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{{Short description|City in south-central Turkey}}
{{About|the town in south central Turkey}}
{{Infobox Turkey place
| type                 = municipality
| name                 = Karaman
| other_name           = 
| image_skyline        = Karaman castle 4868.jpg
| image_caption        = View from [[Karaman Castle]]
| image_shield         = 
| coordinates          = {{coord|37|10|55|N|33|13|05|E|format=dms|display=inline,title}}
| province             = Karaman
| district             = Karaman
| leader_party         = MHP
| leader_name          = Savaş Kalaycı
| area_footnotes       = 
| area_total_km2       = 
| elevation_m          = 1039
| population_footnotes = <ref name=tuik/>
| population_total     = 175390
| population_as_of     = 2022
| postal_code          = 70000
| area_code            = 0338
| website              = {{url|https://www.karaman.bel.tr/}}
}}
'''Karaman''' is a city in south central [[Turkey]], located in [[Central Anatolia Region|Central Anatolia]], north of the [[Taurus Mountains]], about {{convert|100|km|mi|0|abbr=on}} south of [[Konya]]. It is the seat of [[Karaman Province]] and [[Karaman District]].<ref name=il>[https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx İl Belediyesi] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150706215822/https://www.e-icisleri.gov.tr/Anasayfa/MulkiIdariBolumleri.aspx |date=2015-07-06 }}, Turkey Civil Administration Departments Inventory. Retrieved 1 March 2023.</ref> Its population is 175,390 (2022).<ref name=tuik>{{Cite web |title=Address-based population registration system (ADNKS) results dated 31 December 2022, Favorite Reports|url=https://biruni.tuik.gov.tr/medas/?kn=95&locale=en |access-date=13 March 2023|publisher=[[TÜİK]]|language=en|format=XLS}}</ref> The town lies at an average elevation of {{convert|1039|m|ft|0|abbr=on}}. The [[Karaman Museum]] is one of the major sights.
[[File:Karaman Main Station.jpg|thumb|Karaman Main Station]]

==Etymology==
The town owes its name to [[Karaman Bey]], who was one of the rulers of the [[Karamanid]] dynasty. The former name ''Laranda'' which in turn comes from the [[Luwian language]] ''Larawanda'', literally means "sandy, a sandy place".<ref>[[Bilge Umar]]. ''Türkiye'deki Tarihsel Adlar''. İnkılap Kitabevi, 1993. {{ISBN|975-10-0539-6}}.</ref>

==History==
[[File:Karaman Müze 01.jpg|left|thumb|[[Karaman Museum]].]]
In ancient times, Karaman was known as Lānda in [[Hittites|Hittite]] and Laranda<ref name=EB1911>{{cite EB1911 |wstitle=Karaman |volume=15 |page=676}}</ref> ({{langx|el|τὰ Λάρανδα}}). Little is known about the early history of Laranda. The city is first mentioned by name in ancient sources through the writings of [[Diodorus Siculus]]. According to him, after [[Perdiccas]] and [[Philip III of Macedon|King Philip]] defeated [[Ariarathes I of Cappadocia]], they departed from Cappadocia and set out to punish the cities of Laranda and Isauria. This was in retaliation, because these cities killed [[Balacrus]], a general appointed by [[Alexander the Great]] as satrap of the region. As a result, Laranda was destroyed.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0060.tlg001.perseus-grc2:18.22 Diodorus Siculus 18.22.1-2]</ref> It later became a seat of [[Isaurians|Isaurian]] pirates. At one point, it  was under the control of [[Antipater of Derbe]], until he was killed by [[Amyntas of Galatia]], who then took over the territories previously ruled by Antipater.<ref>[https://www.perseus.tufts.edu/hopper/text?doc=urn:cts:greekLit:tlg0099.tlg001.perseus-grc1:12.6.3 Strabo, Geography, §12.6.3]</ref>
It belonged to the [[Roman Empire|Roman]] and later [[Byzantine Empire|Byzantine Empires]] until it was captured by the [[Seljuk Turks|Seljuks]] in the early 12th century. Karaman was occupied by [[Frederick Barbarossa]] in 1190<ref name=EB1911/> and by the [[Armenian Kingdom of Cilicia]] between 1211 and 1216. In 1256, the town was taken by Karaman Bey and was renamed Karaman in his honour. From 1275, Karaman was the capital of the [[Karamanid]] [[Anatolian beyliks|beylik]].

In 1468 the Karamanids were conquered by the Ottomans and in 1483 the capital of the province was moved to [[Konya]]. Karaman has retained ruins of a Karamanid castle and some walls, two [[mosques]] and a [[Koran]] school (''[[madrasah]]'') from that age. A [[mihrab]] from a mosque from Karaman can now be found in the [[Tiled Kiosk|Çinili Pavilion]] near the [[Istanbul Archaeology Museum|Archeology Museum]] in [[Istanbul]].
The Karamanslis were Cappadocian Turkomans who fought the Ottomans. Later they integrated into the empire.
[[File:Karaman clocktower 4817 (cropped).jpg|thumb|Karaman clocktower]]
There was a [[Roman Catholic]] [[titular see]] for the city.<ref>{{CathEncy|wstitle=Laranda}}</ref>
The poet [[Yunus Emre]] ({{Circa|1238–1320}}) resided in Karaman during his later years and is believed to lie buried beside the Yunus Emre Mosque. A small adjacent park is adorned with quotations from his verse, many of them [[graffiti]]-splattered. In 1222, the [[Sufi]] preacher Bahaeddin Veled arrived in town with his family, and the Karamanoğlu [[emir]] built a ''madrasah'' to accommodate them. Veled's son was the famous [[Rumi]], who married his wife, Gevher Hatun, while his family was living in Karaman. It was here, too, that Rumi's mother died in 1224. She was buried, along with other family members, in the Aktekke Mosque (also known as the Mader-i Mevlana Cami), which Alaeddin Ali Bey had built to replace the original ''madrasah'' in 1370.<ref>{{cite web|title=Today's Zaman|url=http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=144184&bolum=117|archive-url=https://archive.today/20120629231929/http://www.todayszaman.com/tz-web/detaylar.do?load=detay&link=144184&bolum=117|url-status=dead|archive-date=2012-06-29}}, todayszaman.com</ref>

When [[First Barbary War|Thomas Jefferson fought Libya's Barbary pirates]], he replaced one member of the al-Qaramanli dynasty with another as Pasha.

==Notable people==

* [[Nestor of Laranda]], an epic poet, the father of the poet Peisander.<ref name="suda_nu.261">[https://topostext.org/work/240#nu.261 Suda Encyclopedia, §nu.261]</ref>
* [[Peisander of Laranda]] an epic poet, the son of the poet Nestor.<ref name="suda_nu.261"/>

===Karamanlis===
The bearers of the Greek name [[Karamanlides|Karamanlis]] as well as other surnames beginning with "Karaman" are a [[toponymic surname]] for the town.

==Gallery==
<gallery>
File:Karaman_Eski_Kütüphane_4722.jpg|Karaman Street view
File:Karaman 2144.jpg|Karaman Nefesi Sultan Medresesi monumental entrance
File:Karaman 4808.jpg|Karaman Medrese of Nefesi Sultan
File:Karaman 2149.jpg|Karaman Hac Beyler Mosque Entrance
File:Karaman 4780.jpg|Karaman Haci Beyler Camisi entrance
File:Karaman 2199.jpg|Karaman Ibrahim Bey Imareti door
File:Karaman 4846.jpg|Karaman Ibrahim Bey Mosque
File:Istanbul june 2008 2805.jpg|Ibrahim Bey Mihrab in Çinili Köşk
File:Karaman 4856.jpg|Karaman Castle Mosque and surroundings
File:Karaman 2230.jpg|Karaman Castle mosque
File:Karaman 4768.jpg|Karaman Ak Tekke interior
File:Karaman 4862.jpg|Karaman Castle Exterior
File:Karaman 4863.jpg|Karaman Castle Interior
File:Karaman Museum 2067.jpg|Karaman Museum Can Hasan I Pottery
File:Karaman Museum 2063.jpg|Karaman Museum Iconostasis doors
File:Karaman Museum 2082.jpg|Karaman Museum Kadın fez süsü
File:Karaman Museum 2187.jpg|Karaman Museum Cowry shell adorned objects
</gallery>

==Climate==
Karaman has a [[cold semi-arid climate]] under [[Köppen climate classification]] (''BSk'') and a [[humid continental climate]] under the [[Trewartha climate classification]] (''Dc''), with hot, dry summers and cold, snowy winters. Karaman is generally very sunny, with almost 3000 hours of sunshine per year.

{{Weather box 
|metric first= Yes 
|single line= Yes 
|location= Karaman (1991–2020, extremes 1951–2023)
| Jan record high C = 21.2
| Feb record high C = 22.3
| Mar record high C = 28.7
| Apr record high C = 32.3
| May record high C = 34.4
| Jun record high C = 37.5
| Jul record high C = 40.4
| Aug record high C = 41.4
| Sep record high C = 39.1
| Oct record high C = 34.0
| Nov record high C = 26.2
| Dec record high C = 22.3
| year record high C = 41.4
| Jan high C = 5.6
| Feb high C = 7.5
| Mar high C = 12.9
| Apr high C = 18.3
| May high C = 23.7
| Jun high C = 28.3
| Jul high C = 31.7
| Aug high C = 31.7
| Sep high C = 27.7
| Oct high C = 21.3
| Nov high C = 13.5
| Dec high C = 7.5
| year high C = 19.1
| Jan mean C = 0.7
| Feb mean C = 2.1
| Mar mean C = 6.7
| Apr mean C = 11.7
| May mean C = 16.6
| Jun mean C = 20.8
| Jul mean C = 24.0
| Aug mean C = 23.7
| Sep mean C = 19.5
| Oct mean C = 13.8
| Nov mean C = 6.8
| Dec mean C = 2.5
| year mean C = 12.4
| Jan low C = -3.4
| Feb low C = -2.7
| Mar low C = 0.9
| Apr low C = 5.2
| May low C = 9.5
| Jun low C = 13.3
| Jul low C = 16.0
| Aug low C = 15.8
| Sep low C = 11.3
| Oct low C = 6.7
| Nov low C = 1.0
| Dec low C = -1.7
| year low C = 6.0
| Jan record low C = -26.8
| Feb record low C = -28.0
| Mar record low C = -20.2
| Apr record low C = -8.3
| May record low C = -3.1
| Jun record low C = 3.1
| Jul record low C = 6.4
| Aug record low C = 3.6
| Sep record low C = -1.0
| Oct record low C = -8.5
| Nov record low C = -21.2
| Dec record low C = -26.1
| year record low C = -28.0
| precipitation colour = green
| Jan precipitation mm = 41.8
| Feb precipitation mm = 33.7
| Mar precipitation mm = 33.6
| Apr precipitation mm = 32.1
| May precipitation mm = 34.0
| Jun precipitation mm = 28.0
| Jul precipitation mm = 6.7
| Aug precipitation mm = 8.7
| Sep precipitation mm = 9.2
| Oct precipitation mm = 25.8
| Nov precipitation mm = 32.9
| Dec precipitation mm = 48.8
| year precipitation mm = 335.3
| Jan precipitation days = 10.27
| Feb precipitation days = 8.93
| Mar precipitation days = 9.03
| Apr precipitation days = 7.97
| May precipitation days = 8.6
| Jun precipitation days = 5.67
| Jul precipitation days = 1.27
| Aug precipitation days = 1.27
| Sep precipitation days = 2
| Oct precipitation days = 5.1
| Nov precipitation days = 5.8
| Dec precipitation days = 9.77
| year precipitation days = 
|Jan humidity=74.6
|Feb humidity=70.1
|Mar humidity=60.2
|Apr humidity=54.9
|May humidity=52.4
|Jun humidity=47.4
|Jul humidity=41.2
|Aug humidity=42.9
|Sep humidity=47.3
|Oct humidity=57.3
|Nov humidity=67.1
|Dec humidity=73.8
|year humidity=
| Jan sun = 105.4
| Feb sun = 127.1
| Mar sun = 189.1
| Apr sun = 234.0
| May sun = 297.6
| Jun sun = 342.0
| Jul sun = 387.5
| Aug sun = 356.5
| Sep sun = 294.0
| Oct sun = 229.4
| Nov sun = 159.0
| Dec sun = 99.2
| year sun = 
| Jand sun = 3.4
| Febd sun = 4.5
| Mard sun = 6.1
| Aprd sun = 7.8
| Mayd sun = 9.6
| Jund sun = 11.4
| Juld sun = 12.5
| Augd sun = 11.5
| Sepd sun = 9.8
| Octd sun = 7.4
| Novd sun = 5.3
| Decd sun = 3.2
| yeard sun = 7.7 
|source 1 = [[Turkish State Meteorological Service]]<ref name ="TSMS">{{cite web
| url = https://www.mgm.gov.tr/veridegerlendirme/il-ve-ilceler-istatistik.aspx?k=H&m=KARAMAN
| title = Resmi İstatistikler: İllerimize Ait Mevism Normalleri (1991–2020)
| publisher = Turkish State Meteorological Service
| language = tr
| access-date = 6 July 2021}}</ref>
|date=January 2012
|source 2 = [[NOAA]] (humidity)<ref name=WMOCLINO>{{cite web
| url = https://www.nodc.noaa.gov/archive/arc0216/0253808/2.2/data/0-data/Region-6-WMO-Normals-9120/Turkiye/CSV/Karaman_17246.csv
| title = World Meteorological Organization Climate Normals for 1991–2020
| publisher = [[NCEI|National centers for Environmental Information]] |format=CSV
| access-date = 2 August 2023}}</ref>}}

== Mayors of Karaman ==
* [[1984 Turkish local elections|1984]]-[[1989 Turkish local elections|1989]] Hasan Özkaymak [[Motherland Party (Turkey)|ANAP]]
* [[1989 Turkish local elections|1989]]-[[1999 Turkish local elections|1999]] Yaşar Evcen [[Social Democratic People's Party (Turkey)|SHP]], [[Republican People's Party|CHP]]
* [[1999 Turkish local elections|1999]]-[[2004 Turkish local elections|2004]] Halil İbrahim Gülcan [[Nationalist Movement Party|MHP]]
* [[2004 Turkish local elections|2004]]-[[2009 Turkish local elections|2009]] Ali Kantürk [[AK Party]]
* [[2009 Turkish local elections|2009]]-[[2014 Turkish local elections|2014]] [[:tr:Kamil Uğurlu|Kamil Uğurlu]] [[AK Party]]
* [[2014 Turkish local elections|2014]]-[[2019 Turkish local elections|2019]] [[:tr:Ertuğrul Çalışkan|Ertuğrul Çalışkan]] [[AK Party]]
* [[2019 Turkish local elections|2019]]-[[present]] [[:tr:Savaş Kalaycı|Savaş Kalaycı]] [[Nationalist Movement Party|MHP]]

==See also==
* [[Anatolian Tigers]]

==References==
{{Reflist}}

==External links==
{{Wikivoyage|Karaman}}
{{Commons category}}

{{Karaman District}}
{{Authority control}}

[[Category:Karaman| ]]
[[Category:Archaeological sites in the Central Anatolia region]]
[[Category:Provincial municipalities in Turkey]]
[[Category:Populated places in Karaman District]]
[[Category:Karamanids]]
[[Category:Lycaonia]]