View source for Karelian language

{{Short description|Finnic language of Karelia, in Russia and Finland}}
{{distinguish|Kartvelian languages|Karelian Proper language}}
{{Infobox language
| name             = Karelian
| nativename       = {{lang|krl|karjala, karjalan kieli<br /> kard'al, kard'alan kiel' <br /> kariela, karielan kieli}}
| states           = [[Russia]], [[Finland]]
| region           = [[Republic of Karelia]], [[Tver Oblast]] ([[Tver Karelia]])
| ethnicity        = [[Karelians]]
| speakers         = 9000 native speakers, 14,000 total (Russia)
| date             = 2020
| ref              = <ref name="2020census">{{Cite web |script-title=ru:Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 |title=Rosstat — Vserossiyskaya perepis' naseleniya 2020 |language=ru |trans-title=Rosstat — All-Russian Population Census 2020 |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref>
| speakers2        = 11,000 fluent speakers, 30,000 with some knowledge (Finland)<ref>{{cite web |url=https://www.karjalansivistysseura.fi/%d0%ba%d0%b0%d1%80%d0%b5%d0%bb%d1%8c%d1%81%d0%ba%d0%b8%d0%b9-%d1%8f%d0%b7%d1%8b%d0%ba/ |script-title=ru:Карельский язык |title=Karel'skiy yazyk |language=ru |trans-title=Karelian}}</ref><ref name="Karjala">{{Cite web |title=Karjala |url=https://www.kotus.fi/kielitieto/kielet/karjala |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Kotimaisten kielten keskus |language=fi}}</ref>
| script           = [[Latin script|Latin]] ([[Karelian alphabet]])
[[Cyrillic script|Cyrillic]] (in the past, 1820–1940, before the Latin script was officially adopted in 1989)<ref>{{Cite web |date= |title=Alphabet Karelian | url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/karelian.htm|access-date=2022-02-22}}</ref>
| familycolor      = Uralic
| fam2             = [[Finnic languages|Finnic]]
| fam3             = Northern Finnic
| fam4             = [[Proto-Karelian language|Ladogan]]?
| dia1             = [[Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi]]
| dia2             = [[Karelian Proper language|Karelian proper]]
| dia3             = [[Bjarmian languages#Affinities|Bjarmian]] {{extinct}}<ref name=":0">{{Cite thesis|last=Saarikivi|first=Janne|title=Substrata Uralica: Studies on Finno-Ugrian Substrate in Northern Russian Dialects|degree=PhD|publisher=University of Helsinki|location=Helsinki, Finland|url=https://helda.helsinki.fi/handle/10138/19635|isbn=978-952-10-4519-6}}</ref>
| iso2             = krl
| iso3             = krl
| glotto           = kare1335
| glottorefname    = Karelian
| minority         = <br/>{{flag|Finland}}<ref>[https://www.finlex.fi/fi/valtiosopimukset/sopimussarja/2009/68 Change in the regulation by the president of Finland about European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages, 27.11.2009] (in Finnish)</ref><br/>{{flag|Russia}}
*{{flag|Republic of Karelia}}<ref name=minorityref>{{cite web|url=http://gov.karelia.ru/Legislation/lawbase.html?lid=1751|title=Законодательные акты – Правительство Республики Карелия|work=gov.karelia.ru|access-date=2010-07-29|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171011113305/http://gov.karelia.ru/Legislation/lawbase.html?lid=1751|archive-date=2017-10-11}}</ref>
| notice           = IPA
| map              = 2.2a-Karelian-and-Ludic traditional.png
| mapcaption       = Distribution of Karelian and Ludic at the beginning of the 20th century<ref name=map1/><ref name=map2/>
| map2             = Lang Status 60-DE.svg
| mapcaption2      = {{center|Karelian is classified as "definitely endangered" by the [[UNESCO]] ''[[Atlas of the World's Languages in Danger]]''<ref>{{cite web |url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/karelian |title=Karelian in Russian Federation 
|work=UNESCO WAL |access-date=22 June 2024}}</ref>}}
| dia5             = 
}}
{{Infobox ethnonym|root=|people=[[Karelians]]|language=Karelian;<br />[[Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi-Karelian]]|country=[[Karelia]]}}

'''Karelian''' ({{IPAc-en|k|ə|ˈ|r|iː|l|ɪ|ə|n|,_|k|ə|ˈ|r|iː|l|j|ə|n}}; {{langx|olo|{{lang|krl|karjala, karjalan kieli}}|label=[[Karelian Proper language|Karelian Proper]] and [[Livvi-Karelian language|Livvi-Karelian]]}}; {{langx|lud|kard'al, kard'alan kiel'}}; {{langx|krl|kariela, karielan kieli|label=[[Tver Karelian dialect|Tver Karelian]]}}) is a [[Finnic language]] spoken mainly by the [[Karelians|Karelian people]] in the [[Russia]]n [[Republic of Karelia]]. Linguistically, Karelian is closely related to the [[Finnish language|Finnish]] dialects spoken in eastern [[Finland]], and some Finnish linguists have even classified Karelian as a dialect of Finnish, but nowadays it is widely considered a separate language. Karelian is not to be confused with the [[South Karelian dialects|Southeastern dialects]] of Finnish, sometimes referred to as {{lang|fi|karjalaismurteet}} ("Karelian dialects") in Finland.<ref name=krl2 /> In the Russian 2020–2021 census, around 9,000 people spoke Karelian natively, but around 14,000 said they were able to speak the language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Росстат — Всероссийская перепись населения 2020 |url=https://rosstat.gov.ru/vpn_popul |access-date=2023-01-03 |website=rosstat.gov.ru}}</ref> There are around 11,000 speakers of Karelian in Finland,<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karjalan kielen käytöstä saatiin runsaasti tietoa |url=https://www.kotus.fi/kielitieto/kielipolitiikka/ajankohtaista_kielipolitiikasta/karjalan_kielen_kaytosta_saatiin_runsaasti_tietoa.40986.news |access-date=2024-06-26 |website=Kotimaisten kielten keskus |language=fi}}</ref> and around 30,000 people in Finland have at least some knowledge of Karelian.<ref name="Karjala">{{Cite web |title=Karjala |url=https://www.kotus.fi/kielitieto/kielet/karjala |access-date=2024-09-08 |website=Kotimaisten kielten keskus |language=fi}}</ref>

The Karelian language is a group of two [[supradialect]]s. The two supradialects are [[Karelian Proper language|Karelian Proper]] (which comprises [[Northern Karelian dialect|Northern Karelian]] and [[South Karelian dialect|South Karelian]] (including the [[Tver Karelian dialect|Tver enclave dialects]])) and [[Livvi-Karelian language|Olonets Karelian]] (Livvi Karelian). The [[Ludic language]] is sometimes considered one more dialect of Karelian, sometimes a separate language. There is no single [[standard language|standard]] Karelian language, so each writer writes in Karelian according to their own dialectal form. All variants are written with the [[Latin script|Latin]]-based [[Karelian alphabet]], though the [[Cyrillic script]] has been used in the past.

Based upon toponymic and historical evidence, a form of Karelian was also spoken among the extinct [[Bjarmaland|Bjarmians]] in the 15th century.<ref name=":0"/>

==Classification==
Karelian is a [[Finnic languages|Finnic language]]<ref>[https://brill.com/display/title/31801]</ref> from the [[Uralic languages|Uralic]] language family, and is closely related to [[Finnish language|Finnish]].<ref>{{cite web|title=The Red Book of the Peoples of the Russian Empire – THE KARELIANS|url=http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/karelians.shtml|access-date=2010-06-06}}</ref> Finnish and Karelian have common ancestry in the Proto-Karelian language spoken in the coast of [[Lake Ladoga]] in the [[Iron Age]], and Karelian forms a [[dialect continuum]] with the Eastern dialects of Finnish.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/sugl/oppimat/imsjohd/suomi.html |title=Suomi itämerensuomalaisena kielenä |access-date=2009-11-02 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111111155456/http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/sugl/oppimat/imsjohd/suomi.html |archive-date=2011-11-11 }}</ref> Earlier, some Finnish linguists classified Karelian as a dialect of Finnish, sometimes known in older Finnish literature as {{lang|fi|Raja-Karjalan murteet}} ('Border Karelian dialects'), but today Karelian is seen as a distinct language. Besides Karelian and Finnish, the Finnic subgroup also includes [[Estonian language|Estonian]] and some minority languages spoken around the [[Baltic Sea]].

== Usage ==
Karelian is a language in danger of extinction, with 45% of speakers being over 65 years old and with around 1% of speakers being under 15 years of age. The language is also not understood or spoken at all by a majority of the people in the Republic of Karelia, with around 43% of people using the language.<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karelian in Russian Federation |url=https://en.wal.unesco.org/countries/russian-federation/languages/karelian |access-date=2023-10-20 |website=UNESCO WAL |language=en}}</ref>

==Geographic distribution==
[[File:2.2b-Karelian-and-Ludic current.png|thumb|Current distribution of Karelian and Ludic<ref name=map1>{{Cite journal |last1=Rantanen |first1=Timo |last2=Tolvanen |first2=Harri |last3=Roose |first3=Meeli |last4=Ylikoski |first4=Jussi |last5=Vesakoski |first5=Outi |date=2022-06-08 |title=Best practices for spatial language data harmonization, sharing and map creation—A case study of Uralic |journal=PLOS ONE |language=en |volume=17 |issue=6 |pages=e0269648 |doi=10.1371/journal.pone.0269648|doi-access=free |pmid=35675367 |pmc=9176854 |bibcode=2022PLoSO..1769648R }}</ref><ref name=map2>Rantanen, Timo, Vesakoski, Outi, Ylikoski, Jussi, & Tolvanen, Harri. (2021). ''Geographical database of the Uralic languages'' (v1.0) [Data set]. Zenodo. https://doi.org/10.5281/zenodo.4784188</ref>]]
In [[Russia]], Karelian is spoken by about 13,880 people (2020),<ref name="2020census"/> mainly in the [[Republic of Karelia]], although notable Karelian-speaking communities can also be found in the [[Tver Karelia|Tver region]] ([[Tver Oblast]]) northwest of [[Moscow]]. Previously, it was estimated that there were 5,000 speakers in [[Finland]], mainly belonging to the older generations,<ref name=krl2>{{cite web|title=Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus :: Karjalan kielet|url=http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?s=174|access-date=2010-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514041624/http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?s=174|archive-date=2011-05-14}}</ref> but more recent estimates have put the number of people with even slight knowledge of the language at 30,000.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ksml.fi/mielipide/mielipidekirjoitukset/karjalaa-osaavien-yhteiso-on-suuri/2065961|title=Karjalaa osaavien yhteisö on suuri|first=Ari|last=Burtsoff|access-date=2015-07-20|archive-date=2019-10-18|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191018044042/https://www.ksml.fi/mielipide/mielipidekirjoitus/Karjalaa-osaavien-yhteis%C3%B6-on-suuri/366202}}</ref> Due to post-World War II mobility and internal migration, Karelians now live scattered throughout Finland, and Karelian is no longer spoken as a local community language.<ref name=krl3>{{cite web|title=ELDIA project – Karelian|url=http://www.eldia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88%3Akarelian&catid=50%3Alanguage-descriptions-category&Itemid=64&lang=en|access-date=2010-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110726022430/http://www.eldia-project.org/index.php?option=com_content&view=article&id=88:karelian&catid=50:language-descriptions-category&Itemid=64&lang=en|archive-date=2011-07-26}}</ref>

===Official status===
In the [[Republic of Karelia]], Karelian has official status as a minority language,<ref name="minorityref"/> and since the late 1990s there have been moves to pass special language legislation, which would give Karelian an official status on par with [[Russian language|Russian]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Koulunjohtaja Paavo Harakka – Esitelmä valtakunnallisilla kotiseutupäivillä|url=http://www.karjalankielenseura.fi/tekstit/kirjoituksia/valtimo082001.html|access-date=2010-06-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110720190312/http://www.karjalankielenseura.fi/tekstit/kirjoituksia/valtimo082001.html|archive-date=2011-07-20}}</ref> [[Karelians]] in [[Tver Oblast]] have a national-cultural autonomy which guarantees the use of the Karelian language in schools and mass media.<ref>{{cite web|title=The Karelian Language and Tver Karelian Cultural Autonomy|url=http://www.joensuu.fi/fld/methodsxi/abstracts/turicheva.html|access-date=2010-07-31}}{{dead link|date=December 2017 |bot=InternetArchiveBot |fix-attempted=yes }}</ref> In [[Finland]], Karelian has official status as a non-regional national minority language within the framework of the [[European Charter for Regional or Minority Languages]].<ref>{{cite web|title=FINLEX – Asetus alueellisia kieliä tai vähemmistökieliä koskevan eurooppalaisen peruskirjan voimaansaattamisesta|url=https://www.finlex.fi/fi/lainsaadanto/saadoskokoelma/2009/956|access-date=2010-06-06}}</ref>

===Supradialects and dialects===
The Karelian language has two main varieties, which can be considered as [[supradialect]]s or separate languages: [[Karelian Proper language|Karelian Proper]], which comprises [[Northern Karelian language|Northern Karelian]] and South Karelian (including the Tver enclave dialects); and [[Olonets Karelian]]. These varieties constitute a continuum of dialects, the ends of which are no longer mutually intelligible.<ref name=krl3 /> Varieties can be further divided into individual dialects:<ref>{{cite web|title=Karjala – kieli, murre ja paikka|url=https://kaino.kotus.fi/www/verkkojulkaisut/julk129/karjalan_kielen_murteet.shtml|access-date=2010-07-10}}</ref>[[File:Karelian dialects Vepkar English 2019.png|thumb|Scheme of the supradialects and dialects of the Karelian language, VepKar corpus, 2019.{{sfn|Klyachko et al.|2019|p=54}}|223x223px]]

{{tree list}}
* '''Karelian'''
** [[Karelian Proper]]
*** [[Northern Karelian language|North Karelian]] (spoken in the parishes of Jyskyjärvi, Kieretti, [[Kiestinki]], Kontokki, Oulanka, [[Paanajärvi]], Pistojärvi, [[Suomussalmi]], [[Kalevala, Russia|Uhtua]], Usmana, Vitsataipale and Vuokkiniemi)
*** [[South Karelian dialect|South Karelian]] (spoken in the parishes of [[Ilomantsi]], [[Impilahti]], Korpiselkä, Mäntyselkä, Paatene, [[Porosozero|Porajärvi]], Repola, Rukajärvi, Suikujärvi, Suistamo, [[Suoyarvi|Suojärvi]] and Tunkua; and additionally in the enclaves of Tver, Tikhvin and Valdai)
**** [[Tver Karelian dialect|Tver Karelian]]<ref>{{cite web|title=Mauri Rastas: "karjalan kieli"|url=http://www.kolumbus.fi/rastas/kieli/karkiel1.html|access-date=2010-07-10}}</ref>
***** [[:ru:Дорожаево (Тверская область)|Dorža]] dialect
***** [[Maksatikha|Maksuatiha]] dialect
***** [[Rameshki, Rameshkovsky District, Tver Oblast|Ruameška]] dialect
***** [[:ru:Толмачи|Tolmattšu]] dialect
***** [[Vesyegonsk|Vesjegonsk]] (Vessi) dialect
** [[Olonets Karelian language|Olonets Karelian]] or Livvi (spoken in the parishes of Kotkatjärvi, Munjärvi, Nekkula-Riipuškala, [[Salmi (rural locality)|Salmi]], Säämäjärvi, Tulemajärvi, [[Vieljärvi]] and Vitele)
{{tree list/end}}
{{clear}}

The [[Ludic language]], spoken along the easternmost edge of Karelian Republic, is in the Russian research tradition counted as a third main dialect of Karelian, though Ludic shows strong relationship also to [[Veps language|Veps]], and it is today also considered a separate language.

==Phonology==

===Vowels===

====Monophthongs====
Like Finnish, the Karelian language has 8 phonemic [[vowel quality|vowel qualities]], totalling 11 vowel phonemes when [[vowel length]] is considered:
{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2" |
! colspan="2" | [[Front vowel|Front]]
! rowspan="2" |[[Back vowel|Back]]
|-
! <small>Unrounded</small>
! <small>Rounded</small>
|-
! [[Close vowel|Close]]
| {{IPA link|i}} {{Grapheme|i}}
| {{IPA link|y}} {{Grapheme|y}}
| {{IPA link|u}} {{Grapheme|u}}
|-
! [[Mid vowel|Mid]]
| {{IPA link|e}} {{Grapheme|e}}
| {{IPA link|ø}} {{Grapheme|ö}}
| {{IPA link|o}} {{Grapheme|o}}
|-
! [[Open vowel|Open]]
| {{IPA link|æ}} {{Grapheme|ä}}
|
| {{IPA link|ɑ}} {{Grapheme|a}}
|}
Only the close vowels {{IPA|/i/}},  {{IPA|/y/}} and {{IPA|/u/}} may occur long.<ref>{{cite web|title=Itämerensuomalaisten kielten äänteellisiä ominaispiirteitä|url=http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/sugl/oppimat/imsjohd/aannepiirteet.html|access-date=2011-03-02|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110629133631/http://www.helsinki.fi/hum/sugl/oppimat/imsjohd/aannepiirteet.html|archive-date=2011-06-29}}</ref> The original [[Proto-Finnic]] long mid and open vowels have been diphthongized: {{lang|urj|*ee, *öö, *oo}} > {{IPA|/ie/, /yö/, /uo/}} (as also in [[Finnish language|Finnish]]); *aa, *ää > {{IPA|/oa/, /eä/ or /ua/, /iä/}} (as also in [[Savonian dialects]] of Finnish).

====Diphthongs====
North Karelian<ref name=north>П.М. Зайков. ''Грамматика карельского языка''. Петрозаводск: Периодика, 1999</ref> and Olonets Karelian<ref name=olonets>{{cite web|title=Vokalit|url=http://www.opastajat.net/opastus/grammar/lessons/urokku003.html|access-date=2011-03-03|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110721031246/http://opastajat.net/opastus/grammar/lessons/urokku003.html|archive-date=2011-07-21}}</ref> have 21 [[diphthong]]s:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! rowspan="2"|
! colspan="3"| Front-harmonic
! rowspan="2"| Neutral
! colspan="3"| Back-harmonic
|-
! Front+neutral !! Front+front !! Neutral+front
! Neutral+back !! Back+neutral !! Back+back
|-
! Open to close
| äi || äy || || || || ai || au
|-
! Mid to close
| öi || öy || ey || ei || eu || oi || ou
|-
! Close
| yi || || iy || || iu || ui ||
|-
! Close to mid
| || yö || || ie || || || uo
|-
! Close to open
| || yä || iä || || || || ua
|}

====Triphthongs====
In addition to the diphthongs North Karelian has a variety of [[triphthong]]s:<ref name=north />
{| class="wikitable"  style="text-align:center;"
|-
! rowspan="2"|
! colspan="3"| Front-harmonic
! rowspan="2"| Neutral
! colspan="3"| Back-harmonic
|-
! Front+neutral !! Front !! Neutral+front
! Neutral+back !! Back+neutral !! Back
|-
! Close-mid-close
| || {{lang|krl|yöy}} || {{lang|krl|iey}} || {{lang|krl|iei}} || {{lang|krl|ieu}} || {{lang|krl|uoi}} || {{lang|krl|uou}}
|-
! Close-open-close
| {{lang|krl|yäi}} || {{lang|krl|yäy}} || {{lang|krl|iäy}} || || || {{lang|krl|uai}} || {{lang|krl|uau}}
|}

Olonets Karelian has only the triphthongs {{lang|krl|ieu, iey, iäy, uau, uou and yöy}}.<ref name=olonets />

===Consonants===
There are 20 non-palatalized consonants in Karelian with their own single grapheme, and 2 are represented with multigraphs:

{| class="wikitable" style="text-align:center;"
! colspan="2" |
![[Labial consonant|Labial]]
![[Dental consonant|Dental]]/<br/>[[Alveolar consonant|Alveolar]]
![[Postalveolar consonant|Postalv.]]/<br/>[[Palatal consonant|Palatal]]
![[Velar consonant|Velar]]
![[Glottal consonant|Glottal]]
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Nasal consonant|Nasal]]
|{{IPA link|m}} {{grapheme|m}}
|{{IPA link|n}} {{grapheme|n}}
|
|{{IPA link|ŋ}} {{grapheme|n(g/k/kk)}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Plosive]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|{{IPA link|p}} {{grapheme|p}}
|{{IPA link|t}} {{grapheme|t}}
|
|{{IPA link|k}} {{grapheme|k}}
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|b}} {{grapheme|b}}
|{{IPA link|d}} {{grapheme|d}}
|
|{{IPA link|ɡ}} {{grapheme|g}}
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Affricate]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|
|({{IPA link|ts}} {{grapheme|c}}){{efn|name=loanword|The consonants {{IPA|/f/}} and {{IPA|/ts/}} are found in loanwords (except Ludic Karelian, which has {{IPA|/ts/}} in native words). The consonants {{IPA|/b, d, ɡ, z, ʒ/}} are found only in loanwords in Karelian Proper (North), but occur in native words in other varieties of Karelian.}}
|{{IPA link|tʃ}} {{grapheme|č}}
|
|
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|
|
|{{IPA link|dʒ}} {{grapheme|dž}}
|
|
|-
! rowspan="2" |[[Fricative]]
!<small>voiceless</small>
|({{IPA link|f}} {{grapheme|f}}){{efn|name=loanword}}
|{{IPA link|s}} {{grapheme|s}}
|{{IPA link|ʃ}} {{grapheme|š}}
|
|{{IPA link|h}} {{grapheme|h}}
|-
!<small>voiced</small>
|{{IPA link|v}} {{grapheme|v}}
|{{IPA link|z}} {{grapheme|z}}
|{{IPA link|ʒ}} {{grapheme|ž}}
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Trill consonant|Trill]]
|
|{{IPA link|r}} {{grapheme|r}}
|
|
|
|-
! colspan="2" |[[Approximant]]
|
|{{IPA link|l}} {{grapheme|l}}
|{{IPA link|j}} {{grapheme|j}}
|
|
|}
{{notelist}}

Some palatalized consonants exist: /lʲ nʲ sʲ tʲ/ in [[Karelian Proper]] (North), /dʲ lʲ nʲ rʲ sʲ tʲ/ (/zʲ/ also exists, but only in loanwords) in Olonets Karelian, /dʲ lʲ nʲ rʲ sʲ tʲ zʲ/ in Ludic and Tver Karelian. Palatalized labials are also present in some loanwords: North Karelian ''b'urokratti'' 'bureaucrat', Livvi ''b'urokruattu'' 'bureaucrat', ''kip'atku'' 'boiling water', ''sv'oklu'' 'beet', Tver Karelian ''kip'atka'' 'boiling water', ''s'v'okla''  'beet' (from Russian бюрократ, кипяток, свёкла).

Voiced velar nasal /{{IPA link|ŋ}}/ (eng) is present before /g/, /k/ and /kk/, and the combination is represented with multigraphs {{grapheme|ng}}, {{grapheme|nk}} or {{grapheme|nkk}}. Karelian Proper does not [[Gemination|geminate]] /ŋ/ in consonant gradation unlike Finnish: ''kengät'' 'shoes' pronounces as {{IPA|[ˈkeŋɡæt]}} instead of Finnish {{IPA|[ˈkeŋŋæt]}}.<ref>{{cite web |url=https://blogs.uef.fi/karjalanelvytys/wp-content/uploads/sites/155/2022/12/Karjalan_Grammari_kaikella_rahvahalla_1.pdf |title=Karjalan grammari kaikella rahvahalla 1 |last1=Jeskanen |first1=Matti |last2=Jahn |first2=Eila |year=2022 |publisher=Karjalan Kielet ry |agency=University of Eastern Finland |pages=13, 19 |language=krl, fi |trans-title=Karelian Grammar to Commoners 1 |access-date=19 October 2024 |url-status=live |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20221222000243/https://blogs.uef.fi/karjalanelvytys/wp-content/uploads/sites/155/2022/12/Karjalan_Grammari_kaikella_rahvahalla_1.pdf |archive-date=22 December 2022 }}</ref>

Olonets, Ludic, and Tver Karelian have the voiced affricate /{{IPA link|dʒ}}/, represented in writing by the digraph {{grapheme|dž}}.

==Writing system==
[[File:Birch-bark letter 292 real.jpg|thumb|300px|Birch-bark letter No. 292, early 13th century]]
[[File:Matthew Karelian 1820.jpg|thumb|300px|Translation of the [[Gospel of Matthew]] into Karelian, 1820]]

===Alphabet===
{{main|Karelian alphabet}}

Karelian is today written using a [[Latin script|Latin alphabet]] consisting of 29 characters. It extends the [[ISO basic Latin alphabet]] with the additional letters Č, Š, Ž, Ä, Ö and ' and excludes the letters Q, W and X.<ref>{{cite web|title=Government of Karelia approved uniform Karelian language alphabet|url=http://gov.karelia.ru/News/2007/04/0417_06_e.html|access-date=2010-06-14|archive-date=2011-07-16|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110716064115/http://gov.karelia.ru/News/2007/04/0417_06_e.html}}</ref> This unified alphabet is used to write all Karelian varieties including Tver Karelian. The very few texts that were published in Karelian from medieval times through the 19th century used the [[Cyrillic alphabet]]. With the establishment of the Soviet Union, Finnish, written with the Latin alphabet, became official. However, from 1938 to 1940 [[Karelian alphabet|Karelian written in Cyrillic]] replaced Finnish as an official language of the [[Karelian ASSR]] (see "History" below).

'''Example from Article 1 of the Universal Declaration of Human Rights in Cyrillic Karelian script, transliteration and translation''':<ref>{{Cite web |title=Karelian language, alphabet and pronunciation |url=https://www.omniglot.com/writing/karelian.htm |access-date=2023-10-15 |website=www.omniglot.com}}</ref>

'''Cyrillic''':

''Каи рахвас роиттахeс вäллиннÿ да тазаарвозинну омас арвос да оигeвуксис. Ёгахизeлe хeис он аннeтту миeли да оматундо да хeил вäлтäмäттäх пидäÿ олла кeскeнäх, куи вeллил''.

'''Latin''':

Kai rahvas roittahes vällinny da taza-arvozinnu omas arvos da oigevuksis. Jogahizele heis on annettu mieli da omatundo da heil vältämättäh pidäy olla keskenäh, kui vellil.

'''Translation''':

All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.

===Orthography===
Karelian is written with orthography similar to Finnish orthography. However, some features of the Karelian language and thus orthography are different from Finnish:
* The Karelian system of [[sibilant]]s is extensive; in Finnish, there is only one: {{IPA|/s/}}.
* Phonemic voicing occurs.
* Karelian retains [[Palatalization (phonetics)|palatalization]], usually denoted with an apostrophe (e.g. {{lang|krl|d'uuri}})
* The letter 'ü' may replace 'y' in some texts.
* The letter 'c' denotes {{IPA|/ts/}}, although 'ts' is used also. 'c' is more likely in Russian loan words.
{| class="wikitable" style="float: right; margin-left: 1em; text-align: center;"
|-
! colspan=7 style="font-size: larger;" | Sibilants
|-
! Letter
! Alt.
! [[International Phonetic Alphabet|IPA]]
! Olonets Karelian
! Tver Karelian
! North Karelian
! Finnish
|-
| č
| ch
| {{IPA|/tʃ/}}
| čoma, seiče
| šoma, šeiččimen
| šoma, šeiččemen
| soma, seitsemän
|-
| s
| s
| {{IPA|/s/}}
| se
| še
| še
| se
|-
| š
| sh
| {{IPA|/ʃ/}}
| nišku
| niška
| niska
| niska
|-
| z
| z
| {{IPA|/z/}}
| tazavaldu
| tažavalda
| tašavalta
| tasavalta
|-
| ž
| zh
| {{IPA|/ʒ/}}
| kiža, liedžu
| kiza, liedžu
| kisa
| kisa, lie(t)su
|}

/c/ and /č/ have length levels, which is not found in standard Finnish. For example, in Kalevala, [[Elias Lönnrot|Lönnrot]]'s orthography {{lang|krl|metsä : metsän}} hides the fact that the pronunciation of the original material is actually {{IPA|/mettšä : metšän/}}, with palatalization of the [[affricate]]. The exact details depend on the dialect, though. See ''[https://web.archive.org/web/20070927010530/http://www.internetix.ofw.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/ts-vasti.html Yleiskielen ts:n murrevastineet]''.

Karelian actually uses {{IPA|/z/}} as a [[voiced alveolar fricative]]. (In Finnish, ''z'' is a foreign spelling for {{IPA|/ts/}}.) The plosives {{IPA|/b/}}, {{IPA|/d/}} and {{IPA|/ɡ/}} may be voiced. (In most Finnish dialects, they are not differentiated from the unvoiced {{IPA|/p/}}, {{IPA|/t/}}, and {{IPA|/k/}}. Furthermore, in Karelian except North Karelian, voiced consonants occur also in native words, not just in loans as in standard Finnish.)

The sounds represented by ''č, š'' and ''ž'' are native to Karelian, but not Finnish. Speakers of Finnish do not distinguish {{IPA|/ʃ/}} and {{IPA|/ʒ/}} from {{IPA|/s/}}, nor {{IPA|/tʃ/}} from {{IPA|/ts/}} (medial) or {{IPA|/s/}} (initial). For example, the native Karelian words {{lang|krl|kiza, šoma, liedžu}} and {{lang|krl|seičemen}} are {{lang|fi|kisa, soma, lietsu}} and {{lang|fi|seitsemän}} in standard Finnish.

==History==
[[File:Karelian tver latin 1930 alphabet.gif|thumb|Tver Karelian in 1930 Latin alphabet]]
[[File:Djadja Rimusan Suarnat.jpg|thumb|[http://fulr.karelia.ru/cgi-bin/flib/rimus.cgi ''Дядя Римусан Суарнат'' (Djadja Rimusan Suarnat)], ''Tales of Uncle Remus'' in Karelian Cyrillic alphabet, 1939]]

===Prehistory===
As all other Finnic languages, Karelian descends from [[Proto-Finnic]], which in turn ultimately descends from [[Proto-Uralic]]. The most recent ancestor of the Karelian dialects is the language variety spoken in the 9th century at the western shores of [[Lake Ladoga]], known as Old Karelian (Finnish: {{lang|fi|muinaiskarjala}}).

Karelian is usually considered a part of the Eastern Finnic subgroup. It has been proposed that Late Proto-Finnic evolved into three dialects: Northern dialect, spoken in western [[Finland]]; Southern dialect, spoken in the area of modern-day [[Estonia]] and northern [[Latvia]], and Eastern dialect, spoken in the regions east of the Southern dialect. In the 6th century, Eastern dialect arrived at the western shores of Lake Ladoga, and in the 9th century, Northern dialect reached the same region. These two dialects blended together and formed Old Karelian.<ref name=history1>{{cite web |title= Selityksiä ja lisätietoja |url= http://internetix.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/selityks.html |access-date= 2011-02-07 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20110623031203/http://internetix.fi/opinnot/opintojaksot/8kieletkirjallisuus/aidinkieli/murteet/selityks.html |archive-date= 2011-06-23 }}</ref>

===Medieval period===
By the end of the 13th century, speakers of Old Karelian had reached the [[Savonia (historical province)|Savo]] region in eastern [[Finland]], increasingly mixing with population from western Finland. In 1323, [[Karelia]] was divided between [[Sweden]] and [[Novgorod Republic|Novgorod]] according to the [[Treaty of Nöteborg]], which started to slowly separate descendants of the Proto-Karelian language from each other. In the areas occupied by Sweden, Old Karelian started to develop into dialects of Finnish: [[Savonian dialects]] and [[South Karelian dialects|Southeastern dialects.]]

[[Birch bark letter no. 292]] from the early 13th century is the first known document in any [[Finnic languages|Finnic language]].{{sfn|Bakró-Nagy|Laakso|Skribnik|2022|p=59}} It was found in 1957 by a [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] expedition, led by [[Artemiy Artsikhovskiy]] in the Nerev excavation on the left coast side of [[Novgorod]].<ref>{{cite book| first1=А.В.| last1=Арциховский| first2= В.И.| last2=Борковский| script-title=ru:Новгородские грамоты на бересте (из раскопок 1956–1957 гг.)| publisher=Из-во Акад. Наук СССР| date= 1963| language=ru}}</ref> The language used in the document is thought to be an archaic form of the language spoken in [[Olonets Karelia]], a dialect of the Karelian language.<ref>[http://victorian.fortunecity.com/christy/32/tuohi.html Itämerensuomalaista kirjoitusta 1200-luvulta] {{webarchive|url=https://archive.today/20120525202814/http://victorian.fortunecity.com/christy/32/tuohi.html |date=2012-05-25 }} {{in lang|fi}}</ref> A later manuscript, no. 403 (second half of the 14th century), apparently belonging to a tax collector, includes a short glossary of Karelian words and their translations.<ref>[http://gramoty.ru/birchbark/document/show/novgorod/403/ Грамота №403]</ref>

In the regions ruled by Novgorod, the protolanguage started to evolve into Karelian language. In 1617 Novgorod lost parts of Karelia to Sweden in the [[Treaty of Stolbovo]], which led the Karelian-speaking population of the occupied areas to flee from their homes. This gave rise to the Karelian speaking population in the [[Tver Oblast|Tver]] and [[Valdai Hills|Valday]] regions.<ref name=history1 />

===19th century===
In the 19th century, a few books were published in Karelian using the [[Cyrillic script]], notably ''A Translation of some Prayers and a Shortened Catechism'' into North Karelian and Olonets (Aunus) dialects in 1804, and the gospel of St. Matthew in South Karelian Tver dialect, in 1820. Karelian literature in 19th century Russia remained limited to a few primers, songbooks and leaflets.<ref name=taagepera>[https://books.google.com/books?id=QGqWcZu42hUC&lpg=PA111 Rein Taagepera, ''The Finno-Ugric republics and the Russian state'', p.111]</ref>

===Soviet period===
In 1921, the first all-Karelian congress under the Soviet regime debated whether Finnish or Karelian should be the official language (next to Russian) of the new "Karelian Labour Commune" ({{lang|krl|Karjalan Työkommuuni}}, {{lang|krl-Cyrl|Карялан тыöкоммууни}}{{citation needed|date=September 2020}} in Cyrillic Karelian), which two years later would become the [[Karelian ASSR]]. Finnish communists as well as ethnic Finns from North America, who came to live in Soviet Karelia, dominated the political discourse, as they were in general far better educated than local Karelians. They favored the use of Finnish, which had just been through an 80-year period of standardization based on a variety of dialects across Finland — and the Finns saw Karelian simply as additional Finnish dialects. In the end Finnish was established as the official "local" language.<ref name="austin">{{cite journal |last1=Austin |first1=Paul M. |title=Soviet Karelian: The Language that Failed |journal=Slavic Review |date=Spring 1992 |volume=51 |issue=1 |pages=16–35 |jstor=2500259 |doi=10.2307/2500259 |s2cid=159644993 }}</ref>

An intense program of [[Finnicization]], but called "Karelianization", began and Finnish-language schools were established across Soviet Karelia. Newspapers, literary journals were established and Russian literature was translated into Finnish, while much literature from Soviet Karelia in Finnish was published.<ref name="austin"/>

While this was happening in Soviet Karelia, in 1931–33, a Karelian literary language using the Latin alphabet was standardized for the Tver Karelian community of about 127,000 people, hundreds of kilometers to the south.<ref name="austin"/>

Between 1935 and 1938 the Finnish-dominated leadership of Soviet Karelia including leader [[Edvard Gylling]], was removed from power, killed or sent to [[Gulag|concentration camps]]. The Finnish language was branded a language of the bourgeois Finnish society in Finland proper, and was later regarded as a "fascist" language of the Finnish enemy.<ref name="austin"/>

From early 1938 to April 1940, the Soviet authorities ceased publication in Finnish, all Finnish-language schools were closed and the children were prohibited from speaking Finnish even during recess. The Soviet government replaced Finnish in the Karelian ASSR with Karelian written in the Cyrillic alphabet.<ref name=taagepera/>

A new form of standardized Karelian was hurriedly introduced in 1938, written in Cyrillic, with only nine grammatical cases, and with a very large and increasing number of words taken directly from Russian but with Karelian grammatical endings. During this period about 200 titles were published, including educational materials, children's books, readers, Party and public affairs documents, the literary journal ''Karelia''. The newspaper ''[[Karjalan Sanomat]]'' was written in this new Karelian Cyrillic, rather than in Finnish. Karelians who did not speak Russian could not understand this new official language due to the amount of Russian words, for example, the phrase "Which party led the revolution" in this form of Karelian was given as {{lang|krl-Cyrl|"Миттўйне партиуя руководи революциюа?"}} ({{transliteration|krl|Mittujne partiuja rukovodi revoljutsijua?}}) where the word for party, led, and revolution are all Russian words with Karelian grammatical endings, whereas the Finnish equivalent words have completely different roots: {{lang|fi|"Mikä puolue johti vallankumousta?"}}<ref name="austin"/>

After the [[Winter War]], in April 1940, political considerations changed again. The USSR established the [[Karelo-Finnish Soviet Socialist Republic|Karelo-Finnish SSR]] with the idea that Finland proper would eventually be annexed to the USSR as part of that Republic. Finnish, written in the Latin alphabet, was once again made the official "local" language of Soviet Karelia, alongside Russian.<ref name=taagepera/><ref name="austin"/>
<!-- What happened between 1940 and 1980's?  -->

In the 1980s, publishing began again in various adaptations of the Latin alphabet for Olonets Karelian and the White Sea and Tver dialects of Karelian Proper.

===Recent events===
Since the 1990s the [[Union of Karelian people]] started to organize various projects to popularize the Karelian language in Karelia and Finland.

In 2007 a standard alphabet was adopted to write all dialects (Tver Karelian adopted it in 2017).

In 2008, [[University of Joensuu|Joensuu University]] launched Finland's first Karelian language professorship, in order to save the language. A year later, Finland's first Karelian [[language nest]] (pre-school immersion group) was established in the town of [[Nurmes]].<ref>{{cite web|title=Nurmeksen kielipesässä lapsista tulee karjalankielisiä|url=http://yle.fi/uutiset/kulttuuri/2009/09/nurmeksen_kielipesassa_lapsista_tulee_karjalankielisia_1010090.html|access-date=2010-07-10|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120115022402/http://yle.fi/uutiset/kulttuuri/2009/09/nurmeksen_kielipesassa_lapsista_tulee_karjalankielisia_1010090.html|archive-date=2012-01-15}}</ref>

[[Croat]]ian [[singer]] Jurica Popović collaborated with Tilna Tolvaneen on lyrics for his 1999 song "H.O.T. Hold On To Your Tradition", which are partly in Karelian.<ref>{{cite web|url=https://glazba.hr/citaj/kolumne/tonska-proba-ozujak-2024/|last=Mušćet|first=Bojan|title=Čitaj Hrvacki Onako Kako Spotify i YouTube Pišu|language=hr|website=glazba.hr|date=20 March 2024}}</ref>

==Media in Karelian==

*{{lang|krl|Oma Mua}} is published in Olonets Karelian.
*{{lang|krl|Vienan Karjala}} is published in North Karelian dialect.
*{{lang|krl|Karielan Šana}} is published in Tver Karelian dialect.
*{{lang|krl|Karjal Žurnualu}} – A monthly Karelian-language journal published by Karjalan Kielen Seura in Finland.
*{{lang|krl|Yle Uudizet karjalakse}} – News articles and a weekly radio news program in Karelian are published by the [[Yle|Finnish Broadcasting Company]].

==Examples of Karelian supradialects==

=== North Karelian (White Sea Karelian) ===
A sample from the book {{lang|krl|Luemma vienankarjalaksi}}:
:{{lang|krl|Vanhat ihmiset šanottih, jotta joučen on ihmiseštä tullun. Jouččenet aina ollah parittain. Kun yksi ammuttanneh, ni toini pitälti itköy toistah. Vain joučen oli pyhä lintu. Šitä ei nikonša ruohittu ampuo, šiitä tulou riähkä. Jouččenet tullah meilä kevyällä ta šykšyllä tuaš lähetäh jälelläh šuvipuoleh. Hyö lennetäh šuurissa parviloissa. Šilloin kun hyö lähettih, ni še oli merkki, jotta talvi on läššä.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?s=185|title=Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus :: Viena|access-date=2010-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514042649/http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?s=185|archive-date=2011-05-14}}</ref>

:(Translation: Old people used to say that the swan is born of man. Swans are always paired up. When one is shot, the other weeps for it for a long time. Yet the swan is a sacred bird. Nobody ever dared to shoot them, for that was a sin. Swans come to us in the spring and in the autumn they leave again for the south. They fly in large flocks. When they left, it was a sign that winter was near.)

=== Olonets Karelian ===

==== Sample 1 ====
Article 1 of the [[Universal Declaration of Human Rights]]:
:{{lang|krl|Kai rahvas roittahes vällinny da taza-arvozinnu omas arvos da oigevuksis. Jogahizele heis on annettu mieli da omatundo da heil vältämättäh pidäy olla keskenäh, kui vellil.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Documents/UDHR_Translations/krl.pdf|title=Ristikanzan oigevuksien yhtehine deklaratsii|access-date=2010-05-15}}</ref>

:(English version: All human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights. They are endowed with reason and conscience and should act towards one another in a spirit of brotherhood.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.ohchr.org/EN/UDHR/Pages/Language.aspx?LangID=eng|title= Universal Declaration of Human Rights|access-date=2010-06-01}}</ref>)

==== Sample 2 ====
A sample from the book {{lang|krl|Karjalan kielen harjoituskogomus III–IV luokku Livvin murdehel}}. Note the older alphabet:

:{|
|-
!|Olonets Karelian<ref>Bogdanova, Leena; Ščerbakova, Tamara. ''Karjalan kielen harjoituskogomus III–IV luokku Livvin murdehel''. Petroskoi «Periodika», 2004, p. 14.</ref>
!|
!|Standard Finnish
!|
!|English translation
|-
||{{lang|krl|Karjalas on čoma luondo. Korgiet koivut,}}
||
||{{lang|fi|Karjalassa on kaunis luonto. Korkeat koivut,}}
||
||There is beautiful nature in Karelia.  Tall birches,
|-
||{{lang|krl|vihandat kuuzet da pedäjät čomendetah meččiä.}}
||
||{{lang|fi|vihannat kuuset ja petäjät koristavat metsiä.}}
||
||green spruces and [[Scots pine]]s decorate the forests.
|-
||{{lang|krl|Joga kohtaine on täüzi muarjua da siendü. }}
||
||{{lang|fi|Joka paikka on täynnä marjaa ja sientä. }}
||
||Every place is full of berries and mushrooms. 
|-
||{{lang|krl|Kehtua vai kerätä! Järvet da jovetgi ollah kalakkahat:}}
||
||{{lang|fi|Kehtaa vain kerätä! Järvet ja joetkin ovat kalaisat:}}
||
|| If only one picked them! The lakes and rivers, too, are full of fish:
|-
||{{lang|krl|ongo haugii, lahnua, säüniä, matikkua, kuhua, siigua. }}
||
||{{lang|fi|on haukia, lahnoja, säyneitä, madetta, kuhaa, siikaa. }}
||
||there is [[Esox|pike]], [[carp bream]], [[Ide (fish)|ide]], [[burbot]], [[zander]], [[Common whitefish|whitefish]]. 
|-
||{{lang|krl|Ota ongiruagu da juokse järvele!}}
||
||{{lang|fi|Ota onkivapa ja juokse järvelle!}}
||
||Take a fishing rod and run to the lake!
|}

=== Tver Karelian ===

[[File:Tver dialects of Karelian and VepKar corpus by Irina Novak 2018.webm|thumb|thumbtime=44|Irina Novak speaks about the Karelian language and [[Karelians]]. Irina talks in Tolmachevsky dialect (one of the three Tver Karelian dialects, it is one of the Karelian Proper dialects). [[Karelian Research Centre of RAS|KarRC RAS]], 2018. See subtitles in Karelian language.]]

A sample from the book {{lang|krl|Armaš šana}}:
:{{lang|krl|Puasinkoi on pieni karielan külä Tverin mualla. Šielä on nel'l'äkümmendä taluo. Šeizov külä joven rannalla. Jogi virduav hil'l'ah, žentän händä šanotah Tihvinča. Ümbäri on ülen šoma mua. – Tuatto šaneli: ammuin, monda šadua vuotta ennen, šinne tuldih Pohjois-Karielašta karielan rahvaš. Hüö leikkattih mečän i šeizatettih tämän külän. I nüt vielä küläššä šeizotah kojit, kumbazet on luaittu vanhašta mečäštä.}}<ref>{{cite web|url=http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?s=187|title=Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus :: Tverinkarjala|access-date=2010-08-06|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20110514042733/http://www.kotus.fi/index.phtml?s=187|archive-date=2011-05-14}}</ref>

:(Translation: Puasinkoi is a small Karelian village in the Tver region. There are forty houses. The village lies by a river. The river flows slowly—that's why it's called Tihvinitša. The surrounding region is very beautiful.—(My) father told (me): once, many hundreds of years ago, Karelians from North-Karelia came there. They cut down the forest and founded this village. And even now, there are houses in the village, which have been built from the trees of the old forest.)

== See also ==
{{col div|colwidth=30em}}
* [[Birch bark letter no. 292]]
* [[Čičiliusku]]
* [[Karelia]]
* [[Bible translations into Karelian]]
{{colend}}

== References ==
{{reflist}}

== Sources ==
{{refbegin}}
* Ahtia, E. V. (1938): ''[https://kaino.kotus.fi/digitointi/pdf/Ahtian_sana-_ja_aanneoppi.pdf Karjalan kielioppi: Äänne- ja sanaoppi]''. Suojärvi: Karjalan kansallisseura.
* Ahtia, Edvard V. (2014): ''[https://kaino.kotus.fi/digitointi/pdf/Ahtian_johto-oppi.pdf Karjalan kielioppi II: Johto-oppi]''. Joensuu: Karjalan Kielen Seura. {{ISBN|978-952-5790-42-9}}.
* Ahtia, Edvard V. (2014): ''[https://kaino.kotus.fi/digitointi/pdf/Ahtian_lauseoppi.pdf Karjalan kielioppi III: Lauseoppi]''. Joensuu: Karjalan Kielen Seura. {{ISBN|978-952-5790-39-9}}.
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* {{cite book |last1=Bakró-Nagy |first1=Marianne |last2=Laakso |first2=Johanna |last3=Skribnik |first3=Elena |title=The Oxford Guide to the Uralic Languages |date=2022 |publisher=Oxford University Press |isbn=978-0-19-876766-4 |url=https://www.google.com/books/edition/The_Oxford_Guide_to_the_Uralic_Languages/2fhgEAAAQBAJ |language=en}}
* Ojansuu, Heikki (1918): ''Karjala-aunuksen äännehistoria''. Suomalaisen Kirjallisuuden Seuran toimituksia 162.
* Virtaranta, Pertti; Koponen, Raija (eds) (1968–2005): ''[https://kaino.kotus.fi/cgi-bin/kks/kks_etusivu.cgi Karjalan kielen sanakirja]''. Helsinki: Kotimaisten kielten tutkimuskeskus / Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura.
* Zaykov, P. M. (1999): ''Grammatika Karelskogo Yazyka fonetika i morfologia''. Petrozavodsk: Periodika.
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book |first1=Petar |last1=Kehayov |first2=Denis |last2=Kuzmin |title=The Karelian Dialect of Kolvitsa, Kola Peninsula |series=Suomalais-Ugrilaisen Seuran Toimituksia |date=2022 |volume=277 |location=Helsinki |publisher=Suomalais-Ugrilainen Seura |isbn=978-952-7262-35-1 |doi=10.33341/sus.449 |url=https://edition.fi/suomalaisugrilainenseura/catalog/book/449}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category}}
{{Incubator|code=krl}}
{{refbegin|20em}}
* [http://www.eki.ee/books/redbook/karelians.shtml The Peoples of the Red Book: THE KARELIANS]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20100608151246/http://reocities.com/athens/4280/eng_index.html Karjalaine lehüt – Karelian page]
* [http://www.karjal.fi/ Karjalan Kielen Seuru] – The Society for the Karelian Language
* [http://www.oocities.org/esaanttikoski/lisuri.html Neuvostoliiton kielipolitiikkaa: Karjalan kirjakielen suunnittelu 1930-luvulla ("On Soviet language policy: The planning of the Karelian literary language in the 1930s", in Finnish)]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20110907133643/http://www.reocities.com/Athens/4280/lisuri8.html Karjalan kirjakielestä] (in Finnish)
* [https://wikipedija-vienaksi.fandom.com/wiki/Wikipedija_vienak%C5%A1i_Wiki Wiki in the viena dialect] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20210103234355/https://wikipedija-vienaksi.fandom.com/wiki/Wikipedija_vienak%C5%A1i_Wiki |date=2021-01-03 }}
* [http://livviki.karelia.ru/ Livgiläižet] (in Russian)
* [http://www.omniglot.com/writing/karelian.htm Karelian language on Omniglot]
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20071017025259/http://opastajat.karelia.ru/psu/bogdanova/kirjaimet.html Karjalan kirjaimet] (in Karelian)
* [http://opastajat.net/opastus/grammar/index.html Karjalan kielioppi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200213125200/http://opastajat.net/opastus/grammar/index.html |date=2020-02-13 }} (in Karelian)
* [http://elibrary.karelia.ru/book.shtml?levelID=034005&id=2071&cType=1 Грамматика карельского языка]{{registration required}}
* [http://depvladimir.narod.ru/urokkat/index.html УРОКИ КАРЕЛЬСКОГО ЯЗЫКА] – Karelian lessons (in Russian)
* [http://www.finnougoria.ru/community/folk/6/detail.php?IBLOCK_ID=46&SECTION_ID=344&ELEMENT_ID=2212 A short Karelian Conversation]
* [http://sanakniigu.onego.ru/index.php?lan=rus Karelian-Russian-Finnish dictionary]
* [https://kaino.kotus.fi/cgi-bin/kks/kks_etusivu.cgi Karelian-Finnish dictionary] (Note: č is categorized under tš)
* [http://www.veps.de/Sanasto/ Karelian-Vepsian-Finnish-Estonian dictionary] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120624133408/http://www.veps.de/Sanasto/ |date=2012-06-24 }}
* [https://web.archive.org/web/20200213125206/https://karielan.wikispaces.com/file/view/karjalankielenharjoituskogomus34.pdf Karjalan kielen harjoituskogomus] (PDF/in Karelian)
{{refend}}

{{Uralic languages}}
{{Languages of Finland}}
{{Languages of Russia}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Karelian language| ]]
[[Category:Finnic languages]]
[[Category:Languages of Russia]]
[[Category:Languages of Finland]]
[[Category:Subject–verb–object languages]]
[[Category:Endangered languages of Europe]]