd.cfm/94.html |title=Alibert's disease I |author=<!--Not stated--> |website=Whonamedit?}}</ref>

The famous [[American Civil War]]-era photograph [[Gordon (slave)|"Whipped Peter"]] depicts an escaped former slave with extensive keloid scarring as a result of numerous brutal beatings from his former overseer.

Intralesional corticosteroid injections were introduced as a treatment in the mid-1960s as a method to attenuate scarring.<ref name="Gauglitz Korting Pavicic Ruzicka pp. 113–125">{{cite journal | vauthors = Gauglitz GG, Korting HC, Pavicic T, Ruzicka T, Jeschke MG | title = Hypertrophic scarring and keloids: pathomechanisms and current and emerging treatment strategies | journal = Molecular Medicine | volume = 17 | issue = 1–2 | pages = 113–125 | date = 2010-10-05 | pmid = 20927486 | pmc = 3022978 | doi = 10.2119/molmed.2009.00153 | publisher = Springer Science and Business Media LLC }}</ref>

Pressure therapy has been used for the prophylaxis and treatment of keloids since the 1970s.<ref name="Gauglitz Korting Pavicic Ruzicka pp. 113–125"/>

Topical silicone gel sheeting was introduced as a treatment in the early 1980s.<ref name="Gauglitz Korting Pavicic Ruzicka pp. 113–125"/>
{{-}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Further reading ==
{{commons category|Keloid}}
{{refbegin}}
* {{cite book | vauthors = Roßmann N |title=Beitrag zur Pathogenese des Keloids und seine Beeinflussbarkeit durch Steroidinjektionen |year=2005 |type=PhD Thesis |oclc=179740918 |url=http://d-nb.info/974328308/34 |language=de |trans-title=Contribution to the pathogenesis of the keloid and its influence by steroid injections }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Ogawa R, Mitsuhashi K, Hyakusoku H, Miyashita T | title = Postoperative electron-beam irradiation therapy for keloids and hypertrophic scars: retrospective study of 147 cases followed for more than 18 months | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 111 | issue = 2 | pages = 547–53; discussion 554–5 | date = February 2003 | pmid = 12560675 | doi = 10.1097/01.PRS.0000040466.55214.35 | s2cid = 8411788 }}
* {{cite journal | vauthors = Okada E, Maruyama Y | title = Are keloids and hypertrophic scars caused by fungal infection? | journal = Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery | volume = 120 | issue = 3 | pages = 814–815 | date = September 2007 | pmid = 17700144 | doi = 10.1097/01.prs.0000278813.23244.3f | doi-access = free }}
{{refend}}

== External links ==
{{Medical resources
| DiseasesDB      =
| ICD10           = {{ICD10|L|91|0|l|80}}
| ICD9            = {{ICD9|701.4}}
| ICDO            =
| OMIM            =
| MedlinePlus     = 000849
| eMedicineSubj   = article
| eMedicineTopic  = 1057599
| eMedicine_mult  = {{eMedicine2|article|1298013}}
| MeshID          = D007627
}}

{{Diseases of the skin and appendages by morphology}}
{{Localized connective tissue diseases}}{{Female genital mutilation}}
[[Category:Dermal and subcutaneous growths]]
[[Category:Radiation health effects]]
[[Category:Scarring]]