View source for Kawi script

{{Short description|Old Javanese script}}
{{for|the language|Kawi language}}
{{use dmy dates|date=October 2024}}
{{Infobox writing system
| name        = Akṣara Kawi
| altname     = {{Script|Kawi|𑼄𑼒𑽂𑼰𑼬𑼒𑼮𑼶}}
| type        = [[Abugida]]
| languages   = [[Balinese language|Old Balinese]], [[Old Javanese]], [[Old Sundanese language|Old Sundanese]], [[Old Malay]], [[Tagalog language|Old Tagalog]], [[Sanskrit language|Sanskrit]]
| fam1        = [[Egyptian hieroglyphs]]
| fam2        = [[Proto-Sinaitic alphabet]]
| fam3        = [[Phoenician alphabet]]
| fam4        = [[Aramaic alphabet]]
| fam5        = [[Brāhmī script|Brāhmī]]
| fam6        = [[Tamil-Brahmi]]
| fam7        = [[Pallava script|Pallava]]
| footnotes   = 
| sisters     = [[Khmer script|Khmer]], [[Cham script|Cham]], [[Old Mon script|Old Mon]], [[Grantha script|Grantha]], [[Tamil script|Tamil]]
| children    = '''In Indonesia:'''<br/>[[Balinese_script|Balinese]]<br/>[[Batak_script|Batak]]<br/>[[Javanese_script|Javanese (Hanacaraka)]]<br/>[[Lontara_script|Lontara]]<br/>[[Sundanese_script|Sundanese]]<br/>[[Rencong_script|Rencong]]<br/>[[Rejang_script|Rejang]]<br/>[[Buda Script|Buda]]<br/>
'''In the Philippines:'''<br/>[[Baybayin|Baybayin scripts]]
| time        = {{circa|8th–16th century}}
| sample      = Shukla Kawi.svg
| imagesize   = 160px
| caption     = 'Kawi' in newly standardized Kawi script
| iso15924    = Kawi
| unicode     = [https://www.unicode.org/charts/PDF/U11F00.pdf U+11F00–U+11F5F]
}}
{{Contains special characters
| special    = uncommon [[Unicode]] characters
| fix        = Help:Multilingual support#Kawi
| image      = Replacement character.svg
| link       = Specials (Unicode block)#Replacement character
| alt        = <?>
| compact    = yes
}}
{{brahmic}}
The '''Kawi script''' or the '''Old Javanese script''' ({{langx|id|aksara kawi}}, {{lang|id|aksara carakan kuna}}) is a [[Brahmic script]] found primarily in [[Java]] and used across much of [[Maritime Southeast Asia]] between the 8th century and the 16th century.<ref name=bayu>Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah 2020. [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20284r-kawi.pdf Proposal to encode Kawi]</ref> The script is an [[abugida]], meaning that characters are read with an inherent vowel. [[Diacritic]]s are used, either to suppress the vowel and represent a pure consonant, or to represent other vowels.<ref name=DeCasparis>De Casparis, J. G. ''Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c. AD 1500'', Leiden/Koln, 1975, pp. 35-42 with footnotes</ref><ref name=briggs/>

==History==
{{Disputed-section|date=August 2024}}
The Kawi script is related to the [[Nāgarī script|Nagari]] or old-Devanagari script in India. Also called the Prae-Nagari in Dutch publications after the classic work of F.D.K. Bosch on early Indonesian scripts, the early-Nagari form of script was primarily used in the Kawi script form to write southeast Asian [[Sanskrit]] and [[Old Javanese]] language in central and eastern Java.<ref name=DeCasparis/><ref>{{cite book|author=Avenir S. Teselkin|title=Old Javanese (Kawi)|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=xJ1kAAAAMAAJ|year=1972|publisher=Cornell University Press|pages=9–14}}</ref> Kawi is the ancestor of traditional Indonesian scripts, such as [[Javanese script|Javanese]], [[Sundanese script|Sundanese]] and [[Balinese script|Balinese]], as well as traditional Philippine scripts such as Luzon Kavi, the ancient scripts of Laguna Copperplate Inscriptions 900&nbsp;A.D. and [[baybayin]] that has surviving records from the 16th century.<ref name=pandey>Anshuman Pandey 2012. [http://std.dkuug.dk/JTC1/SC2/WG2/docs/n4266.pdf Preliminary Proposal to Encode the Kawi Script]</ref> The strongest evidence of Nagari influence is found on the [[Belanjong pillar]] in [[Sanur, Bali|Sanur]] in southern Bali, which consists of texts in two scripts: one in Early Nagari and the other in Early Kawi script. Further, the Sanur inscription overlaps into two languages – Sanskrit and Old Balinese. Of these, the Old Balinese language portion of the text is expressed in both Early Nagari and Early Kawi script. This inscription is likely from 914&nbsp;CE, and its features are similar to the earliest forms of Kawi script found in the central and eastern regions of the Bali's neighboring island of Java.<ref>De Casparis, J. G. ''Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c. AD 1500'', Leiden/Koln, 1975, pp. 36-37 with footnotes</ref>

According to de Casparis, the early Nagari-inspired Kawi script thrived for over three centuries between the 7th- and 10th-century, and after 910&nbsp;CE, the later Kawi script emerged incorporating regional innovations and South Indian influence (which in itself is influenced in part by Brahmi-Nandinagari). The four stages of Kawi script evolution are 910–950&nbsp;CE (east Javanese Kawi I), 1019-1042 (east Javanese Kawi II), 1100–1220 (east Javanese Kawi III), 1050–1220 (square script of the [[Kediri Kingdom|Kediri period]]).<ref>De Casparis, J. G. ''Indonesian Palaeography: A History of Writing in Indonesia from the beginnings to c. AD 1500'', Leiden/Koln, 1975, pp. 38-43 with footnotes</ref>

The earliest known texts in Kawi date from the [[Singhasari]] kingdom in eastern [[Java (island)|Java]]. The more recent scripts were extant in the [[Majapahit]] kingdom, also in eastern Java, [[Bali]], [[Borneo]] and [[Sumatra]]. The Kawi script has attracted scholarly interest both in terms of the history of language and script diffusion, as well as the possible routes for the migration of Buddhism and Hinduism to southeast Asian region because many of the major scripts of southeast Asia show South Indian Pallava script influence.<ref name=briggs>{{cite journal | last=Briggs | first=Lawrence Palmer | title=The Origin of the Sailendra Dynasty: Present Status of the Question | journal=Journal of the American Oriental Society | publisher=JSTOR | volume=70 | issue=2 | year=1950 | issn=0003-0279 | doi=10.2307/595536 | pages=78–82| jstor=595536 }}</ref>

The modern [[Javanese script]], state George Campbell and Christopher Moseley, emerged in part through the modification of the Kawi script over the medieval era. This modification occurred in part via secondary forms called ''pasangan'' in Javanese, and also from changes in shape.<ref>{{cite book|author1=George L Campbell|author2=Christopher Moseley|title=The Routledge Handbook of Scripts and Alphabets|url= https://books.google.com/books?id=bLbN4O2EdcsC&pg=PA28|year=2013|publisher=Routledge|isbn=978-1-135-22297-0|pages=28–30}}</ref> It also shows influence of the northern and western Javanese script forms based on the Pallava Grantha script found in [[Tamil Nadu]] as well as the [[Arabic script|Arabic]] and [[Latin script|Roman script]] with changes in theo-political control of Java and nearby islands from the 14th- to 20th-century.<ref>{{cite book|author1=Patricia Herbert|author2=Anthony Crothers Milner|title=South-East Asia: Languages and Literatures : a Select Guide|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-EqbeRzdDrsC&pg=PA127|year=1989|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1267-6|pages=127–129}}</ref>

==Examples==

The Kawi script was used in official documents or declarations inscribed in stone or copper tablets primarily in Java but also in other medieval kingdoms in archipelagic Southeast Asia. The following are some examples categorized using present-day states.

===Philippines===

====Lord Namvaran's debt clearance certificate from the Duke of Tondo (900)====
{{main|Laguna Copperplate Inscription}}
[[File:Extract from Inskripsyon sa Binatbat na Tanso ng Laguna.jpg|thumb|The inscription displayed at the [[National Museum of Anthropology (Manila)|National Museum of Anthropology]] in Manila]]
An official document written using the Kawi script records the acquittal of Namvaran's debt to the Duke ({{lang|sa|senapati}}) of Tondo in April 900. It is also known as the [[Laguna Copperplate Inscription]]. 

It records the date of granting of the document being on the 4th of Krishna Paksha (black lunar side), month of Vaishakha, [[Shaka era|Shaka year]] 822, corresponding to 21 April 900,<ref name="mts">{{cite web |url=http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm |title=Laguna Copperplate Inscription |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080205031106/http://www.mts.net/~pmorrow/lcieng.htm |archive-date=2008-02-05 }}</ref> and is written in [[Old Malay]] containing numerous [[Sanskrit]] terms and some [[Old Javanese]] and [[Old Tagalog]] terms and toponyms.<ref>Postma, Antoon. (1992). "The Laguna Copper-Plate Inscription: Text and Commentary." ''Philippine Studies'' vol. 40, no. 2: 183-203.</ref>

It was found in 1989<ref name=pdi>{{cite news|title=Expert on past dies; 82 |url=http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20081021-167699/Expert-on-past-dies-82 |newspaper=[[Philippine Daily Inquirer]] |date=2008-10-21 |access-date=2008-11-17 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20081024114447/http://newsinfo.inquirer.net/breakingnews/nation/view/20081021-167699/Expert-on-past-dies-82 |archive-date=2008-10-24 }}</ref> at Lumbang River around [[Laguna de Bay]] in the province of Laguna near [[Manila, Philippines]].

====Butuan seal====
{{main|Butuan Ivory Seal}}
[[File:Butuan Ivory Seal.jpg|right|thumb|The Butuan ivory seal housed in the [[National Museum of the Philippines]].]]
The Kawi lettering reads "Butban".  The three square seal style characters are BA, TA and NA; the leftward curl underneath BA is the /u/ vowel diacritic, changing the syllable to BU; the small heart-shaped character under TA is the subscript conjunct form of BA which also removes the default /a/ vowel from TA; the large curl to the upper right is the Kawi [[virama]], which indicates the default /a/ vowel on NA is not pronounced. The three blocks of characters together read "[Bu][Tba][N-]. In both [[Balinese script]] and [[Javanese language|Javanese script]], which are descended from Kawi, the word is spelled in a very similar pattern, using a similar /u/ diacritic, conjunct form for B, and virama.

==Unicode==
{{main article|Kawi (Unicode block)}}
The Kawi script was added to the Unicode Standard 15.0 in September 2022 based on a proposal by Aditya Bayu Perdana and Ilham Nurwansah.<ref name="u15">{{Cite web |url=https://unicode.org/versions/Unicode15.0.0/ |title=Unicode® 15.0.0 |publisher=[[Unicode Consortium]] |date=2022-09-13 |accessdate=2022-09-13}}</ref><ref name=utc>Unicode Technical Committee 2021. [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2021/21009.htm Approved Minutes of UTC Meeting 166]</ref><ref name=bayu/> An earlier preliminary proposal was submitted to the Unicode Technical Committee by Anshuman Pandey in 2012.<ref name=pandey/>

The Unicode block for the Kawi script is U+11F00–U+11F5F and contains 86 characters:

{{unicode chart Kawi}}

== Numerals ==
Kawi has its own set of Numerals:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align: center;"
|-
! 0 !! 1 !! 2 !! 3 !! 4 !! 5 !! 6 !! 7 !! 8 !! 9
|-
| {{Script|Kawi|𑽐}} || {{Script|Kawi|𑽑}} || {{Script|Kawi|𑽒}} || {{Script|Kawi|𑽓}} || {{Script|Kawi|𑽔}} || {{Script|Kawi|𑽕}} || {{Script|Kawi|𑽖}} || {{Script|Kawi|𑽗}} || {{Script|Kawi|𑽘}} || {{Script|Kawi|𑽙}}
|-
| [[File:KAWI_DIGIT_ZERO.svg|x30px]] || [[File:KAWI_DIGIT_ONE.svg|x30px]] || [[File:KAWI_DIGIT_TWO.svg|x30px]] || [[File:KAWI_DIGIT_THREE.svg|x30px]] || [[File:KAWI_DIGIT_FOUR.svg|x30px]] || [[File:KAWI_DIGIT_FIVE.svg|x30px]] || [[File:KAWI_DIGIT_SIX.svg|x30px]] || [[File:KAWI_DIGIT_SEVEN.svg|x30px]] || [[File:KAWI_DIGIT_EIGHT.svg|x30px]] || [[File:KAWI_DIGIT_NINE.svg|x30px]]
|}

== Child systems ==

=== Consonants ===
{| class="wikitable"
|+ style="text-align: center;" |Basic Aksara (consonant)
!
!ka
!kha
!ga
!gha
!nga
!ca
!cha
!ja
!jha
!nya
!ṭa
!ṭha
!ḍa
!ḍha
!ṇa
!ta
!tha
!da
!dha
!na
!pa
!pha
!ba
!bha
!ma
!ya
!ra
!la
!wa
!śa
!ṣa
!sa
!ha/a
|-
! Kawi
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼒}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼓}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼔}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼕}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼖}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼗}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼘}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼙}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼚}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼛}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼜}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼝}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼞}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼟}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼠}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼡}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼢}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼣}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼤}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼥}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼦}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼧}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼨}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼩}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼪}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼫}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼬}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼭}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼮}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼯}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼰}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼱}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Kawi|𑼲}}
|-
! Images
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_KA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_KHA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_GA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_GHA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_NGA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_CA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_CHA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_JA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_JHA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_NYA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_TTA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_TTHA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_DDA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_DDHA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_NNA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_TA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_THA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_DA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_DHA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_NA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_PA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_PHA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_BA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_BHA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_MA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_YA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_RA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_LA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_WA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_SHA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_SSA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_SA.svg|x30px]]
| align="center" | [[File:KAWI_LETTER_HA.svg|x30px]]
|-
! colspan="34" |Hanacaraka
|-
! [[Javanese script|Javanese]]
| align="center" | ꦏ 
| align="center" | ꦑ 
| align="center" | ꦒ 
| align="center" | ꦓ 
| align="center" | ꦔ 
| align="center" | ꦕ 
| align="center" | ꦖ 
| align="center" | ꦗ 
| align="center" | ꦙ 
| align="center" | ꦚ 
| align="center" | ꦛ 
| align="center" | ꦜ 
| align="center" | ꦝ 
| align="center" | ꦞ 
| align="center" | ꦟ 
| align="center" | ꦠ 
| align="center" | ꦡ 
| align="center" | ꦢ 
| align="center" | ꦣ 
| align="center" | ꦤ 
| align="center" | ꦥ 
| align="center" | ꦦ 
| align="center" | ꦧ 
| align="center" | ꦨ 
| align="center" | ꦩ 
| align="center" | ꦪ 
| align="center" | ꦫ 
| align="center" | ꦭ 
| align="center" | ꦮ 
| align="center" | ꦯ 
| align="center" | ꦰ 
| align="center" | ꦱ 
| align="center" | ꦲ 
|-
! [[Balinese script|Balinese]]
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬓ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬔ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬕ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬖ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬗ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬘ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬙ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬚ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬛ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬜ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬝ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬞ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬟ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬠ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬡ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬢ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬣ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬤ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬥ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬦ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬧ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬨ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬩ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬪ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬫ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬬ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬭ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬮ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬯ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬰ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬱ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬲ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bali|ᬳ}} 
|-
! colspan="34" |Surat Scripts
|-
! [[Batak script|Batak]] ([[Batak Karo language|Karo]])
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯂ}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯎ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯝ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯡ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯐ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯗ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯑ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯉ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯇ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯅ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯔ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯛ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯒ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯞ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯋ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯘ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯀ}} 
|-
! [[Batak script|Batak]] ([[Mandailing language|Mandailing]])
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯄ᯦}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯎ}} 
| align="center" | 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯝ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯚ᯦}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯐ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯠ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯖ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯑ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯊ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯇ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯅ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯔ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯛ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯒ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯞ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯋ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯚ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯂ}} 
|-
! [[Batak script|Batak]] ([[Pakpak language|Pakpak-Dairi]])
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯂ}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯎ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯝ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯘ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯐ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯗ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯑ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯉ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯇ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯅ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯔ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯛ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯒ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯞ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯍ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯘ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯀ}} 
|-
! [[Batak script|Batak]] ([[Batak Simalungun language|Simalungun]])
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯃ}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯏ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯝ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯐ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯠ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯖ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯑ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯉ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯈ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯅ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯕ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯜ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯓ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯞ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯌ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯙ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯃ}} 
|-
! [[Batak script|Batak]] ([[Toba Batak language|Toba]])
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯂ}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯎ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯝ}} 
| align="center" | 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯐ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯠ}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯖ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯑ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯉ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯇ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯅ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯔ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯛ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯒ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯞ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯍ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯘ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Batk|ᯂ}} 
|-
! [[Baybayin]]
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜃ}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜄ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜅ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | 
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜆ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜇ}} 
| align="center" | 
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜈ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜉ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜊ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜋ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜌ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜍ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜎ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜏ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜐ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Tglg|ᜑ}} 
|-
! [[Buhid script|Buhid]]
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝃ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝄ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝅ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝆ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝇ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝈ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝉ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝊ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝋ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝌ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝍ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝎ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝏ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝐ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Buhd|ᝑ}} 
|-
! [[Hanunoo script|Hanunó'o]]
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜣ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜤ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜥ}} 
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜦ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜧ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜨ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜩ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜪ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜫ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜬ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜭ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜮ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜯ}}
| align="center" |
| align="center" |
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜰ}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Hano|ᜱ}}
|-
! [[Lontara script|Lontara]]
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨀ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨁ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨂ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨌ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨍ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨎ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨈ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨉ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨊ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨄ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨅ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨆ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨐ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨑ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨒ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨓ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨔ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Bugi|ᨖ}}/{{Script|Bugi|ᨕ}} 
|-
! [[Makasar script|Makasar]]
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻠}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻡}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻢}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻩}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻪}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻫}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻦}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻧}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻨}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻣}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻤}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻥}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻬}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻭}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻮}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻯}}
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻰}}
| align="center" | {{Script|Maka|𑻱}}
|-
! [[Rejang alphabet|Rejang]]
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤰ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤱ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤲ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤹ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤺ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤻ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤻ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤴ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤵ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤶ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤷ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤸ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤿ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤽ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤾ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꥀ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꤼ}} 
| align="center" | {{Script|Rjng|ꥁ}} 
|-
! [[Rencong script|Rencong]]
| align="center" | ꤰ 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | ꤱ 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | ꤲ 
| align="center" | ꤹ 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | ꤺ 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | ꤻ 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | ꤳ 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | ꤴ
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | ꤵ 
| align="center" | ꤶ 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | ꤷ 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | ꤸ 
| align="center" | ꤿ 
| align="center" | ꤽ 
| align="center" | ꤾ 
| align="center" | ꥀ 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | ꤼ 
| align="center" | ꥁ 
|-
! [[Sundanese script|Sundanese]]
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮊ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮌ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮍ}} 
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮎ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮏ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮑ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮒ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮓ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮔ}} 
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮕ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮘ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮙ}} 
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮚ}} 
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮛ}} 
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮜ}} 
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮝ}} 
| align="center" |  
| align="center" |  
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮞ}} 
| align="center" | {{Sund|ᮠ}}  
|}

==Contemporary Use of Kawi script==
The Kawi script still sees minor use in the 21st century. It can be seen in music videos<ref name="youtube_m8Hyl8XI0OM&">{{Cite web |last=Rites |first=Imortal |date=5 October 2023 |title=Bhatara Api|url=https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=m8Hyl8XI0OM& |access-date=6 February 2024|website=www.youtube.com |language=en}}</ref> and on clothing.
<gallery class="center">
T shirt with kawi script element002.jpg|A man wearing a t-shirt with Aksara Kawi
T shirt with kawi script element001.jpg|A woman wearing a t-shirt with Aksara Kawi
Totebag with Kawi Script element.jpg|A tote-bag with a chart of the Kawi script
</gallery>

==Gallery==
<gallery class="center">
File:Kawi inscription.jpg
File:Copy of a stone stele written in Kawi script.jpg|Copy of a stone stele written in Kawi script
File:Javanese compared to other Indic scripts.jpg|Javanese compared to other Indic scripts
</gallery>
The above is a comparison of the development of [[Devanagari]] characters in Kawi, [[Old Mon script|Old Mon]] of the [[kingdom of Ava]], and [[Thai script]].

==See also==
*[[Writing systems of Southeast Asia]]
*[[Kawi language]]
*[[Vatteluttu script|Vaṭṭeḻuttu script]]
*[[Komering script]]

==Notes==
{{notelist}}

==References==
{{Reflist}}
{{commonscat}}

==External links==
*Omniglot. [https://www.omniglot.com/writing/kawi.htm ''Kawi alphabet'']. Retrieved 16 May 2019
*Tiongson, Jaime F., (2008). [https://web.archive.org/web/20120929232757/http://www.bayangpinagpala.org/ Laguna copperplate inscription: a new interpretation using early Tagalog dictionaries]. Bayang Pinagpala. Retrieved January 14, 2012.
* Lindenberg, Norbert. [https://www.unicode.org/L2/L2020/20283-kawi-repha.pdf Repha representation for Kawi]
* Xavier Nègre, [https://www.lexilogos.com/keyboard/kawi.htm Online Kawi Keyboard] Lexilogos. Retrieved 8 February 2024.

{{Kawi family}}
{{List of writing systems}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kawi Script}}

[[Category:Kawi script| ]]
[[Category:8th-century introductions]]
[[Category:Obsolete writing systems]]
[[Category:Brahmic scripts]]