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{{Short description|Piano trio by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart}}
{{Use dmy dates|date=January 2021}}
{{Infobox musical composition
| name        = ''Kegelstatt Trio''
| type        = [[Piano trio]]
| image       = Mozart (unfinished) by Lange 1782.jpg
| image_upright = 
| caption     = Detail of Lange's 1782–83 Mozart portrait
| composer    = [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart|W. A. Mozart]]
| key         = [[E-flat major|E{{music|b}} major]]
| catalogue   = [[Köchel catalogue|K.]] 498
| dedication  = Franziska von Jacquin
| movements   = three
| composed    = {{Timeline-event|date={{Start date|1786|08|05|df=y}}|location=Vienna}}
| published   = {{Timeline-event|date={{Start date|1788}}|location=Vienna}}
| scoring     = {{hlist | [[clarinet]] | [[viola]] | [[piano]] }}
}}
The '''''Kegelstatt Trio''''', [[Köchel catalogue|K.]] 498, is a [[piano trio]] for [[clarinet]], [[viola]] and [[piano]] in [[E-flat major]] by [[Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]].

==History==
Mozart wrote the [[piano trio]] on 10 sheets (19 pages)<ref>''Neue Mozart-Ausgabe'', KV 498, Critical Report, p. 42 (in German)</ref> in Vienna and dated the [[manuscript]] on 5 August 1786.<ref>''Neue Mozart-Ausgabe'', KV 498, score, p, 104</ref> According to Mozart's 17-year-old student [[Karoline Pichler]], the work was dedicated to another student of Mozart's, Franziska von Jacquin; Mozart and the von Jacquin family – father [[Nikolaus Joseph von Jacquin]] and his youngest son Gottfried – were quite close friends.<ref>{{cite journal|last=Kraus|first=Hedwig|title=W. A. Mozart und die Familie Jacquin|journal=[[Zeitschrift für Musikwissenschaft]]|date=January 1933|volume=15|number=4|pages=155–168}}</ref> They performed house concerts together, where Nikolaus played the flute and Franziska the piano.<ref name=Klorman /> In a letter to Gottfried from 15 January 1787, Mozart praises Franziska's studiousness and diligence.<ref name=Klorman /> Mozart dedicated a number of works to the von Jacquin family. One year later, Mozart wrote two [[Lied]]er, "{{lang|de|[[Als Luise die Briefe ihres ungetreuen Liebhabers verbrannte]]|italic=no}}" (K.&nbsp;520) and "{{lang|de|[[Das Traumbild]]|italic=no}}" (K.&nbsp;530) explicitly for Gottfried von Jacquin to use under his own name.

The German word ''{{lang|de|Kegelstatt}}'' means "a place where [[Skittles (sport)|skittles]] are played", akin to a [[duckpin bowling]] alley. Mozart wrote that he composed 12 Duos for Two [[natural horn|Horn]]s (not 2 violins as once thought, or [[basset horn]]s as was commonly thought), K. 487, "while playing skittles";<ref>[http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/nma_cont.php?vsep=181&gen=edition&l=1&p1=IX VII/22/Abt. 2, pp. IX–XII], ''[[Neue Mozart-Ausgabe]]'' ([[Wolfgang Plath|Plath]], [[Wolfgang Rehm|Rehm]], 1966) {{in lang|de}}</ref> on the first page of the autograph manuscript of K. 487, Mozart inscribed the following: "{{Lang|de|Wienn den 27.<sup>t</sup> Jullius 1786 untern Kegelscheiben}}" (Vienna, 27 July 1786 while playing skittles).<ref>[http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/nma/nma_cont.php?vsep=185&gen=edition&l=1&p1=XI VIII/22/Abt. 2, p. XI], ''[[Neue Mozart-Ausgabe]]'' ([[Wolfgang Plath|Plath]], [[Wolfgang Rehm|Rehm]], 1966) {{in lang|de}}</ref> A week and a half later, Mozart composed and dated the trio E{{music|b}} K. 498. He entered this work into his list of compositions simply as: "{{Lang|de|<!-- This is not a typo but Mozart's original spelling. -->Ein Terzett für klavier, Clarinett und Viola}}"<ref name=NMA43>''[[Neue Mozart-Ausgabe]]'', KV 498, Critical Report, [http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/objs/kb/8222_0043.jpg p. 43] {{in lang|de}}</ref> (A trio for piano, clarinet and viola). There is no evidence that Mozart gave any nickname to the K. 498 trio; the moniker ''Kegelstatt'' first appears ascribed to the K. 498 trio in [[Ludwig von Köchel]]'s 1862 [[Köchel catalogue|thematic catalogue of Mozart's music]].<ref name=Klorman />
 
This [[clarinet–viola–piano trio]] was first played in the von Jacquin's house; [[Anton Stadler]] played clarinet, Mozart the viola, and Franziska von Jacquin the piano.<ref name=Klorman>{{cite journal |last=Klorman|first=Edward|title=An Afternoon at Skittles: On Playing Mozart's 'Kegelstatt' Trio. Part I: A Trio for Signora Dinimininimi, Nàtschibinìtschibi, and Pùnkitititi|journal=Journal of the [[American Viola Society]]|date=Spring 2016|volume=32|issue=1|pages=19–27|url=https://www.academia.edu/24376285|location=Dallas|issn=0898-5987}}</ref> The clarinet was still a relatively new instrument in Mozart's time, and this trio, along with his [[Clarinet Quintet (Mozart)|Clarinet Quintet]] and [[Clarinet Concerto (Mozart)|Clarinet Concerto]] (the latter two for [[basset clarinet]]s in A), helped increase the instrument's popularity.

The trio was published in 1788 by [[Artaria]], transcribed – probably with Mozart's consent – for violin, viola and piano, and the original clarinet part was described as an "alternative part": ''{{lang|it|La parte del Violino si può eseguire anche con un Clarinetto}}''. Due to this unusual scoring, the piece is sometimes adapted to fit other types of trios; e.g. a [[clarinet–violin–piano trio]], a violin–cello–piano trio, a [[clarinet–cello–piano trio]], or a violin–viola–piano trio, as in that first publication by Artaria.<ref name=NMA43 />

No composer before Mozart had written for this combination of instruments.<ref name=Klorman /> In the 19th century [[Robert Schumann]] wrote ''[[Märchenerzählungen]]'' ([[Opus number|Op]].&nbsp;132), [[Max Bruch]] in 1910 "Eight pieces for clarinet, viola, and piano" (Op.&nbsp;83) and [[Carl Reinecke]] "Trio for piano, clarinet and viola" (Op.&nbsp;246). In the 20th century, the following works were written in the Kegelstatt trio formation:  [[Jean Francaix]] "Trio" (1990), [[Bertold Hummel]] "Trio" op. 76a (1981), [[György Kurtág]] "Hommage à R. Sch." op. 15/d (1990).  

In March 1894 the manuscript came into the possession of the musicologist and composer [[Charles Malherbe|Charles Théodore Malherbe]] when he bought it from Leo Sachs, a banker in Paris, who had bought it from [[Johann Anton André]] who bought it as part of a large purchase of manuscripts from Mozart's widow [[Constanze Mozart|Constanze]] (the ''{{lang|de|Mozart Nachlass}}'') in 1841. In 1912 it was donated to the [[Bibliothèque nationale de France]], Département de la Musique, Malherbe collection, Ms 222.<ref>{{cite book|last=Keefe|first=Simon P.|author-link=Simon P. Keefe|title=Mozart in Vienna: The Final Decade|page=479|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2017|isbn=978-1-107-11671-9}}</ref>

==Analysis==
[[File:K498-P3.jpg|thumb|First page of the autograph – viola and clarinet]]
The manuscript notes the clarinet part as "Clarinetto in B" and uses the [[Transposing instrument|written pitch]]. The viola part uses the C-[[clef]] in the alto position. The labelling of the piano part shows a correction by Mozart where he started to write "Ce" (for "cembalo", the Italian word for the [[harpsichord]]) and then replaced it with "Piano forte". However, this part is labelled "Cembalo" for the second and third movements. The [[key signature]] of [[E-flat major|E{{music|b}} major]] in Mozart's late chamber music indicates close friendship.<ref>{{cite book|last=Einstein|first=Alfred|author-link=Alfred Einstein|translator1-last=Mendel|translator1-first=Arthur|translator1-link=Arthur Mendel|translator2-last=Broder|translator2-first=Nathan|title=Mozart, His Character, His Work|date=1962|orig-date=First published (in German) 1945|publisher=Oxford University Press|location=New York|oclc=906084406|url=https://archive.org/details/mozarthischaract00eins/page/n3/mode/2up|page=261|isbn=978-0-19-500732-9|url-access=registration}}</ref>

The trio consists of three [[movement (music)|movements]]:
{{Ordered list|type=upper-roman
|[[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Andante]]
|[[Minuet|Menuetto]]
|[[Rondo|Rondeaux]]: [[Tempo#Italian tempo markings|Allegretto]]}}
The first movement is not the more traditional Allegro as an opening movement, but a more contemplative Andante. Following on from this, the second movement is of course not the traditional slow movement, but a moderate Menuetto, and the last movement, while lively, is not the standard Allegro. In short, the contrasts in tempo in this trio are not as stark as in most piano trios.
===I. Andante===
The Andante is written in the [[time signature]] of [[6/8 time|{{music|time|6|8}} time]] and consists of 129 [[Bar (music)|bars]]; a typical performance would last just over six minutes. It [[Repetition (music)|repeats]] neither its exposition nor the remainder of the movement, which is unusual for Mozart's mature chamber music.<ref>{{cite journal |last1=Macdonald |first1=Hugh |author1-link=Hugh Macdonald (musicologist) |title=To Repeat or Not to Repeat? |journal=[[Proceedings of the Royal Musical Association]]|date=1984 |volume=111 |page=<!-- 130 --> |pages=121–138|jstor=766166|publisher=Taylor & Francis|doi=10.1093/jrma/111.1.121 |issn=0080-4452}}</ref> A particularly recognizable feature of this movement's principal theme is the [[grupetto (music)|gruppetto]] (turn) which appears 67 times.<ref>{{YouTube|K5QGI945nkM|Video, at 19:10}}, [[Benjamin Zander]]'s interpretation [[master class]] where he argues that the first movement ought to be played much slower than it is almost always performed.</ref>

===II. Menuetto===
The second movement is written in [[Triple metre|{{music|time|3|4}} time]] and consists of 158 bars, almost all of which are repeated; a typical performance would last about six minutes. The key signature of this movement is [[B-flat major|B{{music|b}} major]], the [[Dominant (music)|dominant]] [[Key (music)|key]] to E{{music|b}} from the first movement.

The opening menuetto of this movement consists of the exposition of a four-bar theme (bars 1–12, repeated), and its development (bars 13–41, also repeated). The piano's pounding bass line and sharp dynamic contrasts set the mood of this theme apart from any conventional light and frilly notions of a Minuet. During the development, the dialogue between the instruments becomes intensified, and Mozart shows his grasp of [[counterpoint]] without ever sounding academic or "learned".

The following trio opens with a [[Diatonic and chromatic|chromatic]] four-note phrase, to which the viola responds with a run of lively [[Tuplet|triplets]], accompanied by chromatic chords from the piano (bars 42–62, repeated). In the development of that theme, the four-note phrase and the lively triplets are then taken up by the piano, and clarinet and viola present some chromatically rising lines, before all three instruments start a [[concerto]]-like conversation where the 4-note phrase is only heard twice in the piano left hand (bars 63–94, repeated).

The final part of the trio starts with a variation of the trio's four-note phrase, which is briefly developed (bars 95–102) before returning to the brighter theme of the Menuetto whose treatment ends the movement without repeats.

===III. Rondeaux: Allegretto===
{{Infobox
|image=[[File:Kegelstatt III Thema A.jpg|400px]]
|caption=[[File:Kegelstatt-Trio III Thema A.ogg|center]]}}

The last movement is written in the time signature of ''cut common time'' {{music|cut-time}} (or ''alla breve'', similar to {{music|time|2|2}})<ref>[http://dme.mozarteum.at/DME/objs/ed/ucb19_185_117.jpg "Rondeaux"], ''[[Neue Mozart-Ausgabe]]'' VIII/22/Abt. 2, p. 117<br />[http://gallica.bnf.fr/ark:/12148/btv1b55006502j/f21.item "Rondeaux"], autograph, p. 6r</ref>  and consists of 222 bars; a typical performance would last eight and a half minutes. The key signature, as is conventional, is the same as the opening movement, E-flat major. The musical format of this movement is a seven-part rondo, a rarity in Mozart's work; this seven-part structure also explains the title ''Rondeaux'', the French plural form of ''Rondeau''.

The structure is AB–AC–AD–A. Theme A is an eight-bar [[cantabile]] melody in two parts, drawn from the first movement and presented first by the clarinet, then taken up as a [[Variation (music)|variation]] by the piano (bars 1–16). The melody of theme B – in B{{music|b}} major – is played once by the clarinet (bars 17–24) before the piano plays an intermezzo of several bars. From bar 36 onwards, all three instruments play short phrases of that theme in turn, followed by a piano solo until bar 50. Theme C – in [[C minor]] – is presented by the viola and repeated (bars 67–76); all three instruments develop that theme in bars 77–90 (repeated). This development visits the [[subdominant]] [[minor scale]] ([[Diatonic function|vi]]) of [[F minor]] before ending in the [[relative key]] of C minor. Theme D – in A{{music|b}} major – is introduced in bar 116 by all three instruments almost in [[unison]], and elaborately developed in bars 132–153 (repeated). In contrast to the previous development, this goes through the subdominant [[major scale]] (VI) of [[A-flat major]].<ref>{{cite book |last1=Hepokoski |first1=James Arnold|author1-link=James Hepokoski|last2=Darcy |first2=Warren|title=Elements of Sonata Theory: Norms, Types and Deformations in the Late-Eighteenth-Century Sonata |date=2011 |publisher=Oxford University Press |location=New York |isbn=978-0-19-514640-0 |page=401 |url=https://books.google.com/books?id=elUSDAAAQBAJ}}</ref> With the playful [[coda (music)|coda]] of bars 191 to 222, Mozart concludes the composition, "that does not merely satisfy the listener, but leaves him enchanted!"{{sfn|Einstein|1962|page=[https://archive.org/details/mozarthischaract00eins/page/262/mode/2up 262]}}

==References==
<references />

==External links==
* {{IMSLP|work=Trio in E-flat major, K.498 (Mozart, Wolfgang Amadeus)|cname=Trio in E-flat major, K. 498 "Kegelstatt"}}
* {{NMA|185|104|186|42|Trio in Es (''Kegelstatt-Trio'') für Klavier, Klarinette und Viola}}
* {{Mutopia|250}}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720165019/http://www.mozart-weltweit.eu/mozart-archiv/14a04.mp3 Andante (4.4 MB)], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720165652/http://www.mozart-weltweit.eu/mozart-archiv/14a05.mp3 Menuetto (4.1 MB)], [https://web.archive.org/web/20110720170101/http://www.mozart-weltweit.eu/mozart-archiv/14a06.mp3 Rondeaux (5.9 MB)], mozart-archiv.de
* Analysis by Edward Klorman: [http://mozartsmusicoffriends.com/wp-content/uploads/2016/03/Score-7-Mozart--22Kegelstatt-22-Trio.pdf annotated score] and [http://mozartsmusicoffriends.com/video-7-mozart-trio-in-e-flat-major-for-clarinet-viola-and-piano-kegelstatt-k-498-complete/ video version]

{{Mozart piano trios|state=expanded}}
{{Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart}}
{{Portal bar|Classical music}}
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{{italic title}}
[[Category:Piano trios by Wolfgang Amadeus Mozart]]
[[Category:1786 compositions]]
[[Category:Compositions for clarinet trio]]
[[Category:Compositions for viola]]
[[Category:Music dedicated to students or teachers]]
[[Category:Compositions in E-flat major]]