View source for Karelian question

{{short description|Dispute in Finnish politics}}
{{expand Finnish|date=June 2023|topic=gov}}
[[Image:Finnish areas ceded in 1944.png|thumb|300px|right|Map showing areas ceded by Finland to the Soviet Union; [[Porkkala]] was returned to Finland in 1956.]]

The '''Karelian question''' or '''Karelian issue''' ({{langx|fi|Karjala-kysymys}}, {{Langx|sv|Karelska frågan}}, {{langx|ru|Карельский вопрос}}) is a dispute in [[Politics of Finland|Finnish politics]] over whether  to try to regain control over eastern [[Karelia]] and other territories ceded to the [[Soviet Union]] in the [[Winter War]] and the [[Continuation War]]. Despite the name "Karelian question", the term may refer also to the return of [[Pechengsky District|Petsamo]], ceded parts of [[Salla]] and [[Kuusamo]], and four islands in the [[Gulf of Finland]]. Sometimes the phrase "debate on the return of the ceded territories" ({{Lang|fi|luovutettujen alueiden palautuskeskustelu}}, {{Langx|sv|debatten om tillbakalämningen av de avträdda territorierna}}) is used. The Karelian question remains a matter of public debate rather than a political issue.

== History ==
The Karelian question arose when [[Finland]] was forced to cede territories to the [[Soviet Union]] after the [[Winter War]] in the [[Moscow peace treaty]] in 1940. Most [[Finnish citizen]]s were [[Evacuation of Finnish Karelia|evacuated from the ceded areas]]. Most of them returned during the [[Continuation War]] and eventually were evacuated again in 1944. The Soviet Union insisted the ceded areas be  completely evacuated in 10 days. The evacuees were partly compensated for their losses; farmers, for example, received land in proportion to their earlier holdings. Usually, the compensation was about one third of the original farm. Compensation for movable property was much less. However, all evacuee families had a right to receive a small farm, and/or a plot for a detached house or a flat. The land used for these grants was confiscated by the state from municipalities and private owners. Financial compensation was funded by a general property tax of 10 to 30%, levied over a period of several years.<ref>[http://aluepalautus.net/uusi/arkisto/2003/15092003a.htm Karjalan suomalaistilojen korvaukset Sodan jälkeeen.] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408061845/http://aluepalautus.net/uusi/arkisto/2003/15092003a.htm |date=2008-04-08 }} Reino Paju 9-15-2003. Retrieved 1-30-2008. {{in lang|fi}}</ref><ref>[http://www.uta.fi/koskivoimaa/kaupunki/1940-60/mlaki.html Koskesta voimaa – maanhankintalaki]. University of Tampere. Retrieved 1-30-2008. {{in lang|fi}}</ref> Because the vast majority of the evacuees who had to settle in the rest of Finland were from [[Finnish Karelia|ceded Karelia]], the question was labeled ''The Karelian Question''. After the Winter War, Karelian municipalities and parishes established [[Karjalan Liitto]] (the Karelian Association) to defend the rights of Karelians in Finland.

[[Image:Evacuees from East-Finland.jpg|thumb|left|[[Evacuation of Finnish Karelia|Evacuees]] from [[Muolaa]] moving towards Western Finland during winter 1940.]]

During the [[Cold War]], the Karelian-born Finnish politician [[Johannes Virolainen]] lobbied for the return of Karelia. President [[Urho Kekkonen]] also tried to reacquire the territory, especially when the Soviet Union returned the peninsula of [[Porkkala]] to Finland in 1956.<ref>[http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/kotimaa/42054.html Kekkonen nosti Karjala-kysymyksen esiin 1968] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408094825/http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/kotimaa/42054.html |date=2008-04-08 }} (''Kekkonen raised Karelia question in 1968'') {{in lang|fi}}</ref> There was, however, no significant public controversy about the case, because Kekkonen wanted to keep it quiet.<ref>[http://www.saunalahti.fi/~ptoukkar/lukali.htm#osa69a Kekkonen kehottaa karjalaisia vaitioloon] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071017211546/http://www.saunalahti.fi/~ptoukkar/lukali.htm |date=2007-10-17 }} (''Kekkonen suggest to  be quiet'') {{in lang|fi}}</ref> The last time Kekkonen tried to raise it was in 1972, but he had no success, and public discussion died out in the 1970s.<ref>[http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=172062&contentlan=2&culture=en-US Saimaa Canal links two Karelias] – This is Finland</ref>

After the [[breakup of the Soviet Union]], the Karelian question somewhat re-surfaced in Finland. According to an article by the Finnish newspaper ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' in August 2007, the Russian president [[Boris Yeltsin]] unofficially offered to sell ceded Karelia to Finland in 1991 but was declined.<ref>[http://www.hs.fi/english/article/1135229551051 Report: Unofficial offers by Russia in 1991 to return ceded Karelia to Finland] - ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' August 21, 2007</ref> However, according to many Finnish political leaders and the Russian vice Prime Minister of the time, there were no such offers, only unofficial probing of the idea.<ref>Koiviston Karjala-selvitys outo asia ulkopolitiikan sisäpiirille STT 15.08.2007 [https://archive.today/20080408185102/http://www.kaleva.fi/plus/juttu674074_page0.htm] {{in lang|fi}}</ref><ref>Esko Aho: Karjalan palautus ei kuulosta uskottavalta. YLE Uutiset 16.08.2007 [http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/24h/id67518.html]</ref><ref>Venäläispoliitikko uhkaa haastaa Kainuun Sanomat oikeuteen YLE Uutiset 21.08.2007 [http://www.yle.fi/uutiset/24h/id67892.html] {{in lang|fi}}</ref><ref>Koivisto: Venäjä ei tarjonnut Karjalaa Suomelle Helsingin Sanomat 23.8.2007 [http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/artikkeli/1135229749652] {{in lang|fi}}</ref> Andrei Fyodorov, an advisor of Boris Yeltsin, told the ''Helsingin Sanomat'' that he was part of a group that was tasked by the government of Russia in 1991–1992 with calculating the price of returning Karelia to Finland. This price was set at 15 billion US dollars. According to Fyodorov, Finnish president [[Mauno Koivisto]] and Finnish foreign minister [[Paavo Väyrynen]] were aware of these unofficial discussions.<ref>HS: [http://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/artikkeli/1135230075337 Fyodorov: Koivisto ja Väyrynen tiesivät Karjala-tunnusteluista] 5.9.2007, accessed 13.3.2008 {{in lang|fi}}</ref>

== 21st century  ==
{{Update section|date=October 2024|reason=This section does not mention any polls or discussions after the 2022 invasion of Ukraine}}
[[Image:street in Vyborg.jpg|thumb|right|Finnish era buildings in [[Vyborg]]]]
[[Karjalan Liitto]] is an interest group of Karelian evacuees which hopes that Karelia will once again become part of Finland at some point, but does not openly demand it. Some smaller groups, such as [[ProKarelia]], continue to campaign for the peaceful return of Karelia. However, no serious political party has openly supported this goal, and Finnish politicians generally say there is no need for it, citing Finland's peace treaty with Russia. There are some individual politicians who support the return of Karelia, such as [[Member of the European Parliament|MEP]] [[Ari Vatanen]], and two candidates in the [[2006 Finnish presidential election|presidential election of 2006]]: [[Timo Soini]] and [[Arto Lahti]]. Other candidates have stated that Finland has signed a [[peace treaty]] and should not campaign for the return of what are now Russian-developed territories.<ref>Diplomatic Diary. Presidential candidates meet the international press. [[Ministry for Foreign Affairs of Finland]] [http://www.formin.fi/netcomm/news/ShowArticle.asp?intNWSAID=45952&intSubArtID=19294&intIGID=2&LAN=FI&contlan=&Thread=&intThreadPosition=0&intShowBack=0&intOrgNews=0]{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref> During a debate prior to the [[2012 Finnish presidential election|2012 presidential election]] Timo Soini reiterated his view that, if elected, he would advance the issue.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.mtv3.fi/uutiset/presidentinvaalit2012/index.shtml/arkistot/kotimaa/2011/12/1460460/soini-keskustelisi-karjalan-palauttamisesta-venajan-kanssa |title=Soini keskustelisi Karjalan palauttamisesta Venäjän kanssa - MTV3.fi - Uutiset - Kotimaa |website=www.mtv3.fi |access-date=22 May 2022 |archive-url=https://archive.today/20130106193031/http://www.mtv3.fi/uutiset/presidentinvaalit2012/index.shtml/arkistot/kotimaa/2011/12/1460460/soini-keskustelisi-karjalan-palauttamisesta-venajan-kanssa |archive-date=6 January 2013 |url-status=dead}}</ref>

=== Official opinions ===
Both Russia and Finland have repeatedly stated that no open territorial dispute exists between the two countries. Finland's official stance is that the borders may be changed through peaceful negotiations, although there is currently no need to hold open talks, as Russia has shown no intention of returning the ceded areas, or discussing the question. In 1994 [[Boris Yeltsin]] commented that the "seizure of Finnish Karelia" was an example of Stalin's totalitarian and aggressive politics.<ref>[http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=53731&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI Valtiosihteeri Jukka Valtasaaren puhe Karjalan Liitto ry:n seminaarissa 19.5.1998 Helsingissä] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150924014838/http://www.formin.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=53731&contentlan=1&culture=fi-FI |date=2015-09-24 }}. (Speech by ''valtiosihteeri'' Jukka Valtasaari. Finnish Foreign Ministry 1998-05-19. Retrieved 2015-08-15. {{in lang|fi}}</ref> Later in 1997 he stated that the matter was closed. In 2000 Russian President [[Vladimir Putin]] stated that such discussions may endanger Finnish–Russian relations, and in 2001 he said that "changing borders is not the best way to resolve problems", but that possible solutions would be "integration and cooperation".<ref>Sergei Prozorov: Border Regions and the Politics of EU-Russian Relations, p. 4. January 2004 [http://www.euborderconf.bham.ac.uk/publications/files/WP3EuropesNorth.pdf] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316072949/http://www.euborderconf.bham.ac.uk/publications/files/WP3EuropesNorth.pdf|date=2009-03-16}}, Helsingin Sanomat 9/5/2001 {{cite web |title=HS Foreign 4.9.2001 - Tones of reconciliation during Putin visit |url=http://www2.hs.fi/english/archive/news.asp?id=20010904IE3 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20070930072238/http://www2.hs.fi/english/archive/news.asp?id=20010904IE3 |archive-date=2007-09-30 |access-date=2006-05-01}}</ref> <!-- please notice, that this ref is for the whole paragraph -->

In 1998 [[President of Finland|Finnish President]] [[Martti Ahtisaari]] said that "Finland's official position is that it does not have territorial demands on Russia. However, if Russia wants to discuss returning the ceded areas, Finland is ready for that."<ref>Martti Ahtisaari. In press meeting, Kuopio 30 July 1998.</ref> Several other politicians holding government office, such as the former foreign minister [[Erkki Tuomioja]] and prime minister [[Matti Vanhanen]], have made statements along the same lines.<ref>Tuomioja's reply to [[Risto Kuisma]]'s question in Eduskunta [http://www.ristokuisma.net/html/kuisma2004/ristokuisma041222.htm]{{dead link|date=December 2017|bot=InternetArchiveBot|fix-attempted=yes}}</ref><ref>Matti Vanhanen in [[YLE]]'s "Pääministerin haastattelutunti" (Interview of the Prime Minister) on 21 November 2004</ref>

When commenting on poll results on 18 January 2005, the Foreign Minister of Russia [[Sergey Lavrov|Sergei Lavrov]] stated that if Russia were to be asked to return the ceded areas, "the answer would be absolutely negative".<ref>Vainio, Riitta: [https://www.hs.fi/kotimaa/art-2000004331311.html Provokaattoreita ja sovittelijoita], ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' 21 August 2005. Accessed on 17 September 2019.</ref>

===Polls and popular opinion===
The latest{{when|date=October 2021}} polls show that approximately 26% to 38% of Finns would like to see Karelia return to Finnish control and some 51% to 62% would oppose such a move. In Russia, people associate the word "Karelia" with the [[Republic of Karelia]] instead of [[Finnish Karelia]], which makes conducting polls more difficult. In a 1999 poll by [[MTV3]], 34% of the people of [[Vyborg]] supported returning Karelia to Finland and 57% were opposed. [[Vyborg]] and the rest of the ceded Karelia outside the [[Republic of Karelia]] nowadays contain very few ethnic Finns, and is almost exclusively inhabited by people who moved there during the Soviet era and their descendants.

In a poll conducted by the newspaper ''Karjala'' and the research institute ''MC-Info Oy'' on 13 October 2005, 36% of Finns supported the return of ceded territories, compared to 51% who are opposed. In August 2005, a poll by ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'' and Suomen [[Gallup International Association|Gallup]], determined that 30% of Finns supported and 62% opposed the return.<ref name="HS Gallup">[http://www.hs.fi/uutiset/tuoreet/artikkeli/1101980677358 HS-Gallup: Selvä enemmistö ei halua Karjalaa takaisin]</ref> In a poll by Taloustutkimus and Karjalan Liitto conducted in May 2005, support was 26% while 58% were opposed.<ref>[http://www.karjalanliitto.fi/3/taloustutkimus.html  Karjalan Liitto and Taloustutkimus] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070623124037/http://www.karjalanliitto.fi/3/taloustutkimus.html |date=2007-06-23 }}</ref> A year earlier, a poll by STT showed 38% supporting and 57% opposing. A poll by Taloustutkimus was criticized by [[ProKarelia]] for asking [[leading questions]], such as, "Do you support the return of Karelia, even if it would mean more tense relations or even war with Russia?"<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.prokarelia.net/fi/?x=artikkeli&article_id=696&author=10 |title=Eg. ProKarelia's article on 17 October 2005 |access-date=25 May 2006 |archive-date=3 August 2020 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200803011551/http://prokarelia.net/fi/?x=artikkeli&article_id=696&author=10 |url-status=dead }}</ref> 5% of supporters and of those who declined to respond supported the return even under these circumstances (2.1% of all replies).<ref>[http://www.karjalanliitto.fi/3/taloustutkimus.html  Karjalan Liitto and Taloustutkimus, poll] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20070623124037/http://www.karjalanliitto.fi/3/taloustutkimus.html |date=2007-06-23 }}</ref>

Many of the people who were born in Karelia and were evacuated want Karelia to become part of Finland. According to polls, older people (ages 65 and up) and young people (15-25) support the idea more strongly than the generation of their parents (25–65) who grew up during the [[Cold War]].<ref name="HS Gallup"/> Former President [[Mauno Koivisto]] was against a discussion about the question.<ref>Koivisto halusi vaientaa kokonaan keskustelun Karjalan palauttamisesta. (''Koivisto wanted to silence discussion about returning Karelia'') STT-IA 23 January 1998 {{cite web |url=http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/Arkisto_1998/23.tammikuu/UKKKAR.HTM |title=Kekkonen Ja Karjala |access-date=2006-05-25 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://archive.today/19980224113243/http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/arkisto/Arkisto_1998/23.tammikuu/UKKKAR.HTM |archive-date=1998-02-24 }} (in Finnish)</ref> Support for regaining the ceded areas is also strong among minor [[nationalist]] [[right-wing]] groups.

== Problems and arguments ==

=== Price ===
[[Image:Svetogorsk.jpg|thumb|right|Blocks of flats built in the Soviet era in [[Svetogorsk]] (Enso)]]
One of the main reasons for opposing the return is the fear of the costs it would bring. According to another poll conducted by ''[[Helsingin Sanomat]]'', 42% of Finns opposing the return list that as the most important single reason. The standard of living on the Russian side of the border is much lower than on the Finnish side.{{fact|date=November 2022}} The [[List of countries by GDP (PPP) per capita|GDP (PPP) per capita]] in Finland is about double that of Russia.

The costs of bringing Karelia to the same level with the rest of Finland have been researched only by supporters of the idea. According to a survey conducted by ProKarelia, the area has natural advantages that, under Finnish rule, would make it a centre of trade with Russia and industry and thus bring economic growth fast enough to solve the entire problem. According to both ProKarelian research and Arto Lahti's estimate, the price of return would be about 30 billion [[euro]].<ref name="reform">{{Cite web |url=http://www.prokarelia.net/en/?x=reform |title=ProKarelia's Reform |access-date=2006-05-25 |archive-date=2016-08-26 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826194200/http://prokarelia.net/en/?x=reform |url-status=dead }}</ref><ref>[http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/cgi-bin/pika/jutut.pl?/arkisto/Arkisto_1999/3.joulukuu/base+1643  Karjalan palauttamisen lasketaan kannattavan] {{webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20080408094839/http://www.verkkouutiset.fi/cgi-bin/pika/jutut.pl?%2Farkisto%2FArkisto_1999%2F3.joulukuu%2Fbase+1643 |date=2008-04-08 }}</ref><ref>Arto Lahti's lecture in Karjala seminar 23 August 2005 [http://prokarelia.net/fi/?x=artikkeli&article_id=656&author=65 abridgement] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161212102541/http://prokarelia.net/fi/?x=artikkeli&article_id=656&author=65 |date=2016-12-12 }}</ref>

=== Population ===
[[Image:Sortavalan maaseutua.jpg|thumb|Countryside houses. A picture from [[Sortavala]].]]
The area of Karelia ceded to Russia is inhabited mostly by people who moved there from [[Ukraine]], [[Belarus]] and Russia, and their descendants. The fate of these people is a major issue in discussions of the return of Karelia to Finland. According to a poll by Finnish newspaper ''Helsingin Sanomat'', 14% of people opposing return said their biggest concern was the tensions that could be caused by a larger Russian-speaking minority in Finland. As of 2004, there were about 370,000 Russians living in the region.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_04_2.htm |title=2004 Russian Census |access-date=2006-05-25 |archive-date=2004-08-13 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20040813144950/http://www.perepis2002.ru/ct/html/TOM_01_04_2.htm |url-status=dead }}</ref>

If the inhabitants were allowed to stay in their homes, Finland would receive a few hundred thousand new Russian-speaking people with no experience of living in Finnish society. If services for them in their own language were to be provided, Finland would need many more officials capable of speaking Russian. In ProKarelia's vision, nearly half of the Russian population in Karelia would be estimated to choose to move to Russia,<ref>{{cite web |url=http://prokarelia.net/en/?x=artikkeli&article_id=1131&author=10 |url-status=dead |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071024012814/http://www.prokarelia.net/en/?x=artikkeli&article_id=1131&author=10 |archive-date=2007-10-24 |title=ProKarelia}}</ref> and even more would leave if Finland paid their expenses for doing so.<ref name="reform"/> However, most of the Russian-speaking population of Karelia were born there and have spent all their life in the region.{{Citation needed|date=April 2025}}

==See also==
{{Portal|Finland|Russia|Politics}}
* [[History of Karelia]]
* [[Continuation War]]
* [[Former eastern territories of Germany]]
* [[Greater Finland]]
* [[Interim Peace]]
* [[Irredentism]]
* [[Kaliningrad question]]
* [[Lapland War]]
* [[Moscow Armistice]]
* [[Moscow Peace Treaty]]
* [[Reunification]]
* [[Territorial changes of the Baltic states]]
* [[Treaty of Tartu (Russian–Finnish)]]
* [[Unification of Moldova and Romania]]
* [[Winter War]]
* [[Pan-Finnicism]]

== References ==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
* [http://finland.fi/public/default.aspx?contentid=172062&contentlan=2&culture=en-US Saimaa Canal links two Karelias, thisisFINLAND]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20131018015359/http://www.hs.fi/english/article/ProKarelia+movement+wants+back+ceded+areas+as+well+as+war+reparations+paid+to+the+Soviet+Union+/1101978717301 Helsingin Sanomat 3 March 2005. ProKarelia movement wants back ceded areas]
* [http://www.euborderconf.bham.ac.uk/publications/files/WP3EuropesNorth.pdf Sergei Prozorov: Border Regions and the Politics of EU-Russian Relations: The Karelian Question and the EU Logic of 'Border Deproblematisation'] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090316072949/http://www.euborderconf.bham.ac.uk/publications/files/WP3EuropesNorth.pdf |date=2009-03-16 }} (PDF)
* [http://src-h.slav.hokudai.ac.jp/sympo/96summer/joenniemi.pdf Pertti Joenniemi. Ways of Managing Border Disputes in Present-Day Europe: The Karelian Question]
* [http://www.kolumbus.fi/rastas/nyky/kar_pal.html Mauri Rastas's news collection about returning of Karelia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161028210541/http://www.kolumbus.fi/rastas/nyky/kar_pal.html |date=2016-10-28 }} (in Finnish)
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20060830201041/http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Finsko-Finlandia/Karjala/ Pre-war Finnish topographic maps of Karelia.] E.g. [https://web.archive.org/web/20080308191752/http://mapy.mk.cvut.cz/data/Finsko-Finlandia/Karjala/cd1/kartat/topografinen_20000/402206.jpg Viipuri (Vyborg) map, 1937]

===Supporting organizations===
Information also available in English:
* [http://www.karjalanliitto.fi/ Karjalan Liitto]
* [http://www.prokarelia.net/ ProKarelia] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200926140417/http://www.prokarelia.net/ |date=2020-09-26 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050915004436/http://www.kareliaforum.net/cgi-bin/forum/Ultimate.cgi?action=intro&BypassCookie=true Karelia Forum] – Discussion forum concentrated in the Karelia question

Finnish only:
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20051001180352/http://aluepalautus.net/ Aluepalautus ry.]
* [http://www.tartonrauha.net/ Tarton Rauha ry.]
* [http://kareliaklubi.com/ KareliaKlubi]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20050731101837/http://kansalaisvetoomus.fi/ Kansalaisvetoomus], a petition for returning Karelia

[[Category:Finland–Russia relations]]
[[Category:Finland–Soviet Union relations]]
[[Category:Finnish irredentism]]
[[Category:History of Karelia]]
[[Category:National questions]]
[[Category:Political history of Finland]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of Russia]]
[[Category:Territorial disputes of the Soviet Union]]
[[Category:History of Vyborg]]
[[Category:Political controversies]]
[[Category:Finland–Russia border]]