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{{Short description|King of Hawaii from 1874 to 1891}}
{{Use mdy dates|date=October 2025}}
{{Infobox royalty
| caption      = Portrait by [[James J. Williams]], 1882
| succession   = [[King of the Hawaiian Islands]]
| moretext     = ([[List of Hawaiian monarchs#Styles|more&nbsp;...]])
| image        = Kingdavidkalakaua dust.jpg
| reign        = February 12, 1874 – {{avoid wrap|January 20, 1891}}
| coronation   = February 13, 1874, Kīnaʻu&nbsp;Hale
| cor-type     = Proclamation
| coronation1  = February 12, 1883, [[ʻIolani&nbsp;Palace]], [[Honolulu]]
| cor-type1    = [[Coronations in Oceania#Hawaii|Coronation]]
| predecessor1 = [[Lunalilo]]
| successor1   = [[Liliʻuokalani]]
| regent1      = [[William L. Green]]<br>[[Walter M. Gibson]]
| reg-type1    = [[Kuhina Nui|Prime Minister]]
| spouse       = {{Marriage|[[Kapiʻolani]]|March 7, 1852}}
| full name    = David Laʻamea Kamanakapuʻu Māhinulani Nālaʻiaʻehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua
| house        = [[House of Kalākaua]]
| father       = [[Caesar Kapaʻakea]]
| mother       = [[Analea Keohokālole]]
| birth_date   = {{Birth date|mf=yes|1836|11|16}}
| birth_place  = [[Honolulu]], [[Kingdom of Hawai'i]]
| death_date   = {{Death date and age|mf=yes|1891|1|20|1836|11|16}}
| death_place  = San Francisco, California, U.S.
| date of burial = February 15, 1891{{sfn|Forbes|2003|page=404}}
| place of burial = [[Mauna ʻAla Royal Mausoleum]]
| signature    = Kalakaua R 1875 signature.svg
| religion     = [[Church of Hawaii]]
}}
'''Kalākaua''' ('''David Laʻamea Kamanakapuʻu Māhinulani Nālaʻiaʻehuokalani Lumialani Kalākaua''';<ref name="HG1883.02.14" /> November 16, 1836 – January 20, 1891), was the last [[List of Hawaiian monarchs|king]] and penultimate monarch of the [[Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]], reigning from February&nbsp;12, 1874, until his death in 1891. Succeeding [[Lunalilo]], he was [[Elective monarchy|elected]] to the vacant throne of Hawaiʻi against [[Queen Emma of Hawaii|Queen Emma]]. Kalākaua was known as the '''Merrie Monarch''' for his convivial personality – he enjoyed entertaining guests with his singing and [[ukulele]] playing. At his coronation and his birthday jubilee, the [[hula]], which had hitherto been banned in public in the kingdom, became a celebration of Hawaiian culture.

During Kalākaua's reign, the [[Reciprocity Treaty of 1875]] brought great prosperity to the kingdom. Its renewal continued the prosperity but allowed United States to have exclusive use of [[Pearl Harbor]]. In 1881, Kalākaua took a trip around the world to encourage the immigration of contract sugar plantation workers. He wanted Hawaiians to broaden their education beyond their nation. He instituted a government-financed program to sponsor qualified students to be sent abroad to further their education. Two of his projects, the [[Kamehameha statues|statue of Kamehameha&nbsp;I]] and the rebuilding of [[ʻIolani Palace]], were expensive endeavors but are popular tourist attractions today.

Extravagant expenditures and Kalākaua's plans for a Polynesian confederation played into the hands of annexationists who were already working toward a United States takeover of Hawaiʻi. In 1887, Kalākaua was pressured to sign a new constitution that made the monarchy little more than a figurehead position. After his brother [[Leleiohoku II|William Pitt Leleiohoku II]] died in 1877, the king named their sister [[Liliʻuokalani]] as heir-apparent. She acted as regent during his absences from the country. After Kalākaua's death, she became the last monarch of Hawaiʻi.

==Early life and family==
Kalākaua was born at 2:00&nbsp;a.m. on November&nbsp;16, 1836, to [[Kapaʻakea|Caesar Kaluaiku Kapaʻakea]] and [[Keohokālole|Analea Keohokālole]] in the grass hut compound belonging to his maternal grandfather [[ʻAikanaka (father of Keohokālole)|ʻAikanaka]], at the base of [[Punchbowl Crater]] in [[Honolulu]] on the island of [[Oahu|Oʻahu]].{{sfn|Biographical Sketch|1884|pages=72–74}}{{sfn|Allen|1995|pages=1–6}} Of the ''[[aliʻi]]'' class of Hawaiian nobility, his family was considered collateral relations of the reigning [[House of Kamehameha]], sharing common descent from the 18th-century ''aliʻi nui'' [[Keaweʻīkekahialiʻiokamoku]]. From his biological parents, he descended from [[Keawe-a-Heulu|Keaweaheulu]] and [[Kameʻeiamoku]], two of the five royal counselors of [[Kamehameha I]] during his conquest of the [[Hawaiian Kingdom|Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]]. Kameʻeiamoku, the grandfather of both his mother and father, was one of the royal twins alongside [[Kamanawa]] depicted on the Hawaiian coat of arms.<ref>{{harvnb|Liliuokalani|1898|pp=1–2, 104–105, 399–409}}; {{harvnb|Allen|1982|pp=33–36}}; {{harvnb|Haley|2014|page=96}}</ref> However, Kalākaua and his siblings traced their high rank from their mother's line of descent, referring to themselves as members of the "Keawe-a-Heulu line", although later historians would refer to the family as the [[House of Kalākaua]].<ref>{{harvnb|Liliuokalani|1898|pp=104–105}}; {{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|page=262}}; {{harvnb|Osorio|2002|p=201}}; {{harvnb|Van Dyke|2008|p=96}}</ref> The second surviving child of a large family, his biological siblings included his elder brother [[James Kaliokalani]], and younger siblings [[Liliʻuokalani|Lydia Kamakaʻeha (later renamed Liliʻuokalani)]], [[Anna Kaʻiulani]], [[Kaʻiminaʻauao]], [[Likelike|Miriam Likelike]] and [[Leleiohoku II|William Pitt Leleiohoku II]].{{sfn|Liliuokalani|1898|page=399}}

[[File:Kalakaua, ca. 1850.jpg|thumb|Kalākaua at the age of fourteen, c. 1850]]
Given the name Kalākaua, which translates into "The Day [of] Battle," the date of his birth coincided with the signing of the unequal treaty imposed by British Captain [[Lord Edward Russell (1805–1887)|Lord Edward Russell]] of the ''[[HMS Actaeon (1831)|Actaeon]]'' on [[Kamehameha&nbsp;III]]. He and his siblings were ''[[hānai]]'' (informally adopted) to other family members in the Native Hawaiian tradition. Prior to birth, his parents had promised to give their child in ''hānai'' to [[Kuini Liliha]], a high-ranking chiefess and the widow of High Chief [[Boki (Hawaiian chief)|Boki]]. However, after he was born, High Chiefess [[Haʻaheo Kaniu]] took the baby to her home at Honuakaha, one of the residence of the king. ''[[Kuhina Nui]]'' (regent) [[Kīnaʻu|Elizabeth Kīnaʻu]], who disliked Liliha, deliberated and decreed his parents to give him to Haʻaheo and her husband Keaweamahi Kinimaka.{{sfn|Biographical Sketch|1884|pages=72–74}}{{sfn|Allen|1995|pages=1–6}} When Haʻaheo died in 1843 she bequeathed all her properties to him.<ref>{{cite book|author=Supreme Court of Hawaii|title=In The Matter Of The Estate Of L. H. Kaniu, Deceased|work=Reports of a Portion of the Decisions Rendered by the Supreme Court of the Hawaiian Islands in Law, Equity, Admiralty, and Probate: 1857–1865|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=6ckDAAAAYAAJ|year=1866|publisher=Government Press|location=Honolulu|oclc=29559942|pages=82–86|access-date=August 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229031850/https://books.google.com/books?id=6ckDAAAAYAAJ|archive-date=December 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> After Haʻaheo's death, his guardianship was entrusted to his ''hānai'' father, who was a chief of lesser rank; he took Kalākaua to live in [[Lahaina, Hawaii|Lāhainā]] on the island of [[Maui]]. Kinimaka would later marry Pai, a subordinate [[Kingdom of Tahiti|Tahitian]] chiefess, who treated Kalākaua as her own until the birth of her own son.{{sfn|Allen|1995|pages=1–6}}{{sfn|Dibble|1843|page=330}}

==Education==
At the age of four, Kalākaua returned to Oʻahu to begin his education at the [[Royal School (Hawaii)|Chiefs' Children's School]] (later renamed the Royal School). He and his classmates had been formally proclaimed by Kamehameha&nbsp;III as eligible for the throne of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.<ref name="Polynesian1844">{{cite news|title=CALENDAR: Princes and Chiefs eligible to be Rulers|newspaper=The Polynesian|location=Honolulu|date=July 20, 1844|volume=1|issue=9|at=p. 1, col. 3|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1844-07-20/ed-1/seq-1|access-date=October 5, 2017|url-status=live|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170311050237/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1844-07-20/ed-1/seq-1/|archive-date=March 11, 2017}}; {{harvnb|Cooke|Cooke|1937|pages=v–vi}}; {{harvnb|Van Dyke|2008|page=364}}</ref> His classmates included his siblings James Kaliokalani and Lydia Kamakaʻeha and their thirteen royal cousins including the future kings [[Kamehameha&nbsp;IV]], [[Kamehameha&nbsp;V]] and [[Lunalilo]]. They were taught by American missionaries [[Amos Starr Cooke]] and his wife, Juliette Montague Cooke.<ref name="Liliuokalani 1898 pages=5–9">{{harvnb|Liliuokalani|1898|pages=5–9}}; {{harvnb|Allen|1982|pages=45–46}}</ref> At the school, Kalākaua became fluent in English and the [[Hawaiian language]] and was noted for his fun and humor rather than his academic prowess. The strong-willed boy defended his less robust elder brother Kaliokalani from the older boys at the school.{{sfn|Biographical Sketch|1884|pages=72–74}}{{sfn|Zambucka|2002|pages=5–10}}

In October 1840, their paternal grandfather [[Kamanawa&nbsp;II]] requested his grandsons to visit him on the night before his execution for the murder of his wife [[Kamokuiki]]. The next morning the Cookes allowed the guardian of the royal children [[John Papa ʻĪʻī]] to bring Kaliokalani and Kalākaua to see Kamanawa for the last time. It is not known if their sister was also taken to see him.{{sfn|Cooke|Cooke|1937|pages=84–85}}{{sfn| Gutmanis|1974|page=144}} Later sources, especially in biographies of Kalākaua indicated that the boys witnessed the public hanging of their grandfather at the gallows.{{sfn|Allen|1995|page=8}}{{sfn|Haley|2014|page=100}} Historian Helena G. Allen noted the indifference the Cookes' had toward the request and the traumatic experience it must have been for the boys.{{sfn|Allen|1995|page=8}}

After the Cookes retired and closed the school in 1850, Kalākaua briefly studied at Joseph Watt's English school for native children at Kawaiahaʻo and later joined the relocated day school (also called Royal School) run by Reverend Edward G. Beckwith. Illness prevented him from finishing his schooling and he was sent back to [[Lāhainā]] to live with his mother.{{sfn|Biographical Sketch|1884|pages=72–74}}{{sfn|Zambucka|2002|pages=5–10}}
Following his formal schooling, he studied law under [[Charles Coffin Harris]] in 1853. Kalākaua would appoint Harris as Chief Justice of the [[Supreme Court of Hawaii|Supreme Court of Hawaiʻi]] in 1877.{{sfn|Allen|1995|pages=23–24}}<ref>{{cite news |title=Chief Justice Allen resigns, Harris appointed to take his place |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23005286/chief_justice_allen_resigns_harris/ |access-date=August 21, 2018 |work=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser at Newspapers.com |date=February 3, 1877|oclc= 8807872|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824034523/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23005286/chief_justice_allen_resigns_harris/|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}{{free access}}</ref>

==Political and military careers==
[[File:Kalakaua, photograph by Joseph W. King, Mission Houses Museum Archives.jpg|thumb|Kalākaua, photograph by Joseph W. King, {{circa|1860s}}]]
Kalākaua's various military, government and court positions prevented him from fully completing his legal training. He received his earliest military training under the Prussian officer, Major [[Francis Funk]], who instilled an admiration of the Prussian military system.{{sfn|Allen|1982|page=22}}{{sfn|Zambucka|2002|pages=5–10}} In 1852, Prince Liholiho, who would later reign as Kamehameha IV, appointed Kalakaua as one of his [[aide-de-camp]] on his military staff. The following year, he commissioned Kalākaua as [[Brevet (military)|brevet]] captain in the infantry.<ref name="Damon1876">{{cite news|last=Damon|first=Samuel C.|author-link=Samuel C. Damon|title=The Kings of Hawaii|newspaper=The Friend|location=Honolulu|publisher=Samuel C. Damon|date=February 1, 1876|volume=25|issue=2|pages=9–12|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=dywlAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA10|access-date=August 28, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229032828/https://books.google.com/books?id=dywlAQAAMAAJ&pg=RA6-PA10|archive-date=December 29, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|title=By Authority|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1853-11-05/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 9, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Polynesian|date=November 5, 1853|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150630142634/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015408/1853-11-05/ed-1/seq-2|archive-date=June 30, 2015|url-status=live|lccn=sn82015408}}</ref> In the army, Kalākaua served as first lieutenant in his father Kapaʻakea's militia of 240 men and later worked as military secretary to Major [[John William Elliott Maikai]], the adjutant general of the army.{{sfn|Allen|1982|page=22}}{{sfn|Zambucka|2002|pages=5–10}} He was promoted to [[Major (rank)|major]] and assigned to the personal staff of Kamehameha IV when the king ascended to the throne in 1855. He was promoted to the rank of [[colonel]] in 1858.<ref name="Damon1876" />{{sfn|Zambucka|2002|pages=5–10}}

He became a personal associate and friend of Prince Lot, the future Kamehameha V, who instilled his mission of "Hawaiʻi for Hawaiians" in the young Kalākaua.{{sfn|Allen|1995|pages=28–29}} In the fall of 1860, when he was Chief Clerk of the kingdom's Department of the Interior, Kalākaua accompanied Prince Lot, high chief [[Haʻalelea|Levi Haʻalelea]] and Hawaii's Consul for Peru, Josiah C. Spalding, on a two-month tour of [[British Columbia]] and California.<ref name="Victoria">{{cite news |title=H. R. H. Prince L. Kamehameha at Victoria, Vancouver's Island |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22518360/h_r_h_prince_l_kamehameha_at/ |access-date=August 22, 2018 |work=Polynesian at Newspapers.com |date=November 3, 1860 |page=2|oclc= 8807758|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824035242/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/22518360/h_r_h_prince_l_kamehameha_at/|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}{{free access}}</ref> They sailed from Honolulu aboard the yacht ''Emma Rooke'', on August 29, arriving on September 18 in [[Victoria, British Columbia]], where they were received by the local dignitaries of the city.<ref name="Victoria" /> In California, the party visited [[San Francisco]], [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]], [[Folsom, California|Folsom]] and other local areas where they were honorably received.{{sfn|Baur|1922|pp=248–249}}

In 1856, Kalākaua was appointed a member of the [[Privy Council of the Hawaiian Kingdom|Privy Council of State]] by Kamehameha IV. He was also appointed to the House of Nobles, the upper body of the [[Legislature of the Hawaiian Kingdom|Legislature of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]] in 1858, serving there until 1873.{{sfn|Zambucka|2002|page=8}}<ref>{{harvnb|Hawaii|Lydecker|1918|pp=76, 81, 86, 103, 109, 113, 117, 121, 124}}</ref> He served as 3rd Chief Clerk of the Department of the Interior in 1859 under Prince Lot who was Minister of the Interior before becoming king in 1863. He held this position until 1863.{{sfn|Zambucka|2002|pages=5–10}}<ref>{{cite news|title=Appropriation Bill for 1858–1859|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1859-05-12/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=January 9, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=May 12, 1859|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170528203541/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1859-05-12/ed-1/seq-1/|archive-date=May 28, 2017|url-status=live|lccn=sn82015418}}</ref> On June 30, 1863, Kalākaua was appointed Postmaster General and served until his resignation on March 18, 1865.{{sfn|Zambucka|2002|pages=5–10}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Postmaster General – office record|website=state archives digital collections|publisher=state of Hawaii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180804014539/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH01d3/9ea62573.dir/doc.pdf|archive-date=August 4, 2018|url=https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH01d3/9ea62573.dir/doc.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref> In 1865, he was appointed the King's Chamberlain and served until 1869 when he resigned to finish his law studies. In 1870, he was admitted to the Hawaiian bar and was hired as a clerk in the Land Office, a post he held until he came to the throne.{{sfn|Zambucka|2002|pages=5–10}}<ref>{{cite web|title=Chamberlain – office record|website=state archives digital collections|publisher=state of Hawaii|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209231948/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH75c8.dir/doc.pdf|archive-date=February 9, 2017|url=https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH75c8.dir/doc.pdf|url-status=live|access-date=February 3, 2017}}</ref> He was decorated a Knight Companion of the [[Royal Order of Kamehameha I]] in 1867.<ref name="Damon1876" />{{sfn|Zambucka|2002|pages=5–10}}

American writer [[Mark Twain]], working as a traveling reporter for the [[Sacramento, California|Sacramento]] ''[[The Sacramento Union|Daily Union]]'', visited Hawaiʻi in 1866 during the reign of Kamehameha V. He met the young Kalākaua and other members of the legislature and noted:
{{quote|Hon. David Kalakaua, who at present holds the office of King's Chamberlain, is a man of fine presence, is an educated gentleman and a man of good abilities. He is approaching forty, I should judge—is thirty-five, at any rate. He is conservative, politic and calculating, makes little display, and does not talk much in the Legislature. He is a quiet, dignified, sensible man, and would do no discredit to the kingly office. The King has power to appoint his successor. If he does such a thing, his choice will probably fall on Kalakaua.{{sfn|Twain|1938|page=105}}}}

==Marriage==
[[File:Queen Kapiolani (PP-97-15-019).jpg|thumb|Kapiʻolani, the wife and future queen consort of Kalākaua]]
Kalākaua was briefly engaged to marry Princess [[Victoria Kamāmalu]], the younger sister of Kamehameha IV and Kamehameha V. However, the match was terminated when the princess decided to renew her on-and-off betrothal to her cousin Lunalilo. Kalākaua would later fall in love with [[Kapiʻolani]], the young widow of [[Bennett Nāmākēhā]], the uncle of Kamehameha IV's wife [[Queen Emma of Hawaii|Queen Emma]]. A descendant of King [[Kaumualii|Kaumualiʻi]] of [[Kauai]], Kapiʻolani was Queen Emma's [[lady-in-waiting]] and Prince [[Albert Kamehameha|Albert Edward Kamehameha]]'s nurse and caretaker. They married on December 19, 1863, in a quiet ceremony conducted by a minister of the Anglican [[Church of Hawaii|Church of Hawaiʻi]]. The timing of the wedding was heavily criticized since it fell during the official mourning period for King Kamehameha IV.{{sfn|Allen|1995|pages=33–34}}{{sfn|Liliuokalani|1898|pp=12–15}} Prior to his accession to the throne, the couple lived at Honuakaha, the Honolulu residence that he inherited from his ''hānai'' father Kinimaka, which was located at the corner of Punchbowl and Queen street and lay ''makai'' (seaside) to the [[Kawaiahaʻo Church]].{{sfn|Kam|2022|pages=179–182}} The marriage remained childless.{{sfn|Zambucka|2002|page=15}}

==Political ascendancy==
===1873 election===
King Kamehameha V, died on December 12, 1872, without naming a successor to the throne. Under the [[1864 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom|1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]], if the king did not appoint a successor, a new king would be appointed by the legislature to begin a new royal line of succession.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1953|pp=3, 239}}</ref>

There were several candidates for the Hawaiian throne including [[Bernice Pauahi Bishop]], who had been asked to succeed to the throne by Kamehameha V on his deathbed but had declined the offer. However, the contest was centered on the two high-ranking male ''aliʻi'', or chiefs: Lunalilo and Kalākaua. Lunalilo was more popular, partly because he was a higher-ranking chief than Kalākaua and was the immediate cousin of Kamehameha V. Lunalilo was also the more [[Liberalism|liberal]] of the two—he promised to amend the constitution to give the people a greater voice in the government. According to historian [[Ralph Simpson Kuykendall|Ralph S. Kuykendall]], there was an enthusiasm among Lunalilo's supporters to have him declared king without holding an election. In response, Lunalilo issued a proclamation stating that, even though he believed himself to be the rightful heir to the throne, he would submit to an election for the good of the kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1953|p=243}}</ref> On January 1, 1873, a popular election was held for the office of King of Hawaiʻi. Lunalilo won with an overwhelming majority while Kalākaua performed extremely poorly receiving 12 votes out of the more than 11,000 votes cast.{{sfn|Tsai|2016|pages=61–62}} The next day, the legislature confirmed the popular vote and elected Lunalilo unanimously. Kalākaua conceded.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1953|p=245}}</ref>

===1874 election===
Following Lunalilo's ascension, Kalākaua was appointed as colonel on the military staff of the king.<ref name=K67-4 /> He kept politically active during Lunalilo's reign, including leadership involvement with a political organization known as the Young Hawaiians; the group's motto was "Hawaiʻi for the Hawaiians".<ref name=K67-4>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=4}}</ref> He had gained [[political capital]] with his staunch opposition to ceding any part of the Hawaiian islands to foreign interests.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=6}}</ref><ref name=Dabagh>{{harvnb|Dabagh|Lyons|Hitchcock|1974|pp=1–16}}</ref> During the [[ʻIolani Barracks]] mutiny by the [[Royal Guards of Hawaii|Royal Guards of Hawaiʻi]] in September 1873, Kalākaua was suspected to have incited the native guards to rebel against their white officers. Lunalilo responded to the insurrection by disbanding the military unit altogether, leaving Hawaiʻi without a standing army for the remainder of his reign.<ref name="1874Mutiny">{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1953|pages=259–260}}; {{harvnb|Allen|1982|pages=131–132}}; {{harvnb|Pogány|1963|pages=53–61}}</ref>

The issue of succession was a major concern especially since Lunalilo was unmarried and childless at the time. [[Queen Emma of Hawaii|Queen Dowager Emma]], the widow of Kamehameha IV, was considered to be Lunalilo's favorite choice as his presumptive heir.<ref name=K67-5>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=5}}</ref> On the other hand, Kalākaua and his political cohorts actively campaigned for him to be named successor in the event of the king's death.<ref name=K67-4 /> Among the other candidates considered viable as Lunalilo's successor was the previously mentioned Bernice Pauahi Bishop. She had strong ties to the United States through her marriage to wealthy American businessman [[Charles Reed Bishop]] who also served as one of Lunalilo's cabinet ministers. When Lunalilo became ill several months after his election, [[Native Hawaiians]] counseled with him to appoint a successor to avoid another election. However he may have personally felt about Emma, he never put it in writing. He failed to act on the issue of a successor, and died on February 3, 1874, setting in motion [[Honolulu Courthouse riot|a bitter election]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=245}}</ref> While Lunalilo did not think of himself as a Kamehameha, his election continued the Kamehameha line to some degree<ref>{{harvnb|Van Dyke|2008|page= 93}}</ref> making him the last of the monarchs of the [[House of Kamehameha|Kamehameha dynasty]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kam|2017|page= 95}}</ref>

Pauahi chose not to run. Kalākaua's political platform was that he would reign in strict accordance with the kingdom's constitution. Emma campaigned on her assurance that Lunalilo had personally told her he wanted her to succeed him. Several individuals who claimed first-hand knowledge of Lunalilo's wishes backed her publicly. With Lunalilo's [[privy council]] issuing a public denial of that claim, the kingdom was divided on the issue.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=8}}</ref> British Commissioner James Hay Wodehouse put the British and American forces docked at Honolulu on the alert for possible violence.<ref name=K67-9>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=9}}</ref>

The election was held on February 12, and Kalākaua was elected by the Legislative Assembly by a margin of thirty-nine to six. His election provoked the [[Honolulu Courthouse riot]] where supporters of Queen Emma targeted legislators who supported Kalākaua; thirteen legislators were injured. The kingdom was without an army since the mutiny the year before and many police officers sent to quell the riot joined the mob or did nothing. Unable to control the mob, Kalākaua and Lunalilo's former ministers had to request the aid of American and British military forces docked in the harbor to put down the uprising.<ref name=K67-9 /><ref name=Dabagh />

==Reign==
Given the unfavorable political climate following the riot, Kalākaua was quickly sworn in the following day, in a ceremony witnessed by government officials, family members, foreign representatives and some spectators. This inauguration ceremony was held at Kīnaʻu Hale, the residence of the Royal Chamberlain, instead of [[Kawaiahaʻo Church]], as was customary. The hastiness of the affair would prompt him to hold a coronation ceremony in 1883.{{sfn|Rossi|2013|pages=103–107}} Upon ascending to the throne, Kalākaua named his brother, William Pitt Leleiohoku, [[Leleiohoku II]], as his heir-apparent.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=12}}</ref> When Leleiohoku II died in 1877, Kalākaua changed the name of his sister Lydia Dominis to [[Liliʻuokalani|Liliuokalani]] and designated her as his heir-apparent.<ref name=Heirapparent>{{cite news|title=The Heir Apparent|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=April 14, 1877|volume=XXI|issue=42|page=2|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1877-04-14/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 27, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171108233803/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1877-04-14/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=November 8, 2017|url-status=live|oclc=8807872}}</ref>

From March to May 1874, he toured the main Hawaiian Islands of Kauai, Maui, Hawaiʻi Island, Molokai and Oahu and visited the [[Kalaupapa National Historical Park|Kalaupapa Leprosy Settlement]].{{sfn|Tsai|2014|pages=115–143}}

===Reciprocity Treaty of 1875 and its extension===
{{main|Kalākaua's 1874–75 state visit to the United States|Reciprocity Treaty of 1875}}
[[File:Kalakaua Grant state visit 1874.jpg|275px|thumb|Illustration of Kalākaua's state dinner at the White House, meeting with President Ulysses S. Grant.]]
Within a year of Kalākaua's election, he helped negotiate the [[Reciprocity Treaty of 1875]]. This free trade agreement between the United States and Hawaiʻi, allowed sugar and other products to be exported to the US duty-free. He led the Reciprocity Commission consisting of sugar planter [[Henry A. P. Carter]] of [[C. Brewer & Co.]], Hawaiʻi Chief Justice [[Elisha Hunt Allen]], and [[Ministry of Foreign Affairs (Hawaii)|Minister of Foreign Affairs]] [[William Lowthian Green]]. Kalākaua became the first reigning monarch to [[Kalākaua's 1874–75 state visit to the United States|visit America]]. The [[State banquet|state dinner]] in his honor hosted by President [[Ulysses S. Grant]] was the first [[White House]] state dinner ever held.<ref>{{cite news|title=King Kalakaua|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1874-12-12/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=January 12, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=Evening Star|date=December 12, 1874|location=Washington D. C.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116215538/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1874-12-12/ed-1/seq-1/|archive-date=January 16, 2018|url-status=live|lccn=sn83045462}}; {{cite web|last1=Monkman|first1=Betty C.|title=The White House State Dinner|url=https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-white-house-state-dinner|publisher=The White House Historical Association|access-date=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161221044847/https://www.whitehousehistory.org/the-white-house-state-dinner|archive-date=December 21, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

Many in the Hawaiʻi business community were willing to cede [[Pearl Harbor]] to the United States in exchange for the treaty, but Kalākaua was opposed to the idea. A seven-year treaty was signed on January 30, 1875, without any Hawaiian land being ceded.<ref>{{harvnb|MacLennan|2014|pp=224–228}}</ref> San Francisco sugar refiner [[Claus Spreckels]] became a major investor in Hawaiʻi's sugar industry. Initially, he bought half of the first year's production; ultimately he became the plantations' major shareholder.<ref>{{harvnb|Medcalf|Russell|1991|p=5}}</ref> Spreckels became one of Kalākaua's close associates.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=59–62}}</ref>

When it expired, an extension of the treaty was negotiated, giving exclusive use of Pearl Harbor to the United States. Ratifications by both parties took two years and eleven months, and were exchanged on December 9, 1887, extending the agreement for an additional seven years.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=396–397}}; {{cite news|title=The New Hawaiian Treaty|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-05-15/ed-1/seq-5/|access-date=January 26, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=May 15, 1886|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054954/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-05-15/ed-1/seq-5/|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live|lccn=sn85047084}}</ref>

Over the term of Kalākaua's reign, the treaty had a major effect on the kingdom's income. In 1874, Hawaiʻi exported $1,839,620.27 in products. The value of exported products in 1890, the last full year of his reign, was $13,282,729.48, an increase of 722%. The export of sugar during that period grew from 24,566,611 pounds to 330,822,879 pounds.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=83–84}}</ref>

===Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad===

The [[Education of Hawaiian Youths Abroad]] was a government-funded educational program during Kalākaua's reign to help students further their education beyond the institutions available in Hawaiʻi at that time. Between 1880 and 1887, Kalākaua selected 18 students for enrollment in a university or apprenticeship to a trade, outside the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi. These students furthered their education in Italy, England, Scotland, China, Japan and California. During the life of the program, the legislature appropriated $100,000 to support it.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hawaiian Legislature: Department of Foreign Affairs|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1882-06-10/ed-1/seq-5/|access-date=January 24, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=June 10, 1882|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054853/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1882-06-10/ed-1/seq-5/|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live|lccn=sn82015418}}; {{cite news|title=The Legislature|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1884-07-01/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 24, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Daily Bulletin|date=July 1, 1884|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054905/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1884-07-01/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live|lccn=sn82016412}}; {{cite news|title=Resolutions|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-09-28/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=January 24, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=September 28, 1886|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202054910/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-09-28/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live|lccn=sn85047084}}</ref> When the [[1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom|Bayonet Constitution]] went into effect, the students were recalled to Hawaiʻi.<ref>{{harvnb|Quigg|1988|pages=170–208}}</ref>

===Trip around the world===
{{Main|Kalākaua's 1881 world tour}}
[[File:Kalakaua journey around the world.svg|thumb|Journey of King Kalākaua in 1881]]
King Kalākaua and his boyhood friends [[William Nevins Armstrong]] and [[Charles Hastings Judd]], along with personal cook Robert von Oelhoffen, circumnavigated the globe in 1881. The purpose of the 281-day trip was to encourage the importation of contract labor for plantations. Kalākaua set a world record as the first monarch to travel around the world.<ref>{{cite news|title=The King's Tour Round the World: Portugal, Spain, Scotland, England, Paris. etc.|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-10-29/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 14, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|publisher=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=October 29, 1881|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116215538/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-10-29/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=January 16, 2018|url-status=live|lccn=sn82015418}}</ref> He appointed his sister and heir-apparent Liliuokalani to act as Regent during his absence.<ref>{{cite news|title=Proclamation|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-02-12/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=January 14, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=February 12, 1881|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116215538/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-02-12/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=January 16, 2018|url-status=live|lccn=sn82015418}}</ref>

Setting sail on January 20, they visited California before sailing to Asia. There they spent four months opening contract labor dialogue in Japan and China, while sightseeing and spreading goodwill through nations that were potential sources for workers.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=228–230}}; {{cite news|title=The King's Tour Around the World: Last Days in Japan|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-06-11/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=January 14, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=June 11, 1881|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180116215538/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-06-11/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=January 16, 2018|url-status=live|lccn=sn82015418}}</ref> They continued through [[Southeast Asia]], and then headed for Europe in June, where they stayed until mid-September.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=232}}</ref> Their most productive immigration talks were in [[Portugal]], where Armstrong stayed behind to negotiate an expansion of Hawaiʻi's existing treaty with the government.<ref>{{cite news|title=The King's Tour Round the World: Additional Particulars of the Royal Visit to Spain and Portugal|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-10-15/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=January 14, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=October 15, 1881|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|lccn=sn82015418|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824040519/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-10-15/ed-1/seq-1/|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref>

President [[James A. Garfield]] in Washington, D.C., had been assassinated in their absence. On their return trip to the United States, Kalākaua paid a courtesy call on Garfield's successor President [[Chester A. Arthur]].<ref>{{cite news|title=A Royal Visitor|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1881-09-28/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=January 14, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=Evening Star|date=September 28, 1881|location=Washington, D. C.|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824040523/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83045462/1881-09-28/ed-1/seq-1/|archive-date=August 24, 2018|lccn=sn83045462}}</ref>
Before embarking on a train ride across the United States, Kalākaua visited [[Thomas Edison]] for a demonstration of electric lighting, discussing its potential use in Honolulu.<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalakaua Visits Edison: The King in Search of a Means to Light Up Honolulu|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1881-09-26/ed-1/seq-1/|access-date=January 14, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Sun|date=September 26, 1881|location=New York, NY|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029014614/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83030272/1881-09-26/ed-1/seq-1/|archive-date=October 29, 2016|url-status=live|lccn=sn83030272}}; {{cite news|title=King Kalakaua's Movements – His Majesty Examines The Edison Electric Light|newspaper=The New York Times|location=New York|date=September 26, 1881|url=https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/09/26/98566988.pdf|access-date=January 14, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180823165801/https://timesmachine.nytimes.com/timesmachine/1881/09/26/98566988.pdf|archive-date=August 23, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref>

They departed for Hawaiʻi from San Francisco on October 22, arriving in Honolulu on October 31. His homecoming celebration went on for days. He had brought the small island nation to the attention of world leaders, but the trip had sparked rumors that the kingdom was for sale. In Hawaiʻi there were critics who believed the labor negotiations were just his excuse to see the world. Eventually, his efforts bore fruit in increased contract labor for Hawaiʻi.<ref>{{cite news|title=News of the Week|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1882-06-10/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=January 14, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=June 10, 1882|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030182935/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1882-06-10/ed-1/seq-3|archive-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=live|lccn=sn83045462}}; {{cite news|title=The Japanese|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1885-02-10/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 14, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=February 10, 1885|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171227181809/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1885-02-10/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=December 27, 2017|url-status=live}}; {{harvnb|Thrum|1896|pp=122–123}}</ref>

Thomas Thrum's ''Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1883'' reported Kalākaua's tour expense appropriated by the government as $22,500,<ref>{{harvnb|Thrum|1883|p=12}}</ref> although his personal correspondence indicates he exceeded that early on.<ref>{{harvnb|Kalakaua|1971|pp=90–91, 96}}</ref>

===ʻIolani Palace===
{{Main|ʻIolani Palace}}
[[File:Masonic Tools Iolani Palace.jpg|thumb|upright|"[T]he working tools of a mason" presented to Kalākaua by the freemasons on December 31, 1879, on display in the palace basement]]
'Iolani Palace is the only royal palace on US soil.<ref>{{cite web|last1=Staton|first1=Ron|title=Oahu: The Iolani, America's only royal palace|url=http://www.seattletimes.com/life/travel/oahu-the-iolani-americas-only-royal-palace/|website=Seattle Times|date=March 19, 2004 |access-date=March 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160308032700/http://www.seattletimes.com/life/travel/oahu-the-iolani-americas-only-royal-palace/|archive-date=March 8, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref> The first palace was a coral and wood structure which served primarily as office space for the kingdom's monarchs beginning with Kamehameha III in 1845. By the time Kalākaua became king, the structure had decayed, and he ordered it destroyed to be replaced with a new building.<ref name=NRHP>{{cite web|title=ʻIolani Palace NRHP Asset Details|url=https://npgallery.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=23f5d11b-9bd5-4849-8dcf-f55a6815fce5|publisher=National Park Service|access-date=January 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113083401/https://focus.nps.gov/GetAsset?assetID=23f5d11b-9bd5-4849-8dcf-f55a6815fce5|archive-date=January 13, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> During the 1878 session of the legislature Finance Chairman [[Walter M. Gibson|Walter Murray Gibson]], a political supporter of Kalākaua's, pushed through appropriations of $50,000 for the new palace.<ref>{{cite news|title=Legislative Jottings|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1878-07-20/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 17, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=July 20, 1878|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180417022955/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1878-07-20/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=April 17, 2018|url-status=live|lccn=sn82015418}}</ref>

Construction began in 1879, with an additional $80,000 appropriated later to furnish it and complete the construction.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamins|Adler|1984|p=103}}; {{harvnb|Thrum|1881|p=52}}</ref> Three architects worked on the design, Thomas J. Baker, Charles J. Wall and Isaac Moore.<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/asian_american_and_pacific_islander_heritage/Iolani-Palace.htm|title=Asian American and Pacific Islander Heritage: A Discover Our Shared Heritage Travel Itinerary|website=www.nps.gov|access-date=August 2, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171023232310/https://www.nps.gov/nr/travel/Asian_American_and_Pacific_Islander_Heritage/Iolani-Palace.htm|archive-date=October 23, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref> December 31, 1879, the 45th birthday of Queen Kapiʻolani, was the date Kalākaua chose for the ceremonial laying of the [[cornerstone]]. Minister of Foreign Affairs [[John Mākini Kapena]] delivered the ceremony's formal address in Hawaiian.<ref>{{cite news|title=(Translation from the Hawaiian) Address by His Excellency John M. Kapena, Minister of Foreign Relations|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1880-01-03/ed-1/seq-5/|access-date=January 16, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=January 3, 1880|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180802072627/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1880-01-03/ed-1/seq-5/|archive-date=August 2, 2018|url-status=live|lccn=sn82015418}}</ref> As Master of the [[Freemasonry|Freemason]] Lodge Le Progres de L'Oceanie, Kalākaua charged the freemasons with orchestrating the ceremonies. The parade preceding the laying of the cornerstone involved every civilian and military organization in Hawaiʻi. ''The Pacific Commercial Advertiser'' noted it was "one of the largest seen in Honolulu for some years".<ref name=Ceremony>{{cite news|title=The New Palace|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1880-01-03/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 16, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=January 3, 1880|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180325045909/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1880-01-03/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=March 25, 2018|url-status=live|lccn=sn82015418}}</ref> A [[copper]] time capsule containing photographs, documents, currency, and the Hawaiian census was sealed inside the cornerstone. After speeches had been made, the freemasons presented the king with "the working tools of a mason", a [[plumb bob]], [[Spirit level|level]], square tool, and a [[trowel]].<ref name=Ceremony />

In between the laying of the cornerstone and the finishing of the new palace, Kalākaua had seen how other monarchs lived. He wanted ʻIolani to measure up to the standards of the rest of the world. The furnishing and interiors of the finished palace were reflective of that. Immediately upon completion, the king invited all 120 members of Lodge Le Progres de L'Oceanie to the palace for a lodge meeting.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=262}}; {{cite news|title=Grand Masonic Banquet|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1882-12-30/ed-1/seq-5/|access-date=December 27, 2016|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=December 30, 1882|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|lccn=sn82015418|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824040217/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1882-12-30/ed-1/seq-5/|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref> Kalākaua had also seen during his visit to Edison's studio how effective electric lighting could be for the kingdom. On July 21, 1886, ʻIolani Palace led the way with the first electric lights in the kingdom, showcasing the technology. The monarch invited the public to attend a lighting ceremony on the palace grounds, attracting 5,000 spectators. The Royal Hawaiian Band entertained, refreshments were served, and the king paraded his troops around the grounds.<ref>{{cite news |title=Electric Light at Palace Square |url=https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23095993/electric_light_at_palace_square/ |access-date=August 24, 2018 |work=Honolulu Advertiser at Newspapers.com |date=July 22, 1886 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824180610/https://www.newspapers.com/clip/23095993/electric_light_at_palace_square/ |archive-date=August 24, 2018 |url-status=live }}{{free access}}</ref>{{sfn|Kuykendall|1967|page=97}} The total cost of building and furnishing the new palace was $343,595.<ref name="NRHP" />

===1883 coronation===
[[File:Coronation of Kalakaua (PPWD-8-4-007, crop).jpg|thumb|Coronation ceremony at ʻIolani Palace, 1883]]

Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani had been denied a coronation ceremony in 1874 because of the civil unrest following the election. Under Finance Chairman Gibson, the 1880 legislature appropriated $10,000 for a coronation.<ref>{{cite news|title=An Act|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1880-08-04/ed-1/seq-5/|access-date=January 17, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress|newspaper=The Hawaiian Gazette|date=August 4, 1880|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|lccn=sn83025121|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824035931/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014681/1882-10-14/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref> Gibson was believed to be the main proponent behind the event. On October 10, 1882, the ''Saturday Press'' indicated that not all the public was in favor of the coronation. By this point, Gibson's role in the kingdom's finances and his influence on Kalākaua were beginning to come under scrutiny: "Our versatile Premier&nbsp;... is pulling another string in this puppet farce." At the same time, the newspaper rebuked many of the recent actions and policies not only of Gibson but of the King's cabinet in general.<ref>{{cite news|title=That Coronation, A Religious Duty – Gibson's Reciprocity Policy-Favorism at Public Expense-Truth Shall Prevail|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82014681/1882-10-14/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 17, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress|newspaper=The Hawaiian Gazette|date=October 10, 1882|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824035935/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1880-08-04/ed-1/seq-5/|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}; {{harvnb|The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|1883|pages=1–19}}</ref>

The coronation ceremony and related celebratory events were spread out over a two-week period.<ref name=KCoronation>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=259, 261–265}}</ref> A special octagon-shaped pavilion and grandstand were built for the February 12, 1883, ceremony. Preparations were made for an anticipated crowd exceeding 5,000, with lawn chairs to accommodate any overflow. Before the actual event, a procession of 630 adults and children paraded from downtown to the palace. Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani, accompanied by their royal retinue, came out of the palace onto the event grounds. The coronation was preceded by a choir singing and the formal recitation of the King's official titles. The news coverage noted, "The King looked ill at ease." Chief Justice of Hawaiʻi's Supreme Court [[Albert Francis Judd]] officiated and delivered the oath of office to the king. The crown was then handed to Kalākaua, and he placed it upon his head. The ceremony ended with the choir singing, and a prayer. A planned post-coronation reception by Kalākaua and Kapiʻolani was cancelled without advance notice.<ref name="HG1883.02.14">{{cite news|title=Crowned! Kalakaua's Coronation Accomplished: A Large But Unenthusiatic Assemblage!|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1883-02-14/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 17, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress|newspaper=The Hawaiian Gazette|date=February 14, 1883|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171229233010/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1883-02-14/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=December 29, 2017|url-status=live|lccn=sn83025121}}</ref> Today, Kalākaua's coronation pavilion serves as the bandstand for the [[Royal Hawaiian Band]].<ref name=NRHP />

Following the ceremony, Kalākaua unveiled the [[Kamehameha statues|Kamehameha Statue]] in front of [[Aliʻiōlani Hale|Aliiolani Hale]], the government building, with Gibson delivering the unveiling speech.<ref name=Postponed /> This statue was a second replica. Originally intended for the centennial of Captain [[James Cook]]'s landing in Hawaiʻi, the statue, which was the brainchild of Gibson, had been cast by [[Thomas Ridgeway Gould]] but had been lost during shipment off the [[Falkland Islands]]. By the time the replica arrived, the intended date had passed, and it was decided to unveil the statue as part of the coronation ceremony. Later, the original statue was salvaged and restored. It was sent to [[Kohala, Hawaii|Kohala, Hawaiʻi]], Kamehameha's birthplace, where it was unveiled by the king on May 8. The legislature had allocated $10,000 for the first statue and insured it for $12,000. A further $7,000 was allocated for the second statue with an additional $4,000 from the insurance money spent to add four [[Relief|bas relief]] panels depicting historic moments during Kamehamena's reign.<ref>{{harvnb|Kamins|Adler|1984|p=9}}; {{harvnb|Wharton|2012|pp=16–49}}</ref>

That evening, the royal couple hosted a state dinner, and there was a luau at a later day. The hula was performed nightly on the palace grounds. [[Regatta]]s, horse races and a number of events filled the celebration period.<ref name=KCoronation /> Due to weather conditions, the planned illumination of the palace and grounds for the day of the coronation happened a week later, and the public was invited to attend. Fireworks displays lit up the sky at the palace and at [[Punchbowl Crater]]. A grand ball was held the evening of February 20.<ref name=Postponed>{{cite news|title=Postponed Pleasures|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1883-02-21/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 18, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress|newspaper=The Hawaiian Gazette|date=February 21, 1883|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|lccn=sn83025121|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824035941/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1883-02-21/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref>

Although exact figures are unknown, historian Kuykendall stated that the final cost of the coronation exceeded $50,000.<ref name=KCoronation />

===Kalākaua coinage===

[[File:Hawai 1883 dime 129426.jpg|Kalākaua 1883 dime|thumb]]
The [[Kalākaua coinage]] was minted to boost Hawaiian pride. At this time, United States gold coins had been accepted for any debt over $50; any debt under $50 was payable by US silver coins.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=87}}</ref> In 1880, the legislature passed a currency law that allowed it to purchase bullion for the United States mint to produce Hawaiʻi's own coins.<ref name=Medcalf5>{{harvnb|Medcalf|Russell|1991|pp=5, 38–39}}</ref> The design would have the King's image on the obverse side, with Hawaiʻi's coat of arms and motto "''[[Ua Mau ke Ea o ka ʻĀina i ka Pono]]''" on the reverse. In a deal with Claus Spreckels, he sponsored the minting by purchasing the required silver. In return, he was guaranteed an equal amount of six percent gold bonds, thereby giving him a guaranteed profit.<ref>{{harvnb|Andrade|1977|pp=97–99}}</ref>

When Hawaiʻi's silver coins began circulating in December 1883, the business community was reluctant to accept them, fearing they would drive US gold coins out of the market. Spreckels opened his own bank to circulate them.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=82}}</ref> Business owners feared economic inflation and lost faith in the government, as did foreign governments. Political fallout from the coinage led to the 1884 election-year shift towards the [[Independent (Kuokoa) Party|Kuokoa (independent) Party]] in the legislature. It passed the Currency Act to restrict acceptance of silver coins as payment for debts under $10. Exchange of silver for gold at the treasury was then limited to $150,000 a month. In 1903, the Hawaiʻi silver coins were redeemed for US silver and melted down at the San Francisco Mint.<ref>{{harvnb|Andrade|1977|pp=101–107}}</ref>

===Birthday Jubilee, November 15–29, 1886===

Kalākaua's 50th birthday on November 16, 1886, was celebrated with a two-week jubilee. Gibson had by this time joined the King's cabinet as prime minister of Hawaiʻi. He and Minister of the Interior [[Luther Aholo]] put forth a motion for the legislature to form a committee to oversee the birthday jubilee on September 20. The motion was approved, and at Gibson's subsequent request, the legislature appropriated $15,000 for the jubilee.<ref>{{cite news|title=The Legislature|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-09-22/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 18, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=September 22, 1886|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|lccn=sn85047084|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824042331/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-09-22/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref> An announcement was made on November 3 that all government schools would be closed the week of November 15.<ref>{{cite news|title=Local News|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047239/1886-11-03/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=January 18, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Daily Herald|date=November 3, 1886|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|lccn=sn85047239|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824042335/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047239/1886-11-03/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref>

Gifts for the king began arriving on November 15. At midnight, the jubilee officially began with fireworks at the Punchbowl Crater. At sunrise, the kingdom's police force arrived at ʻIolani Palace to pay tribute, followed by the king's Cabinet, Supreme Court justices, the kingdom's diplomats, and officials of government departments. School student bodies and civic organizations also paid tribute. The Royal Hawaiian Band played throughout the day. In the afternoon, the doors of the palace were opened to all the officials and organizations, and the public. In the evening, the palace was aglow with lanterns, candles and electric lighting throwing "a flood of radiance over the Palace and grounds".<ref name=Jubilee1stDay>{{cite news|title=His Majesty's Jubilee Birthday|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1886-11-17/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 18, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Daily Bulletin|date=November 17, 1886|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|lccn=sn82016412|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824042339/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1886-11-17/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref> The evening ended with a Fireman's Parade and fireworks. Throughout the next two weeks, there was a regatta, a Jubilee ball, a luau, athletic competitions, a state dinner, and a marksmanship contest won by the [[Honolulu Rifles]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Festivities of the First and Second Days|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047239/1886-11-18/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=January 18, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Daily Herald|date=November 18, 1886|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|lccn=sn85047239|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821062624/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047239/1886-11-18/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=August 21, 2018|url-status=live}}; {{cite news|title=The Luau|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1886-11-23/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=January 18, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Daily Daily Bulletin|date=November 23, 1886|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|lccn=sn82016412|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180821093744/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1886-11-23/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=August 21, 2018|url-status=live}}; {{cite news|title=The Jubilee Ball|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047239/1886-11-26/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=January 18, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Daily Herald|date=November 25, 1886|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161029124136/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047239/1886-11-26/ed-1/seq-3|archive-date=October 29, 2016|url-status=live|lccn=sn85047239}}; {{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|chapter=Two Jubilees|pp=340–341}}</ref> ''Harper's Weekly'' reported in 1891 that the final cost of the jubilee was $75,000.<ref>{{harvnb|Harper's|1891|page=}}</ref>

=== Military policy ===
[[File:Kalakaua and staff outside Iolani Palace.jpg|thumb|Kalākaua with his military staff officers, 1882]]
During the early part of his reign, Kalākaua restored the Household Guards which had been defunct since his predecessor Lunalilo abolished the unit in 1874. Initially, the king created three volunteer companies: the Leleiohoku Guard, a cavalry unit; the Prince's Own, an artillery unit; and the Hawaiian Guards, an infantry unit.<ref name="1874Mutiny" /><ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|page=13}}; {{cite news|title=General Order No. 1|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|location=Honolulu|date=February 28, 1874|page=1|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1874-02-28/ed-1/seq-3/|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150204000841/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1874-02-28/ed-1/seq-3/|archive-date=February 4, 2015|url-status=live|lccn=sn82015418}}</ref> By the latter part of his reign, the army of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi consisted of six volunteer companies including the King's Own, the Queen's Own, the Prince's Own, the Leleiohoku Guard, the Mamalahoa Guard and the [[Honolulu Rifles]], and the regular troops of the King's Household Guard. The ranks of these regiments were composed mainly of Hawaiian and part-Hawaiian officers with a few white officers including his brother-in-law [[John Owen Dominis]]. Each unit was subject to call for active service when necessary. The king and the governor of Oahu also had their own personal staff of military officers with the ranks of colonel and major.<ref name="military" />

On October 1, 1886, the ''Military Act of 1886'' was passed which created a Department of War and a Department of the Navy under the Minister of Foreign Affairs who would also serve as Secretary of War and of the Navy. Dominis was appointed lieutenant general and commander-in-chief and other officers were commissioned while the king was made the supreme commander and [[generalissimo]] of the Hawaiian Army.<ref name="military">{{harvnb|Newbury|2001|page=22}}; {{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pages=350–352}}; {{cite web|title=Army Commissions office record|website=state archives digital collections|publisher=state of Hawaii|url=https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH2ecd.dir/doc.pdf|access-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209211227/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH2ecd.dir/doc.pdf|archive-date=February 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref name="1886Act" /> Around this time, the government also bought and commissioned His Hawaiian Majesty's Ship (HHMS) ''[[Kaimiloa]]'', the first and only vessel of the Hawaiian Royal Navy, under the command of Captain George E. Gresley Jackson.<ref name="Kaimiloa" /><ref>{{cite web|title=Navy, Royal Hawaiian – Commissions office record|website=state archives digital collections|publisher=state of Hawaii|url=https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH95d6.dir/doc.pdf|access-date=February 3, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209231842/https://digitalcollections.hawaii.gov/greenstone3/sites/localsite/collect/governm2/index/assoc/HASH95d6.dir/doc.pdf|archive-date=February 9, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

After 1887, the military commissions creating Dominis and his staff officers were recalled for economic reasons and the ''Military Act of 1886'' was later declared unconstitutional.{{sfn|Kuykendall|1967|pages=403–404}}<ref name="1886Act">{{cite book|title=Chapter XXII: Act Act To Organize The Military Forces Of The Kingdom|work=Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands: Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1886|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=2LMwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA37|year=1886|publisher=Black & Auld|location=Honolulu|oclc=42350849|pages=37–41|access-date=February 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170216225920/https://books.google.com/books?id=2LMwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA37|archive-date=February 16, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> The ''Military Act of 1888'' was passed reducing the size of the army to the King's Guards, a permanent force with a cap of 65 members, and five volunteer companies: the Honolulu Rifles, the King's Own, the Queen's Own, the Prince's Own, and the Leleiohoku Guard. In 1890, another military act further restricted the army to just the King's Royal Guards with a maximal recruitment of 36-100 men.{{sfn|Kuykendall|1967|pages=410–411, 421, 465–466}}<ref name="1888Act">{{cite book|title=Chapter XXV: An Act Relating To The Military Forces Of The Kingdom|work=Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands: Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1888|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_bMwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA55|year=1888|publisher=Black & Auld|location=Honolulu|oclc=42350849|pages=55–60|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217000454/https://books.google.com/books?id=_bMwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA55|archive-date=February 17, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref><ref>{{cite book|title=Chapter LII: An Act To Provide For A Military Force To Be Designated As 'The King's Royal Guard'|work=Laws of His Majesty Kalakaua, King of the Hawaiian Islands: Passed by the Legislative Assembly at Its Session of 1890|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=I7QwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA107|year=1890|publisher=Black & Auld|location=Honolulu|oclc=42350849|pages=107–109|access-date=February 10, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170217004806/https://books.google.com/books?id=I7QwAQAAMAAJ&pg=PA107|archive-date=February 17, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

===Polynesian confederation===
{{main|Polynesian confederation}}
[[File:Kalakaua dust & scratches.jpg|upright|thumb|left|Portrait of Kalākaua]]

The idea of Hawaiʻi's involvement in the internal affairs of Polynesian nations had been around at least two decades before Kalākaua's election, when Australian [[Charles St Julian]] volunteered to be a political liaison to Hawaiʻi in 1853. He accomplished nothing of any significance.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=305–308}}</ref> Kalākaua's interest in forming a Polynesian coalition, with him at the head, was influenced by both Walter M. Gibson and Italian soldier of fortune [[Celso Caesar Moreno]]. In 1879 Moreno urged the king to create such a realm with Hawaiʻi at the top of the empire by " ... uniting under your sceptre the whole Polynesian race and make Honolulu a monarchical [[Washington, DC|Washington]], where the representatives of all the islands would convene in Congress."<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=311–312}}</ref>

In response to the activities of Germany and the United Kingdom in [[Oceania]], Gibson's ''[[The Honolulu Advertiser|Pacific Commercial Advertiser]]'' urged Hawaiʻi's involvement in protecting the island nations from international aggression.<ref>{{cite news|title=Hawaiian Primacy in Polynesia|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-11-19/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 13, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=November 19, 1881|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|lccn=sn82015418|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824043106/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82015418/1881-11-19/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref> Gibson was appointed to Kalākaua's cabinet as Minister of Foreign Affairs in 1882.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=143|OCLC=8807872}}</ref> In 1883, he introduced the approved legislation to convey in writing to foreign governments that Hawaiʻi fully supported the independence of Polynesian nations. The subsequent "Hawaiian protest" letter he drafted was mostly ignored by nations that received it.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=315–316}}</ref> ''The Daily Bulletin'' in Honolulu issued its own response, "Hawaiʻi's true policy is to confine her attention to herself, ...".<ref>{{cite news|title=The "Bulletin's" Protest|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1883-09-07/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 13, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Daily Bulletin|date=September 7, 1883|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|lccn=sn82016412|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824042901/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1883-09-07/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref> ''[[The Hawaiian Gazette]]'' criticized Gibson's character and mockingly referred to the proposed venture as the "Empire of the Calabash".<ref>{{harvnb|Adler|1965|p=8}}</ref>

[[File:Hawaiian-Samoan meeting aboard Kaimiloa 1887.jpg|thumb|Hawaiian envoys and Malietoa Laupepa on board of the ''Kaimiloa'' in 1887.]]
In 1885, Gibson dispatched Minister to the United States [[Henry A. P. Carter]] to Washington, D.C., and Europe to convey Hawaiʻi's intentions towards Polynesia. Carter made little headway with Gibson's instructions. He pushed for direct intervention into [[Samoan Civil War|a political upheaval in Samoa]], where the [[German Empire]] backed rebels under their leader Tamasese in an attempt to overthrow King [[Malietoa Laupepa]].<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=322}}</ref> In an effort to keep him in power, Gibson convinced the 1886 legislature to allocate $100,000 to purchase the steamship ''Zealandia'', $50,000 for its operating expenses, and $35,000 for foreign missions. United States special commissioner to Samoa, George H. Bates advised Kalākaua that Hawaiʻi should mind its own business and stay out of Samoan affairs. Instead, Hawaiʻi sent a delegation headed by [[John E. Bush (Hawaii politician)|John E. Bush]] to Samoa, where Samoan King Malietoa Laupepa signed a Samoan-Hawaiian confederation treaty on February 17, 1887.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=324–329}}; {{cite news|title=Polynesian Dominion Proclamation|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1887-03-30/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 13, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=March 30, 1887|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180523173458/https://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1887-03-30/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=May 23, 2018|url-status=live|oclc= 8807872}}</ref> Bush also presented Malietoa with the [[Royal Order of the Star of Oceania]], which Kalakaua had created to honor the monarchs and chiefs of the Polynesian confederation. The government sent HHMS ''[[Kaimiloa]]'' for Bush's use in visiting the chiefs of the other islands of Polynesia.<ref name="Kaimiloa">{{harvnb|Adler|1965|pp=7–21}}; {{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=327, 334–337}}</ref>

The United States and the United Kingdom joined with Germany in expressing their disapproval of the treaty. Germany warned the United States and the United Kingdom, "In case Hawaiʻi ... should try to interfere in favor of Malietoa, the King of the Sandwich Islands would thereby enter into [a] state of war with us." When German warships arrived in Samoan waters, Malietoa surrendered and was sent into exile. The ''Kaimiloa'' and Bush's delegation were recalled to Honolulu after the ousting of the Gibson administration.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=337–338}}</ref> Kalākaua's later explanation of Hawaiʻi's interference in Samoa was, "Our Mission was simply a Mission of phylanthropy [''sic''] more than any thing, but the arogance [''sic''] of the Germans prevented our good intentions and . . . we had to withdraw the Mission."<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|p=339}}</ref>

==1887 Bayonet Constitution==
{{main|1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom}}
In ''Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution'', [[Sanford B. Dole]] devoted a chapter to the [[1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom|Bayonet Constitution]]. He stated that King Kalākaua appointed cabinet members not for their ability to do the job, but for their ability to bend to his will. Consequently, according to Dole, appropriated funds were shifted from one account to another, "for fantastic enterprises and for the personal aggrandizement of the royal family."<ref>{{harvnb|Dole|1936|p=44}}</ref> Dole placed much of the blame on Gibson, and accused Kalākaua of taking a bribe of $71,000 from [[Tong Kee]] to grant an opium license, an action done via one of the king's political allies [[Junius Kaʻae]].<ref>{{harvnb|Dole|1936|p=49}}</ref><ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pages=353, 360}}</ref>

Despite his own personal opposition, Kalākaua signed a legislative bill in 1886 creating a single opium vending and distribution license.{{sfn|Alexander|1896|page=19}}{{sfn|Alexander|1894|page=27}}  Kaʻae had suggested to rice planter Tong Kee, also known as Aki, that a monetary gift to the king might help him acquire it. Aki took the suggestion and gave thousands of dollars to the king.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pages=353, 360}}; {{harvnb|Dye|1997|pages=208–216}}; {{harvnb|Forbes|2003|page=290}}; {{harvnb|Dole|1936|p=49}}</ref>{{sfn|Haley|2014|page=265}} Another merchant, [[Chun Lung]], made the government an offer of $80,000.00 which forced Aki to raise even more cash.{{sfn|Zambucka|2002|page=83}}{{sfn|Daws|1968|page=245}} The license was eventually awarded to Chun who withheld his payment until the license was actually signed over to him on December 31, 1886. Kalākaua admitted that he had been overruled by his cabinet who were friendly with Chun.{{sfn|Dye|1997|page=209}} After the reform party took control of the government, the opium license debt remained unpaid. Kalākaua agreed to make restitution for his debts via revenues from the [[Ceded lands|Crown Lands]]. However, other liabilities and outstanding debt forced him to sign his debt over to trustees who would control all of Kalākaua's private estates and Crown Land revenues.{{sfn|Krout|1898|page=7}}{{sfn|Forbes|2003|page=290}} When trustees refused to add the opium debt, Aki sued. Although the court ruled, "The king could do no wrong", the trustees were found liable for the debt.{{sfn|Krout|1898|page=7}}

The [[Committee of Safety (Hawaii)|Hawaiian League]] was formed to change the status quo of government "by all means necessary",<ref name=V121>{{harvnb|Van Dyke|2008|p=121}}</ref> and had joined forces with the [[Honolulu Rifles]] militia group. Anticipating a [[coup d'état]], the king took measures to save himself by dismissing Gibson and his entire cabinet on June 28.<ref name=V121 /> Fearing an assassination was not out of the question, Kalākaua barricaded himself inside the palace. The Hawaiian League presented a June 30 resolution demanding the king's restitution for the alleged bribe. Also known as the "committee of thirteen", it was composed of: [[Paul Isenberg]], William W. Hall, James A. Kennedy, [[William Hyde Rice]], Captain [[James A. King]], E. B. Thomas, H. C. Reed, John Mark Vivas, W. P. A. Brewer, Rev. W. B. Oleson, [[Cecil Brown (Hawaii politician)|Cecil Brown]], Captain George Ross and [[Joseph Ballard Atherton]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Mass Meeting|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1887-06-30/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=August 22, 2018|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Daily Bulletin|date=June 30, 1887|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202004725/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn82016412/1887-06-30/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live|lccn=sn82016412}}</ref>

The newly appointed cabinet members were William Lowthian Green as prime minister and minister of finance, [[Clarence W. Ashford]] as attorney general, [[Lorrin A. Thurston]] as minister of the interior, and Godfrey Brown as minister of foreign affairs.<ref>{{harvnb|Van Dyke|2008|pp=121–122}}</ref>

A new constitution was drafted immediately by the Hawaiian Committee and presented to Kalākaua for his signature on July 6. The next day he issued a proclamation of the abrogation of the 1864 Constitution of the Kingdom of Hawaiʻi.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=366–372}}</ref> The new constitution was nicknamed the Bayonet Constitution because of the duress under which it was signed. His sister Liliuokalani stated in ''Hawaii's Story'' that her brother was convinced that if he did not sign, he would be assassinated. She wrote that he no longer knew who was friend or foe. He felt betrayed by people he once trusted and had told her that everywhere he went he was under constant surveillance.<ref name=Liliuokalani181>{{harvnb|Liliuokalani|1898|p=181}}</ref>

{{Quote|text=It has been known ever since that day as "The Bayonet Constitution," and the name is well chosen; for the cruel treatment received by the king from the military companies, which had been organized by his enemies under other pretences, but really to give them the power of coercion, was the chief measure used to enforce his submission.|author=[[Liliʻuokalani]]<ref name=Liliuokalani181/>}}

The Bayonet Constitution allowed the King to appoint his cabinet but placed that cabinet under the sole authority of the legislature. It required any executive actions of the monarch to be approved by the cabinet. Previous suffrage (voting rights) was restricted to male subjects of the kingdom regardless of race. The new constitution restricted suffrage only to Hawaiian, American or European men residing in Hawaii, if they were 21 years old, literate with no back unpaid taxes, and would take an oath to support the law of the land. By placing a new minimum qualifier of $3,000 in property ownership and a minimum income of $600 for voters of the House of Nobles, the new constitution disqualified many poor Native Hawaiians from voting for half of the legislature. Naturalized Asians were deprived of the vote for both houses of the legislature.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=368–372}}</ref>{{sfn|MacLennan|2014|pp=47–48}}

Gibson was arrested on July 1 and charged with embezzlement of public funds. The case was soon dropped for lack of evidence. Gibson fled to California on July 12, and died there 6 months later on January 21, 1888.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=365–366}}</ref>

When the new constitution went into effect, state-sponsored students studying abroad were recalled. One of those was [[Robert William Wilcox]] who had been sent to Italy for military training. Wilcox's initial reaction to the turn of events was advocating Liliuokalani be installed as Regent. On July 30, 1889, however, he and [[Robert Napuʻuako Boyd]], another state-sponsored student, led a [[Wilcox rebellion of 1889|rebellion]] aimed at restoring the 1864 constitution, and, thereby, the king's power. Kalākaua, possibly fearing Wilcox intended to force him to abdicate in favor of his sister, was not in the palace when the insurrection happened. The government's military defense led to the surrender of the Wilcox's insurgents.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=424–430}}</ref>

==Death and succession==
{{Main|Death and two state funerals of Kalākaua|Palace Hotel, San Francisco}}

[[File:Kalakaua aboard the U.S.S. Charleston.jpg|thumb|Kalākaua (in white slacks) aboard the [[USS Charleston (C-2)|USS ''Charleston'']] en route to San Francisco]]
Kalākaua sailed for California aboard the [[USS Charleston (C-2)|USS ''Charleston'']] on November 25, 1890. Accompanying him were his trusted friends [[George W. Macfarlane]] and [[Robert Hoapili Baker]]. There was uncertainty about the purpose of the king's trip. Minister of Foreign Affairs John Adams Cummins reported the trip was solely for the king's health and would not extend beyond California. Local newspapers and British commissioner Wodehouse worried the king might go farther east to Washington, D.C., to negotiate a continued cession of Pearl Harbor to the United States after the expiration of the reciprocity treaty or possible annexation of the kingdom. His sister Liliʻuokalani, after unsuccessfully dissuading him from departing, wrote he meant to discuss the [[McKinley Tariff]] with the Hawaiian ambassador to the United States Henry{{nbsp}}A.{{nbsp}}P.{{nbsp}}Carter in Washington. She was again appointed to serve as regent during his absence.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pages= 470–474}}; {{harvnb|Allen|1982|pages=225–226}}; {{harvnb|Liliuokalani|1898|pages=206–207}}</ref>

Upon arriving in California, the party landed in San Francisco on December 5. Kalākaua, whose health had been declining, stayed in a suite at the [[Palace Hotel, San Francisco|Palace Hotel]].<ref>{{cite news|last=Rego|first=Nilda|title=Days Gone By: 1890: Hawaii's King Kalakaua visits San Francisco|date=April 25, 2013|url=http://www.mercurynews.com/2013/04/25/days-gone-by-1890-hawaiis-king-kalakaua-visits-san-francisco/|location=San Francisco|newspaper=The Mercury News|access-date=November 3, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161104075353/http://www.mercurynews.com/2013/04/25/days-gone-by-1890-hawaiis-king-kalakaua-visits-san-francisco/|archive-date=November 4, 2016|url-status=live|oclc= 723850972}}</ref> Traveling throughout Southern California and Northern Mexico, he suffered a minor stroke in [[Santa Barbara, California|Santa Barbara]] and was rushed back to San Francisco. He was placed under the care of George W. Woods, surgeon of the [[United States Pacific Fleet]]. Against the advice of Dr. Woods, Kalākaua insisted on going to his initiation at the [[Shriners|Ancient Arabic Order of the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine (A.A.O.N.M.S.)]] on January 14. He was given a tonic of [[Vin Mariani]] that got him on his feet, and was accompanied to the rites by an escort from the Nobles of the Mystic Shrine. The ceremonies did not take long, and he was returned to his suite within an hour.<ref>{{harvnb|Karpiel|2000|pages=392–393}}</ref> Two days before his death, he lapsed into a coma. Kalākaua died at 2:35&nbsp;pm on Tuesday, January 20, 1891.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|page=472}}</ref> US Navy officials listed the official cause of death as [[Bright's disease|Bright's Disease]] (inflammation of the kidneys).<ref>{{harvnb|Dando-Collins|2014|page=42}}; {{harvnb|Mcdermott|Choy| Guerrero|2015|page=59}};{{cite news | author=[[Carl Nolte]] | title=S.F.'s (New) Palace Hotel Celebrates a Century | url=http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=/c/a/2009/08/22/MNB919BDP8.DTL | work=San Francisco Chronicle | date=August 22, 2009 | access-date=April 18, 2010 | archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20090927031314/http://www.sfgate.com/cgi-bin/article.cgi?f=%2Fc%2Fa%2F2009%2F08%2F22%2FMNB919BDP8.DTL | archive-date=September 27, 2009 | url-status=live | df=mdy-all |oclc= 66652554}}</ref>

His last words were, "Aue, he kanaka au, eia i loko o ke kukonukonu o ka maʻi!," or "Alas, I am a man who is seriously ill." The more popular quote, "Tell my people I tried", attributed as his last words, was actually invented by novelist Eugene Burns in his 1952 biography of Kalākaua, ''The Last King of Paradise''.<ref name="Thompson2013">{{cite journal |last= Thompson |first= David |title= Kalakaua's Famous Last Words? |url= http://www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/February-2013/Famous-Last-Words/ |journal= Honolulu Magazine |date= February 2013 |access-date= May 22, 2013 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20130607165058/http://www.honolulumagazine.com/Honolulu-Magazine/February-2013/Famous-Last-Words/ |archive-date= June 7, 2013 |url-status= live |df= mdy-all|oclc=180851733}}</ref> Shortly before his death, his voice was recorded on a [[phonograph cylinder]], which is now in the [[Bishop Museum|Bernice P. Bishop Museum]].<ref>{{cite news|title=Bishop Museum Tries To Revive Past King's Voice|work=Kitv.com|date=November 24, 2009|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120308041426/http://www.kitv.com/r/21719127/detail.html|archive-date=March 8, 2012|url=http://www.kitv.com/r/21719127/detail.html|url-status=dead|access-date=November 20, 2016|oclc= 849807032}}</ref>

The news of Kalākaua's death did not reach Hawaiʻi until January 29 when the ''Charleston'' returned to Honolulu with the king's remains.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pages=473–474}}; {{harvnb|Kam|2017|pages=127–130}}</ref> As his designated heir-apparent,<ref name=Heirapparent /> Liliuokalani ascended to the throne the same day.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pages=473–474}}</ref>

After a [[Death and two state funerals of Kalākaua|state funeral]] in California and a second one in Honolulu, the king's remains were buried in the [[Royal Mausoleum (Mauna ʻAla)|Royal Mausoleum at Mauna ʻAla]] on February 15, 1891.{{sfn|Kam|2017|pages=127–130}}{{sfn|Parker|2008|page=33}} In a ceremony officiated by his sister Liliʻuokalani on June 24, 1910, his remains, and those of his family, were transferred to the underground Kalākaua Crypt after the main mausoleum building had been converted into a chapel.{{sfn|Parker|2008|pages=15, 39}}<ref>{{cite news|title=The Weird Ceremonial of Monarchial Times Marked Transfer of Kalakaua Dynasty Dead to Tomb|newspaper=The Hawaiian Gazette|location=Honolulu|date=June 28, 1910|page=2|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1910-06-28/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=June 25, 2013|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141018020742/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1910-06-28/ed-1/seq-2|archive-date=October 18, 2014|url-status=live|lccn=sn83025121}}</ref>

==Legacy==
Kalākaua's reign is generally regarded as the first [[Hawaiian Renaissance#First Hawaiian Renaissance|Hawaiian Renaissance]], for both his influence on Hawaiʻi's music, and for other contributions he made to reinvigorate Hawaiian culture. His actions inspired the reawakening Hawaiian pride and nationalism for the kingdom.<ref>{{harvnb|Zambucka|2002|pages=63–65}}; {{harvnb|Vowell|2011|page=84}}; {{cite news|last=Kanahele|first=George|title=Hawaiian Renaissance Grips, Changes Island History|magazine=Haʻilono Mele|publisher=The Hawaiian Music Foundation|location=Honolulu|date=July 1979|volume=5|issue=7|url=http://ulukau.org/gsdl2.80/collect/hailono/cgi-bin/hailono?e=11off--0-v----101125-10-1-0--0-0-1&a=d&d=DHMN005007.1.1#p1|pages=1–9|access-date=December 27, 2016|lccn=no99033299|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824044445/http://ulukau.org/gsdl2.80/collect/hailono/cgi-bin/hailono?e=11off--0-v----101125-10-1-0--0-0-1&a=d&d=DHMN005007.1.1|archive-date=August 24, 2018}}</ref><ref name="Hana">{{cite news|last=Williams| first=Ronald Jr. |title=The Other Hawaiian Renaissance|magazine=Hana Hou!|location=Honolulu|date=January 2015|volume=17|issue=6|url=https://hanahou.slickage.com/articles/1575|access-date=December 27, 2016|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202073421/https://hanahou.slickage.com/articles/1575|archive-date=February 2, 2017|oclc= 262477335}}</ref>

During the earlier reign of Christian convert [[Kaʻahumanu]], dancing the hula was forbidden and punishable by law. Subsequent monarchs gradually began allowing the hula, but it was Kalākaua who brought it back in full force. Chants, [[Mele (Hawaiian term)|meles]] and the hula were part of the official entertainment at Kalākaua's coronation and his birthday jubilee. He issued an invitation to all Hawaiians with knowledge of the old mele and chants to participate in the coronation, and arranged for musicologist A. Marques to observe the celebrations.<ref>{{harvnb|Buck|1994|pp=108–111}}</ref> Kalākaua's cultural legacy lives on in the [[Merrie Monarch Festival]], a large-scale annual hula competition in [[Hilo, Hawaii|Hilo, Hawaiʻi]], begun in 1964 and named in his honor.<ref name="hmhof" /><ref>{{cite journal|title=Merrie Monarch Festival|hdl=10524/1440|website=eVols|publisher=University of Hawai'i at Manoa|access-date=January 28, 2017|url=http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/1440|archive-date=August 24, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180824041309/http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10524/1440}}</ref> A composer of the ancient chants or mele, for the first time Kalākaua published a written version of the ''[[Kumulipo]]'', a 2,102-line chant that had traditionally been passed down orally. It traces the royal lineage and the creation of the cosmos.<ref>{{harvnb|Zambucka|2002|pages=63–65}}; {{harvnb|Buck|1994|pp=123–126}}</ref> He is also known to have revived the Hawaiian martial art of [[Kapu Kuialua|Lua]], and [[surfing]].<ref>{{harvnb|Foster|2014|page=44}}</ref>

The Hawaiian Board of Health (different from the governmental Board of Health) passed by the 1886 legislature consisted of five Native Hawaiians, appointed by Kalākaua, who oversaw the licensing and regulation of the traditional practice of native healing arts.<ref>{{cite news|title=An Act: To Regulate the Hawaiian Board of Health|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-10-11/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 27, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=October 11, 1886|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202062438/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1886-10-11/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live|lccn=sn85047084}}</ref> He also appointed [[Emma Kaili Metcalf Beckley Nakuina]] as the first Native Hawaiian curator of the Hawaiian National Museum and increased funding for the institution.<ref name="Hana" />

In 1886, Kalākaua had his Privy Council license the ancient [[Hale Nauā Society]] for persons of Hawaiian ancestry. The original Hale Naua had not been active since [[Kamehameha I]], when it had functioned as a genealogical research organization for claims of royal lineage. When Kalākaua reactivated it, he expanded its purpose to encompass Hawaiian culture as well as modern-day arts and sciences and included women as equals. The ranks of the society grew to more than 200 members, and was a political support for Kalākaua that lasted until his death in 1891.<ref>{{harvnb|Karpiel|1999}}</ref> In 2004, the [[National Museum of Natural History]] displayed Kalākaua's red-and-yellow feathered Hale Naua ''[[ʻAhu ʻula|ʻahuʻula]]'' and feathered ''[[kāhili]]'' as part of its Hawaiian special exhibit.<ref>{{cite news|last1=Risser|first1=William|title=Hawai'i treasures on display|url=http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2004/Sep/23/ln/ln17a.html|access-date=January 28, 2017|newspaper=Honolulu Advertiser|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202053508/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2004/Sep/23/ln/ln17a.html|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live|oclc= 8807414}}</ref>

Kalākaua's sponsorship of and a brief career in the Hawaiian language press gave him the additional epithet of the "Editor King". From 1861 to 1863, Kalākaua with G. W. Mila, [[J. W. H. Kauwahi]] and John K. Kaunamano co-edited ''Ka Hoku o ka Pakipika'' (''The Star of the Pacific''), the first Hawaiian language newspaper solely written by Native Hawaiians without the influence of American missionaries. This nationalist paper focused on Hawaiian topics especially traditional folklore and poetry.{{sfn|Chapin|1984|pages=67−68}}<ref>{{harvnb|Silva|2004|pages=45–86}}; {{harvnb|Chapin|2000|page=44}}; {{harvnb|Forbes|2001|pages=294–295}}</ref> In 1870 he also edited the daily newspaper ''Ka Manawa'' (''Times''), which concerned itself with international news, local news and genealogies but only lasted for two months.{{sfn|Chapin|1984|pages=67−68}}{{sfn|Chapin|2000|page=70}} He also sponsored the literary journal, ''Ka Hoku o Ke Kai'' (''The Star of the Sea''), which ran from 1883 to 1884.{{sfn|Chapin|1996|pages=59–61}}

The [[Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame]] honored Kalākaua and his brother and sisters as ''[[Na Lani ʻEhā]]'' ("The Heavenly Four") for their patronage and enrichment of Hawaiʻi's musical culture and history.<ref name="hmhof">{{cite web|url=http://www.hawaiimusicmuseum.org/honorees/patrons/kalakaua.html|title=Patron of Hawaiian Music Culture: David Kalakaua (1836–1891)|website=Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame|access-date=February 24, 2008|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120229054623/http://www.hawaiimusicmuseum.org/honorees/patrons/kalakaua.html|archive-date=February 29, 2012|url-status=dead}}</ref><ref>{{cite news|last=Scott|first=Marjorie J.|title=Contributions of royal family recognized|newspaper=The Honolulu Advertiser|location=Honolulu|oclc= 8807414|date=September 8, 1995|page=17|url=https://www.newspapers.com/image/265527025/|via=Newspapers.com|url-access=subscription|access-date=July 4, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180730202724/https://www.newspapers.com/image/265527025/|archive-date=July 30, 2018|url-status=live}}</ref> "[[Hawaiʻi Ponoʻī]]" was officially designated the Hawaiʻi state anthem in 1967. Originally titled "Hymn to Kamehameha{{nbsp}}I", [[Henri Berger]], leader of the [[Royal Hawaiian Band]], wrote the instrumental melody in 1872, influenced by the Prussian anthem "[[Heil dir im Siegerkranz]]". Kalākaua added the lyrics in 1874, and the Kawaiahaʻo Church Choir sang it on his birthday that year. In 1876, it became the official anthem of the [[Hawaiian Kingdom|Kingdom of Hawaiʻi]] until the overthrow of the monarchy.<ref>{{harvnb|Zambucka|2002|pages=63–64}}; {{cite web|title=Hawaii Ponoi|url=http://www.huapala.org/Hawaii/Hawaii_Ponoi.html|publisher=huapala.org|access-date=January 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180117070257/http://www.huapala.org/Hawaii/Hawaii_Ponoi.html|archive-date=January 17, 2018|url-status=live}}; {{cite web|title=The Hawaii State Song|url=https://www.netstate.com/states/symb/song/hi_song.htm|publisher=netstate.com|access-date=January 23, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20171014183723/http://netstate.com/states/symb/song/hi_song.htm|archive-date=October 14, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref> Other works by the king include "Sweet Lei Lehua", "ʻAkahi Hoʻi", "E Nihi Ka Hele", "Ka Momi", and "Koni Au I Ka Wai". Seven of his songs were published in ''Ka Buke O Na Leo Mele Hawaii'' (1888) using the pseudonym "Figgs". He generally wrote only the lyrics for most of his surviving works.<ref>{{harvnb|Zambucka|2002|page=64}}; {{cite web|title=Sweet Lei Lehua|url=http://huapala.org/SW/Sweet_Lei_Lehua.html|publisher=huapala.org|access-date=January 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161025102734/http://www.huapala.org/SW/Sweet_Lei_Lehua.html|archive-date=October 25, 2016|url-status=live}}; {{cite web|title=ʻAkahi Hoʻi|url=http://www.huapala.org/ah/Akahi_Hoi.html|publisher=huapala.org|access-date=January 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161105093322/http://www.huapala.org/ah/Akahi_Hoi.html|archive-date=November 5, 2016|url-status=live}}; {{cite web|title=E Nihi Ka Hele|url=https://www.huapala.org/E/E_Nihi_Ka_Hele.html|publisher=huapala.org|access-date=January 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170518060210/http://huapala.org/E/E_Nihi_Ka_Hele.html|archive-date=May 18, 2017|url-status=live}}; {{cite web|title=Ka Momi|url=https://www.huapala.org/Ka/Ka_Momi.html|publisher=huapala.org|access-date=January 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030233354/http://huapala.org/Ka/Ka_Momi.html|archive-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=live}}; {{cite web|title=Koni Au I Ka Wai|url=https://www.huapala.org/Ko/Koni_Au.html|publisher=huapala.org|access-date=January 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161030234053/http://huapala.org/Ko/Koni_Au.html|archive-date=October 30, 2016|url-status=live}}</ref>

He established diplomatic relations with the [[Kingdom of Serbia]]<ref>{{Cite web|url=https://www.dnevnik.rs/drustvo/kako-su-srbija-i-havaji-uspostavili-diplomatske-odnose-pre-135-godina-27-08-2018|title=Како су Србија и Хаваји успоставили дипломатске односе пре 135 година|website=Дневник|date=August 27, 2018 |language=sr|access-date=November 16, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191116140634/https://www.dnevnik.rs/drustvo/kako-su-srbija-i-havaji-uspostavili-diplomatske-odnose-pre-135-godina-27-08-2018|archive-date=November 16, 2019|url-status=live}}</ref> and was awarded the Order of Cross of Takovo.<ref>{{Cite book|last=Acović|first=Dragomir|title=Slava i čast: Odlikovanja među Srbima, Srbi među odlikovanjima|year=2012|location=Belgrade|publisher=Službeni Glasnik|pages=93}}</ref>

[[File:Robert Louis Stevenson and King Kalakaua and his Singing Boys.jpg|thumb|King Kalākaua, Scottish writer [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], and "Kalākaua's Singing Boys", his own personal headed choir, c. 1889]]
The [[ukulele]] was introduced to the Hawaiian islands during the reign of Kalākaua, by Manuel Nunes, José do Espírito Santo, and Augusto Dias, [[Portuguese immigration to Hawaii|Portuguese]] immigrants from [[Madeira]] and [[Cape Verde]].<ref>{{harvnb|Tranquada|King|2012|pp=38–40}}</ref> The king became proficient on the instrument. According to American journalist [[Mary Hannah Krout]] and Hawaiʻi resident [[Isobel Osbourne|Isobel Osbourne Strong]], wife of artist Joseph Dwight Strong and stepdaughter of [[Robert Louis Stevenson]], he would often play the ukulele and perform meles for his visitors, accompanied by his personal musical group Kalākaua's Singing Boys (aka King's Singing Boys). Strong recalled the Singing Boys as "the best singers and performers on the ukulele and guitar in the whole islands".<ref>{{harvnb|Tranquada|King|2012|pp=47–50}}</ref> Kalākaua was inducted into the Ukulele Hall of Fame in 1997.<ref>{{cite web |url=http://www.ukulele.org/?Inductees:1997-1998:David_Kalakaua |title=David Kalakaua (1836–1891): Inaugural Hall of Fame Inductee, 1997 |website=Ukulele Hall of Fame Museum |access-date=October 17, 2007 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20071223040025/http://www.ukulele.org/?Inductees:1997-1998:David_Kalakaua |archive-date=December 23, 2007 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

[[Kalākaua Avenue]] was created in March 1905 by the House and Senate of the Hawaiʻi Territorial Legislature. It renamed the highway known as Waikiki Road, "to commemorate the name of his late Majesty Kalākaua, during whose reign Hawaiʻi made great advancement in material prosperity".<ref>{{cite news|title=Kalakaua Avenue|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1905-03-16/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 23, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|date=March 16, 1905|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202051403/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn85047084/1905-03-16/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live|lccn=sn85047084}}; {{cite news|title=The House Sensitive|url=http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1905-03-17/ed-1/seq-2/|access-date=January 23, 2017|via=Chronicling America: Historic American Newspapers. Lib. of Congress.|newspaper=The Hawaiian Gazette|date=March 17, 1905|location=Honolulu, Hawaiian Islands|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202040922/http://chroniclingamerica.loc.gov/lccn/sn83025121/1905-03-17/ed-1/seq-2/|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live|lccn=sn83025121}}</ref>

The [[King David Kalakaua Building]] was listed on the [[National Register of Historic Places]] in 1975 under its former name U.S. Post Office, Customhouse, and Courthouse. Located at 335 Merchant Street in Honolulu, it was once the official seat of administration for the Territory of Hawaiʻi. The building was renamed for Kalākaua in 2003.<ref>{{cite news |title= Old post office assumes new role |newspaper= [[Honolulu Advertiser]] |date= December 30, 2003 |author= Gordon Y.K. Pang |url= http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2003/Dec/30/ln/ln29a.html |access-date= October 21, 2010 |archive-url= https://web.archive.org/web/20111115112441/http://the.honoluluadvertiser.com/article/2003/Dec/30/ln/ln29a.html |archive-date= November 15, 2011 |url-status= live |df= mdy-all |oclc= 8807414}}</ref>

In 1985, a bronze statue of Kalākaua was donated to the City and County of Honolulu to commemorate the 100-year anniversary of the arrival of the first Japanese laborers after the king's visit to Japan.<ref>{{harvnb|Kuykendall|1967|pp=164–165}}</ref> It was commissioned by the Oahu Kanyaku Imin Centennial Committee on behalf of the Japanese-American community of Hawaiʻi. The statue was designed and created by musician [[Palani Vaughan]], architect Leland Onekea and Native Hawaiian sculptor Sean Kekamakupaa Kaonohiokalani Lee Loy Browne. It is located at the corner of [[Kalākaua Avenue|Kalākaua]] and Kuhio avenues in Waikiki.<ref>{{cite web|title=King David Kalakaua – Honolulu, HI|url=http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMDRNN_King_David_Kalakaua__Honolulu_HI|website=Waymarking.com|access-date=February 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160826152015/http://www.waymarking.com/waymarks/WMDRNN_King_David_Kalakaua__Honolulu_HI|archive-date=August 26, 2016|url-status=live}}; {{cite web|title=History of the King Kalakaua Statue Waikiki, Oahu, Hawaii|url=http://www.hawaiiforvisitors.com/oahu/attractions/king-kalakaua-statue.htm|website=Hawaii for Visitors|access-date=February 1, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170428202200/http://www.hawaiiforvisitors.com/oahu/attractions/king-kalakaua-statue.htm|archive-date=April 28, 2017|url-status=dead}}</ref>  

In 1988, a cast bronze statue titled "King David Kalākaua" was placed in [[Kalakaua Park]] in Hilo, Hawai'i (57" H).  It was created by Hawaiian artist [[Henry Bianchini]]. 

A Hawaiian song about Kalākaua can be heard in the Disney movie ''[[Lilo & Stitch]]'' when Lilo is introduced in the movie. The mele  was written as a ''mele inoa'', its original title being ''"He Inoa No Kalani Kalākaua Kulele"'' (a namesong for the chief, Kalākaua). On the ''Lilo & Stitch'' soundtrack, it was retitled as "He Mele No Lilo".<ref>{{cite web|title=Translation for He Mele No Lilo|url=http://kapalama.ksbe.edu/elementary/lilo_and_stitch/he_mele_trans.html|publisher=Kamehameha Schools|access-date=February 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215123115/http://kapalama.ksbe.edu/elementary/lilo_and_stitch/he_mele_trans.html|archive-date=February 15, 2017|url-status=live}}</ref>

=== Notable published works ===
* ''Na Mele Aimoku, Na Mele Kupuna, a Me Na Mele Ponoi O Ka Moi Kalākaua I. Dynastic Chants, Ancestral Chants, and Personal Chants of King Kalākaua I''. (1886). Hawaiian Historical Society, Honolulu, 2001.<ref>{{cite web|url=http://ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0meleaimoku-000Sec--11haw-50-20-frameset-book--1-010escapewin&a=d&d=D0.2&toc=0http|title=Ulukau: Na mele aimoku, na mele kupuna, a me na mele ponoi o ka Moi Kalakaua I (Dynastic chants, ancestral chants, and personal chants of King Kalākaua I)|website=ulukau.org}}</ref>
* ''The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People''. (1888). C.E. Tuttle Company, New York, 1990.<ref>{{Cite web |url=http://www.gutenberg.org/files/56597/56597-h/56597-h.htm |title=The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People |access-date=April 28, 2018 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180429092544/http://www.gutenberg.org/files/56597/56597-h/56597-h.htm |archive-date=April 29, 2018 |url-status=live  }}</ref>

== Honours ==
{{columns-list|colwidth=25em|
* {{flag|Kingdom of Hawaii}}:
** Companion of the [[Royal Order of Kamehameha I|Order of Kamehameha I]], ''1867''<!--Damon. pp. 9–12--><!--Zambucka, p. 8-->
** Founder of the [[Royal Order of Kalākaua|Order of Kalākaua]], ''September 28, 1874''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kalakaua|title=Royal Order of Kalākaua|website=Royal Family of Hawaii Official Website|access-date=March 10, 2021|archive-date=February 28, 2023|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20230228013521/https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kalakaua|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Founder of the [[Royal Order of Kapiolani|Order of Kapiolani]], ''August 30, 1880''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kapiolani|title=Royal Order of Kapiolani|website=Royal Family of Hawaii Official Website|access-date=March 10, 2021|archive-date=May 26, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220526225137/https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-kapiolani|url-status=dead}}</ref>
** Founder of the [[Royal Order of the Star of Oceania|Order of the Star of Oceania]], ''December 16, 1886''<ref>{{cite web|url=https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-the-star-of-oceania|title=Royal Order of the Star of Oceania|website=Royal Family of Hawaii Official Website|access-date=March 11, 2021|archive-date=May 22, 2022|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20220522083157/https://www.crownofhawaii.com/order-of-the-star-of-oceania|url-status=dead}}</ref>
* {{flag|Austria-Hungary}}: Commander of the [[Order of Franz Joseph]], ''1871'';<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1874&size=45&page=274|chapter=Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-Österreichischer Fran Joseph-orden|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1874|access-date=March 10, 2021|page=[https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1874&size=45&page=300 136]}}</ref> Grand Cross, ''1874''<ref>{{citation|chapter-url=https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1891&page=385&size=45|chapter=Ritter-Orden: Kaiserlich-Österreichischer Fran Joseph-orden|title=Hof- und Staatshandbuch der Österreichisch-Ungarischen Monarchie|date=1891|access-date=March 10, 2021|page=[https://alex.onb.ac.at/cgi-content/alex?aid=shb&datum=1891&size=45&page=419 187]}}</ref>
* {{flag|German Empire}}: [[Order of the Red Eagle|Knight of the Red Eagle]], 1st Class, ''April 21, 1878''<ref>{{citation|title=Königlich Preussische Ordensliste|volume=1|chapter-url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=5&skin=2021|chapter=Rother Adler-orden|page=[https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=mdp.39015049878831&view=1up&seq=46&skin=2021 38]|lang=German|location=Berlin|year=1886|via=hathitrust.org}}</ref>
* {{flag|Denmark}}: [[Order of the Dannebrog|Grand Cross of the Dannebrog]], ''March 11, 1880''<ref>{{cite book |year=1890 |orig-year=1st pub.:1801 |editor1-last=Bille-Hansen |editor1-first=A. C. |editor2-last=Holck |editor2-first=Harald |title=Statshaandbog for Kongeriget Danmark for Aaret 1890 |trans-title=State Manual of the Kingdom of Denmark for the Year 1890 |url=https://slaegtsbibliotek.dk/908077.pdf#page=39 |format=PDF |series=Kongelig Dansk Hof- og Statskalender |language=da |location=Copenhagen |publisher=J.H. Schultz A.-S. Universitetsbogtrykkeri |pages=9–10 |access-date=February 10, 2021 |via=[[:da:DIS Danmark]]}}</ref>
* {{flagicon|Sweden|1844}} {{flagicon|Norway|1844}} [[Sweden-Norway]]: Commander Grand Cross of the [[Order of Vasa]], ''February 18, 1881''<ref>{{cite book |url=https://gupea.ub.gu.se/bitstream/2077/60988/1/gupea_2077_60988_1.pdf |title=Sveriges statskalender för år 1890 |year=1890 |publisher=P. A. Nordstedt & Söner |location=Stockholm |language=sv |id={{SELIBR|8261599}} |page=469 |access-date=March 10, 2021}}</ref>
* {{flag|Empire of Japan}}: Collar of the [[Supreme Order of the Chrysanthemum]], ''March 14, 1881''<ref name = "Kalakaua">{{citation|title=King Kalakaua's Tour Round the World|location=Honolulu|year=1881|pages=[https://archive.org/details/kingkalakauasto00unkngoog/page/n44/mode/2up 46], [https://archive.org/details/kingkalakauasto00unkngoog/page/n72/mode/2up 74]}}</ref>
* {{flagicon image|Flag of Siam (1855).svg}} [[Siam]]: [[Order of the Crown of Thailand|Grand Cross of the Crown of Siam]], ''April 1881''<ref>Kalakaua to his sister, May 12, 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) "[https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf The Royal Tourist – Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019083943/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf |date=October 19, 2019 }}", ''Hawaiian Journal of History'', vol. 5, p. 84</ref>
* {{flagcountry|United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland}}: [[Order of St Michael and St George|Honorary Grand Cross of St Michael and St George]], ''July 28, 1881''<ref name=p430>Shaw, Wm. A. (1906) ''The Knights of England'', '''I''', London, [https://archive.org/stream/cu31924092537418#page/n429/mode/2up p. 339]</ref>
* {{flag|Belgium}}: Grand Cordon of the [[Order of Leopold (Belgium)|Order of Leopold]], ''August 1881''<ref>Kalakaua to his sister, August 11, 1881, quoted in Greer, Richard A. (editor, 1967) "[https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf The Royal Tourist – Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London] {{Webarchive|url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191019083943/https://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/186/JL05085.pdf |date=October 19, 2019 }}", ''Hawaiian Journal of History'', vol. 5, p. 107</ref>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Portugal}}: [[Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa|Grand Cross of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa]], ''August 19, 1881''<ref name = "Kalakaua"/>
* {{flag|Kingdom of Serbia}}:<ref>{{cite web|author=Milomir Ognjanović|website=Serbia National Review|url=https://www.nacionalnarevija.com/en/tekstovi/br%2050/07%20Havaji.html|title=Medal for a Friendship|access-date=March 10, 2021}}</ref>
** [[Order of the Cross of Takovo|Grand Cross of the Cross of Takovo]], ''June 28, 1883''
** [[Order of Saint Sava|Grand Cross of St. Sava]], ''June 28, 1883''
}}

== Ancestry ==
{{ahnentafel
|collapsed=yes |align=center
|boxstyle_1=background-color: #fcc;
|boxstyle_2=background-color: #fb9;
|boxstyle_3=background-color: #ffc;
|boxstyle_4=background-color: #bfc;
|1= 1. '''Kalākaua'''
|2= 2. [[Kapaakea|High Chief Caesar Kapaʻakea]]
|3= 3. [[Keohokālole|High Chiefess Analea Keohokālole]]
|4= 4. [[Kamanawa II|High Chief Kamanawa II]]
|5= 5. [[Kamokuiki|High Chiefess Kamokuiki]]
|6= 6. [[Aikanaka (1790–1868)|High Chief ʻAikanaka]]
|7= 7. [[Kamaeokalani|High Chiefess Kamaʻeokalani]]
|8= 8. [[Kepookalani|High Chief Kepoʻokalani]]
|9= 9. [[Alapaiwahine|High Chiefess Alapaʻiwahine]]
|10= 10. High Chief Kanepawale
|11= 11. High Chiefess Uaua
|12= 12. [[Kepookalani|High Chief Kepoʻokalani]] (= 8)
|13= 13. [[Keohohiwa|High Chiefess Keohohiwa]]
|14= 14. High Chief Kahoalani Eia
|15= 15. High Chiefess Keakaula
}}
{{Kalākaua family tree}}

== See also ==
* [[Coins of the Hawaiian dollar]]
* [[Kalākaua's Cabinet ministers]]
* [[Kalākaua's Privy Council of State]]
* [[Kalākaua's 1881 world tour]]

== Notes ==

=== Footnotes ===
{{reflist|group=FN}}

=== Citations ===
{{Reflist|33em|refs=}}

== References ==
{{refbegin|30em}}
* {{cite journal|last=Adler|first=Jacob|title=The Hawaiian Navy Under King Kalakaua|journal=Seventy-Third Annual Report of the Hawaiian Historical Society for the Year 1964|year=1965|volume=73|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|hdl=10524/71|pages=7–21}}
*{{cite book|first=William De Witt|last=Alexander|title=Kalakaua's Reign: A Sketch of Hawaiian History|url=https://archive.org/details/kalakauasreigna00alexgoog|year=1894|publisher=Hawaiian gazette Company|isbn=978-1976371080|oclc=16331580}}
*{{cite book|first=William De Witt|last=Alexander|title=History of Later Years of the Hawaiian Monarchy and the Revolution of 1893|url=https://archive.org/details/historylateryea01alexgoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/historylateryea01alexgoog/page/n41 19]|year=1896|publisher=Hawaiian gazette Company}}
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Helena G.|title=The Betrayal of Liliuokalani: Last Queen of Hawaii, 1838–1917|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=i2d0AAAAMAAJ|year=1982|publisher=A. H. Clark Company|location=Glendale, CA|isbn=978-0-87062-144-4|oclc=9576325|access-date=January 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180113014433/https://books.google.com/books?id=i2d0AAAAMAAJ|archive-date=January 13, 2018|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Allen|first=Helena G.|title=Kalakaua: Renaissance King|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=_SQxAQAAIAAJ|year=1995|publisher=Mutual Publishing|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-1-56647-059-9|oclc=35083815|access-date=October 26, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191221204253/https://books.google.com/books?id=_SQxAQAAIAAJ|archive-date=December 21, 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Andrade|first1=Ernest|title=Hawaiian Coinage Controversy – Or, What Price a Handsome Profile|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|date=1977|volume=11|hdl=10524/415|oclc=60626541|via=eVols at University of Hawai'i at Manoa}}
* {{cite journal|last=Baur|first=John E.|title=When Royalty Came To California|url=https://archive.org/details/californiahistor67cali|journal=California Historical Society Quarterly|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=67|year=1922|issue=4 |pages=244–264|doi=10.2307/25158494 |jstor=25158494 }}
* {{cite book|chapter=Biographical Sketch of His Majesty King Kalakaua|title=Honolulu Almanac and Directory|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100116864|year=1884|location=Honolulu|publisher=P. C. Advertiser Steam Printing Office|pages=72–74|oclc=12787107|ref={{harvid|Biographical Sketch|1884}}|access-date=March 9, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20181019041142/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100116864|archive-date=October 19, 2018|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Buck|first1=Elizabeth|title=Paradise Remade: The Politics of Culture and History in Hawai'i|date=1994|publisher=[[Temple University Press]]|location=Philadelphia, PA|isbn=978-1-4399-0608-8|oclc=859678638|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/9437|via=Project MUSE|access-date=January 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180822214005/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/9437|archive-date=August 22, 2018|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Chapin|first=Helen G.|title=Guide to Newspapers of Hawaiʻi: 1834–2000|url=https://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=newsguide|year=2000|publisher=[[Hawaiian Historical Society]]|location=Honolulu|oclc=45330644|hdl=10524/1444}}
* {{cite journal|last=Chapin|first=Helen G.|title=Newspapers of Hawaiʻi's 1834 to 1903: From He Liona to the Pacific Cable|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=18|year=1984|hdl=10524/179|oclc=60626541|pages=47–86|via=eVols at University of Hawai'i at Manoa}}
* {{cite book|last=Chapin|first=Helen Geracimos|title=Shaping History: The Role of Newspapers in Hawaiʻi|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=D-QPLqwlr7cC|year=1996|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-1718-3|oclc=247186687|access-date=August 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191230005943/https://books.google.com/books?id=D-QPLqwlr7cC|archive-date=December 30, 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Cooke|first1=Amos Starr|author-link1=Amos Starr Cooke|last2=Cooke|first2=Juliette Montague|editor-last=Richards|editor-first=Mary Atherton|title=The Chiefs' Children School: A Record Compiled from the Diary and Letters of Amos Starr Cooke and Juliette Montague Cooke, by Their Granddaughter Mary Atherton Richards|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001873424|year=1937|publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|location=Honolulu|oclc=1972890|access-date=August 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161128050834/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001873424|archive-date=November 28, 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Dabagh|first1=Jean|last2=Lyons|first2=Curtis Jere|last3=Hitchcock|first3=Harvey Rexford|editor-last=Dabagh|editor-first=Jean|title=A King is Elected: One Hundred Years Ago|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=8|year=1974|hdl=10524/112|oclc=60626541|pages=76–89|url=http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/112/1/JL08086.pdf|access-date=August 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202015835/http://evols.library.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10524/112/1/JL08086.pdf|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Dando-Collins|first=Stephen|title=Taking Hawaii: How Thirteen Honolulu Businessmen Overthrew the Queen of Hawaii in 1893, With a Bluff|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=pmMkAwAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Open Road Media|location=New York|isbn=978-1-4976-1429-1|oclc=874921510|access-date=October 11, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227123623/https://books.google.com/books?id=pmMkAwAAQBAJ|archive-date=December 27, 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|first= Gavan|last= Daws|title= Shoal of Time|url= https://archive.org/details/journalofprincea00kame|url-access= registration|year= 1968|publisher= University of Hawaii Press|isbn= 9780824803247|oclc= 574446745}}
* {{cite book|last=Dibble|first=Sheldon|author-link=Sheldon Dibble|title=History of the Sandwich Islands|url=https://archive.org/details/historysandwich00dibbgoog|year=1843|publisher=Press of the Mission Seminary|location=Lahainaluna|oclc=2145112}}
* {{cite book|last=Dole|first=Sanford B.|author-link=Sanford B. Dole|editor-last=Farrell|editor-first=Andrew|title=Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006663046|year=1936|publisher=Honolulu, Advertiser Publishing Company|location=Honolulu|oclc=4823270|via=[[HathiTrust]]|access-date=January 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191229153907/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006663046|archive-date=December 29, 2019|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|first=Bob|last=Dye|title=Merchant Prince of the Sandalwood Mountains: Afong and the Chinese in Hawai?i|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=NETf7njQoocC&pg=PA209|year=1997|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|isbn=978-0-8248-1772-5|access-date=October 15, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191223212021/https://books.google.com/books?id=NETf7njQoocC&pg=PA209|archive-date=December 23, 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Forbes|editor-first=David W.|title=Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780–1900, Volume 3: 1851–1880|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=lB_F9CffeN8C|volume=3|date=2001|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-2503-4|oclc=123279964|access-date=January 22, 2019|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224175329/https://books.google.com/books?id=lB_F9CffeN8C|archive-date=December 24, 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Forbes|editor-first=David W.|title=Hawaiian National Bibliography, 1780–1900, Volume 4: 1881–1900|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=jAuzOipG26YC|volume=4|year=2003|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-2636-9|oclc=123279964|access-date=November 22, 2015|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160501002312/https://books.google.com/books?id=jAuzOipG26YC|archive-date=May 1, 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Foster|first=Jeanette|title=Volcanoes National Park|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=76utBQAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=Arcadia Publishing|location=Charleston, SC|isbn=978-1-4671-3294-7|oclc=889525130|access-date=January 28, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170215112855/https://books.google.com/books?id=76utBQAAQBAJ|archive-date=February 15, 2017|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Gutmanis|first=June|title=Law&nbsp;... Shall Punish All Men Who Commit Crime|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=8|year=1974|hdl=10524/526|oclc=60626541|pages=143–145}}
* {{cite book|last=Haley|first=James L.|title=Captive Paradise: A History of Hawaii|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-9ugBAAAQBAJ|year=2014|publisher=St. Martin's Press|location=New York|isbn=978-0-312-60065-5|oclc=865158092|access-date=January 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200613144644/https://books.google.com/books?id=-9ugBAAAQBAJ|archive-date=June 13, 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Harper's|title=King Kalakaua of Hawaii|journal=Harper's Weekly|publisher=Harper's Magazine Co.|date=January–June 1891|volume=35|pages=95–96|url=https://babel.hathitrust.org/cgi/pt?id=pst.000020243333;view=1up;seq=83;size=175|via=[[HathiTrust]]}}
* {{cite book|author=Hawaii|editor-last=Lydecker|editor-first=Robert Colfax|title=Roster Legislatures of Hawaii, 1841–1918|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Gazette Company|year=1918|url=https://archive.org/details/rosterlegislatur00hawarich|oclc=60737418|ref={{harvid|Hawaii|Lydecker|1918}}|access-date=January 9, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160329214645/https://archive.org/details/rosterlegislatur00hawarich|archive-date=March 29, 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Ing|first=Tiffany Lani|title=Reclaiming Kalākaua: Nineteenth-Century Perspectives on a Hawaiian Sovereign|year=2019|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-8156-6|oclc=1085155006}}
* {{cite journal|author=Kalakaua|editor-last=Greer|editor-first=Richard A.|title=The Royal Tourist—Kalakaua's Letters Home from Tokio to London|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=5|year=1971|hdl=10524/186|oclc=60626541|pages=75–109|via=eVols at University of Hawai'i at Manoa}}
* {{cite book|last=Kam|first=Ralph Thomas|title=Death Rites and Hawaiian Royalty: Funerary Practices in the Kamehameha and Kalakaua Dynasties, 1819–1953|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=4kvanAAACAAJ|year=2017|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers|location=S. I.|isbn=978-1-4766-6846-8|oclc=966566652|access-date=August 22, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191224234834/https://books.google.com/books?id=4kvanAAACAAJ|archive-date=December 24, 2019|url-status=live}}
*{{cite book|last=Kam|first=Ralph Thomas|title=Lost Palaces of Hawaiʻi Royal Residences of the Kingdom Period|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Z_qGEAAAQBAJ|year=2022|publisher=McFarland, Incorporated, Publishers|location=S. I.|isbn=978-1-4766-8811-4|oclc=1264273188}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Kamins|first1=Robert M.|last2=Adler|first2=Jacob|title=Political Debut of Walter Murray Gibson|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=18|year=1984|hdl=10524/609|oclc=60626541|pages=96–115|via=eVols at University of Hawai'i at Manoa}}
* {{cite journal|last=Karpiel|first=Frank|title=Mystic Ties of Brotherhood: Freemasonry, Ritual, and Hawaiian Royalty in the Nineteenth Century|journal=Pacific Historical Review|location=Berkeley|publisher=University of California Press|volume=69|issue=3|date=August 2000|pages=357–397|jstor=3641714|doi=10.2307/3641714}}
* {{cite journal|last=Karpiel|first=Frank|title=Notes & Queries – The Hale Naua Society|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=33|year=1999|hdl=10524/509|oclc=60626541|pages=203–212}}
* {{cite book|first=Mary Hannah|last=Krout|title=Hawaii and a Revolution: The Personal Experiences of a Correspondent in the Sandwich Islands During the Crisis of 1893 and Subsequently|url=https://archive.org/details/hawaiiandarevol00krougoog|page=[https://archive.org/details/hawaiiandarevol00krougoog/page/n31 7]|year=1898|publisher=Dodd, Mead|isbn=978-0364892411|oclc=179686269}}
* {{cite book|last=Kuykendall|first=Ralph Simpson|author-link=Ralph Simpson Kuykendall|title=The Hawaiian Kingdom, 1854–1874, Twenty Critical Years|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom2&l=en|volume=2|year=1953|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-87022-432-4|access-date=January 7, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20141213222744/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom2&l=en|archive-date=December 13, 2014|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Kuykendall|first=Ralph Simpson|author-link=Ralph Simpson Kuykendall|title=The Hawaiian Kingdom 1874–1893, The Kalakaua Dynasty|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom3&l=en|volume=3|year=1967|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-87022-433-1|oclc=500374815|access-date=January 8, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20150120003313/http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=kingdom3&l=en|archive-date=January 20, 2015|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book |author=Liliuokalani |author-link=Liliuokalani |title=Hawaii's Story by Hawaii's Queen, Liliuokalani |date=1898 |publisher=Lothrop, Lee and Shepard Co. |location=Boston, MA |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001268108 |via=[[HathiTrust]] |access-date=January 16, 2017 |archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229032130/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001268108 |archive-date=December 29, 2016 |url-status=live }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Mcdermott|first1=John F.|last2=Choy|first2=Zita Cup|last3=Guerrero|first3=Anthony P. S.|title=The Last Illness and Death of Hawaiʻi's King Kalākaua: A New Historical/Clinical Perspective Cover|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=49|year=2015|oclc=60626541|pages=59–72|doi=10.1353/hjh.2015.0002|hdl=10524/56606|s2cid=162545638|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/600876|via=Project MUSE|access-date=December 31, 2016|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20180801094122/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/600876|archive-date=August 1, 2018|url-status=live|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite book|last1=MacLennan|first1=Carol A.|title=Sovereign Sugar|date=2014|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|location=Honolulu, HI|isbn=978-0-8248-3949-9|oclc=875895012|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/29077|via=Project MUSE|access-date=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161220170112/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/29077|archive-date=December 20, 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Medcalf|first1=Donald|last2=Russell|first2=Ronald|title=Hawaiian Money Standard Catalog|edition=second|year=1991| orig-year=1978|publisher=Ronald Russell<!-- This is a reliable source although partially self-published as Medcalf was a major coin dealer in Honolulu and an expert, the book appears thoroughly researched, and it is presently sold by the government-run Iolani Palace gift shop -->
|location=Mill Creek, WA|isbn=978-0-9623263-0-1}}
* {{cite journal|last=Newbury|first=Colin|title=Patronage and Bureaucracy in the Hawaiian Kingdom, 1840–1893|journal=Pacific Studies|url=https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/PacificStudies/article/viewFile/10216/9862|volume=24|issue=1–2|year=2001|publisher=Brigham Young University, Hawaii Campus|location=Laie, HI|issn=0275-3596|oclc=193272210|pages=1–38|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120415124826/https://ojs.lib.byu.edu/spc/index.php/PacificStudies/article/viewFile/10216/9862|archive-date=April 15, 2012}}
* {{cite book|last=Osorio|first=Jon Kamakawiwoʻole|title=Dismembering Lāhui: A History of the Hawaiian Nation to 1887|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5k6W_6QOFgC|location=Honolulu|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-8248-2549-2|oclc=48579247|access-date=January 30, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20160514215707/https://books.google.com/books?id=Q5k6W_6QOFgC|archive-date=May 14, 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Parker|first=David "Kawika"|chapter=Crypts of the Ali`i The Last Refuge of the Hawaiian Royalty|title=Tales of Our Hawaiʻi|location=Honolulu|publisher=Alu Like, Inc|year=2008|url=http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20131111231028/http://www.alulike.org/services/talesofourhawaii_vol3.pdf|archive-date=November 11, 2013|oclc=309392477}}
* {{cite journal|last=Pogány|first=András H.|title=Joseph Jajczay, Captain of the Hawaiian King's Bodyguard|journal=The Hungarian Quarterly|volume=4|issue=1–2|year=1963|location=Budapest|oclc=18822542|pages=53–61}}
* {{cite journal|last=Quigg|first=Agnes|title=Kalakaua's Hawaiian Studies Abroad Program|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=22|year=1988|hdl=10524/103|oclc=60626541|pages=170–208|via=eVols at University of Hawai'i at Manoa}}
* {{cite thesis|last=Rossi|first=Pualiʻiliʻimaikalani|title=No Ka Pono ʻOle O Ka Lehulehu: The 1874 Election of Hawaiʻi's Moʻi And The Kanaka Maoli Response|location=Honolulu|website=University of Hawaii at Manoa|date=December 2013|hdl=10125/100744|url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/100744/1/Rossi_Puali%27ili%27imaikalani_r.pdf|access-date=January 17, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161229171254/https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/bitstream/10125/100744/1/Rossi_Puali%27ili%27imaikalani_r.pdf|archive-date=December 29, 2016|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Silva|first=Noenoe K.|title=Aloha Betrayed: Native Hawaiian Resistance to American Colonialism|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC|year=2004|publisher=Duke University Press|location=Durham|isbn=978-0-8223-8622-3|oclc=191222123|access-date=August 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20200626090557/https://books.google.com/books?id=G3IFQ2YAsXgC|archive-date=June 26, 2020|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Thrum|editor-first=Thomas G.|chapter=Portuguese Immigration to the Hawaiian Islands|title=Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1881|year=1881|publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|location=Honolulu|hdl=10524/23168}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Thrum|editor-first=Thomas G.|chapter=Portuguese Immigration to the Hawaiian Islands|title=Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1883|year=1883|publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|location=Honolulu|hdl=10524/657}}
* {{cite book|editor-last=Thrum|editor-first=Thomas G.|chapter=Japanese immigration|title=Hawaiian Almanac and Annual for 1896|year=1896|publisher=Honolulu Star-Bulletin|location=Honolulu|hdl=10524/23173}}
* {{cite book|last1=Thurston|first1=Lorrin A.|title=Memoirs of the Hawaiian Revolution|date=1936|publisher=Honolulu Advertiser Publishing}}
* {{cite book|last1=Tranquada|first1=Jim|last2=King|first2=John|title=The ʻUkulele: A History|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/14461|year=2012|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-8248-3544-6|oclc=767806914|via=[[Project MUSE]]|url-access=subscription|access-date=January 15, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170305001543/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/14461|archive-date=March 5, 2017|url-status=live}}
* {{cite journal|last=Tsai|first=Tiffany Ing|title=The 1873 Election in Hawaiʻi between Prince William Charles Lunalilo and the Other Candidate|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=50|year=2016|issue=50|oclc=60626541|pages=53–73|doi=10.1353/hjh.2016.0002|hdl=10524/59459|s2cid=164663327|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/article/634283|via=Project MUSE|access-date=January 18, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20161225214441/https://muse.jhu.edu/article/634283|archive-date=December 25, 2016|url-status=live|hdl-access=free|url-access=subscription}}
* {{cite journal|last=Tsai|first=Tiffany Lani Ing|title="He Ka Waiho Hoʻohemahema": Kana Maoli Responses to King Kalakaua's Tour of the Kingdom from 1874 Newspapers in Hawaiʻi|journal=Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=48|year=2014|hdl=10524/47258|oclc=60626541|pages=115–143}}
* {{cite book|last=Twain|first=Mark|author-link=Mark Twain|title=Letters from the Sandwich Islands: Written for the Sacramento Union|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000663766|year=1938|publisher=Stanford University Press|location=Palo Alto|oclc=187974|pages=16–137|access-date=August 27, 2018|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20191227070102/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/000663766|archive-date=December 27, 2019|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Van Dyke|first1=Jon M.|title=Who Owns the Crown Lands of Hawai'i?|date=2008|publisher=University of Hawaii Press|location=Honolulu, HI|isbn=978-0-8248-3210-0|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/8305|via=Project MUSE|access-date=January 20, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170209065921/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/8305|archive-date=February 9, 2017|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Vowell|first=Sarah|author-link=Sarah Vowell|title=Unfamiliar Fishes|url=https://archive.org/details/unfamiliarfishes00vowe|url-access=registration|year=2011|publisher=Riverhead Books|isbn=978-1-101-48645-0|oclc=646111859}}
* {{cite book|last1=Wharton|first1=Glenn|title=The Painted King|date=2012|publisher=[[University of Hawaii Press]]|location=Honolulu, HI|isbn=978-0-8248-3495-1|oclc=741751139|url=https://muse.jhu.edu/book/2148|via=Project MUSE|access-date=January 12, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170113170957/https://muse.jhu.edu/book/2148|archive-date=January 13, 2017|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last=Zambucka|first=Kristin|title=Kalakaua: Hawaiʻi's Last King|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=qfceu0KeqfsC|year=2002|publisher=Māna Publishing Company|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-931897-04-7|oclc=123305738|access-date=January 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20140717070720/http://books.google.com/books?id=qfceu0KeqfsC|archive-date=July 17, 2014|url-status=live}}
{{refend}}

== Further reading ==
* {{cite book|last1=Armstrong|first1=William N.|title=Around the World with a King|date=1904|publisher=F. A. Stokes Company|location=New York|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/008585037|via=[[HathiTrust]]}}
* {{cite journal|last1=Baur|first1=John E.|title=When Royalty Came to California|journal=California History|date=1988|volume=67|issue=4|pages=244–265|doi=10.2307/25158494|jstor=25158494 }}
* {{cite book|last=Burns|first=Eugene|title=The Last King of Paradise|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=DoIZAAAAMAAJ|year=1952|publisher=Pellegrini & Cudahy|location=New York|oclc=414982}}
* {{cite book|last=Dukas|first=Neil Bernard|title=A Military History of Sovereign Hawaiʻi|year=2004|publisher=Mutual Publishing Company|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-1-56647-636-2|oclc=56195693}}
* {{cite book |last=Girod |first=André |title=American Gothic: Une mosaïque de personnalités américaines |publisher=L'Harmattan |year=2014 |language=fr |isbn=978-2-343-04037-0}}
* {{cite book|last=Hallock|first=Leavitt Homan|title=Hawaii Under King Kalakaua from Personal Experiences of Leavitt H. Hallock|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/006512931|year=1911|publisher=Smith & Sale|location=Portland, ME|oclc=2802182|via=[[HathiTrust]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Houston|first=James D.|title=Bird of Another Heaven|url=https://books.google.com/books?id=-xsyRUNKauEC|year=2008|publisher=Knopf Doubleday Publishing Group|location=New York|isbn=978-0-307-38808-7|oclc=71552454}}
* {{cite thesis|last1=Ing|first1=Tiffany|title=Illuminating the American, International, and Hawaiʻi Representations of David Kalākaua and His Reign, 1874–1891|date=May 2015|publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa|hdl=10125/50983}}
* {{cite book|title=Kalakaua dead. The king dies on a foreign shore ... at San Francisco, Cal., January 20, 1891. Funeral ceremonies ... Reception in Honolulu ... Notes on the king's trip through southern California, by Lieut. Gen. P. Blow, U.S.N. Reports of Rear Admiral Brown, U.S.N., and Medical Inspector Woods|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100330575|year=1891|publisher=Bulletin Publishing Company|location=Honolulu|oclc=82800064|via=[[HathiTrust]]|access-date=January 29, 2017|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20170202063150/https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100330575|archive-date=February 2, 2017|url-status=live}}
* {{cite book|last1=Kalakaua|first1=David|last2=Daggett|first2=Rollin M.|author-link2=Rollin M. Daggett|title=The Legends and Myths of Hawaii: The Fables and Folk-lore of a Strange People|date=1888|publisher=Charles L. Webster & Company|location=New York|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/001881141|via=[[HathiTrust]]}}
* {{cite book|last=Lowe|first=Ruby Hasegawa|title=David Kalākaua|url=http://www.ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?c=ks6&l=en|year=1999|publisher=Kamehameha Schools Press|location=Honolulu|isbn=978-0-87336-041-8|oclc=40729128}}
* {{cite book|author=The Pacific Commercial Advertiser|title=Coronation of the King and Queen of the Hawaiian Islands, at Honolulu, Monday, Feb 12th 1883|url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/100511096|via=[[HathiTrust]]|year=1883|publisher=Printed at the Advertiser Steam Printing House|location=Honolulu|oclc=77955761}}
* {{cite book|last1=Poepoe|first1=Joseph M.|last2=Brown|first2= George|title=Ka Moolelo o ka Moi Kalakaua I|url=http://ulukau.org/elib/cgi-bin/library?e=d-0kalakaua-000Sec--11en-50-20-frameset-book-nalu-1-011escapewin&a=d&p2=book|year=1891|location=Honolulu|oclc=16331688}}
* {{cite thesis |first1=Puali'ili'imaikalani |last1=Rossi |title=No Ka Pono ʻOle O Ka Lehulehu : The 1874 Election of Hawaiʻi's Moʻi And The Kanaka Maoli Response |date=December 2013 |publisher=University of Hawaii at Manoa |pages=193 |hdl=10125/100744 |url=https://scholarspace.manoa.hawaii.edu/handle/10125/100744 |ref=none}}
* {{cite journal|last=Schweizer|first=Niklaus R.|title=King Kalakaua: An International Perspective|journal=The Hawaiian Journal of History|location=Honolulu|publisher=Hawaiian Historical Society|volume=25|year=1991|hdl=10524/539|oclc=60626541|pages=103–120}}
* {{cite book |last=Tabrah |first=Ruth M. |author-link=Ruth Tabrah |title=Hawaii: A History |publisher=W. W. Norton & Company |year=1984 |isbn=978-0-393-30220-2 |url-access=registration |url=https://archive.org/details/hawaiihistory00tabr }}
* {{cite journal|last1=Tate|first1=Merze|title=Hawaii's Program of Primacy in Polynesia|journal=Oregon Historical Quarterly|date=1960|volume=61|issue=4|pages=377–407|publisher=Oregon Historical Society|jstor=20612586}}

== External links ==
{{Commons category|Kalākaua}}
* {{Gutenberg author|id=48935}}
* {{Librivox author |id=13282}}
*{{cite book|last1=Lydecker|first1=Robert C.|title= (full text) 1887 Constitution of the Hawaiian Kingdom and Kalakaua's November 3 speech before the Legislative Assembly |date=1918|publisher=The Honolulu Gazette Col., Ltd.|pages=159–173|url=https://archive.org/stream/rosterlegislatur00hawarich#page/158/mode/2up}}
* [https://www.oac.cdlib.org/findaid/ark:/13030/c8vh5n6w/ A guide to the Rough log and journal, 1880–1881, 1891]
* {{cite book |last1=Palmer |first1=Walter B. |last2=Day |first2=Clive |last3=Viner |first3=Jacob |last4=Hornbeck |first4=Stanley Kuhl |title=Reciprocity and commercial treaties |date=1919 |publisher=Govt. Print. Off. |page=25 |url=https://catalog.hathitrust.org/Record/003130859|via=HathiTrust}}
* {{cite web|title=King Kalakaua Photograph Exhibition |publisher=Hawaiʻi State Archives|location=Honolulu|url=https://ags.hawaii.gov/archives/about-us/photograph-collection/king-kalakaua-photograph-exhibition/}}

{{S-start}}
{{s-roy}}
{{Succession box|title=[[List of monarchs of Hawaii|King of Hawaiʻi]]|before=[[Lunalilo]]||after=[[Liliuokalani|Liliʻuokalani]]|years=1874–1891}}
{{S-end}}

{{Hawaii Monarchs}}
{{Hawaiian Music Hall of Fame}}
{{Authority control}}
{{Good article}}

{{DEFAULTSORT:Kalakaua}}
[[Category:Monarchs of the Hawaiian Islands]]
[[Category:Native Hawaiian writers]]
[[Category:Royalty of the Hawaiian Kingdom|Kalakaua, David]]
[[Category:1836 births]]
[[Category:1891 deaths]]
[[Category:19th-century monarchs in Oceania]]
[[Category:Hula]]
[[Category:House of Kalākaua]]
<!-- Hidden because the collar of this Spanish order never granted before 1927 and the King didn't appear at the official list.[http://hemerotecadigital.bne.es/issue.vm?id=0000922127&search=&lang=es P.192] [[Category:Collars of the Order of Isabella the Catholic]]-->
[[Category:Hawaiian adoptees (hānai)]]
[[Category:Hawaiian Kingdom chamberlains]]
[[Category:Hawaiian Kingdom postmasters general]]
[[Category:National Party (Hawaii) politicians]]
[[Category:Hawaiian songwriters]]
[[Category:Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom House of Nobles]]
[[Category:Members of the Hawaiian Kingdom Privy Council]]
[[Category:Hawaiian Kingdom military officers]]
[[Category:Hawaiian Kingdom Anglicans]]
[[Category:National anthem writers]]
[[Category:Protestant monarchs]]
[[Category:Royal School (Hawaii) alumni]]
[[Category:Deaths from kidney disease]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Gregory the Great]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Saints Maurice and Lazarus]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Netherlands Lion]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Franz Joseph]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of the Dannebrog]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of the Immaculate Conception of Vila Viçosa]]
[[Category:Knights Grand Cross of the Order of Isabella the Catholic]]
[[Category:Honorary Knights Grand Cross of the Order of St Michael and St George]]
[[Category:Commanders Grand Cross of the Order of Vasa]]
[[Category:Grand Cross of the Legion of Honour]]
[[Category:Grand Crosses of the Order of Saint-Charles]]
[[Category:Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo|Recipients of the Order of the Cross of Takovo]]