View source for Kampfgeschwader 77

{{DISPLAYTITLE:''Kampfgeschwader'' 77}}
{{Infobox military unit
|unit_name=''Kampfgeschwader'' 77
|image=
|caption=
|dates=1939–44
|country={{flag|Nazi Germany}}
|allegiance=
|branch=[[Luftwaffe]]
|type=[[Bomber]] [[Wing (air force unit)|Wing]]
|role=[[Air interdiction]]<br />[[close air support]]<br />[[Offensive counter air]]<br>[[Maritime interdiction]]<br>[[Strategic bombing]]
|size=Air Force Wing
|command_structure=
|current_commander=
|garrison=
|ceremonial_chief=
|colonel_of_the_regiment=
|nickname=
|patron=
|motto=
|colors=
|identification_symbol='''3Z'''
|march=
|mascot=
|battles=[[Polish Campaign]]<br />[[Battle of the Netherlands]]<br />[[Battle of Belgium]]<br />[[Battle of France]]<br />[[Battle of Britain]]<br />[[Battle of the Atlantic]]<br />[[Eastern Front (World War II)|Eastern Front]]<br />[[Operation Overlord|Battle of Normandy]]
|notable_commanders=
|anniversaries=
|decorations=
|battle_honours=
}}

'''''Kampfgeschwader 77'' (KG 77)''' was a [[Luftwaffe]] bomber wing during World War II.
Its units participated on all of the major [[front (military)|fronts]] in the [[European Theatre]] until its dissolution in 1944. It operated all three of the major German bomber types; the [[Dornier Do 17]], [[Heinkel He 111]] and the [[Junkers Ju 88]].

==History==
Kampfgeschwader 77 was formed on 1 May 1939 at Praha-Kbely, Kampfgeschwader 77 in [[Czechoslovakia]] with ''Stab''./KG 77 and I ''Gruppe''. II ''Gruppe'' at Praha-Kbely on the same date. The unit was allocated to ''[[Luftflotte 4]]'', and equipped with the Do 17Z, while III./KG 77 was not made operational until 26 August 1939, again in Königgrätz, now [[Hradec Králové]].
While training in the summer of 1939 the ''Geschwader'' "worked up" on the Dornier Do 17Z and He 111.

==Wartime service==

===Polish Campaign===
{{main|Invasion of Poland (1939)}}
During the Polish campaign I. and III. ''Gruppes'' of KG 77 took part in combat operations. Operating from Breslau-Schöngarten (today [[Wrocław Airport]]), I./KG 77 committed 108 bombers to the campaign. Operating from [[Breslau]] under ''[[Luftflotte 4]]''. The unit participated in the [[Battle of Bzura]], and carried out raids in the areas of [[Galicia (Central Europe)|Galicia]], [[Radom]], [[Kielce]] and [[Warsaw]] against rail, airfield and troop targets.

===Denmark and Norway===
The unit did not participate in [[Operation Weserübung]] but instead spent the spring training and resting in preparation for the decisive western offensive in 1940.

===France and the Low Countries===
{{main|Battle of France|Battle of Belgium}}
The Unit committed 111 bombers to the campaign. From its base at Werl it operated over Belgium and northern France, attacking French armour targets in the Reims and Amiens area.  KG 77 supported the German Army during the [[Battle of Dunkirk]], and it supported the southern offensive, ''[[Fall Rot]]'' until the French surrender. The unit took part in ''[[Operation Paula]]'', an attack on Paris airfields, 3 June 1940.

===Over Britain and the Battle of the Atlantic 1940–41===
{{main|Battle of Britain|Battle of the Atlantic|}}

In mid-July 1940 all three ''gruppen'' returned to Germany to convert to the Junkers Ju 88. When III./KG 77 returned to France in late August (it was still based at Regensburg on 26 August) it had 35 Ju 88s operational. This ''gruppe'' suffered losses of 9 Ju 88s on a single mission against Gravesend on 18 September, one of the highest losses of any ''gruppe'' in a single mission.<ref>de Zeng ''et al.'' Vol 1 2007, p. 260.</ref> I./KG 77 in conjunction with II. and III. ''gruppe'' supported operations during [[the Blitz]]. On 27 September I./KG 77 lost six J 88s when raiding London, while II./KG 77 lost another six on the same night.<ref>de Zeng ''et al.'' Vol 1 2007, pp. 252-256.</ref>

During 1941 the ''Geschwader'' also took part in the [[Battle of the Atlantic]]. It attempted to support the [[German battleship Bismarck]] during [[Operation Rheinübung|her Atlantic operation]] during 26–28 May 1941. However, the unit was unable to intervene before [[Last battle of the battleship Bismarck|she sank]]. The Geschwader sank the [[Royal Navy]] destroyer {{HMS|Mashona|F59|6}} on 28 May 1941, as the British forces withdrew to port.<ref>de Zeng ''et al.'' Vol 1 2007, p. 252.</ref>

===Soviet Union===
{{main|Eastern Front (World War II)}}
I and III./KG 77 were the only units committed to [[Operation Barbarossa]], with a total of 59 Ju 88s.<ref>de Zeng ''et al.'' Vol 1 2007, p. 252, 260.</ref>
The ''Geschwader'' supported [[Army Group North]]'s drive into the [[Baltic states]] and took part in the [[Siege of Leningrad]]. During this period I./KG 77 helped defeat a strong [[Soviet Union|Soviet]] counter-attack by the [[11th Army (Soviet Union)|11th Army]] and [[34th Army (Soviet Union)|34th Army]]. {{Not a typo|KG 77}} also supported Operation Beowulf, the invasion of the Baltic islands of Osel, Moon and Dago.

During the battle for [[Estonia]] it inflicted severe losses on Soviet shipping, with the same dive-bombing tactics used over Norway, France and Britain. KGr 806 sank the Soviet destroyer ''[[Izijaslav class destroyer|Karl Marx]]'' on 8 August 1941 in [[Loksa Bay]], [[Tallinn]].<ref>Bergström 2007, p. 36.</ref> On 28 August the Ju 88s had more success when KG 77 and KGr 806 sank the 2,026 grt steamer ''Vironia'', the 2,317 grt ''Lucerne'', the 1,423 ''Atis Kronvalds'' and the ice breaker ''[[Krišjānis Valdemārs (icebreaker)|Krišjānis Valdemārs]]'' (2,250 grt). The rest of the Soviet "fleet", were forced to change course. This took them through a heavily mined area. As a result, 21 Soviet warships, including five destroyers, struck mines and sank. On 29 August, the Ju 88s accounted for the transport ships ''Vtoraya Pyatiletka'' (3,974 grt), ''Kalpaks'' (2,190 grt) and ''Leningradsovet'' (1,270 grt) sunk. Furthermore, the ships ''Ivan Papanin'', ''Saule'', ''Kazakhstan'' and the ''Serp i Molot'' were damaged. Some 5,000 Soviet soldiers were lost.<ref>Bergström 2007, p. 60.</ref>
KG 77 was largely withdrawn from the Soviet Union, although I./KG 77 continued to operate on the Eastern Front until July 1942, supporting German forces during [[Battles of Rzhev|Operation Seydlitz]] and the [[Second Battle of Kharkov]].

===Mediterranean and North Africa===
{{main|Mediterranean, Middle East and African theatres of World War II}}
[[File:Bundesarchiv Bild 101I-417-1766-03A, Flugzeug Junkers Ju 88.jpg|thumb|right|Junkers Ju 88 (Kennung 3Z+H) of Kampfgeschwader 77 (I./KG 77) over Italy/North Africa]]
I./KG 77 was reformed as I./KG 6 on 31 August 1942, after the unit ceased operations over Great Britain. However I./KG 77 was reformed again on 10 September 1942. The ''Kampfgeschwader'' carried out operations in the Mediterranean  and North Africa until June 1943, taking part in the [[Siege of Malta (World War II)|Siege of Malta]] and the [[Second Battle of El Alamein]].
The unit also resisted the [[Allied invasion of Sicily]], probably destroying the U.S. [[Liberty ship]] {{SS|Robert Rowan}} on 11 July. {{Not a typo|KG 77}} made constant night attacks against Allied Naval forces from 10 July - 25 August 1943.<ref>de Zeng ''et al.'' Vol 1 2007, p. 252.</ref>
After retraining naval attack methods, the unit could now operate with effective torpedo methods.  I./KG 77 operated from Salon in southern France from March - July 1944, attacking American convoys off the coast of [[Algeria]].

===Western Front 1943–44===
{{main|Operation Overlord}}

KG 77's primary responsibility was anti-shipping in the English Channel. Committed under the command of ''[[Luftflotte 3]]'', KG 77 supported the German Army, operating at night to avoid Allied [[air superiority]] forces, until 1 September 1944, when it was no longer mentioned on ''Luftflotte 3'''s order of battle.

==Commanding officers==
* Oberst Heinrich Seywald 1 May 1939 - 13 September 1939 (possibly acting CO)
* Oberst [[Wolff von Stutterheim]] 14 September 1939 - 20 March 1940
* Oberst Johan-Volkmar Fisser 21 March 1940 - 31 May 1940 (possibly acting CO)
* Major-General [[Wolff von Stutterheim]] (promoted) 31 May 1940 - 15 June 1940 (Wounded in action, died 3 December 1940)
* Major-General Heinz-Hellmuth von Wühlisch 21 June 1940 - 1 August 1940
* Oberstleutnant [[Johann Raithel]] 1 August 1940 - 13 March 1942
* Major [[Arved Crüger]] 13 March 1942 - 22 March 1942
* Major Wilhelm Stremmler 12/15 February 1943 - 20 July 1944<ref>de Zeng et al. 2007, p. 251.</ref>

==Footnotes==
{{Reflist|30em}}

==References==
{{Refbegin}}
* Bergström, Christer (2007a). ''Barbarossa - The Air Battle: July–December 1941''. London: Chevron/Ian Allan. {{ISBN|978-1-85780-270-2}}.
* Bergström, Christer (2007b). ''Stalingrad – The Air Battle: 1942 through January 1943''. Midland Puplishing, Hinkley. {{ISBN|978-1-85780-276-4}}
* Bergström, Christer (2015). ''The Battle of Britain: An Epic Conflict Revisited''. Casemate: Oxford. {{ISBN|978-1612-00347-4}}.
* Bergström, Christer; Mikhailov, Andrey (2001). ''Black Cross / Red Star Air War Over the Eastern Front, Volume II, Resurgence January–June 1942''. Pacifica, California: Pacifica Military History. {{ISBN|978-0-935553-51-2}}.
* Cull, Brian; Lander, Bruce; Weis, Heinrich (1999). ''Twelve Days in May''. London: Grub Street Publishing (UK), {{ISBN|978-1902304120}}
* de Zeng, H. L; Stankey, D. G; Creek, E. J. (2008). ''Bomber Units of the Luftwaffe 1933-1945; A Reference Source, Volume 2''. Ian Allan Publishing. {{ISBN|978-1-903223-87-1}}
* Goss, Chris. (2010). ''The Luftwaffe's Blitz: The Inside Story, November 1940—May 1941''. Crecy, Manchester. {{ISBN|978-0-85979-148-9}}
* Goss, Chris (2007). ''Sea Eagles Volume Two: Luftwaffe Anti-Shipping Units 1942–45''. Burgess Hill: Classic Publications. {{ISBN|978-1-9032-2356-7}}.
* Hayward, Joel S (1998). ''A. Stopped At Stalingrad''. Univ. of Kansas; Lawrence. {{ISBN|978-0-7006-1146-1}}
* Hooton, E.R. (1994). ''Phoenix Triumphant: The Rise and Rise of the Luftwaffe''. Arms & Armour, {{ISBN|1854091816}}.
* Hooton, E.R. (1997). ''Eagle in Flames: The Fall of the Luftwaffe''. Arms & Armour Press. {{ISBN|1-86019-995-X}}
* James, T.C.G and [[Sebastian Cox|Cox, Sebastian]]. ''The Battle of Britain''. Frank Cass, London. 2000. {{ISBN|978-0-7146-8149-8}}
* Mackay, Ron (2011). ''The Last Blitz: Operation Steinbock, the Luftwaffe's Last Blitz on Britain – January to May 1944''. Red Kite. {{ISBN|978-0-9554735-8-6}}
* Mason, Francis (1969). ''Battle Over Britain''. McWhirter Twins, London. {{ISBN|978-0-901928-00-9}}
* [[Richard R. Muller|Muller, Richard]] (1992). ''The German Air War in Russia''. Nautical & Aviation Publishing. Baltimore, Maryland. {{ISBN|1-877853-13-5}}
* Parker, Nigel (2013). ''Luftwaffe Crash Archive: Volume 1: A Documentary History of Every Enemy Aircraft Brought Down Over the United Kingdom, September 1939 – 14 August 1940''. Red Kite, London. {{ISBN|978-1906592097}}
* Wakefield, Ken (1999). Pfadfinder: Luftwaffe Pathfinder Operations Over Britain. NPI Media Group. {{ISBN|978-0-75241-692-2}}
* Shores, Christopher F.; Ring, Hans; Hess, William N. (1975). ''Fighters Over Tunisia''. London, UK: Neville Spearman. {{ISBN|978-0-85435-210-4}}.
{{Refend}}

{{Kampfgeschwader of the Luftwaffe}}
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[[Category:Bomber wings of the Luftwaffe 1933-1945|Kampfgeschwader 077]]
[[Category:Military units and formations established in 1939]]
[[Category:Military units and formations disestablished in 1944]]